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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[File:Abraham Freiherr von Oppenheim (1804–1878).jpg|thumb|Abraham Oppenheim (1804-1878) was instrumental in the creation of the Darmstädter Bank]]


The ''Bank für Handel und Industrie'' was founded by [[Gustav von Mevissen]] and [[Abraham Oppenheim]] with a capital of 25 million guilders and modelled after the French bank [[Crédit Mobilier]], in whose creation in 1852 Oppenheim had been involved.{{R|NMC|p=49}} The [[A. Schaaffhausen'scher Bankverein]] was also involved in the new venture,{{R|NMC|p=72}} which received a banking concession on 2 April 1853.<ref>[http://www.zeno.org/Brockhaus-1911/A/Bank+f%C3%BCr+Handel+und+Industrie Brockhaus' Kleines Konversations-Lexikon, fünfte Auflage, Band 1. Leipzig 1911., S. 149.], downloaded on 1 April 2009</ref> It was thus the second universal bank in Germany founded as a joint-stock company ([[Aktiengesellschaft]]), after the [[A. Schaaffhausen'scher Bankverein]] in 1848. (The [[Disconto-Gesellschaft]] had been established in Berlin in 1851, but only became a joint-stock company in 1856.) The choice of Darmstadt was motivated by [[regulatory arbitrage]], since no concession for a joint-stock bank could be obtained in either the [[Free City of Frankfurt]] or the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], while the [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]] allowed for easier arrangements.<ref name=NMC>{{citation |title=The German Great Banks and Their Concentration in connection with The Economic Development of Germany |url=https://historyofeconomicthought.mcmaster.ca/riesser/GreatGermanBanks.pdf |year=1911 |author=Jacob Riesser |publisher=National Monetary Commission |location=Washington DC}}</ref>{{rp|46}} Despite the inspiration from Crédit Mobilier, the model for the new bank's statutory documents was the [[A. Schaaffhausen'scher Bankverein]] which had been organized as a joint-stock company five years earlier in [[Cologne]].{{R|NMC|p=56}} The bank soon opened an agency in [[Frankfurt]] in 1854 (transformed into a branch in 1864), and branches and affiliates in [[Berlin]], [[Breslau]], [[Heilbronn]], [[Leipzig]], [[Mainz]], and [[Mannheim]] as well as [[New York City]] in the 1850s and in [[Hamburg]], [[Stuttgart]] and [[Vienna]] in the 1860s.{{R|NMC|p=60-61}}
The ''Bank für Handel und Industrie'' was founded by [[Cologne]] bankers [[Wilhelm Ludwig Deichmann]], [[Gustav von Mevissen|Gustav Mevissen]], [[Abraham Oppenheim]] and Victor Wendelstadt.<ref name=Hansemann>{{citation |title="... but I consider wealth as a means only and not an end...": On the 150th anniversary of David Hansemann's death |publisher=Historical Association of Deutsche Bank |journal=Bank and History - Historical Review |issue=31 |url=https://www.bankgeschichte.de/files/documents/publications/historical-review/Edition_2014_2.pdf |date=August 2014}}</ref>{{rp|6}} It was established with a capital of 25 million guilders and modelled after the French bank [[Crédit Mobilier]], in whose creation in 1852 Oppenheim had been involved and from which it secured backing for the new venture.<ref name=Brophy>{{citation |title=The Political Calculus of Capital: Banking and the Business Class in Prussia, 1848-1856 |author=James M. Brophy |journal=Central European History |issue=25:2 |year=1992 |pages=149-176 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4546258 }}</ref>{{rp|157}}{{R|NMC|p=49}} The Darmstädter Bank received its banking concession on 2 April {{date|1853/04/02}},<ref>[http://www.zeno.org/Brockhaus-1911/A/Bank+f%C3%BCr+Handel+und+Industrie Brockhaus' Kleines Konversations-Lexikon, fünfte Auflage, Band 1. Leipzig 1911., S. 149.], downloaded on 1 April 2009</ref> and started operations shortly afterwards.{{R|Brophy|p=157}} It was thus the second universal bank in Germany founded as a joint-stock company ([[Aktiengesellschaft]]), after the [[A. Schaaffhausen'scher Bankverein]] in 1848. (The [[Disconto-Gesellschaft]] had been established in Berlin in 1851, but only became a joint-stock company in 1856.) The choice of Darmstadt was motivated by [[regulatory arbitrage]], since no concession for a joint-stock bank could be obtained in either the [[Free City of Frankfurt]] or the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], while the [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]] allowed for easier arrangements.<ref name=NMC>{{citation |title=The German Great Banks and Their Concentration in connection with The Economic Development of Germany |url=https://historyofeconomicthought.mcmaster.ca/riesser/GreatGermanBanks.pdf |year=1911 |author=Jacob Riesser |publisher=National Monetary Commission |location=Washington DC}}</ref>{{rp|46}} Despite the inspiration from Crédit Mobilier, the model for the new bank's statutory documents was the [[A. Schaaffhausen'scher Bankverein]], restructured five years earlier with the critical involvement of Deichmann, Mevissen and Wendelstadt.{{R|NMC|p=56}}
The bank soon opened an agency in [[Frankfurt]] in 1854 (transformed into a branch in 1864), and branches and affiliates in [[Berlin]], [[Breslau]], [[Heilbronn]], [[Leipzig]], [[Mainz]], and [[Mannheim]] as well as [[New York City]] in the 1850s and in [[Hamburg]], [[Stuttgart]] and [[Vienna]] in the 1860s.{{R|NMC|p=60-61}}


In 1871, the Darmstädter Bank led the creation of [[Amsterdamsche Bank]] in the Netherlands, and partnered with [[Anglo-Austrian Bank]] and [[Wiener Bankverein]] to create the {{lang|de|Austro-Ottomanische Bank}}, a joint-stock bank in [[Constantinople]];<ref name=Aleksic>{{citation |author=Vesna Aleksić |title=From affiliation to nazification: The political destiny of a 'Grossbank' in Yugoslavia 1818–1945 |publisher= Institute of Economic Sciences |location=Belgrade |date=2021 |url=https://www.academia.edu/46933114 }}</ref>{{rp|24}} but that venture soon faltered and was acquired by the [[Imperial Ottoman Bank]] in 1874.<ref name=AA4>{{cite book |title=La Banque impériale ottomane |author=André Autheman |date=1996 |publisher=Institut de la gestion publique et du développement économique : Comité pour l'Histoire Economique et Financière de la France |location=Paris |chapter=IV. La Banque impériale ottomane, trésorier de l’Empire |series=Histoire économique et financière – XIXe-XXe |pages=57–67 |isbn=9782111294219 |chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/igpde/4769 }}</ref>
In 1871, the Darmstädter Bank led the creation of [[Amsterdamsche Bank]] in the Netherlands, and partnered with [[Anglo-Austrian Bank]] and [[Wiener Bankverein]] to create the {{lang|de|Austro-Ottomanische Bank}}, a joint-stock bank in [[Constantinople]];<ref name=Aleksic>{{citation |author=Vesna Aleksić |title=From affiliation to nazification: The political destiny of a 'Grossbank' in Yugoslavia 1818–1945 |publisher= Institute of Economic Sciences |location=Belgrade |date=2021 |url=https://www.academia.edu/46933114 }}</ref>{{rp|24}} but that venture soon faltered and was acquired by the [[Imperial Ottoman Bank]] in 1874.<ref name=AA4>{{cite book |title=La Banque impériale ottomane |author=André Autheman |date=1996 |publisher=Institut de la gestion publique et du développement économique : Comité pour l'Histoire Economique et Financière de la France |location=Paris |chapter=IV. La Banque impériale ottomane, trésorier de l’Empire |series=Histoire économique et financière – XIXe-XXe |pages=57–67 |isbn=9782111294219 |chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/igpde/4769 }}</ref>
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In 1873, the bank moved its headquarters to Berlin, having opened a branch there in 1871, but remained colloquially referred to as the Darmstädter Bank. It was one of the four so-called "D-Banks" that dominated German commercial banking at the time (all of which had names starting with a D), together with [[Deutsche Bank]], [[Dresdner Bank]], and [[Disconto-Gesellschaft]].<ref name=HandbookDE>{{citation |url=https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/api/collection/p4013coll8/id/2634/download |title=Army Service Forces Manual M356-5 / Military Government Handbook – Germany – Section 5: Money and Banking |publisher=U.S. Army Service Forces |location=Washington DC |author=Federal Reserve Board |date=March 1945}}</ref>{{rp|13}} In 1889, it participated in the creation of the [[Deutsch-Asiatische Bank]] in [[Shanghai]], and in 1898, in that of the [[Banque Internationale de Bruxelles]].{{R|NMC|p=448}} Around 1900 it became a shareholder of Belgium-based [[Crédit Anversois]].<ref name=Dor>{{citation |title=La Belgique et ses banques: des rêves de gloire contrariés |author=Éric Dor |journal=Outre-Terre |issue=40 |year=2014 |pages=344–372}}</ref> Further German branches were opened in [[Stettin]] (1900), [[Hanover]] (1901), [[Düsseldorf]], [[Munich]], and [[Nuremberg]] (1910).
In 1873, the bank moved its headquarters to Berlin, having opened a branch there in 1871, but remained colloquially referred to as the Darmstädter Bank. It was one of the four so-called "D-Banks" that dominated German commercial banking at the time (all of which had names starting with a D), together with [[Deutsche Bank]], [[Dresdner Bank]], and [[Disconto-Gesellschaft]].<ref name=HandbookDE>{{citation |url=https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/api/collection/p4013coll8/id/2634/download |title=Army Service Forces Manual M356-5 / Military Government Handbook – Germany – Section 5: Money and Banking |publisher=U.S. Army Service Forces |location=Washington DC |author=Federal Reserve Board |date=March 1945}}</ref>{{rp|13}} In 1889, it participated in the creation of the [[Deutsch-Asiatische Bank]] in [[Shanghai]], and in 1898, in that of the [[Banque Internationale de Bruxelles]].{{R|NMC|p=448}} Around 1900 it became a shareholder of Belgium-based [[Crédit Anversois]].<ref name=Dor>{{citation |title=La Belgique et ses banques: des rêves de gloire contrariés |author=Éric Dor |journal=Outre-Terre |issue=40 |year=2014 |pages=344–372}}</ref> Further German branches were opened in [[Stettin]] (1900), [[Hanover]] (1901), [[Düsseldorf]], [[Munich]], and [[Nuremberg]] (1910).


By end-1908, the Darmstädter Bank was the fourth-largest German joint-stock bank by total deposits, with a total of 109 million Marks, behind [[Deutsche Bank]] (489 million), [[Dresdner Bank]] (225 million), and [[Disconto-Gesellschaft]] (219 million).{{R|NMC|p=209}} In 1913, it took over the {{lang|de|Breslauer Disconto-Bank}} based in [[Breslau]]. Between 1918 and 1921, it opened many more branches across Germany.{{cn|date=December 2023}}
By end-1908, the Darmstädter Bank was the fourth-largest German joint-stock bank by total deposits, with a total of 109 million Marks, behind [[Deutsche Bank]] (489 million), [[Dresdner Bank]] (225 million), and [[Disconto-Gesellschaft]] (219 million).{{R|NMC|p=209}} In 1913, it took over the {{lang|de|Breslauer Disconto-Bank}} based in [[Breslau]]. Between 1918 and 1921, it opened many more branches across Germany,{{cn|date=December 2023}} and acquired majority ownership of [[Vienna]]-based [[Mercurbank]],<ref name=HistoryWiki>{{cite web |website=Wien Geschichte Wiki |title=Mercurbank |url=https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Mercurbank }}</ref> before merging with the Nationalbank für Deutschland in 1922.


<gallery>
<gallery>
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[[Category:Banks established in 1881]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1881]]
[[Category:Dresdner Bank]]
[[Category:Dresdner Bank]]
[[Category:1853 establishments in the German Confederation]]

Latest revision as of 06:13, 19 August 2024

Former main building of the Darmstädter Bank in Darmstadt, erected 1873–1875 on a design by architect Philipp Johann Berdellé [de],[1] used by the bank until 1932

The Bank für Handel und Industrie in Darmstadt, often referred to as Darmstädter Bank, was a significant joint-stock bank in Germany, active from 1853 until its merger with Nationalbank für Deutschland to form Danat-Bank in 1922.[2]

Overview

[edit]
Abraham Oppenheim (1804-1878) was instrumental in the creation of the Darmstädter Bank

The Bank für Handel und Industrie was founded by Cologne bankers Wilhelm Ludwig Deichmann, Gustav Mevissen, Abraham Oppenheim and Victor Wendelstadt.[3]: 6  It was established with a capital of 25 million guilders and modelled after the French bank Crédit Mobilier, in whose creation in 1852 Oppenheim had been involved and from which it secured backing for the new venture.[4]: 157 [5]: 49  The Darmstädter Bank received its banking concession on 2 April 2 April 1853,[6] and started operations shortly afterwards.[4]: 157  It was thus the second universal bank in Germany founded as a joint-stock company (Aktiengesellschaft), after the A. Schaaffhausen'scher Bankverein in 1848. (The Disconto-Gesellschaft had been established in Berlin in 1851, but only became a joint-stock company in 1856.) The choice of Darmstadt was motivated by regulatory arbitrage, since no concession for a joint-stock bank could be obtained in either the Free City of Frankfurt or the Kingdom of Prussia, while the Grand Duchy of Hesse allowed for easier arrangements.[5]: 46  Despite the inspiration from Crédit Mobilier, the model for the new bank's statutory documents was the A. Schaaffhausen'scher Bankverein, restructured five years earlier with the critical involvement of Deichmann, Mevissen and Wendelstadt.[5]: 56 

The bank soon opened an agency in Frankfurt in 1854 (transformed into a branch in 1864), and branches and affiliates in Berlin, Breslau, Heilbronn, Leipzig, Mainz, and Mannheim as well as New York City in the 1850s and in Hamburg, Stuttgart and Vienna in the 1860s.[5]: 60-61 

In 1871, the Darmstädter Bank led the creation of Amsterdamsche Bank in the Netherlands, and partnered with Anglo-Austrian Bank and Wiener Bankverein to create the Austro-Ottomanische Bank, a joint-stock bank in Constantinople;[7]: 24  but that venture soon faltered and was acquired by the Imperial Ottoman Bank in 1874.[8]

In 1873, the bank moved its headquarters to Berlin, having opened a branch there in 1871, but remained colloquially referred to as the Darmstädter Bank. It was one of the four so-called "D-Banks" that dominated German commercial banking at the time (all of which had names starting with a D), together with Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank, and Disconto-Gesellschaft.[9]: 13  In 1889, it participated in the creation of the Deutsch-Asiatische Bank in Shanghai, and in 1898, in that of the Banque Internationale de Bruxelles.[5]: 448  Around 1900 it became a shareholder of Belgium-based Crédit Anversois.[10] Further German branches were opened in Stettin (1900), Hanover (1901), Düsseldorf, Munich, and Nuremberg (1910).

By end-1908, the Darmstädter Bank was the fourth-largest German joint-stock bank by total deposits, with a total of 109 million Marks, behind Deutsche Bank (489 million), Dresdner Bank (225 million), and Disconto-Gesellschaft (219 million).[5]: 209  In 1913, it took over the Breslauer Disconto-Bank based in Breslau. Between 1918 and 1921, it opened many more branches across Germany,[citation needed] and acquired majority ownership of Vienna-based Mercurbank,[11] before merging with the Nationalbank für Deutschland in 1922.

  • Postcard of the head office of the Darmstädter Bank in Berlin, Schinkelplatz 1–4, ca. 1900
    Postcard of the head office of the Darmstädter Bank in Berlin, Schinkelplatz 1–4, ca. 1900
  • The same building in 1925, showing southward expansion (left);[12] the building was destroyed during World War II
    The same building in 1925, showing southward expansion (left);[12] the building was destroyed during World War II
  • Industry under the protection of the [German] Crown (1894), mural painting by Hugo Vogel in the Berlin head office (destroyed during World War II)
    Industry under the protection of the [German] Crown (1894), mural painting by Hugo Vogel in the Berlin head office (destroyed during World War II)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Berdellé, Philipp Johann". Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). 2023.
  2. ^ Pohl, Manfred (1982). Konzentration im deutschen Bankwesen (1848–1980) (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Knapp. ISBN 978-3-7819-0269-5.
  3. ^ ""... but I consider wealth as a means only and not an end...": On the 150th anniversary of David Hansemann's death" (PDF), Bank and History - Historical Review (31), Historical Association of Deutsche Bank, August 2014
  4. ^ a b James M. Brophy (1992), "The Political Calculus of Capital: Banking and the Business Class in Prussia, 1848-1856", Central European History (25:2): 149–176
  5. ^ a b c d e f Jacob Riesser (1911), The German Great Banks and Their Concentration in connection with The Economic Development of Germany (PDF), Washington DC: National Monetary Commission
  6. ^ Brockhaus' Kleines Konversations-Lexikon, fünfte Auflage, Band 1. Leipzig 1911., S. 149., downloaded on 1 April 2009
  7. ^ Vesna Aleksić (2021), From affiliation to nazification: The political destiny of a 'Grossbank' in Yugoslavia 1818–1945, Belgrade: Institute of Economic Sciences
  8. ^ André Autheman (1996). "IV. La Banque impériale ottomane, trésorier de l'Empire". La Banque impériale ottomane. Histoire économique et financière – XIXe-XXe. Paris: Institut de la gestion publique et du développement économique : Comité pour l'Histoire Economique et Financière de la France. pp. 57–67. ISBN 9782111294219.
  9. ^ Federal Reserve Board (March 1945), Army Service Forces Manual M356-5 / Military Government Handbook – Germany – Section 5: Money and Banking, Washington DC: U.S. Army Service Forces
  10. ^ Éric Dor (2014), "La Belgique et ses banques: des rêves de gloire contrariés", Outre-Terre (40): 344–372
  11. ^ "Mercurbank". Wien Geschichte Wiki.
  12. ^ "Berlin - Sitz der Darmstädter und Nationalbank am Schinkelplatz". Getty Images.
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