Jump to content

United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
 
(24 intermediate revisions by 15 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Infobox United Nations
{{Short description|United Nations regional commission}}
{{Infobox organization
| image = Emblem of the United Nations.svg
| image = United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Logo.svg
| image_size = 120px
| name = United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
| image_size = 120px
| name = United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
| map = United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Logo.svg
| map =
| map_size = 180px
| map_size = 180px
| map_caption =
| map_caption =
| type = Primary Organ - Regional Branch
| type = Primary Organ - Regional Branch
| abbreviation = ECLAC
| abbreviation = ECLAC
| leader_title = Head
| leader_title = Head
| leader_name = ''Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean'' <br> {{flagdeco|Mexico}} [[Alicia Bárcena]]
| leader_name = ''Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean'' <br> {{flagdeco|Costa Rica}} [[José Manuel Salazar-Xirinachs]]<ref>{{cite web |title=United Nations Secretary-General appoints Mr. José Manuel Salazar-Xirinachs of Costa Rica as Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://www.cepal.org/en/news/united-nations-secretary-general-appoints-mr-jose-manuel-salazar-xirinachs-costa-rica-executive |website=un.org |access-date=11 September 2022 |date=1 September 2022}}</ref>
| status = Active
| status = Active
| formation = {{start date and age|1948}}
| formation = {{start date and age|1948}}
| headquarters = [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], Chile
| headquarters = [[Santiago, Chile]]
| website = [https://www.cepal.org/en English Version]
| website = [https://www.cepal.org/en English Version]
| parent_organization = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]
| parent_organization = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]
| subsidiaries =
| subsidiaries =
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
⚫
[[File:Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Member States.svg|thumb|right|350px|Map showing the Member States of ECLAC.]]
⚫
The '''United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean''', known as '''ECLAC''', '''UNECLAC''' or in Spanish and Portuguese '''CEPAL''', is a [[United Nations]] [[United Nations Economic and Social Council#Regional commissions|regional commission]] to encourage economic cooperation. ECLAC includes 46 member States (20 in [[Latin America]], 13 in the [[Caribbean]] and 13 from outside the region), and 13 associate members which are various non-independent territories, associated island countries and a commonwealth in the Caribbean. ECLAC publishes statistics covering the countries of the region<ref name=cepalstat>[http://www.eclac.org/estadisticas/default.asp?idioma=IN CEPALSTAT] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519021707/http://www.eclac.org/estadisticas/default.asp?idioma=IN |date=May 19, 2012 }} page at official ECLAC site</ref> and makes cooperative agreements with nonprofit institutions.<ref name=newsrelease1>[http://www.eclac.org/cgi-bin/getProd.asp?xml=/prensa/noticias/comunicados/6/47586/P47586.xml&xsl=/prensa/tpl-i/p6f.xsl&base=/tpl-i/top-bottom.xsl ECLAC signed a cooperation agreement to promote science and technology in the region] (with Brazilian Center for Strategic Studies and Management) at ECLAC.org</ref> ECLAC's headquarters is in [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], Chile.

⚫
The '''United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean''' ('''UNECLAC''', '''ECLAC''' or '''''CEPAL'''''{{efn|{{lang-es|Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe}}.}}) is a [[United Nations]] [[United Nations Economic and Social Council#Regional commissions|regional commission]] to encourage economic cooperation. ECLAC includes 46 member States (20 in [[Latin America]], 13 in the [[Caribbean]] and 13 from outside the region), and 14 associate members which are various non-independent territories, associated island countries and a commonwealth in the Caribbean. ECLAC publishes statistics covering the countries of the region<ref name=cepalstat>[http://www.eclac.org/estadisticas/default.asp?idioma=IN CEPALSTAT] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519021707/http://www.eclac.org/estadisticas/default.asp?idioma=IN |date=May 19, 2012 }} page at official ECLAC site</ref> and makes cooperative agreements with nonprofit institutions.<ref name=newsrelease1>[http://www.eclac.org/cgi-bin/getProd.asp?xml=/prensa/noticias/comunicados/6/47586/P47586.xml&xsl=/prensa/tpl-i/p6f.xsl&base=/tpl-i/top-bottom.xsl ECLAC signed a cooperation agreement to promote science and technology in the region] (with Brazilian Center for Strategic Studies and Management) at ECLAC.org</ref> The headquarters of ECLAC is in [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], Chile.
ECLAC was established in 1948 as the UN Economic Commission for [[Latin America]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cypher |first1= James M. |last2=Dietz |first2= James L. |date=2009 |title=The process of economic development |url= |location= |publisher=London & New York: Routledge |page= |isbn= 978-0-415-77103-0|accessdate= }}</ref> or UNECLA. In 1984, a resolution was passed to include the countries of the [[Caribbean]] in the name.<ref name=official-history>[http://www.eclac.cl/cgi-bin/getprod.asp?xml=/noticias/paginas/4/43024/P43024.xml ABOUT ECLAC] at official ECLAC site</ref> It reports to the [[UN Economic and Social Council]] (ECOSOC).
ECLAC (or UNECLA) was established in 1948 as the UN Economic Commission for [[Latin America]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cypher |first1= James M. |last2=Dietz |first2= James L. |date=2009 |title=The process of economic development |publisher=London & New York: Routledge |isbn= 978-0-415-77103-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fajardo |first=Margarita |date=2023 |title=CEPAL, the "International Monetary Fund of the Left"? |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhad226 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=128 |issue=2 |pages=588–615 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhad226 |issn=0002-8762}}</ref> In 1984, a resolution was passed to include the countries of the [[Caribbean]] in the name.<ref name=official-history>[http://www.eclac.cl/cgi-bin/getprod.asp?xml=/noticias/paginas/4/43024/P43024.xml ABOUT ECLAC] at official ECLAC site</ref> It reports to the [[UN Economic and Social Council]] (ECOSOC).


==Member states==
==Member States==
⚫
The following are all member States of ECLAC:<ref name="members">{{cite web |url=https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/pages/files/fecha_de_incorporacion_de_los_estados_miembros_de_la_cepal_eng_0.pdf |title=Date of Admission of Member States (46) and Associate Members (13) of ECLAC |author= Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean |date=n.d. |website= Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean |publisher=United Nations |access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Member States.svg|thumb|right|350px|Map showing the Member States of ECLAC.]]
⚫
The following are all Member States of ECLAC:<ref name="members">{{cite web |url=https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/pages/files/fecha_de_incorporacion_de_los_estados_miembros_de_la_cepal_eng_0.pdf |title=Date of Admission of Member States (46) and Associate Members (13) of ECLAC |author= Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean |date=n.d. |website= Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean |publisher=United Nations |access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*{{flagcountry|Antigua and Barbuda}}
*{{flagcountry|Antigua and Barbuda}}
Line 94: Line 96:


==Locations==
==Locations==
[[File:Edificio de la CEPAL en Chile - Reflejos 02.jpg|thumb|right|CEPAL's headquarters in Santiago]]
[[File:Edificio de la CEPAL en Chile - Reflejos 02.jpg|thumb|right|ECLAC headquarters in Santiago]]
* [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], [[Chile]] (headquarters)
* [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], [[Chile]] (headquarters)
* [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]] ([[Central America]]n subregional headquarters)
* [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]] ([[Central America]]n subregional headquarters)
Line 105: Line 107:


==Executive Secretaries==
==Executive Secretaries==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name !! Country !! Served
! Name !! Country !! Served
|-
|-
|'''[[Alicia Bárcena Ibarra]]''' || {{flagcountry|Mexico}} || '''July 2008 – present'''
|[[José Manuel Salazar-Xirinachs]]|| {{flagcountry|Costa Rica}}|| September 2022 –
|-
|-
|[[José Luis Machinea]] || {{flagcountry|Argentina}} || December 2003 - June 2008
|[[Alicia Bárcena Ibarra]]|| {{flagcountry|Mexico}} || July 2008 – March 2022
|-
|[[José Luis Machinea]] || {{flagcountry|Argentina}} || December 2003 – June 2008
|-
|-
|[[José Antonio Ocampo]] || {{flagcountry|Colombia}} || January 1998 – August 2003
|[[José Antonio Ocampo]] || {{flagcountry|Colombia}} || January 1998 – August 2003
Line 130: Line 134:


== In relation to development discourse and dependency theory ==
== In relation to development discourse and dependency theory ==
The formation of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America was crucial to the beginning of "Big D development". Many economic scholars attribute the founding of ECLA and its policy implementation in Latin America for the subsequent debates on structuralism and dependency theory. Although forming in the post-war period, the historic roots of the ECLA trace back to political movement made long before the war had begun.
The formation of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America was crucial to the beginning of "Big D development". Many economic scholars attribute the founding of ECLA and its policy implementation in Latin America for the subsequent debates on [[Structuralist economics|structuralism]] and [[dependency theory]]. Although forming in the post-war period, the historic roots of ECLA trace back to political movement made long before the war had begun.


Before World War II, the perception of economic development in Latin America was formulated primarily from colonial ideology. This perception, combined with the Monroe Doctrine that asserted the United States as the only foreign power that could intervene in Latin American affairs, led to substantial resentment in Latin America. In the eyes of those living in the continent, Latin America was considerably economically strong; most had livable wages and industry was relatively dynamic.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Foreign Trade and the Economic Development of Peru|last=Vandendries|first=Rene|publisher=Iowa State University|year=1967|isbn=|location=|pages=|quote=|via=}}</ref> This concern of a need for economic restructuring was taken up by the League of Nations and manifested in a document drawn up by Stanley Bruce and presented to the League in 1939. This in turn strongly influenced the creation of the United Nations Economic and Social Committee in 1944. Although it was a largely ineffective policy development initially, the formation of the ECLA proved to have profound effects in Latin America in following decades. For example, by 1955, Peru was receiving $28.5 million in loans per ECLA request.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Foreign Debt and Underdevelopment: U.S.-Peru Economic Relations, 1930-1970|last=Kofas|first=Jon|publisher=Lanham: U of America|year=1996|isbn=|location=|pages=|quote=|via=}}</ref> Most of these loans were utilized as means to finance foreign exchange costs, creating more jobs and heightening export trade. To investigate the extent to which this aid was supporting industrial development plans in Peru, ECLA was sent in to study its economic structure. In order to maintain stronghold over future developmental initiatives, ECLA and its branches continued providing financial support to Peru to assist in the country's general development.<ref name=":0" />
Before World War II, the perception of economic development in Latin America was formulated primarily from colonial ideology. This perception, combined with the [[Monroe Doctrine]] that asserted the United States as the only foreign power that could intervene in Latin American affairs, led to substantial resentment in Latin America. In the eyes of those living in the continent, Latin America was considerably economically strong; most had livable wages and industry was relatively dynamic.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Foreign Trade and the Economic Development of Peru|last=Vandendries|first=Rene|publisher=Iowa State University|year=1967}}</ref> This concern of a need for economic restructuring was taken up by the [[League of Nations]] and manifested in a document drawn up by [[Stanley Bruce]] and presented to the League in 1939. This in turn strongly influenced the creation of the United Nations Economic and Social Committee in 1944. Although it was a largely ineffective policy development initially, the formation of ECLA proved to have profound effects in Latin America in following decades. For example, by 1955, Peru was receiving $28.5 million in loans per ECLA request.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Foreign Debt and Underdevelopment: U.S.-Peru Economic Relations, 1930-1970|last=Kofas|first=Jon|publisher=Lanham: U of America|year=1996}}</ref> Most of these loans were utilized as means to finance foreign exchange costs, creating more jobs and heightening export trade. To investigate the extent to which this aid was supporting industrial development plans in Peru, ECLA was sent in to study its economic structure. In order to maintain stronghold over future developmental initiatives, ECLA and its branches continued providing financial support to Peru to assist in the country's general development.<ref name=":0" />


The terms of trade at this time, set by the United States, introduced the concept of "unequal exchange" in that the so-called "North" mandated prices that allowed them a greater return on its own resources than that of the "South's". Thus, although the export sector had grown during this time, certain significant economic and social issues continued to threaten this period of so-called stability. Although real income was on the rise, its distribution was still very uneven. Social problems were still overwhelmingly prevalent; large portions of the population were unnourished and without homes, and the education and health system were inept.<ref name=":0" />
The terms of trade at this time, set by the United States, introduced the concept of "[[unequal exchange]]" in that the so-called "North" mandated prices that allowed them a greater return on its own resources than that of the "South's". Thus, although the export sector had grown during this time, certain significant economic and social issues continued to threaten this period of so-called stability. Although real income was on the rise, its distribution was still very uneven. Social problems were still overwhelmingly prevalent; large portions of the population were unnourished and without homes, and the education and health system were inept.<ref name=":0" />


==See also==
==See also==
Line 142: Line 146:
* [[Association of Caribbean States]]
* [[Association of Caribbean States]]
* [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States]]
* [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}


==References==
==References==
Line 148: Line 155:
==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* Paul Berthoud, [http://www.edinter.net/paulberthoud/narrative A Professional Life Narrative], 2008, worked with CEPAL-ECLAC and offers testimony from the inside of the [http://www.edinter.net/paulberthoud/narrative/#lat early years] of the organization.
* Paul Berthoud, [http://www.edinter.net/paulberthoud/narrative A Professional Life Narrative], 2008, worked with CEPAL-ECLAC and offers testimony from the inside of the [http://www.edinter.net/paulberthoud/narrative/#lat early years] of the organization.
* {{cite journal|author=José Briceño Ruiz, María Liliana Quintero Rizzuto and Dyanna de Benítez|title=The ECLAC's structuralist thinking on development and Latin American integration: reflections on the contemporary relevance|journal=Aportes para la Integración Latinoamericana|date=June 2013|volume=XIX|issue=28|pages=1–324|url=http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/35026|accessdate=29 April 2014|language=Spanish|issn=1667-8613}}
* {{cite journal|author=José Briceño Ruiz, María Liliana Quintero Rizzuto and Dyanna de Benítez|title=The ECLAC's structuralist thinking on development and Latin American integration: reflections on the contemporary relevance|journal=Aportes para la Integración Latinoamericana|date=June 2013|volume=XIX|issue=28|pages=1–324|url=http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/35026|access-date=29 April 2014|language=es|issn=1667-8613}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean}}
{{commons category|United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean}}
* [http://www.eclac.cl/default.asp?idioma=IN UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean] official site
* [https://www.cepal.org/en UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean] official site


{{ECOSOC}}
{{ECOSOC}}
Line 158: Line 165:
{{Pan-Americanism}}
{{Pan-Americanism}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:United Nations Development Group]]
[[Category:United Nations Development Group]]
[[Category:United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean]]
[[Category:United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean]]
Line 164: Line 172:
[[Category:Development economics]]
[[Category:Development economics]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Santiago]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Santiago]]
[[Category:Latin America and the Caribbean]]

Latest revision as of 12:24, 20 August 2024

United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
AbbreviationECLAC
Formation1948; 76 years ago (1948)
TypePrimary Organ - Regional Branch
Legal statusActive
HeadquartersSantiago, Chile
Head
Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
José Manuel Salazar-Xirinachs[1]
Parent organization
United Nations Economic and Social Council
WebsiteEnglish Version
Map showing the Member States of ECLAC.

The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNECLAC, ECLAC or CEPAL[a]) is a United Nations regional commission to encourage economic cooperation. ECLAC includes 46 member States (20 in Latin America, 13 in the Caribbean and 13 from outside the region), and 14 associate members which are various non-independent territories, associated island countries and a commonwealth in the Caribbean. ECLAC publishes statistics covering the countries of the region[2] and makes cooperative agreements with nonprofit institutions.[3] The headquarters of ECLAC is in Santiago, Chile.

ECLAC (or UNECLA) was established in 1948 as the UN Economic Commission for Latin America.[4][5] In 1984, a resolution was passed to include the countries of the Caribbean in the name.[6] It reports to the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).

Member States

[edit]

The following are all member States of ECLAC:[7]

Associate Members

[edit]

The following are all associate members of ECLAC:[7]

Locations

[edit]
ECLAC headquarters in Santiago

Executive Secretaries

[edit]
Name Country Served
José Manuel Salazar-Xirinachs  Costa Rica September 2022 –
Alicia Bárcena Ibarra  Mexico July 2008 – March 2022
José Luis Machinea  Argentina December 2003 – June 2008
José Antonio Ocampo  Colombia January 1998 – August 2003
Gert Rosenthal  Guatemala January 1988 – December 1997
Norberto González  Argentina March 1985 – December 1987
Enrique V. Iglesias  Uruguay April 1972 – February 1985
Carlos Quintana  Mexico January 1967 – March 1972
José Antonio Mayobre  Venezuela August 1963 – December 1966
Raúl Prebisch  Argentina May 1950 – July 1963
Gustavo Martínez Cabañas  Mexico December 1948 – April 1950

In relation to development discourse and dependency theory

[edit]

The formation of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America was crucial to the beginning of "Big D development". Many economic scholars attribute the founding of ECLA and its policy implementation in Latin America for the subsequent debates on structuralism and dependency theory. Although forming in the post-war period, the historic roots of ECLA trace back to political movement made long before the war had begun.

Before World War II, the perception of economic development in Latin America was formulated primarily from colonial ideology. This perception, combined with the Monroe Doctrine that asserted the United States as the only foreign power that could intervene in Latin American affairs, led to substantial resentment in Latin America. In the eyes of those living in the continent, Latin America was considerably economically strong; most had livable wages and industry was relatively dynamic.[8] This concern of a need for economic restructuring was taken up by the League of Nations and manifested in a document drawn up by Stanley Bruce and presented to the League in 1939. This in turn strongly influenced the creation of the United Nations Economic and Social Committee in 1944. Although it was a largely ineffective policy development initially, the formation of ECLA proved to have profound effects in Latin America in following decades. For example, by 1955, Peru was receiving $28.5 million in loans per ECLA request.[9] Most of these loans were utilized as means to finance foreign exchange costs, creating more jobs and heightening export trade. To investigate the extent to which this aid was supporting industrial development plans in Peru, ECLA was sent in to study its economic structure. In order to maintain stronghold over future developmental initiatives, ECLA and its branches continued providing financial support to Peru to assist in the country's general development.[8]

The terms of trade at this time, set by the United States, introduced the concept of "unequal exchange" in that the so-called "North" mandated prices that allowed them a greater return on its own resources than that of the "South's". Thus, although the export sector had grown during this time, certain significant economic and social issues continued to threaten this period of so-called stability. Although real income was on the rise, its distribution was still very uneven. Social problems were still overwhelmingly prevalent; large portions of the population were unnourished and without homes, and the education and health system were inept.[8]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Spanish: Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "United Nations Secretary-General appoints Mr. José Manuel Salazar-Xirinachs of Costa Rica as Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean". un.org. 1 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  2. ^ CEPALSTAT Archived May 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine page at official ECLAC site
  3. ^ ECLAC signed a cooperation agreement to promote science and technology in the region (with Brazilian Center for Strategic Studies and Management) at ECLAC.org
  4. ^ Cypher, James M.; Dietz, James L. (2009). The process of economic development. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77103-0.
  5. ^ Fajardo, Margarita (2023). "CEPAL, the "International Monetary Fund of the Left"?". The American Historical Review. 128 (2): 588–615. doi:10.1093/ahr/rhad226. ISSN 0002-8762.
  6. ^ ABOUT ECLAC at official ECLAC site
  7. ^ a b Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (n.d.). "Date of Admission of Member States (46) and Associate Members (13) of ECLAC" (PDF). Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. United Nations. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Vandendries, Rene (1967). Foreign Trade and the Economic Development of Peru. Iowa State University.
  9. ^ Kofas, Jon (1996). Foreign Debt and Underdevelopment: U.S.-Peru Economic Relations, 1930-1970. Lanham: U of America.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean&oldid=1241295311"