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A drag queen is a person, usually male, who uses drag clothing and makeup to imitate and often exaggerate female gender signifiers and gender roles for entertainment purposes. Historically, drag queens have usually been gay men, and have been a part of gay culture.

People do drag for reasons ranging from self-expression to mainstream performance. Drag shows frequently include lip-syncing, live singing, and dancing. They typically occur at LGBT pride parades, drag pageants, cabarets, carnivals, and nightclubs. Drag queens vary by type, culture, and dedication, from professionals who star in films and spend a lot of their time in their drag personas, to people who do drag only occasionally. Women who dress as men and entertain by imitating them are called drag kings.

Those who do occasional drag may be from other backgrounds than the LGBT community. There is a long history of folkloric and theatrical crossdressing that involves people of all orientations. Not everyone who does drag at some point in their lives is a drag queen or a drag king.

Terminology, scope, and etymology

Drag

The term "drag" has evolved over time. Traditional definitions of the term drag utilized a gender binary which used a sex-based definition of drag where a person would be considered "in drag" if they were wearing the clothes of the opposite sex for the purposes of entertainment. However, with new paradigms of gender identity and the embrace of non-binary gender, newer definitions of drag have abandoned this binary framework in favor of defining drag as an art form of gender performance which is not limited to a binary framework but which must engage with and critique conceptions of gender in some fashion. This could include explorations with heightened forms of masculinity or femininity, as well as playing with other forms of gender identity.^[1]

Unlike female impersonation, the term drag is closely associated with queer identity.^[2] This close association between the term drag and the LGBTQ community began in the United States in the 1920s with the Pansy Craze when the first gay bars in America were established by the mafia during the Prohibition Era and drag entertainers became a popular form of entertainment at these underground gay speakeasies. Before this point, the term drag was not necessarily associated with gay culture, but after this point forward drag became "inextricably tied to the queer community".^[3]

Traditionally, drag involves cross-dressing and transforming ones sex through the use of makeup and other costume devices.^[4]^[5] However, under newer conceptions of drag, conceivably performing an exaggerated and heightened form of one's own gender could be considered a drag performance.^[1] While drag is often viewed as a performance based art form and a type of entertainment, it is possible to engage with drag as an art form outside of performance or for purposes other than entertainment.^[2] Drag has been used within studio art such as photography, political activism, and fashion to name a few applications outside of performance.

The origin of the term drag is uncertain.^[6] The first recorded use of drag in reference to actors dressed in women's clothing is from 1870.^[7] It may have been based on the term "grand rag" which was historically used for a masquerade ball.^[8]

Female impersonator

The term female impersonation refers to a type of theatrical performance where a man dresses in women's clothing for the sole purpose of entertaining an audience.^[2] The term female impersonator is sometimes used interchangeably with drag queen, although they are not the same.^[2] For example, in 1972, Esther Newton described a female impersonator as a "professional drag queen".^[9] She considered the term female impersonator to be the one that was (then) widely understood by heterosexual audiences.^[9] However, feminist and queer studies scholar Sarah French defined a clear separation between these two terms. She defined drag as an art form associated with queer identity whereas female impersonation comes from a wide a range of gender identity paradigms, including heteronormativity. Additionally, many drag artists view drag as a lived form of self-expression or creativity, and perceive drag as something that is not limited to the stage or to performance. In contrast, female impersonation is specifically limited to performance and may or may not involve an LGBTQI point of view.^[2]

Female impersonation can be traced back at least as far as ancient Greece. There was little to no gender equity then and women held a lower social status. This meant male actors would play female roles during theatrical performances.^[10] This tradition continued for centuries but began to be less prevalent as motion pictures became popular. During the era of vaudeville it was considered immodest for women to appear on stage. Due to that circumstance, some men became famous as "female impersonators", the most notable being Julian Eltinge. At the peak of his career he was one of the most sought after and highest paid actors in the world.^[11] Andrew Tribble was another early female impersonator who gained fame on Broadway and in Black Vaudeville. ^[12]

In the twentieth century some gender impersonators, both female and male, in the United States became highly successful performing artists in non-LGBTQ nightclubs and theaters. There was a concerted effort by these working female and male impersonators in America, to separate the art of gender impersonation from queer identity with an overt representation of working gender impersonators as heterosexual. Some of the performers were in fact cisgender heterosexual men and women, but others were closeted LGBTQI individuals due to the politics and social environment of the period. It was criminal in many American cities to be homosexual, or for LGBTQI people to congregate, and it was therefore necessary for female and male impersonators to distance themselves from identifying as queer publicly in order to avoid criminal charges and loss of career. The need to hide and dissociate from queer identity was prevalent among gender impersonators working in non-LGBTQ nightclubs before heteronormative audiences as late as the 1970s.^[3]

Female impersonation has been and continues to be illegal in some places, which inspired the drag queen José Sarria to hand out labels to his friends reading, "I am a boy", so they could not be accused of female impersonation.^[13] American drag queen RuPaul once said, "I do not impersonate females! How many women do you know who wear seven-inch heels, four-foot wigs, and skintight dresses?" He also said, "I don't dress like a woman; I dress like a drag queen!"^[14]

Drag queens and kings

The meaning of the term drag queen has changed across time. The term first emerged in New York City in the 1950s, and initially had two meanings. The first meaning referred to an amateur performer who did not make a living in drag but may have participated in amateur public performances such as those held at a drag ball or a drag pageant. This was meant to draw a line differentiating amateurs performing in drag for fun from professional female impersonators who made a living performing in drag.^[15]

The second original meaning of drag queen was applied to men who chose to wear women's clothing on the streets, an act which was at that time illegal in New York City. Of this latter type two additional slang terms were applied: square drag queens which meant "boys who looked like girls but who you knew were boys" and street queens who were queer male sex workers, often homeless, that dressed as women. This second use of the term was also layered with transphobic subtext and the term drag queen was again meant to protect the professional female impersonator by allowing them to dissociate themselves from both aspects of queer culture and from sex workers in order to maintain respectability among the predominantly heteronormative audiences who employed them. This understanding of the term drag queen persisted through the 1960s.^[15]

In 1971, an article in Lee Brewster's Drag Queens magazine described a drag queen as a "homosexual transvestite" who is hyperfeminine, flamboyant, and militant.^[16]^[17] Drag queens were further described as having an attitude of superiority, and commonly courted by heterosexual men who would "not ordinarily participate in homosexual relationships".^[16]^[17] While the term drag queen implied "homosexual transvestite", the term drag carried no such connotations.^[18]

In the 1970s, drag queen was continually defined as a "homosexual transvestite".^[9] Drag was parsed as changing one's clothes to those of a different sex, while queen was said to refer to a homosexual man.^[9]

For much of history, drag queens were men, but in more modern times, cisgender and trans women, as well as non-binary people, also perform as drag queens.^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22] In a 2018 article, Psychology Today stated that drag queens are "most typically gay cisgender men (though there are many drag queens of varying sexual orientations and gender identities)".^[23]

Examples of trans-feminine drag queens, sometimes called trans queens,^[24] include Monica Beverly Hillz^[19]^[20] and Peppermint.^[21] Cisgender female drag queens are sometimes called faux queens or bioqueens, though critics of this practice assert that faux carries the connotation that the drag is fake, and that the use of bioqueen exclusively for cisgender females is a misnomer since trans-feminine queens exhibit gynomorphic features.^[25]^[26]

Drag queens' counterparts are drag kings: performers, usually women, who dress in exaggeratedly masculine clothing. Examples of drag kings include Landon Cider. Trans men who dress like drag kings are sometimes termed trans kings.

Alternative terms

Some drag queens may prefer to be referred to as "she" while in drag and desire to stay completely in character.^[27] Other drag performers are indifferent to which pronoun is used to refer to them. RuPaul has said, "You can call me he. You can call me she. You can call me Regis and Kathie Lee; I don't care! Just so long as you call me."^[28]

Drag queens are sometimes called transvestites, although that term also has many other connotations than the term drag queen and is not much favored by many drag queens themselves.^[29] The term tranny, an abbreviation of the term transvestite, has been adopted by some drag performers, notably RuPaul,^[30] and the gay male community^[31] in the United States, but it is considered offensive to most transgender and transsexual people.^[32]

Many drag performers refer to themselves as drag artists, as opposed to drag queens, as some contemporary forms of drag have become nonbinary.^[33]^[34] In Brazil, androgynous drag performers are sometimes called drag queer, as a form of gender neutrality.^[35]^[36]^[37]

Among drag queens and their contacts today, there is an ongoing debate about whether transgender drag queens are actually considered "drag queens". Some argue that, because a drag queen is defined as a man portraying a woman, transgender women cannot be drag queens. Drag kings are women who assume a masculine aesthetic, but this is not always the case, because there are also biokings, bioqueens, and female queens, which are people who perform their own biological sex through a heightened or exaggerated gender presentation.^[38]^[39]^[40]

History of drag

Canada

In the 1940s John Herbert, who sometimes competed in drag pageants, was the victim of an attempted robbery while he was dressed as a woman.^[41]^{[nb 1]} His assailants falsely claimed that Herbert had solicited them for sex,^[41] and Herbert was accused and convicted of indecency^[41] under Canada's same-sex sexual activity law (which was not repealed until 1969).^[44] After being convicted, Herbert served time in a youth reformatory in Guelph, Ontario.^[42]^[45]^[46]^{[nb 2]} Herbert later served another sentence for indecency at reformatory in Mimico.^[41] Herbert wrote Fortune and Men's Eyes in 1964 based on his time behind bars.^[46] He included the character of Queenie as an authorial self-insertion.^[41]^{[citation needed]}

In 1973 the first Canadian play about and starring a drag queen, Hosanna by Michel Tremblay, was performed at Théâtre de Quat'Sous in Montreal.^[47]

In 1977 the Canadian film Outrageous!, starring drag queen Craig Russell, became one of the first gay-themed films to break out into mainstream theatrical release.

India

In September 2018, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the application of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code to consensual homosexual sex between adults was unconstitutional, "irrational, indefensible and manifestly arbitrary".^[48] Since then, drag culture in India has been growing and becoming the mainstream art culture. The hotel chain of Lalit Groups spaced a franchise of clubs where drag performances are hosted in major cities of India such as Mumbai, Delhi, and Bangalore.

Maya the Drag Queen,^[49] Rani Kohinoor (Sushant Divgikar),^[50] Lush Monsoon,^[51]^[52] Betta Naan Stop,^[53] Tropical Marca,^[54] Zeeshan Ali,^[55] and Patruni Sastry^[56] are some examples of Indian drag artists. In 2018, Hyderabad had its first drag convention.^[57] In 2020, India's first drag specific magazine Dragvanti began publication.^[58]

Lebanon

Lebanon is the only country in the Arab world with an increasingly visible drag scene.^[59] Drag culture has existed in Lebanon for several decades but gained popularity with the astronomical rise of Bassem Feghali, who came to prominence in the 1990s, becoming a household name for his impersonation of Lebanese female singers.^[60]^[61] Due to the global success of Rupaul's Drag Race, Beirut's drag scene has adopted various influences that blend American drag culture with local, unique cultural elements.^[62] The drag scene has grown so much that in 2019 Vogue magazine declared it a drag-aissance.^[63]

Philippines

Before being colonized by Spain in the mid-1500s, it was a national custom for men to dress in women's clothing.^[64] However, when the Spaniards arrived, they not only outlawed homosexuality but executed men that appeared to be homosexual. Spain cast a culture of Machismo onto the Philippines, causing any kind of queerness and queer culture to be heavily suppressed.^[64]

Nonetheless, in the early 1900s drag started to reappear in the media. Drag became a key element of national pantomime theatre and as time went on, drag queens appeared in other forms of theatre and in movies.^[64]

South Africa

Drag in South Africa emerged in the 1950s in major cities such as Johannesburg and Cape Town.^[65] It started in the form of underground pageants which created a safe space for members of the LGBTQ+ community in Apartheid South Africa, where people could be punished by law for being gay.^[65] Being gay was not legalized in South Africa until 1998, so pageants, such as the famous Miss Gay Western Cape, did not become official until the late 1990s.^[66]

Discrimination against drag is widespread in South Africa, and drag queens face the threat of violence by being openly gay. Furthermore, there is not language to explore queerness in Xhosa, one of the indigenous languages of South Africa.^[67]

Thailand

After homosexual acts were decriminalized in Thailand in 1956, gay clubs and other queer spaces began opening which lead to the first cabaret. However, drag in Thailand was actually heavily influenced by drag queens from the Philippines as the first drag show started after the owner of a gay club saw drag queens from the Philippines perform in Bangkok.^[68] Therefore, drag shows started in Thailand in the mid-1970s and have become increasingly popular over time, especially in major cities like Bangkok.^[68]

United Kingdom

In Renaissance England, women were forbidden from performing on stage,^[69] so female roles were played by men or boys. The practice continued, as a tradition, when pantomimes became a popular form of entertainment in Europe during the late 1800s to the mid-1900s.^[70]^[71] The dame became a stock character with a range of attitudes from "charwoman" to "grande dame" who was mainly used for improvisation.^[71] A notable, and highly successful, pantomime dame from this period was Dan Leno.

Beyond theatre, in the 1800s, Molly houses became a place for gay men to meet, often dressed in drag.^[72] Despite homosexuality being outlawed, men would dress in women's clothing and attend these taverns and coffee houses to congregate and meet other, mostly gay, men.^[72]

By the mid-1900s, pantomime, and the use of pantomime dames, had declined,^[70] although it remains a popular Christmas tradition.^[73] The role of the dame, however, evolved to become more about the individual performer. Many female impersonators built up their own fan bases, and began performing outside of their traditional pantomime roles.^[74]

United States

Origins

Drag performance in the United States had its roots in the female impersonations of performers in minstrel shows of the 19th century, followed by female impersonators working in vaudeville, burlesque, and the legitimate theatre in the late 19th century and early 20th century.^[75]

First drag balls

The first person known to describe himself as "the queen of drag" was William Dorsey Swann, born enslaved in Hancock, Maryland, who in the 1880s started hosting drag balls in Washington, DC attended by other men who were formerly enslaved. The balls were often raided by the police, as documented in the newspapers.^[76] In 1896, Swann was convicted and sentenced to 10 months in jail on the false charge of "keeping a disorderly house" (a euphemism for running a brothel). He requested a pardon from President Grover Cleveland, but was denied.^[76]

Night clubs

In the early to mid-1900s, female impersonation had become tied to the LGBT community and thus criminality, so it had to change forms and locations.^[77] It moved from being popular mainstream entertainment to something done only at night in disreputable areas, such as San Francisco's Tenderloin.^[77] Here female impersonation started to evolve into what we today know as drag and drag queens.^[71]^{[failed verification]} Drag queens such as José Sarria^[78] first came to prominence in these clubs.^[77] People went to these nightclubs to play with the boundaries of gender and sexuality and it became a place for the LGBT community, especially gay men, to feel accepted.^[79]

As LGBT culture has slowly become more accepted in American society, drag has also become more, though not totally, acceptable in today's society.^[71] In the 1940s and 1950s, Arthur Blake was one of the few female impersonators to be successful in both gay and mainstream entertainment, becoming famous for his impersonations of Bette Davis, Carmen Miranda, and Eleanor Roosevelt in night clubs.^[80]^[81] At the invitation of the Roosevelts, he performed his impersonation of Eleanor at the White House.^[82]^[80] He impersonated Davis and Miranda in the 1952 film Diplomatic Courier.^[83]

Protests

The Cooper Donuts Riot was a May 1959 incident in Los Angeles in which drag queens, lesbians, transgender women, and gay men rioted; it was one of the first LGBT protests in the United States.^[84]

The Compton's Cafeteria riot, which involved drag queens and others, occurred in San Francisco in 1966.^[85] It marked the beginning of transgender activism in San Francisco.^[85]

On 17 March 1968, in Los Angeles, to protest entrapment and harassment by the Los Angeles Police Department, two drag queens known as "The Princess" and "The Duchess" held a St. Patrick's Day party at Griffith Park, a popular cruising spot and a frequent target of police activity. More than 200 gay men socialized through the day.^[86]

Drag queens were also involved in the Stonewall riots, a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the LGBT community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of 28 June 1969, at the Stonewall Inn, located in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. The riots are widely considered to be the catalyst for the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States.^[87]^[88]

During the summer of 1976, a restaurant in Fire Island Pines, New York, denied entry to a visitor in drag named Terry Warren. When Warren's friends in Cherry Grove heard what had happened, they dressed up in drag, and, on 4 July 1976, sailed to the Pines by water taxi. This turned into a yearly event where drag queens go to the Pines, called the Invasion of the Pines.^[89]

Politics

In 1961, drag queen José Sarria ran for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, becoming the first openly gay candidate for public office in the United States.^[90]^[91]

In 2019, Maebe A. Girl became the first drag queen elected to public office in the United States when she was elected to the Silver Lake Neighborhood Council.^[92]^[93]^[94]

Other

D'Arcy Drollinger was appointed San Francisco's first drag laureate in May 2023.^[95]^[96] The role consists of serving as an ambassador for San Francisco's LGBTQ+, arts, nightlife, and entertainment communities.^[97]

Drag families

Drag families are a part of ball culture and drag houses.^[98] In ball culture, drag queens usually all share the same last name of the drag house or drag family they belong to.^[99] Members of a drag house may live together, but are called families because of the values of support and community in drag culture.^[100] It is also rooted in the concept of 'chosen family' as queer people have been historically disowned or outcast by their relatives and so find love and camaraderie in the LGBTQ+ community, which is especially true for those in the drag community.^[101]

Drag mother

A drag queen may either pick a drag name, or be given it by a friend or a "drag mother".^[102] Drag mothers often come to lead their drag house, or start their own, and are more experienced and acclaimed members of the drag community. As such, drag mothers and drag daughters have a mentor-apprentice relationship. This is because drag mothers help hone the skills of their younger queens, or drag daughters, by teaching them things such as how to apply makeup, walk in heels, sew clothing, dance, sing etc. In addition to this, drag mothers also promote their drag children at events and performances.^[99]

Art of drag

The process of getting into drag or into character can take hours. A drag queen may aim for a certain style, celebrity impression, or message with their look. Hair, make-up, and costumes are the most important essentials for drag queens.^[103] Drag queens tend to go for a more exaggerated look with a lot more makeup than a typical woman would wear.

Some people do drag simply as a means of self-expression,^[23]^[104] but often drag queens (once they have completed a look) will go out to clubs and bars and perform in a "drag show".^[105] Many drag queens dress up for money by doing different shows, but there are also drag queens that have full-time jobs but still enjoy dressing up in drag as a hobby.^[106]

Many parts of the drag show, and of the drag queens' other intellectual properties, cannot be protected by intellectual property law. To substitute the lack of legal protection, drag queens revert to social norms in order to protect their intellectual property.^[107]

In entertainment

Drag shows and venues

A drag queen putting on lip liner — A drag queen preparing stage makeup

A drag show is a piece of entertainment consisting of a variety of songs, monologues or skits featuring either single performers or groups of performers in drag meant to entertain an audience.^[108] They range from amateur performances at small bars to elaborately staged theatrical presentations.^[109] Many drag shows feature performers singing or lip-synching to songs while performing a pre-planned pantomime, or dancing. The performers often don elaborate costumes and makeup, and sometimes dress to imitate various famous female singers or personalities. Some events are centered around drag, such as Southern Decadence where the majority of festivities are led by the Grand Marshals, who are traditionally drag queens.^[110]

In 2020 the first West End play to feature an all drag cast, Death Drop, launched at the Garrick Theatre in London. Produced by Tuckshop and Trafalgar Entertainment it was written by drag performer Holly Stars and starred Courtney Act, Monet X Change, Latrice Royale, Willam, Holly Stars, Anna Phylactic, LoUis CYfer, Don One, Kemah Bob, Myra Dubois and Vinegar Strokes and was directed by Jesse Jones. The show ran for a number of weeks in November and December 2020 before being closed due to a COVID lockdown in London. The show reopened on 19 May 2021 and ran until its scheduled end date of 11 July 2021. Death Drop received 5-star reviews from many publications including Gay Times^[111] and Attitude magazine^[112] and was widely celebrated for breaking new ground in theatrical drag performance.^[113]^[114]^[115]

In music

While some male music celebrities wear exaggerated feminine clothing as part of their show, they are not necessarily drag queens. An example of a band that utilised drag as part of their stage act was the New York Dolls. Similarly, English new wave singer Boy George wears drag queen style clothes and cosmetics but he once stated he was not a drag queen.^[117] However, RuPaul is a professional drag queen performer and singer.^[118]

Examples of songs where lyrics refer to drag queens:

"Lola" by The Kinks (or possibly a transgender woman)
"Dude (Looks Like a Lady)" by Aerosmith
"The Lady Is a Vamp" by Spice Girls
"Ballad of Cleo and Joe" by Cyndi Lauper
"King for a Day" by Green Day
"Cherry Lips" by Garbage
"Born This Way" by Lady Gaga
"Verbatim" by Mother Mother
"He's a Woman, She's a Man" by Scorpions
"Pretty Lady" by Ke$ha & Detox Icunt
"Andrew in Drag" by The Magnetic Fields
"Rise Like a Phoenix" by Conchita Wurst (represented Austria at the 2014 Eurovision Song Contest and won)
"Divine" by Antony and the Johnsons
"The End." from the album The Black Parade by My Chemical Romance
"Drag Queen" by The Strokes
"LGBT" by cupcaKke
"C.L.A.T" by Aja, Peppermint, Sasha Velour and Alexis Michelle

In television

Drag queen Don McLean (drag name Lori Shannon)^[119] appeared in three episodes of the CBS sitcom All in the Family as drag queen Beverly LaSalle: "Archie the Hero" (1975), in which Archie Bunker gives her mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, not realizing she is male; "Beverly Rides Again" (1976), in which Archie uses her to play a practical joke on a friend; and "Edith's Crisis of Faith, Part 1" (1977), in which her murder leads Edith Bunker to question her faith in God. The role was noteworthy for its uncommonly respectful and sympathetic treatment of Beverly as a "transvestite".^[120]^[77]^[121]

British entertainer Paul O'Grady was a staple of light entertainment and variety shows on UK television from the early 80s to the mid 90s playing the drag persona Lily Savage: an over the top, glamorous diva character for comedic effect.^[122]

CODCO was a Canadian sketch comedy series which aired on CBC Television from 1988 to 1993;^[123] two of its actors, Tommy Sexton and Greg Malone, were especially renowned for drag-based impersonations of celebrity women such as Queen Elizabeth, Barbara Frum, Barbara Walters, Tammy Faye Bakker and Margaret Thatcher. In one famous sketch, Malone as Frum moderated a debate between Andy Jones as a gay teacher who had been fired from his job for testing HIV-positive and Sexton as Clarabelle Otterhead, the president of an anti-gay lobby group called Citizens Outraged by Weird Sex (or COWS).^[124]

What Would You Do?, airing since early 2008, has had episodes featuring drag queens.^[125]^[126]

In mid-2008, RuPaul began producing RuPaul's Drag Race, a reality television game show which began airing in February 2009. The premise of the program has several drag queens compete to be selected by RuPaul and a panel of judges as "America's next drag superstar". It inspired the similar spin-off shows RuPaul's Drag U and RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars, as well as the international franchise editions Drag Race Thailand, The Switch Drag Race (Chile), RuPaul's Drag Race UK, Canada's Drag Race, Drag Race Holland, Drag Race España, RuPaul's Drag Race Down Under, Drag Race France, Drag Race Philippines among many others.

In 2018, American Idol featured a drag queen, Adam Sanders (drag name Ada Vox) as one of its contestants.^[127] He made it to the top ten.^[127]

In 2018, Celebrity Big Brother featured Queen Shane Jenek (drag name Courtney Act) as one of its contestants, placing first in the season with 49.43% of the public vote.^[128]^{[citation needed]}

Also in 2018, So You Think You Can Dance featured Jay Jackson (drag name Laganja Estranja) as one of its contestants.^[129]

The Netflix show Dancing Queen, also released in 2018, starred Justin Johnson (drag name Alyssa Edwards) and his dance studio, Beyond Belief Dance Company.^[130]

A 2018 episode of The Simpsons, titled "Werking Mom", featured many drag queens, including cameos from RuPaul and Raja (the season three winner of RuPaul's Drag Race).^[131]

Dragnificent! is a television series on the American network TLC. The show started as a special branded as Drag Me Down the Aisle which aired on 9 March 2019.^[132] It features Alexis Michelle, BeBe Zahara Benet, Jujubee, and Thorgy Thor, four drag queens who are all RuPaul's Drag Race alumnae, helping an engaged woman to plan her upcoming wedding.^[133] On 15 January 2020, TLC announced that it had given a full season run to Dragnificent!, a new show to be based on the Drag Me Down the Aisle special.^[134] The series premiered on 19 April 2020.

The Netflix show AJ and the Queen, released in 2020, followed "Ruby Red, a bigger-than-life but down-on-her-luck drag queen [played by RuPaul] who travels across America from club to club in a rundown 1990s R/V with her unlikely sidekick AJ, a recently orphaned, tough-talking, scrappy ten-year-old stowaway. As the two misfits travel from city to city, Ruby's message of love and acceptance winds up touching people and changing their lives for the better."^[135]^[136]

In 2020 RuPaul became the first drag queen to host Saturday Night Live, though he was not in drag at the time.^[137]

In 2020-21 British drag queen Holly Stars wrote and performed in two seasons of a mockumentary series, Holly Stars: Inspirational, broadcast on OutTV,^[138] Froot TV and Amazon Prime.

In education

While drag queens are entertainers, they play a role in educating people on gender roles and stereotyping. Professor Stephen Schacht of Plattsburgh State University of New York began introducing his and his students' experiences of attending a drag show to his gender/sexualities class to challenge his students' ideas of dichotomy. Over time he began inviting students to attend with him. He gathered from his students that after attending the drag show they had a new appreciation for gender and sexuality and often become very vocal about their new experiences in the classroom.^[139]

With children

Nina West, Drag Race season eleven contestant and winner of Miss Congeniality, and producer of Drag Is Magic, an EP of children's music about the art form, says she hopes to inspire them to "dream big, be kind, and be their perfect selves."^[140] West feels the art form is "an opportunity for children to get creative and think outside the boxes us silly adults have crafted for them."^[140] Marti Gould Cummings said something similar when a video of them performing "Baby Shark" at a drag brunch event went viral.^[141] "Anyone who thinks drag isn't for children is wrong," said Cummings, "Drag is expression, and children are such judgment-free beings; they don't really care what you're wearing, just what you're performing."^[141] As of May 2019, the video has been viewed over 806,000 times.^[140]

West responded to critics who question if children are too young to experience drag, saying "Drag is an opportunity for anyone – including and especially children – to reconsider the masks we are all forced to wear daily."^[140] West added, "Children are inundated with implicit imagery from media about what is 'boy' and what is 'girl.' And I believe that almost all kids are really less concerned about playing with a toy that's supposedly aligned to their gender, and more concerned with playing with toys that speak to them."^[140]

John Casey, an adjunct professor at Wagner College in New York City, posits in The Advocate,

"[Drag queens] are incredibly talented, and they are trying to live their lives, and in the process, brighten the lives of those around them. That's the message parents should be communicating to their kids, at any age. It's all about acceptance and being loved for who you are."^[142]

Separately from kids watching drag, the phenomena of drag kids is relatively recent,^[vague] The New York Times in September 2019 published a guess that a there are about a hundred children who do drag in the U.S., with Desmond is Amazing being the one with the most followers.^[143] The mainstream access to drag queens on television exponentially increased in 2009 when RuPaul's Drag Race started airing.^[144]^[145]

However, as of 2022, exposing kids to drag has become somewhat controversial. Lawmakers in states such as Arizona, Florida, and Texas are attempting to ban minors from attending drag shows and punish parents who expose their kids to drag.^[146] These attempts to ban minors from watching drag are based on allegations of drag being a form of perversion and hyper-sexualization.^[146] Some have argued that these accusations are the same that were leveled against homosexual men since the lavender scare of the 1950s.^[147]^[148] Those who disagree with the accusations have argued that drag queens provide a safe and creative environment for young children, especially LGBTQ+ children, and are a source of both education and entertainment.^[146]

Story time in libraries

In December 2015, Radar Productions and Michelle Tea developed the concept of Drag Queen Story Hour.^[149] Launched at the San Francisco Public Library, Drag Queen Story Hour was adopted by the Brooklyn Public Library in the summer of 2016, and has since traveled to various libraries, museums, bookstores, recreation centers, and parks across the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.^[150]

Such events sometimes prompt opposition against the libraries and organizers.^[151]^[152] In one instance in California, men belonging to the far-right group known as the Proud Boys arrived in a group and disrupted the event by shouting homophobic and transphobic phrases at the crowd. The County Sheriff's Office opened a hate crime investigation into the incident due to the nature of the disruption.^[146] Proud Boys sometimes bring guns for intimidation purposes.^[153] Some leftist groups, such as the Elm Fork John Brown Gun Club, organize armed counter protests to keep protesters out of the building. This usually leads to the presence of police to ensure both groups don't harm each other.^[154]

Societal reception

Drag has come to be a celebrated and important aspect of modern gay life,^[107] but has also been criticized for degrading women.^[155] In the era of second-wave feminism some women "were angry and appalled by what they perceived as the charade of femininity expressed by some drag queens and transsexual women."^[156] These critics compared drag to blackface and saw it "as a kind of gender minstrel."^[156]

Many gay bars and clubs around the world hold drag shows as regular events or for special parties. Several "International Drag Day" holidays have been started over the years to promote the shows. In the United States, Drag Day is typically celebrated in early March.

A televised drag competition, RuPaul's Drag Race, is the most successful program on the Logo television network. In 2016, the show won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program.^[157] In 2018, the show became the first show to win a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality-Competition Program and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program in the same year.^[158]^[159]^[160]

RuPaul received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the television industry on 16 March 2018, making him the first drag queen to be given such an award.^[161]^[162]

Moral panic

A moral panic called drag panic has emerged in the United States in relation to drag queen performers. It alleges that contact between children and drag queens would involve drag queens attempting to molest them or indoctrinate them into the "queer way of life".^[163] This moral panic has also been linked to the LGBT grooming conspiracy theory, also from the United States.^[164]^[165]

Notes

^ One source asserts that the attack occurred in 1947,^[41] another is vague on the timing,^[42] and The New York Times obituary of Herbert asserts that it occurred during Herbert's teens.^[43] The cause of the confusion may be the conflation of this arrest with Herbert's subsequent arrest for gross indecency. He served another sentence for indecency at reformatory in Mimico in 1948.^[41]
^ One source states that Herbert was imprisoned for six months at Guelph,^[42] while another states that he spent four months there.^[41]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Entertainer dressed and acting with exaggerated femininity}}
-{{Distinguish|Transgender}}
+{{Distinguish|Transgender|Femboy}}
 {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
 [[File:RuPaul by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|[[RuPaul]], American drag queen, actor, and musician]]
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 ===Drag===
+{{main|Drag (entertainment)}}
-Drag refers to an entertainment style wearing stylized clothing. Most commonly, it is men wearing women's clothing [[cross-dressing]], generally for the purpose of a performance.<ref name="NCTE">{{cite web|url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/Understanding-Drag-April-2017.pdf|title=Understanding Drag|publisher=National Center for Transgender Equity|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324165207/https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/Understanding-Drag-April-2017.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mansbridge">{{Cite journal |last=Mansbridge |first=Joanna |title=Fantasies of Exposure: Belly Dancing, the Veil, and the Drag of History |url=https://www.academia.edu/24315485 |journal=2016 Journal of Popular Culture |date=January 2016 |volume=49 |pages=29–56 |doi=10.1111/jpcu.12381 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410130335/https://www.academia.edu/24315485 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The term "drag" has evolved over time. Traditional definitions of the term drag utilized a [[gender binary]] which used a sex-based definition of drag where a person would be considered "in drag" if they were wearing the clothes of the opposite sex for the purposes of entertainment. However, with new paradigms of [[gender identity]] and the embrace of [[non-binary gender]], newer definitions of drag have abandoned this binary framework in favor of defining drag as an art form of gender performance which is not limited to a binary framework but which must engage with and critique conceptions of gender in some fashion. This could include explorations with heightened forms of masculinity or femininity, as well as playing with other forms of gender identity.<ref name="Whitely">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdwrBgAAQBAJ&dq=definition+drag&pg=PA30|title=Queering the Popular Pitch|year=2013|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=9781136093708|page=29-30|editor-first=Jennifer|editor-last= Rycenga|editor-first2= Sheila|editor-last2=Whiteley}}</ref>
+Unlike [[female impersonation]], the term drag is closely associated with [[queer identity]].<ref name="SQ"/> This close association between the term drag and the LGBTQ community began in the United States in the 1920s with the [[Pansy Craze]] when the first gay bars in America were established by the mafia during the [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition Era]] and drag entertainers became a popular form of entertainment at these underground gay [[speakeasies]]. Before this point, the term drag was not necessarily associated with gay culture, but after this point forward drag became "inextricably tied to the queer community".<ref name="Glitter"/>
+Traditionally, drag involves [[cross-dressing]] and transforming ones sex through the use of makeup and other costume devices.<ref name="NCTE">{{cite web|url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/Understanding-Drag-April-2017.pdf|title=Understanding Drag|publisher=National Center for Transgender Equity|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324165207/https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/Understanding-Drag-April-2017.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mansbridge">{{Cite journal |last=Mansbridge |first=Joanna |title=Fantasies of Exposure: Belly Dancing, the Veil, and the Drag of History |url=https://www.academia.edu/24315485 |journal=2016 Journal of Popular Culture |date=January 2016 |volume=49 |pages=29–56 |doi=10.1111/jpcu.12381 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410130335/https://www.academia.edu/24315485 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, under newer conceptions of drag, conceivably performing an exaggerated and heightened form of one's own gender could be considered a drag performance.<ref name="Whitely"/> While drag is often viewed as a performance based art form and a type of entertainment, it is possible to engage with drag as an art form outside of performance or for purposes other than entertainment.<ref name="SQ"/> Drag has been used within studio art such as photography, political activism, and fashion to name a few applications outside of performance.
 The origin of the term ''drag'' is uncertain.<ref name="Gerstner-2012">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture |editor-last1=Gerstner |editor-first1=David A. |title=Drag |last1=Baroni |first1=Monica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=851qoMjA3icC&pg=PA191 |date=2012 |orig-year=1st pub. 2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-136-76181-2 |oclc=815980386 |pages=191 |access-date=27 April 2018 }}</ref> The first recorded use of ''drag'' in reference to actors dressed in women's clothing is from 1870.<ref name="González-2008">{{cite book |editor1=María de los Ángeles Gómez González |editor2=J. Lachlan Mackenzie |editor3=Elsa M. González Álvarez Tan|author1=Felix Rodriguez Gonzales |title=Languages and Cultures in Contrast and Comparison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Sk6AAAAQBAJ |series=Pragmatics & beyond new series v 175 |date=26 June 2008 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |location=Philadelphia |page=231 |chapter=The feminine stereotype in gay characterization: A look at English and Spanish |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Sk6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA221 |isbn=978-90-272-9052-6 |oclc=860469091  |access-date=29 April 2017 }}</ref> It may have been based on the term "grand rag" which was historically used for a [[masquerade ball]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/49043126 |title=William Dorsey Swann |first=Channing Gerard |last=Joseph |journal=African American National Biography |date=20 May 2021 |publisher=Oxford African American Studies Center |access-date=26 May 2021 |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902155525/https://www.academia.edu/49043126 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+===Female impersonator===
+{{main|Female impersonation}}
+The term ''female impersonation'' refers to a type of theatrical performance where a man dresses in women's clothing for the sole purpose of entertaining an audience.<ref name="SQ"/> The term ''female impersonator'' is sometimes used interchangeably with drag queen, although they are not the same.<ref name="SQ"/> For example, in 1972, Esther Newton described a female impersonator as a "professional drag queen".<ref name="newton_3"/> She considered the term ''female impersonator'' to be the one that was (then) widely understood by heterosexual audiences.<ref name="newton_3"/> However, feminist and queer studies scholar Sarah French defined a clear separation between these two terms. She defined drag as an art form associated with [[queer identity]] whereas female impersonation comes from a wide a range of [[gender identity]] paradigms, including [[heteronormativity]]. Additionally, many drag artists view drag as a lived form of self-expression or creativity, and perceive drag as something that is not limited to the stage or to performance. In contrast, female impersonation is specifically limited to performance and may or may not involve an LGBTQI point of view.<ref name="SQ">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvKqDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22female+impersonator%22+%22drag+queen%22&pg=PA94|title=Staging Queer Feminism|page=94|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan UK]]|isbn=9781137465436|first=Sarah |last=French|date=13 April 2017 }}</ref>
+Female impersonation can be traced back at least as far as ancient Greece. There was little to no gender equity then and women held a lower social status. This meant male actors would play female roles during theatrical performances.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gewertz|first=Ken|date=17 July 2003|title=When men were men (and women, too)|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2003/07/when-men-were-men-and-women-too/|access-date=10 February 2022|website=The Harvard Gazette|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211052711/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2003/07/when-men-were-men-and-women-too/|url-status=live}}</ref> This tradition continued for centuries but began to be less prevalent as motion pictures became popular. During the era of [[vaudeville]] it was considered immodest for women to appear on stage. Due to that circumstance, some men became famous as "female impersonators", the most notable being [[Julian Eltinge]]. At the peak of his career he was one of the most sought after and highest paid actors in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goodman|first=Elyssa|date=6 April 2018|title=Drag Herstory: This Drag Queen Was Once the Highest Paid Actor in the World|url=https://www.them.us/story/julian-eltinge-drag-queen-history|access-date=10 February 2022|website=them.|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211051829/https://www.them.us/story/julian-eltinge-drag-queen-history|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Andrew Tribble]] was another early female impersonator who gained fame on Broadway and in [[Black Vaudeville]]. <ref name="Kentucky">{{cite web |title=Tribble, Andrew A. |url=https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/59 |website=Notable Kentucky African Americans Database |publisher=University of Kentucky |access-date=February 3, 2024}}</ref>
+In the twentieth century some gender impersonators, both female and male, in the United States became highly successful performing artists in non-LGBTQ nightclubs and theaters. There was a concerted effort by these working female and male impersonators in America, to separate the art of gender impersonation from queer identity with an overt representation of working gender impersonators as heterosexual. Some of the performers were in fact cisgender heterosexual men and women, but others were closeted LGBTQI individuals due to the politics and social environment of the period. It was criminal in many American cities to be homosexual, or for LGBTQI people to congregate, and it was therefore necessary for female and male impersonators to distance themselves from identifying as queer publicly in order to avoid criminal charges and loss of career. The need to hide and dissociate from queer identity was prevalent among gender impersonators working in non-LGBTQ nightclubs before heteronormative audiences as late as the 1970s.<ref name="Glitter">{{cite book|chapter=Chapters 4 & 5|title=Glitter and Concrete: A Cultural History of Drag in New York City|first=Elyssa Maxx|last= Goodman|year=2023|publisher=[[Hanover Square Press]]|isbn=9780369733016}}</ref>
+Female impersonation has been and continues to be illegal in some places, which inspired the drag queen [[José Sarria]] to hand out labels to his friends reading, "I am a boy", so they could not be accused of female impersonation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/sarria_j.html |title=>> social sciences >> Sarria, José |publisher=glbtq |date=12 December 1923 |access-date=1 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005833/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/sarria_j.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> American drag queen [[RuPaul]] once said, "I do not impersonate females! How many women do you know who wear seven-inch heels, four-foot wigs, and skintight dresses?" He also said, "I don't dress like a woman; I dress like a drag queen!"<ref>Susan Corso (15 April 2009). [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-susan-corso/drag-queen-theology_b_175120.html Drag Queen Theology.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724195405/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-susan-corso/drag-queen-theology_b_175120.html|date=24 July 2010}} Retrieved: 1 April 2018.</ref>
 ===Drag queens and kings===
+The meaning of the term ''drag queen'' has changed across time. The term first emerged in New York City in the 1950s, and initially had two meanings. The first meaning referred to an amateur performer who did not make a living in drag but may have participated in amateur public performances such as those held at a [[Cross-dressing ball|drag ball]] or a [[drag pageant]]. This was meant to draw a line differentiating amateurs performing in drag for fun from professional female impersonators who made a living performing in drag.<ref name="origins"/>
-In 1971, an article in [[Lee Brewster]]'s ''Drag Queens'' magazine described a drag queen as a "homosexual [[transvestite]]" who is hyperfeminine, flamboyant, and militant.<ref name="dq_1_1_11_12">{{cite magazine |editor1-last=Brewster |editor1-first=Lee G. |editor2-last=Gybbons |editor2-first=Kay |editor3-last=McAllister |editor3-first=Laura |date=1971 |title=Drag Queen vs. Transvestite |magazine=Drag Queens: A Magazine About the Transvestite |volume=1 |issue=1 |publisher=Queens Publications |publication-place=New York, NY |pages=11–12 |url=https://archive.org/details/drag11unse/page/10/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="dq_1_4_29_30">{{cite magazine |editor1-last=Brewster |editor1-first=Lee G. |editor2-last=Gybbons |editor2-first=Kay |editor3-last=McAllister |editor3-first=Laura |date=1971 |title=Drag Queen vs. Transvestite |magazine=Drag: A Magazine About the Transvestite |volume=1 |issue=4 |publisher=Queens Publications |publication-place=New York, NY |pages=29–30 |url=https://archive.org/details/drag14unse/page/28/mode/2up}}</ref> Drag queens were further described as having an attitude of superiority, and commonly courted by heterosexual men who would "not ordinarily participate in homosexual relationships".<ref name="dq_1_1_11_12"/><ref name="dq_1_4_29_30"/> While the term ''drag queen'' implied "homosexual transvestite", the term ''drag'' carried no such connotations.<ref name="dq_2_6_4">{{cite magazine |editor1-last=Brewster |editor1-first=Lee G. |editor2-last=Gybbons |editor2-first=Kay |editor3-last=McAllister |editor3-first=Laura |date=1971 |title=Editorial: Drag |magazine=Drag: A Magazine About the Transvestite |volume=2 |issue=6 |publisher=Queens Publications |publication-place=New York, NY |page=4 |url=https://archive.org/details/drag00leeg_0/page/4/mode/2up}}</ref>
+The second original meaning of drag queen was applied to men who chose to wear women's clothing on the streets, an act which was at that time illegal in New York City. Of this latter type two additional slang terms were applied: ''square drag queens'' which meant "boys who looked like girls but who you knew were boys" and ''street queens'' who were queer male sex workers, often homeless, that dressed as women. This second use of the term was also layered with transphobic subtext and the term drag queen was again meant to protect the professional female impersonator by allowing them to dissociate themselves from both aspects of queer culture and from sex workers in order to maintain respectability among the predominantly heteronormative audiences who employed them. This understanding of the term drag queen persisted through the 1960s.<ref name="origins">{{cite book|chapter=Chapter 5: 1960-1969|title=Glitter and Concrete: A Cultural History of Drag in New York City|first=Elyssa Maxx|last=Goodman|year=2023|publisher=[[Hanover Square Press]]}}</ref>
+In 1971, an article in [[Lee Brewster]]'s ''Drag Queens'' magazine described a drag queen as a "homosexual [[transvestite]]" who is hyperfeminine, flamboyant, and militant.<ref name="dq_1_1_11_12">{{cite magazine |editor1-last=Brewster |editor1-first=Lee G. |editor2-last=Gybbons |editor2-first=Kay |editor3-last=McAllister |editor3-first=Laura |date=1971 |title=Drag Queen vs. Transvestite |magazine=Drag Queens: A Magazine About the Transvestite |volume=1 |issue=1 |publisher=Queens Publications |publication-place=New York, NY |pages=11–12 |url=https://archive.org/details/drag11unse/page/10/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="dq_1_4_29_30">{{cite magazine |editor1-last=Brewster |editor1-first=Lee G. |editor2-last=Gybbons |editor2-first=Kay |editor3-last=McAllister |editor3-first=Laura |date=1971 |title=Drag Queen vs. Transvestite |magazine=Drag: A Magazine About the Transvestite |volume=1 |issue=4 |publisher=Queens Publications |publication-place=New York, NY |pages=29–30 |url=https://archive.org/details/drag14unse/page/28/mode/2up}}</ref> Drag queens were further described as having an attitude of superiority, and commonly courted by heterosexual men who would "not ordinarily participate in homosexual relationships".<ref name="dq_1_1_11_12"/><ref name="dq_1_4_29_30"/> While the term ''drag queen'' implied "homosexual transvestite", the term ''drag'' carried no such connotations.<ref name="dq_2_6_4">{{cite magazine |editor-last=Brewster |editor1-first=Lee G. |editor2-last=Gybbons |editor2-first=Kay |editor3-last=McAllister |editor3-first=Laura |date=1971 |title=Editorial: Drag |magazine=Drag: A Magazine About the Transvestite |volume=2 |issue=6 |publisher=Queens Publications |publication-place=New York, NY |page=4 |url=https://archive.org/details/drag00leeg_0/page/4/mode/2up}}</ref>
 In the 1970s, ''drag queen'' was continually defined as a "homosexual transvestite".<ref name="newton_3">{{cite book |last=Newton |first=Esther |title=Mother Camp: Female Impersonators in America |year=1972 |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |page=3 |isbn=9780226577609 }}</ref> ''Drag'' was parsed as changing one's clothes to those of a different sex, while ''[[queen (slang)|queen]]'' was said to refer to a homosexual man.<ref name="newton_3"/>
@@ Line 30: / Line 48: @@
 Drag queens' counterparts are [[drag kings]]: performers, usually women, who dress in exaggeratedly masculine clothing. Examples of drag kings include [[Landon Cider]]. Trans men who dress like drag kings are sometimes termed trans kings.
-===Female impersonator===
-{{main|Cross-gender acting}}
-The term ''female impersonator'' was commonly used in the past. In 1972, Esther Newton described a ''female impersonator'' as a "professional drag queen".<ref name="newton_3"/> She considered the term ''female impersonator'' to be the one that was (then) widely understood by heterosexual audiences.<ref name="newton_3"/>
-Female impersonation can be traced back at least as far as ancient Greece. There was little to no gender equity then and women held a lower social status. This meant male actors would play female roles during theatrical performances.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gewertz|first=Ken|date=17 July 2003|title=When men were men (and women, too)|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2003/07/when-men-were-men-and-women-too/|access-date=10 February 2022|website=The Harvard Gazette|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211052711/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2003/07/when-men-were-men-and-women-too/|url-status=live}}</ref> This tradition continued for centuries but began to be less prevalent as motion pictures became popular. During the era of [[vaudeville]] it was considered immodest for women to appear on stage. Due to that circumstance, some men became famous as "female impersonators", the most notable being [[Julian Eltinge]]. At the peak of his career he was one of the most sought after and highest paid actors in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goodman|first=Elyssa|date=6 April 2018|title=Drag Herstory: This Drag Queen Was Once the Highest Paid Actor in the World|url=https://www.them.us/story/julian-eltinge-drag-queen-history|access-date=10 February 2022|website=them.|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211051829/https://www.them.us/story/julian-eltinge-drag-queen-history|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Andrew Tribble]] was another early female impersonator who gained fame on Broadway and in [[Black Vaudeville]]. <ref name="Kentucky">{{cite web |title=Tribble, Andrew A. |url=https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/59 |website=Notable Kentucky African Americans Database |publisher=University of Kentucky |access-date=February 3, 2024}}</ref>
-Female impersonation has been and continues to be illegal in some places, which inspired the drag queen [[José Sarria]] to hand out labels to his friends reading, "I am a boy", so they could not be accused of female impersonation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/sarria_j.html |title=>> social sciences >> Sarria, José |publisher=glbtq |date=12 December 1923 |access-date=1 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005833/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/sarria_j.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> American drag queen [[RuPaul]] once said, "I do not impersonate females! How many women do you know who wear seven-inch heels, four-foot wigs, and skintight dresses?" He also said, "I don't dress like a woman; I dress like a drag queen!"<ref>Susan Corso (15 April 2009). [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-susan-corso/drag-queen-theology_b_175120.html Drag Queen Theology.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724195405/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-susan-corso/drag-queen-theology_b_175120.html|date=24 July 2010}} Retrieved: 1 April 2018.</ref>
 ===Alternative terms===
@@ Line 45: / Line 55: @@
 Drag queens are sometimes called [[transvestism|transvestites]], although that term also has many other connotations than the term ''drag queen'' and is not much favored by many drag queens themselves.<ref>Ford, Zack. "[https://thinkprogress.org/the-quiet-clash-between-transgender-women-and-drag-queens-297a9da4c5f6/ The Quiet Clash Between Transgender Women And Drag Queens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909234311/https://thinkprogress.org/the-quiet-clash-between-transgender-women-and-drag-queens-297a9da4c5f6/ |date=2017-09-09 }}." ThinkProgress, 25 June 2014. Web. 9 September 2017.</ref> The term ''tranny,'' an abbreviation of the term transvestite, has been adopted by some drag performers, notably RuPaul,<ref>{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Spargo |url=http://www.newnownext.com/rupaul-tranny-lance-bass-drag-race/01/2012/ |title=NEW: RuPaul's 'Tranny' Conroversy<!--sic--> |publisher=NewNowNext |date=15 January 2012 |access-date=6 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213445/http://www.newnownext.com/rupaul-tranny-lance-bass-drag-race/01/2012/ |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the gay male community<ref>{{cite web |last=Musto |first=Michael |url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/dailymusto/2010/11/is_tranny_so_ba.php |title=Is "Tranny" So Bad? |publisher=Blogs.villagevoice.com |date=12 November 2010 |access-date=6 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221132/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/dailymusto/2010/11/is_tranny_so_ba.php |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref> in the United States, but it is considered offensive to most transgender and transsexual people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bilerico.com/2008/09/is_tranny_offensive.php |title=Is 'Tranny' Offensive? |publisher=The Bilerico Project |date=9 September 2008 |access-date=6 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213214/http://www.bilerico.com/2008/09/is_tranny_offensive.php |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Many drag performers refer to themselves as drag artists, as opposed to drag queens, as some contemporary forms of drag have become [[nonbinary]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knauf |first1=Ana Sofia |title=Person of Interest: Arson Nicki |url=https://www.thestranger.com/features/2017/02/01/24834816/person-of-interest |website=The Stranger |publisher=Tim Keck |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030804/https://www.thestranger.com/features/2017/02/01/24834816/person-of-interest |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lam |first1=Teresa |title=Getting to Know Non-Binary Drag Artist Rose Butch |url=https://hypebae.com/2018/6/rose-butch-non-binary-drag-performer-lgbtq-pride-month-vancouver-canada-interview |website=Hypebae |date=30 June 2018 |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701083100/https://hypebae.com/2018/6/rose-butch-non-binary-drag-performer-lgbtq-pride-month-vancouver-canada-interview |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Many drag performers refer to themselves as drag artists, as opposed to drag queens, as some contemporary forms of drag have become [[nonbinary]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Knauf |first1=Ana Sofia |title=Person of Interest: Arson Nicki |url=https://www.thestranger.com/features/2017/02/01/24834816/person-of-interest |website=The Stranger |publisher=Tim Keck |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030804/https://www.thestranger.com/features/2017/02/01/24834816/person-of-interest |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lam |first1=Teresa |title=Getting to Know Non-Binary Drag Artist Rose Butch |url=https://hypebae.com/2018/6/rose-butch-non-binary-drag-performer-lgbtq-pride-month-vancouver-canada-interview |website=Hypebae |date=30 June 2018 |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701083100/https://hypebae.com/2018/6/rose-butch-non-binary-drag-performer-lgbtq-pride-month-vancouver-canada-interview |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Brazil, [[androgynous]] drag performers are sometimes called ''drag [[queer]]'', as a form of [[gender neutrality]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 2018 |title=Esta página criou um guia ilustrado de nomenclaturas LGBTI pra ninguém mais se confundir |url=https://www.hypeness.com.br/2018/12/esta-pagina-criou-um-guia-ilustrado-de-nomenclaturas-lgbti-pra-ninguem-mais-se-confundir/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228193451/https://www.hypeness.com.br/2018/12/esta-pagina-criou-um-guia-ilustrado-de-nomenclaturas-lgbti-pra-ninguem-mais-se-confundir/ |archive-date=2022-02-28 |work=Hypeness}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=David Ceccon dos |date=2017 |title=Drag-queer Alma Negrot : o corpo como montagem artística |url=https://lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/202438 |journal=[[UFRGS]] |access-date=2021-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Buscando trabalho artístico, drag queer brasileira posa pra Vogue: “Não quero ser cosplay de mulher” – Pheeno |url=https://pheeno.com.br/2019/05/buscando-trabalho-artistico-drag-queer-brasileira-posa-pra-vogue-nao-quero-ser-cosplay-de-mulher/ |access-date=2021-08-13 |website=pheeno.com.br}}</ref>
 Among drag queens and their contacts today, there is an ongoing debate about whether transgender drag queens are actually considered "drag queens". Some argue that, because a drag queen is defined as a man portraying a woman, transgender women cannot be drag queens. [[Drag king]]s are women who assume a masculine aesthetic, but this is not always the case, because there are also biokings, bioqueens, and [[Female queen (drag)|female queens]], which are people who perform their own biological sex through a heightened or exaggerated gender presentation.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.4324/9780203057094|title=The Drag Queen Anthology|year=2013|last1=Underwood|first1=Lisa|isbn=9780203057094}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://academic.eb.com/?target=%2Flevels%2Fcollegiate%2Farticle%2Fdrag-queen%2F627517|title=Britannica Academic|website=academic.eb.com|access-date=5 December 2018|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922085318/https://academic.eb.com/?target=%2Flevels%2Fcollegiate%2Farticle%2Fdrag-queen%2F627517|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barnett|first1=Joshua Trey|last2=Johnson|first2=Corey W.|date=November 2013|title=We Are All Royalty|journal=Journal of Leisure Research|volume=45|issue=5|pages=677–694|doi=10.18666/jlr-2013-v45-i5-4369|bibcode=2013JLeiR..45..677B |s2cid=143305970|issn=0022-2216}}</ref>
-== History of drag ==
+== History of drag==
-=== Ancient Greece ===
-[[File:MFA PELIKE 04.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small>Male performers putting on female costumes prior to a theatre performance. The figure on the left is wearing a mask and a second mask is lying on the ground between them. The masks represent a female character and they have a kerchief around the hair on the mask. Their costumes also include female clothing such as high boots and a chiton. Ceramic Athenian Pelike. Phiale Painter. Ancient Greek. Around 430 BCE.</small>]]
-The concept of drag can be seen in the earliest forms of entertainment, including [[Theatre of ancient Greece|Ancient Greek theatre]]. In ancient western cultures, women often were not allowed to perform onstage or become actors, therefore male actors played the roles of women also.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |last=thedifferentlevel |date=2021-09-01 |title=History of Drag: From Antic Greece to RuPaul's Drag Race |url=https://different-level.com/history-of-drag-from-antic-greece-to-rupauls-drag-race/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=LEVEL |language=en-US |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405033506/https://different-level.com/history-of-drag-from-antic-greece-to-rupauls-drag-race/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This demonstrates how female impersonation can be traced back to the earliest forms of entertainment and spectacle. Not only this, but men and boys were expected to dress as women, or in drag, for many religious ceremonies and rituals in Ancient Greece.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDaniel |first=Spencer |date=2022-07-11 |title=In Ancient Greece, Children Wearing Drag Was a Religious Obligation! |url=https://talesoftimesforgotten.com/2022/07/10/in-ancient-greece-children-wearing-drag-was-a-religious-obligation/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Tales of Times Forgotten |language=en-US |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202212642/https://talesoftimesforgotten.com/2022/07/10/in-ancient-greece-children-wearing-drag-was-a-religious-obligation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-There is some controversy as to whether this is actually where drag emerged, or if it occurred later in history in the 1800s with forms of entertainment such as [[minstrel show]]s and Shakespeare's plays, as he often incorporated male actors as female impersonators.<ref name="auto4"/>
 === Canada ===
@@ Line 72: / Line 75: @@
 ===Lebanon===
-Lebanon is the only country in the Arab world with an increasingly visible drag scene.<ref>{{cite news |title='I don't want to hide myself': The drag queen standing up to Lebanon's LGBTIQ+ crackdown |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/dateline/article/the-drag-queen-standing-up-to-lebanons-lgbtiq-crackdown/tptzwxs6v |access-date=30 January 2024 |issue=8 June 2023 |publisher=SBS News}}</ref> Drag culture has existed in Lebanon for several decades but gained popularity with the astronomical rise of [[Bassem Feghali]], who came to prominence in the 1990s, becoming a household name for his impersonation of Lebanese female singers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Frakes |first1=Nicholas |title=It's off to the races in Lebanon, in drag |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2019/09/the-unique-identity-of-lebanons-drag-scene.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |publisher=Al Monitor |date=30 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the Pop Icons who Inspired Generations of Arab Queens |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/10/20/arts/arab-drag-pop-icons.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |date=20 October 2022 |last1=O'Neill |first1=Shane }}</ref> Due to the global sucesss of [[Rupaul's Drag Race]], Beirut's drag scene has adopted various influences that blend American drag culture with local, unique cultural elements.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Louisa Loveluck, Ghalia al-Alwani |title=Beirut's fearless drag queens defy Middle Eastern conservatism |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/beiruts-fearless-drag-queens-belie-middle-eastern-conservatism/2019/01/26/2a7abcd4-ffb7-11e8-a17e-162b712e8fc2_story.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |agency=The Washington Post |date=28 January 2019}}</ref> The drag scene has grown so much that in 2019 ''Vogue'' magazine declared it a drag-aissance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Satenstein |first1=Liana |title=Inside Beirut's Bright and Beautiful Drag-aissance |url=https://www.vogue.com/vogueworld/article/beirut-drag-queen-anya-kneez-latiza-bomba-zuhal-global-100 |access-date=30 January 2024 |publisher=Vogue |date=5 February 2019}}</ref>
+Lebanon is the only country in the Arab world with an increasingly visible drag scene.<ref>{{cite news |title='I don't want to hide myself': The drag queen standing up to Lebanon's LGBTIQ+ crackdown |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/dateline/article/the-drag-queen-standing-up-to-lebanons-lgbtiq-crackdown/tptzwxs6v |access-date=30 January 2024 |issue=8 June 2023 |publisher=SBS News}}</ref> Drag culture has existed in Lebanon for several decades but gained popularity with the astronomical rise of [[Bassem Feghali]], who came to prominence in the 1990s, becoming a household name for his impersonation of Lebanese female singers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Frakes |first1=Nicholas |title=It's off to the races in Lebanon, in drag |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2019/09/the-unique-identity-of-lebanons-drag-scene.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |publisher=Al Monitor |date=30 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the Pop Icons who Inspired Generations of Arab Queens |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/10/20/arts/arab-drag-pop-icons.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |date=20 October 2022 |last1=O'Neill |first1=Shane }}</ref> Due to the global success of [[Rupaul's Drag Race]], Beirut's drag scene has adopted various influences that blend American drag culture with local, unique cultural elements.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Louisa Loveluck, Ghalia al-Alwani |title=Beirut's fearless drag queens defy Middle Eastern conservatism |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/beiruts-fearless-drag-queens-belie-middle-eastern-conservatism/2019/01/26/2a7abcd4-ffb7-11e8-a17e-162b712e8fc2_story.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |agency=The Washington Post |date=28 January 2019}}</ref> The drag scene has grown so much that in 2019 ''Vogue'' magazine declared it a drag-aissance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Satenstein |first1=Liana |title=Inside Beirut's Bright and Beautiful Drag-aissance |url=https://www.vogue.com/vogueworld/article/beirut-drag-queen-anya-kneez-latiza-bomba-zuhal-global-100 |access-date=30 January 2024 |publisher=Vogue |date=5 February 2019}}</ref>
 === Philippines ===
@@ Line 88: / Line 91: @@
 === United Kingdom ===
-In [[English Renaissance theatre|Renaissance England]], women were forbidden from performing on stage,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Globe Theatre Female Roles |url=http://www.globe-theatre.org.uk/globe-theatre-female-roles.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406074442/http://www.globe-theatre.org.uk/globe-theatre-female-roles.htm |archive-date=2013-04-06 |access-date=2018-12-24}}</ref> so female roles were played by men or boys. The practice continued, as a tradition, when [[pantomime]]s became a popular form of entertainment in Europe during the late 1800s to the mid-1900s.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The dame became a [[stock character]] with a range of attitudes from "[[charwoman]]" to "[[grande dame]]" who was mainly used for improvisation.<ref name=":3" /> A notable, and highly successful, pantomime dame from this period was [[Dan Leno]].
+In [[English Renaissance theatre|Renaissance England]], women were forbidden from performing on stage,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Globe Theatre Female Roles |url=http://www.globe-theatre.org.uk/globe-theatre-female-roles.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406074442/http://www.globe-theatre.org.uk/globe-theatre-female-roles.htm |archive-date=2013-04-06 |access-date=2018-12-24}}</ref> so female roles were played by men or boys. The practice continued, as a tradition, when [[pantomime]]s became a popular form of entertainment in Europe during the late 1800s to the mid-1900s.<ref name=":2">Moore, F. Michael. ''Drag!: Male and Female Impersonators on Stage, Screen, and Television: An Illustrated World History''. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Company, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0899509969}} {{page needed|date=June 2020}}
+</ref><ref name=":3" /> The dame became a [[stock character]] with a range of attitudes from "[[charwoman]]" to "[[grande dame]]" who was mainly used for improvisation.<ref name=":3" /> A notable, and highly successful, pantomime dame from this period was [[Dan Leno]].
 Beyond theatre, in the 1800s, [[Molly house]]s became a place for gay men to meet, often dressed in drag.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=A brief but glamorous history of drag |url=https://www.history.co.uk/articles/a-brief-but-glamorous-history-of-drag |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Sky HISTORY TV channel |language=en |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515145054/https://www.history.co.uk/articles/a-brief-but-glamorous-history-of-drag |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite homosexuality being outlawed, men would dress in women's clothing and attend these taverns and coffee houses to congregate and meet other, mostly gay, men.<ref name="auto2"/>
@@ Line 95: / Line 99: @@
 === United States ===
+====Origins====
+{{main|Female impersonation#History of female impersonation#United States}}
+Drag performance in the United States had its roots in the female impersonations of performers in [[minstrel shows]] of the 19th century, followed by female impersonators working in vaudeville, burlesque, and the legitimate theatre in the late 19th century and early 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Contemporary American Theater|page=331|first=James|last= Fisher|year= 2021|isbn=9781538123027|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]]}}</ref>
 ==== First drag balls ====
 The first person known to describe himself as "the queen of drag" was [[William Dorsey Swann]], born enslaved in [[Hancock, Maryland]], who in the 1880s started hosting [[Ball culture|drag balls]] in [[Washington, DC]] attended by other men who were formerly enslaved. The balls were often raided by the police, as documented in the newspapers.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Joseph|first=Channing Gerard|date=31 January 2020|title=The First Drag Queen Was a Former Slave|journal=The Nation|language=en-US|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/society/drag-queen-slave-ball/|access-date=4 February 2020|issn=0027-8378|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202152031/https://www.thenation.com/article/society/drag-queen-slave-ball/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1896, Swann was convicted and sentenced to 10 months in jail on the false charge of "keeping a disorderly house" (a [[euphemism]] for running a [[brothel]]). He requested a pardon from [[Grover Cleveland|President Grover Cleveland]], but was denied.<ref name=":6" />
-==== Minstrel shows ====
-The evolution of drag in the United States was influenced by [[minstrel show]]s.<ref name=":0">{{citation |last=Boyd |first=Nan Alamilla |title=Wide-Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/25351 |year=2003 |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730041610/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/25351 |url-status=live |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520938748 |archive-date=30 July 2020 }}</ref> These shows were an example of how [[Blackface]] was used in a racist form of entertainment where the performers would mock African American men, but as time went on they found it amusing to mock African American women as well. They performed in comedic skits, dances, and "wench" songs.<ref name=":1">{{citation |last=Bean |first=Annemarie |title=Female Impersonation in Nineteenth-Century American Blackface Minstrelsy |date=2001 |publisher=[[New York University]] |id={{ProQuest|304709304}}}}</ref> Black people themselves were largely excluded from being performers as at this point in history.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Blackface: the Sad History of Minstrel Shows |url=https://www.americanheritage.com/blackface-sad-history-minstrel-shows |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=AMERICAN HERITAGE |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324135449/https://www.americanheritage.com/blackface-sad-history-minstrel-shows |url-status=live }}</ref> Blackface in minstrel shows emerged in {{Circa|1820}}, but became more established with the creation of the character of [[Jim Crow (character)|Jim Crow]], which was first performed in 1828.<ref name="auto1"/> After the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], performance troupes began to be composed of Black performers. The shows maintained popularity in American entertainment into the 1920s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minstrel Songs {{!}} Popular Songs of the Day {{!}} Musical Styles {{!}} Articles and Essays {{!}} The Library of Congress Celebrates the Songs of America {{!}} Digital Collections {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/songs-of-america/articles-and-essays/musical-styles/popular-songs-of-the-day/minstrel-songs/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409214831/https://www.loc.gov/collections/songs-of-america/articles-and-essays/musical-styles/popular-songs-of-the-day/minstrel-songs |url-status=live }}</ref>
-==== Vaudeville and female impersonators ====
-[[File:Julian Eltinge (the fascinating widow).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Julian Eltinge]] as a female impersonator in the Fascinating Widow, early 1910s]]
-The broad comedic stylings of the minstrel shows helped develop the [[vaudeville]] shows of the late 1800s to the early 1900s.<ref name=":0" /> In addition to the "wench players", minstrel shows developed the role of "prima donnas", who appeared more elegant and refined while still retaining their comedic elements.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330026007 |title=Inside the minstrel mask: readings in nineteenth century blackface minstrelsy |date=1996 |publisher=Wesleyan Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-8195-6300-2 |editor-last=Bean |editor-first=Annemarie |location=Hanover, NH London}}</ref><ref name=":1" />  While the "wenches" were purely American creations, the "prima donnas" were inspired by both American and European cross-dressing shows, like [[Shakespearean]] actors and [[castrati]].<ref name=":1" />{{Failed verification|date=July 2023|reason=both the fact they are inspired by and the fact that wenches werely purely american seem to be missing.}} With the United States shifting demographics, including the shift from farms to cities, [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] of African Americans, and an influx of [[immigration to the United States|immigrants]], vaudeville's broad comedy and music expanded the audience from minstrelsy.<ref name=":0" />
-With vaudeville becoming more popular, it allowed female impersonators to become popular as well. Many female impersonators started with low comedy in vaudeville and worked their way up to perform as the prima donna.<ref name=":2">Moore, F. Michael. ''Drag!: Male and Female Impersonators on Stage, Screen, and Television: An Illustrated World History''. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Company, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0899509969}} {{page needed|date=June 2020}}
-</ref> They were known to perform song and dance routines with multiple outfit changes.<ref name=":0" /> [[George W. Munroe]], who was known for portraying gossipy old Irish women,<ref name="Cambridge">{{cite book|page=149|title=The Cambridge Guide to American Theatre|first1=Don B.|last1= Wilmeth|first2= Tice L.|last2= Miller|year=1996|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521564441|chapter=Male/Female Impersonation}}</ref> started in [[vaudeville]] in the late 19th century, and became a [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] star; portraying the title role in the musical ''The Doings of Mrs. Dooley'' at the [[Grand Opera House (Manhattan)|Grand Opera House]] in 1902.<ref>{{cite book|first=Gerald|last=Bordman|year=2001|chapter= The Doings of Mrs. Dooley|publisher=[[Oxford University Press, USA]]|isbn=9780195130744|page=213|title=American Musical Theater: A Chronicle}}</ref> Other vaudeville female impersonators included [[Gilbert Sarony]] as his female character Giddy Gusher, [[Neil Burgess (comedian)|Neil Burgess]] as the Widow Bedotte, and the [[Russell Brothers (vaudeville)|Russell Brothers]] who portrayed Irish maids.<ref name="Cambridge"/>
-In [[New York City]], famous female impersonator [[Julian Eltinge]] found success, and he eventually made his way to the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] stage performing as a woman.<ref name=":2" /> He published a magazine, ''Magazine and Beauty Hints'' (1913), which provided beauty and fashion tips, and he posed for corset and cosmetics advertisements.<ref name=":0" /> Meanwhile, in [[San Francisco]], [[Bothwell Browne]] was the top female impersonator of the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]]. He performed at the Grand Opera House and Central Theater, among other venues, went on tour with United Vaudeville, and later appeared in the film [[Yankee Doodle in Berlin]] (1919), produced by [[Mack Sennett]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Boyd|first=Nan Alamilla|url=https://archive.org/details/wideopentownhist00boyd|title=Wide Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|isbn=0-520-24474-5|url-access=registration}}</ref>
-At this time being a female impersonator was seen as something for the straight white male, and any deviation was punished.<ref name=":0" /> However, African-American comedian [[Andrew Tribble]] found success as a female impersonator on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] and in [[Black Vaudeville]]. Connection with [[sex work]] and [[homosexuality]] eventually led to the decline of vaudeville during the [[Progressive Era]].<ref name=":0" /> Both the minstrelsy and vaudeville eras of female impersonation led to an association with music, dance, and comedy that still lasts today.<ref name=":2" />
 ==== Night clubs ====
-In the early to mid-1900s, female impersonation had become tied to the [[LGBT community]] and thus criminality, so it had to change forms and locations.<ref name=":0" />  It moved from being popular mainstream entertainment to something done only at night in disreputable areas, such as San Francisco's [[Tenderloin, San Francisco|Tenderloin]].<ref name=":0" />  Here female impersonation started to evolve into what we today know as [[Drag (clothing)|drag]] and drag queens.<ref name=":3">Baker, Roger. ''Drag: A History of Female Impersonation in the Performing Arts''. NYU Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0814712533}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}}
+In the early to mid-1900s, female impersonation had become tied to the [[LGBT community]] and thus criminality, so it had to change forms and locations.<ref name=":0">{{citation |last=Boyd |first=Nan Alamilla |title=Wide-Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/25351 |year=2003 |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730041610/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/25351 |url-status=live |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520938748 |archive-date=30 July 2020 }}</ref>  It moved from being popular mainstream entertainment to something done only at night in disreputable areas, such as San Francisco's [[Tenderloin, San Francisco|Tenderloin]].<ref name=":0" />  Here female impersonation started to evolve into what we today know as [[Drag (clothing)|drag]] and drag queens.<ref name=":3">Baker, Roger. ''Drag: A History of Female Impersonation in the Performing Arts''. NYU Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0814712533}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}}
 </ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2023|reason=could not find this in this source. in fact, the source seems eager to except the concept of drag back into history, even if it was not called the same, he makes a solid case for the style of performance to be part of a similar tradition.
@@ Line 123: / Line 117: @@
 ==== Protests ====
 {{Main|Cooper Donuts Riot|Compton's Cafeteria riot|Stonewall riots|Invasion of the Pines}}
-[[File:Manifestation pour le mariage pour tous Paris 16 12 2012 13.jpg|thumb|[[Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence]] at a 2012 [[marriage equality]] protest in Paris]]
+[[File:Manifestation pour le mariage pour tous Paris 16 12 2012 13.jpg|thumb|[[Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence]] at a [[marriage equality]] protest in Paris, 2012]]
 The [[Cooper Donuts Riot]] was a May 1959 incident in [[Los Angeles]] in which drag queens, lesbians, transgender women, and gay men rioted; it was one of the first [[LGBT]] protests in the United States.<ref name="Out">{{cite news|last1=Moffitt|first1=Evan|date=31 May 2015|title=10 Years Before Stonewall, There Was the Cooper's Donuts Riot|work=Out Magazine|agency=Here Media Inc.|url=https://www.out.com/today-gay-history/2015/5/31/today-gay-history-10-years-stonewall-there-was-coopers-donuts-riot|url-status=live|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621211159/https://www.out.com/today-gay-history/2015/5/31/today-gay-history-10-years-stonewall-there-was-coopers-donuts-riot|archive-date=21 June 2017}}</ref>
@@ Line 137: / Line 131: @@
 In 1961, drag queen [[José Sarria]] ran for the [[San Francisco Board of Supervisors]], becoming the first openly gay candidate for public office in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.advocate.com/society/people/2013/08/19/legendary-drag-queen-jos%C3%A9-julia-sarria-dead-91|title=Legendary Drag Queen José Julia Sarria Dead at 91|date=19 August 2013|website=www.advocate.com|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221031827/https://www.advocate.com/society/people/2013/08/19/legendary-drag-queen-jos%C3%A9-julia-sarria-dead-91|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[Neil Miller (writer)|Miller, Neil]] (1995). ''Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present'', pg. 347.. New York, Vintage Books. {{ISBN|0-09-957691-0}}.</ref>
-In 2019, [[Maebe A. Girl]] became the first drag queen elected to public office in the United States when she was elected to the [[Silver Lake, Los Angeles|Silver Lake]] Neighborhood Council.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://qvoicenews.com/2019/04/05/drag-queen-maebe-a-girl-running-for-silver-lake-neighborhood-council/|title=Drag queen Maebe A. Girl running for Silver Lake Neighborhood Council|first=Beatriz E.|last=Valenzuela|date=April 5, 2019|website=Q Voice News|access-date=March 3, 2020|archive-date=March 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303201628/https://qvoicenews.com/2019/04/05/drag-queen-maebe-a-girl-running-for-silver-lake-neighborhood-council/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaeEjSz9JQw|title=NowThis News: Meet the First Drag Queen Elected to Public Office in the United States|website=YouTube|access-date=March 3, 2020|archive-date=March 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329043648/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaeEjSz9JQw|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/maebe-a-girl-silver-lake/|title=Meet the First Drag Queen to Be Elected to Public Office in California|first=Steven|last=Blum|date=April 12, 2019|newspaper=Lamag - Culture, Food, Fashion, News & Los Angeles|access-date=March 3, 2020|archive-date=November 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108122719/https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/maebe-a-girl-silver-lake/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In 2019, [[Maebe A. Girl]] became the first drag queen elected to public office in the United States when she was elected to the [[Silver Lake, Los Angeles|Silver Lake]] Neighborhood Council.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://qvoicenews.com/2019/04/05/drag-queen-maebe-a-girl-running-for-silver-lake-neighborhood-council/|title=Drag queen Maebe A. Girl running for Silver Lake Neighborhood Council|first=Beatriz E.|last=Valenzuela|date=April 5, 2019|website=Q Voice News|access-date=March 3, 2020|archive-date=March 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303201628/https://qvoicenews.com/2019/04/05/drag-queen-maebe-a-girl-running-for-silver-lake-neighborhood-council/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaeEjSz9JQw|title=NowThis News: Meet the First Drag Queen Elected to Public Office in the United States|website=YouTube|date=29 June 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2020|archive-date=March 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329043648/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaeEjSz9JQw|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/maebe-a-girl-silver-lake/|title=Meet the First Drag Queen to Be Elected to Public Office in California|first=Steven|last=Blum|date=April 12, 2019|newspaper=Lamag - Culture, Food, Fashion, News & Los Angeles|access-date=March 3, 2020|archive-date=November 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108122719/https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/maebe-a-girl-silver-lake/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+==== Other ====
+[[D'Arcy Drollinger]] was appointed [[San Francisco]]'s first drag [[laureate]] in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-18 |title=SF Bestows First 'Drag Laureate' Title on Hardest-Working Queen |url=https://sfstandard.com/arts-culture/san-francisco-bestows-first-ever-drag-laureate-title-on-its-hardest-working-queen/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=The San Francisco Standard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="autodrag">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/san-francisco-first-drag-queen-ambassador-c97a296e3895f86b21c0562e6e92656d|title=Meet D'Arcy Drollinger, a drag queen who's now the first drag laureate in the US|date=May 18, 2023|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> The role consists of serving as an ambassador for San Francisco's LGBTQ+, arts, nightlife, and entertainment communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drag Laureate program {{!}} San Francisco |url=https://sf.gov/drag-laureate-program |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=sf.gov}}</ref>
 == Drag families ==
@@ Line 155: / Line 152: @@
 == In entertainment ==
-{{Multiple issues|section=yes|{{More citations needed|section|date=June 2018}}
-  {{Original research|section|date=June 2018}}}}
 === Drag shows and venues ===
-[[File:Sofia Pride 2019 Drag Queen.png|thumb|Drag queen at [[Sofia Pride]] 2019 in [[Bulgaria]]|alt=]]
+[[File:Sofia Pride 2019 Drag Queen.png|thumb|Drag queen at [[Sofia Pride]] in [[Bulgaria]], 2019|alt=]]
 [[File:Lorellasukkiarini.jpg|thumb|alt=A drag queen putting on lip liner|A drag queen preparing [[theatrical makeup|stage makeup]]]]
 A [[drag show]] is a piece of entertainment consisting of a variety of songs, [[monologue]]s or skits featuring either single performers or groups of performers in drag meant to entertain an audience.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Newton|first=Esther|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtBI3fTtZzsC&q=drag+show&pg=PA132|title=Mother Camp: Female Impersonators in America|date=15 May 1979|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-57760-9|pages=132|language=en}}</ref> They range from amateur performances at small bars to elaborately staged theatrical presentations.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Underwood|first=Lisa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDTxVpy1CuYC&q=drag+show&pg=PA66|title=The Drag Queen Anthology: The Absolutely Fabulous but Flawlessly Customary World of Female Impersonators|date=11 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-56935-7|language=en}}</ref> Many drag shows feature performers singing or [[Lip sync|lip-synching]] to songs while performing a pre-planned [[pantomime]], or dancing. The performers often don elaborate costumes and makeup, and sometimes dress to imitate various famous female singers or personalities. Some events are centered around drag, such as [[Southern Decadence]] where the majority of festivities are led by the Grand Marshals, who are traditionally drag queens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southerndecadence.net |title=Southern Decadence Official Website |publisher=Southerndecadence.net |date=3 September 2013 |access-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902130212/http://www.southerndecadence.net/ |archive-date=2 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 236: / Line 230: @@
 In December 2015, Radar Productions and [[Michelle Tea]] developed the concept of [[Drag Queen Story Hour]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lamarche |first1=Una |date=19 May 2017 |title=Drag Queen Story Hour Puts the Rainbow in Reading |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/19/style/drag-queen-story-hour-puts-the-rainbow-in-reading.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701150324/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/19/style/drag-queen-story-hour-puts-the-rainbow-in-reading.html |archive-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> Launched at the [[San Francisco Public Library]], Drag Queen Story Hour was adopted by the [[Brooklyn Public Library]] in the summer of 2016, and has since traveled to various libraries, museums, bookstores, recreation centers, and parks across the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Drag Queen Story Hour |url=https://www.dragqueenstoryhour.org/#about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602104444/https://www.dragqueenstoryhour.org/#about |archive-date=2 June 2017 |access-date=22 June 2017 |website=Drag Queen Story Hour – drag queens reading stories to children in libraries, schools, and bookstores |publisher=Drag Queen Story Hour}}</ref>
-Such events sometimes prompt opposition against the libraries and organizers.<ref name="Kuga 2018">{{cite web |last=Kuga |first=Mitchell |date=15 November 2018 |title=Some Libraries Are Facing Backlash Against LGBT Programs – And Holding Their Ground |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mitchellkuga/librarians-drag-queen-story-hour-lgbt-safe-spaces |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621041117/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mitchellkuga/librarians-drag-queen-story-hour-lgbt-safe-spaces |archive-date=21 June 2019 |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=BuzzFeed News}}</ref><ref name="FallRiver2019">{{cite web |date=1 June 2019 |title=Drag Queen Storytime Held at Fall River Library Despite Protests |url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2019/06/01/drag-queen-storytime-protests-fall-river-library-kids/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621041130/https://boston.cbslocal.com/2019/06/01/drag-queen-storytime-protests-fall-river-library-kids/ |archive-date=21 June 2019 |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=WBZ – CBS Boston}}</ref> In one instance in California, men belonging to the far-right group known as the [[Proud Boys]] arrived in a group and disrupted the event by shouting homophobic and transphobic phrases at the crowd. The County Sheriff's Office opened a hate crime investigation into the incident due to the nature of the disruption.<ref name="auto5"/> Proud boys sometimes bring guns for intimidation purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proud Boys Terrorize Drag Queen Story Hour in Nevada |url=https://www.advocate.com/news/2022/6/30/proud-boys-terrorize-drag-queen-story-hour-nevada |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=www.advocate.com}}</ref> Some leftist groups view the police at too passive{{Which|date=June 2023}} and organize counter protests (when private security is not available) to keep protesters out of the building. This usually leads to the presence of police to ensure both groups don't harm each other.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |orig-date=30 august 2022 |title=Armed left and rightwing protesters face off at 'drag brunch' in Texas |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/aug/30/texas-drag-brunch-armed-protesters-roanoke |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611221411/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/aug/30/texas-drag-brunch-armed-protesters-roanoke |archive-date=2023-06-11 |access-date=2023-06-20 |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=30 August 2022 }}</ref>
+Such events sometimes prompt opposition against the libraries and organizers.<ref name="Kuga 2018">{{cite web |last=Kuga |first=Mitchell |date=15 November 2018 |title=Some Libraries Are Facing Backlash Against LGBT Programs – And Holding Their Ground |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mitchellkuga/librarians-drag-queen-story-hour-lgbt-safe-spaces |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621041117/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/mitchellkuga/librarians-drag-queen-story-hour-lgbt-safe-spaces |archive-date=21 June 2019 |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=BuzzFeed News}}</ref><ref name="FallRiver2019">{{cite web |date=1 June 2019 |title=Drag Queen Storytime Held at Fall River Library Despite Protests |url=https://boston.cbslocal.com/2019/06/01/drag-queen-storytime-protests-fall-river-library-kids/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621041130/https://boston.cbslocal.com/2019/06/01/drag-queen-storytime-protests-fall-river-library-kids/ |archive-date=21 June 2019 |access-date=21 June 2019 |website=WBZ – CBS Boston}}</ref> In one instance in California, men belonging to the far-right group known as the [[Proud Boys]] arrived in a group and disrupted the event by shouting homophobic and transphobic phrases at the crowd. The County Sheriff's Office opened a hate crime investigation into the incident due to the nature of the disruption.<ref name="auto5"/> Proud Boys sometimes bring guns for intimidation purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proud Boys Terrorize Drag Queen Story Hour in Nevada |url=https://www.advocate.com/news/2022/6/30/proud-boys-terrorize-drag-queen-story-hour-nevada |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=www.advocate.com}}</ref> Some leftist groups, such as the Elm Fork John Brown Gun Club, organize armed counter protests to keep protesters out of the building. This usually leads to the presence of police to ensure both groups don't harm each other.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |orig-date=30 August 2022 |title=Armed left and rightwing protesters face off at 'drag brunch' in Texas |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/aug/30/texas-drag-brunch-armed-protesters-roanoke |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611221411/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/aug/30/texas-drag-brunch-armed-protesters-roanoke |archive-date=2023-06-11 |access-date=2023-06-20 |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=30 August 2022 }}</ref>
 == Societal reception ==