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Coordinates: 38°59′N 3°55′W / 38.983°N 3.917°W / 38.983; -3.917
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| native_name = <!-- if different from name -->
| native_name = <!-- if different from name -->
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Spain|Municipality]]
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Spain|Municipality]]
| image_skyline = Plaza Mayor de Ciudad Reak.jpg
|image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| perrow = 1/2
| image_alt =
| border = infobox
⚫
| image_caption = Plaza Mayor de Ciudad Real
| total_width = 280
⚫
| image_flag = Flag of Ciudad Real.jpg
| caption_align = center
⚫
| image_shield = Escudo de Ciudad Real.svg
| image1 = Ciudad Real - Plaza Mayor 04 edited.jpg
| shield_size = 65px
⚫
| caption1 = Plaza Mayor de Ciudad Real
| image2 = Ciudad Real Capital - 002 (30593087982).jpg
| caption2 = Puerta de Toledo
| image3 = Ciudad Real 2022 - west façade.jpg
| caption3 = [[Ciudad Real Cathedral|Cathedral]]
}}
⚫
| image_flag = Flag of Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real (Spain).svg
⚫
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Ciudad Real.svg
| nickname =
| nickname =
| motto =
| motto =
| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=285|frame-height=180|frame-align=center|frame-coordinates={{Coord|39.5|N|3.7|W}}|zoom=4|type=point|title=Ciudad Real|marker=city|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080|text=Interactive map of Ciudad Real.}}
| image_map =
| map_caption =
|map_caption = Location of Ciudad Real
| pushpin_map = Spain#Spain Castilla-La Mancha
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Spain
| coordinates = {{coord|38|59|N|3|55|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|38|59|N|3|55|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Spain]]
| subdivision_name = Spain
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous community]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous community]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Castilla–La Mancha]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Castilla–La Mancha]]
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| leader_party =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Pilar Zamora ([[PSOE]])
| leader_name = Paco Cañizares ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
| area_footnotes =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 289.98
| area_total_km2 = 289.98
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}}
}}


'''Ciudad Real''' ({{IPAc-en|US|s|j|uː|ˌ|d|ɑː|d|_|r|eɪ|ˈ|ɑː|l|,_|-|ˌ|ð|ɑː|ð}},<ref>{{Cite Oxford Dictionaries|Ciudad Real|us|accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Ciudad|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> {{IPA-es|θjuˈðað reˈal|lang}}; {{lang-en|"Royal City"}}) is a municipality of [[Spain]] located in the autonomous community of [[Castile–La Mancha]], capital of the [[province of Ciudad Real]]. It is the 5th most populated municipality in the region.
'''Ciudad Real''' ({{IPAc-en|US|s|j|uː|ˌ|d|ɑː|d|_|r|eɪ|ˈ|ɑː|l|,_|-|ˌ|ð|ɑː|ð}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/en/definition/Ciudad+Real |title=Ciudad Real |dictionary=[[Lexico|Oxford Dictionaries]] US English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Ciudad|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|es|θjuˈðað reˈal|lang|Pronunciation of Ciudad Real in Spanish.ogg}}; {{lang-en|"Royal City"}}) is a municipality of [[Spain]] located in the autonomous community of [[Castile–La Mancha]], capital of the [[province of Ciudad Real]]. It is the 5th most populated municipality in the region.

== History ==
== History ==
It was founded with the name ''Villa Real'' ("Royal Town") under the auspice of [[Alfonso X|Alfonso X The Wise]],<ref name=tribuna /><ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Ciudad Real (city)|volume=6|page=402}}</ref> who granted it a charter that followed the model of [[Cuenca, Spain|Cuenca]]'s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Villegas Díaz|first=Luis Rafael|date=1983|title=Calatrava y Ciudad Real: unas notas sobre las relaciones entre la Ciudad y la Orden (siglos XIII-XV)|url=https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/30221/CEM-008-009.001-Art%C3%ADculo-008.pdf|journal=Cuadernos de Estudios Medievales y de Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas|issue=8-9|pages=218|issn=1132-7553}}</ref> Located within the dominion of the [[Military Order of Calatrava]], the repopulation struggled initially.{{Sfn|Villegas Díaz|1983|p=218}}
It was founded in 1255 with the name ''Villa Real'' ('Royal Town') under the auspices of [[Alfonso X]],<ref name=tribuna /><ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Ciudad Real (city)|volume=6|page=402}}</ref> who granted it a charter that followed the model of [[Cuenca, Spain|Cuenca]]'s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Villegas Díaz|first=Luis Rafael|date=1983|title=Calatrava y Ciudad Real: unas notas sobre las relaciones entre la Ciudad y la Orden (siglos XIII-XV)|url=https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/30221/CEM-008-009.001-Art%C3%ADculo-008.pdf|journal=Cuadernos de Estudios Medievales y de Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas|issue=8–9|pages=218|issn=1132-7553}}</ref>{{Sfn|Anaya Fernández|2012|p=49}} It was not founded from scratch, but founded over Pozuelo de San Gil, a hamlet belonging to the land of [[Alarcos]].{{Sfn|Anaya Fernández|2012|p=49}} An independent royal demesne enclave embedded within the dominion of the [[Military Order of Calatrava]], repopulation struggled initially.{{Sfn|Villegas Díaz|1983|p=218}} Weary of the influence of Villa Real, the masters of the Order of Calatrava established a rival market in nearby [[Miguelturra]] seeking to disrupt the town's economic activity.{{sfn|Blázquez|1915|p=292}}


Jews soon settled in Villa Real, with the existence of a middle-sized jewry already documented by 1290, only three decades after the foundation of Villa Real.{{Sfn|Anaya Fernández|2012|p=64}}
During the [[Middle Ages]], four kilometres of walls and one hundred and thirty towers protected a population made up of [[Christians]], [[Muslims]] and [[Jews]].

Friction between Villa Real and the Order of Calatrava reached its climax towards 1323, with an armed conflict between the two parties.{{sfn|Villegas Díaz|1983|p=239}}


Villa Real hosted the Cortes of Castile in 1346.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=[[La Vanguardia]]|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/madrid/20170911/431204826971/el-archivo-de-toledo-expone-cuadernos-de-cortes-de-los-anos-1346-a-1563.html|title=El archivo de Toledo expone cuadernos de Cortes de los años 1346 a 1563|date=11 September 2017}}</ref>
Villa Real hosted the Cortes of Castile in 1346.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=[[La Vanguardia]]|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/madrid/20170911/431204826971/el-archivo-de-toledo-expone-cuadernos-de-cortes-de-los-anos-1346-a-1563.html|title=El archivo de Toledo expone cuadernos de Cortes de los años 1346 a 1563|date=11 September 2017}}</ref>


The local ''[[aljama]]'' was by and large dismantled upon the [[Massacre of 1391|1391 pogrom]]s.{{Sfn|Anaya Fernández|2012|p=65}} The endogenous element of antisemitism was underpinned by the Jews' deals with the Calatravans throughout the 14th century and their local reputation as loan sharks.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doc.biblioteca.uclm.es/biblioteca/Ceclm/ARTREVISTAS/Cem/CEM37_CiudadReal_Anaya.pdf|page=65|title=Ciudad Real. Núcleo urbano medieval|first=Antonio Tomás|last=Anaya Fernández|year=2012|issn=0526-2623|volume=37|journal=Cuadernos de Estudios Manchegos}}</ref>
⚫
[[Juan II of Castile]] granted ''Villa Real'' the status of city in 1420, thus becoming ''Ciudad Real'' ("Royal City").<ref name=tribuna>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latribunadeciudadreal.es/noticia/ZA8F21404-BFD2-3366-E43311300AD4A79D/201907/un-impulso-de-600-anos-para-ciudad-real|title=Un impulso de 600 años para ciudad real|last=Real|first=La Tribuna de Ciudad|date=2019-07-26|website=La Tribuna de Ciudad Real|language=es|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> The city most probably did not have more than 2000 inhabitants by the time and despite having celebrated Cortes once, the dominant city in the area was still [[Almagro, Ciudad Real|Almagro]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/clm/curioso-origen-Ciudad-Real-Toledo_0_990751649.html|title=El curioso origen de Ciudad Real que se fraguó en Toledo|last=Bachiller|first=Carmen|website=[[eldiario.es]]|language=es|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref>

⚫
[[Juan II of Castile]] granted ''Villa Real'' the status of city in 1420, thus becoming ''Ciudad Real'' ('Royal City').<ref name=tribuna>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latribunadeciudadreal.es/noticia/ZA8F21404-BFD2-3366-E43311300AD4A79D/201907/un-impulso-de-600-anos-para-ciudad-real|title=Un impulso de 600 años para ciudad real|last=Real|first=La Tribuna de Ciudad|date=2019-07-26|website=La Tribuna de Ciudad Real|language=es|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref> The city most probably did not have more than 2000 inhabitants by the time and despite having celebrated Cortes once, the dominant city in the area was still [[Almagro, Ciudad Real|Almagro]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/clm/curioso-origen-Ciudad-Real-Toledo_0_990751649.html|title=El curioso origen de Ciudad Real que se fraguó en Toledo|last=Bachiller|first=Carmen|website=[[eldiario.es]]|date=2 February 2020|language=es|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref>


[[File:Juan Francisco Leonardo (1687) Mapa del arzobispado de Toledo. Ciudad Real.png|thumb|left|City panorama by Johann Friedrich Leonart (1687).]]
[[File:Juan Francisco Leonardo (1687) Mapa del arzobispado de Toledo. Ciudad Real.png|thumb|left|City panorama by Johann Friedrich Leonart (1687).]]
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Following the creation of the [[province of Ciudad Real]] as per the [[1833 territorial division of Spain|1833 territorial division]], the status of provincial capital of Ciudad Real was challenged by the cities of Almagro and [[Manzanares, Ciudad Real|Manzanares]], with a similar population by the mid-nineteenth century.{{Sfn|Burgueño|1997|p=371}} However the initiatives intending to take the provincial capital out of Ciudad Real did not succeed.{{Sfn|Burgueño|1997|p=371}}
Following the creation of the [[province of Ciudad Real]] as per the [[1833 territorial division of Spain|1833 territorial division]], the status of provincial capital of Ciudad Real was challenged by the cities of Almagro and [[Manzanares, Ciudad Real|Manzanares]], with a similar population by the mid-nineteenth century.{{Sfn|Burgueño|1997|p=371}} However the initiatives intending to take the provincial capital out of Ciudad Real did not succeed.{{Sfn|Burgueño|1997|p=371}}


Much of the centre was destroyed during the [[Spanish civil war]].
Much of the centre was destroyed during the [[Spanish Civil War]].


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
=== Location ===
=== Location ===
[[File:(Ciudad Real) Ciudad Real Central Airport & Province, Spain (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Satellite view of Ciudad Real and [[Miguelturra]].]]
[[File:(Ciudad Real) Ciudad Real Central Airport & Province, Spain (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Satellite view of Ciudad Real and [[Miguelturra]].]]
Ciudad Real is located in the southern half of the [[Meseta Central|Inner Plateau]], in the central part of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], at about 625 [[metres above sea level]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dipucr.es/documentos-vias-y-obras-infraestructura/altitud-nucleos-de-poblacion/download|title=Altitud núcleos de población|publisher=[[Provincial Deputation of Ciudad Real|Diputación Provincial de Ciudad Real]]|date=13 June 2016|format=[[pdf|.pdf]]|access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>
Ciudad Real is located in the southern half of the [[Meseta Central|Inner Plateau]], in the central part of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], at about 625 [[metres above sea level]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dipucr.es/documentos-vias-y-obras-infraestructura/altitud-nucleos-de-poblacion/download|title=Altitud núcleos de población|publisher=[[Provincial Deputation of Ciudad Real|Diputación Provincial de Ciudad Real]]|date=13 June 2016|format=[[.pdf]]|access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>


The city is part of the [[Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field|Campo de Calatrava]] natural region, a transitional region between the ''Montes'' and [[La Mancha]], remarkable in the context of the Iberian Peninsula because of its volcanic origin.{{Sfn|García Ráyego|1997|p=12}} The plaza del Pilar is precisely built on the centre of a shallow volcanic [[maar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elviajero.elpais.com/elviajero/2012/04/13/actualidad/1334351288_850215.html|website=[[El País]]|date=13 April 2012|title=Tapeo en tres plazas manchegas|first=Andrés|last=Campos}}</ref> As Ciudad Real itself was the capital of the province of La Mancha in the 18th century, the whole [[province of Ciudad Real]] is often considered as part of La Mancha in a wider sense.{{Sfn|García Ráyego|1997|p=16}}
The city is part of the [[Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field|Campo de Calatrava]] natural region, a transitional region between the ''Montes'' and [[La Mancha]], remarkable in the context of the Iberian Peninsula because of its volcanic origin.{{Sfn|García Ráyego|1997|p=12}} The plaza del Pilar is precisely built on the centre of a shallow volcanic [[maar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elviajero.elpais.com/elviajero/2012/04/13/actualidad/1334351288_850215.html|website=[[El País]]|date=13 April 2012|title=Tapeo en tres plazas manchegas|first=Andrés|last=Campos}}</ref> As Ciudad Real itself was the capital of the province of La Mancha in the 18th century, the whole [[province of Ciudad Real]] is often considered as part of La Mancha in a wider sense.{{Sfn|García Ráyego|1997|p=16}}


The location of Ciudad Real—without any major water stream passing through the city—leaves the [[Guadiana]] to the North and the {{ill|Jabalón|es}} (a left-bank tributary of the former) to the South.{{Sfn|García Ráyego|1997|p=16}}
The location of Ciudad Real—without any major water stream passing through the city—leaves the [[Guadiana]] to the North and the {{ill|Jabalón|es}} (a left-bank tributary of the former) to the South.{{Sfn|García Ráyego|1997|p=16}}


The urban nucleus was founded 7.5 km to the North-East of {{ill|Alarcos|es}} (a fortified archeological site located on a hill).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ciudadreal.es/documentos/direcciongralplanificacion/pgouciudadreal/informacion/mediofisicoysocial/elementosyzonasdeespecialinteres2baja.pdf|website=Ayuntamiento de Ciudad Real|title=Parajes de interés del término municipal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Historia|url=https://turismo.ciudadreal.es/que-visitar-en-ciudad-real/historia/|publisher=Oficina de Turismo. Ayuntamiento de Ciudad Real}}</ref> Despite enjoying a location at the crossroads of the [[Madrid]]–[[Andalusia]] and the [[Levante, Spain|Levante]]–[[Portugal]] corridors, the city did not particularly prosper historically thanks to this circumstance.{{Sfn|Cañizares|Ubaldo Gosálvez|Martínez|Rodríguez|2009|p=97}} The city currently forms a near urban continuum with neighbouring [[Miguelturra]].{{Sfn|Cañizares|Ubaldo Gosálvez|Martínez|Rodríguez|2009|p=101}}
The urban nucleus was founded 7.5&nbsp;km to the North-East of [[Alarcos]] (a fortified archeological site located on a hill).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ciudadreal.es/documentos/direcciongralplanificacion/pgouciudadreal/informacion/mediofisicoysocial/elementosyzonasdeespecialinteres2baja.pdf|website=Ayuntamiento de Ciudad Real|title=Parajes de interés del término municipal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Historia|url=https://turismo.ciudadreal.es/que-visitar-en-ciudad-real/historia/|publisher=Oficina de Turismo. Ayuntamiento de Ciudad Real}}</ref> Despite enjoying a location at the crossroads of the [[Madrid]]–[[Andalusia]] and the [[Levante, Spain|Levante]]–[[Portugal]] corridors, the city did not particularly prosper historically thanks to this circumstance.{{Sfn|Cañizares|Ubaldo Gosálvez|Martínez|Rodríguez|2009|p=97}} The city currently forms a near urban continuum with neighbouring [[Miguelturra]].{{Sfn|Cañizares|Ubaldo Gosálvez|Martínez|Rodríguez|2009|p=101}}


=== Climate ===
=== Climate ===
The city has a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]:''Csa''),<ref>http://images.slideplayer.es/1/101786/slides/slide_3.jpg</ref> bordering on [[semi-arid]] (''Bsk''), with cool winters (due to its altitude) and very hot dry summers.
The city has a [[Semi-arid climate|cold semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BSk''),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meteorología |first=Agencia Estatal de |title=Evolución de los climas de Köppen en España en el periodo 1951-2020 - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/NT_37_AEMET |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.aemet.es |language=es}}</ref> with cool winters (due to its altitude) and hot to very hot dry summers. Like many other cities of Castilla-La-Mancha, the precipitation is limited throughout the year. It has one of the highest annual temperature ranges in the Iberian Peninsula, exceeding {{Convert|20.0|C|F}}.


The precipitation in the Campo de Calatrava is sparse, with a high year-to-year variability and the area features high levels of [[evapotranspiration]], particularly in Summer.{{Sfn|Becerra Ramírez|Cañizares Ruiz|Escobar Lahoz|González Cárdenas|2009|p=92}}
The precipitation in the Campo de Calatrava is sparse, with a high year-to-year variability and the area features high levels of [[evapotranspiration]], particularly in Summer.{{Sfn|Becerra Ramírez|Cañizares Ruiz|Escobar Lahoz|González Cárdenas|2009|p=92}}


{{Weather box
{{Weather box
|location = Ciudad Real 628m (1981-2010)
| location = Ciudad Real 628m (1981-2010)
|metric first = yes
| metric first = yes
|single line = yes
| single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 20.5
| Jan record high C = 20.4
|Feb record high C = 25.0
| Feb record high C = 25.0
|Mar record high C = 30.0
| Mar record high C = 30.0
|Apr record high C = 34.0
| Apr record high C = 35.1
|May record high C = 38.6
| May record high C = 38.6
|Jun record high C = 42.7
| Jun record high C = 42.7
|Jul record high C = 44.2
| Jul record high C = 44.2
|Aug record high C = 42.5
| Aug record high C = 42.6
|Sep record high C = 40.0
| Sep record high C = 40.0
|Oct record high C = 32.5
| Oct record high C = 33.2
|Nov record high C = 28.0
| Nov record high C = 28.0
|Dec record high C = 20.2
| Dec record high C = 20.2
|year record high C= 44.2
| year record high C = 44.2
|Jan high C = 10.9
| Jan high C = 10.9
|Feb high C = 13.7
| Feb high C = 13.7
|Mar high C = 17.9
| Mar high C = 17.9
|Apr high C = 19.7
| Apr high C = 19.7
|May high C = 24.1
| May high C = 24.1
|Jun high C = 30.5
| Jun high C = 30.5
|Jul high C = 34.5
| Jul high C = 34.5
|Aug high C = 33.7
| Aug high C = 33.7
|Sep high C = 28.4
| Sep high C = 28.4
|Oct high C = 21.5
| Oct high C = 21.5
|Nov high C = 15.1
| Nov high C = 15.1
|Dec high C = 11.4
| Dec high C = 11.4
|year high C = 21.8
| year high C = 21.8
|Jan mean C = 6.0
| Jan mean C = 6.0
|Feb mean C = 8.0
| Feb mean C = 8.0
|Mar mean C = 11.4
| Mar mean C = 11.4
|Apr mean C = 13.4
| Apr mean C = 13.4
|May mean C = 17.5
| May mean C = 17.5
|Jun mean C = 23.2
| Jun mean C = 23.2
|Jul mean C = 26.7
| Jul mean C = 26.7
|Aug mean C = 26.1
| Aug mean C = 26.1
|Sep mean C = 21.6
| Sep mean C = 21.6
|Oct mean C = 15.8
| Oct mean C = 15.8
|Nov mean C = 10.1
| Nov mean C = 10.1
|Dec mean C = 6.9
| Dec mean C = 6.9
|year mean C = 15.6
| year mean C = 15.6
|Jan low C = 1.1
| Jan low C = 1.1
|Feb low C = 2.4
| Feb low C = 2.4
|Mar low C = 4.9
| Mar low C = 4.9
|Apr low C = 7.1
| Apr low C = 7.1
|May low C = 10.9
| May low C = 10.9
|Jun low C = 15.9
| Jun low C = 15.9
|Jul low C = 18.9
| Jul low C = 18.9
|Aug low C = 18.6
| Aug low C = 18.6
|Sep low C = 14.8
| Sep low C = 14.8
|Oct low C = 10.0
| Oct low C = 10.0
|Nov low C = 5.1
| Nov low C = 5.1
|Dec low C = 2.5
| Dec low C = 2.5
|year low C = 9.3
| year low C = 9.3
|Jan record low C = -8.2
| Jan record low C = -13.8
|Feb record low C = -9.4
| Feb record low C = -9.4
|Mar record low C = -5.2
| Mar record low C = -7.0
|Apr record low C = -1.0
| Apr record low C = -3.8
|May record low C = 1.0
| May record low C = 0.0
|Jun record low C = 5.0
| Jun record low C = 4.2
|Jul record low C = 6.2
| Jul record low C = 6.2
|Aug record low C = 8.0
| Aug record low C = 7.2
|Sep record low C = 4.0
| Sep record low C = 1.0
|Oct record low C = -2.0
| Oct record low C = -3.0
|Nov record low C = -4.8
| Nov record low C = -8.0
|Dec record low C = -8.4
| Dec record low C = -10.2
|year record low C= -9.4
| year record low C = -13.8
|Jan rain mm = 35
| Jan precipitation mm = 35.0
|Feb rain mm = 30
| Feb precipitation mm = 30.0
|Mar rain mm = 28
| Mar precipitation mm = 28.0
|Apr rain mm = 48
| Apr precipitation mm = 48.0
|May rain mm = 41
| May precipitation mm = 41.0
|Jun rain mm = 25
| Jun precipitation mm = 25.0
|Jul rain mm = 6
| Jul precipitation mm = 6.0
|Aug rain mm = 5
| Aug precipitation mm = 5.0
|Sep rain mm = 26
| Sep precipitation mm = 26.0
|Oct rain mm = 53
| Oct precipitation mm = 53.0
|Nov rain mm = 45
| Nov precipitation mm = 45.0
|Dec rain mm = 59
| Dec precipitation mm = 59.0
|Jan humidity = 78
| Jan precipitation days = 5.9
|Feb humidity = 71
| Feb precipitation days = 5.7
|Mar humidity = 61
| Mar precipitation days = 4.7
|Apr humidity = 59
| Apr precipitation days = 7.8
|May humidity = 55
| May precipitation days = 6.3
|Jun humidity = 46
| Jun precipitation days = 3.4
|Jul humidity = 40
| Jul precipitation days = 0.8
|Aug humidity = 43
| Aug precipitation days = 1.0
|Sep humidity = 54
| Sep precipitation days = 3.6
|Oct humidity = 67
| Oct precipitation days = 6.4
|Nov humidity = 76
| Nov precipitation days = 6.4
|Dec humidity = 81
| Dec precipitation days = 7.4
| precipitation colour = green
⚫
|year humidity = 61
|Jan rain days = 6
| Jan snow days =1
|Feb rain days = 6
| Feb snow days =0.9
|Mar rain days = 5
| Mar snow days =0.2
|Apr rain days = 8
| Apr snow days =0.1
|May rain days = 6
| May snow days =0
|Jun rain days = 3
| Jun snow days =0
|Jul rain days = 1
| Jul snow days =0
|Aug rain days = 1
| Aug snow days =0
|Sep rain days = 4
| Sep snow days =0
|Oct rain days = 6
| Oct snow days =0
|Nov rain days = 6
| Nov snow days =0
|Dec rain days = 7
| Dec snow days =0.3
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
| year snow days =
|Jan sun = 133
| Jan humidity = 78.0
|Feb sun = 157
| Feb humidity = 71.0
|Mar sun = 213
| Mar humidity = 61.0
|Apr sun = 226
| Apr humidity = 59.0
|May sun = 260
| May humidity = 55.0
|Jun sun = 313
| Jun humidity = 46.0
|Jul sun = 352
| Jul humidity = 40.0
|Aug sun = 323
| Aug humidity = 43.0
|Sep sun = 247
| Sep humidity = 54.0
|Oct sun = 190
| Oct humidity = 67.0
|Nov sun = 135
| Nov humidity = 76.0
|Dec sun = 114
| Dec humidity = 81.0
|year sun = 2664
| year humidity = 61.0
| Jan sun = 133
⚫
|source 1 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref name="aemet.es">{{cite web|url= http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=4121&k=clm|title=Valores climatológicos normales. Ciudad Real }}</ref>|date = October 2015}}
| Feb sun = 157
| Mar sun = 213
| Apr sun = 226
| May sun = 260
| Jun sun = 313
| Jul sun = 352
| Aug sun = 323
| Sep sun = 247
| Oct sun = 190
| Nov sun = 135
| Dec sun = 114
⚫
| year sun =
⚫
| source 1 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=4121&k=13|title=Valores Normales. Ciudad Real}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=clm&l=4121&datos=det&x=4121&m=13&v=todos
|title=Valores extremos. Ciudad Real}}</ref>
| date = December 2023
| source =
}}


== Sports ==
== Sports ==
[[File:SED 2019 - Ciudad Real (155) (48831200102).jpg|thumb|right|upright=|Kids playing pick-up handball in Ciudad Real]]
[[File:SED 2019 - Ciudad Real (155) (48831200102).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Kids playing pick-up handball in Ciudad Real]]
The city previously had a handball team, the [[BM Ciudad Real]], which was the winner of the handball [[EHF Champions League]] in 2006, 2008 and 2009.
The city previously had a handball team, the [[BM Ciudad Real]], which was the winner of the handball [[EHF Champions League]] in 2006, 2008 and 2009.


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==Transport==
==Transport==
The city has a railway station on the [[AVE]] high-speed rail line, the [[Ciudad Real railway station]].
The city has a railway station on a high-speed rail line, the [[Ciudad Real railway station]].
[[File:Airport Ciudad Real LERL 2.JPG|thumb|left|Ciudad Real Airport]]
[[File:Ciudad Real Central Airport 3.jpg|thumb|left|Ciudad Real Airport]]
A high-capacity airport ([[Ciudad Real Central Airport]]) was built in the city, but closed in 2012. The privately funded airport cost an estimated €1 billion to build, and is now for sale for €100 million plus payment of the developer's debt. Although in July 2014 this was reduced to €80 million in a further attempt to find a buyer.
A high-capacity airport ([[Ciudad Real Central Airport]]) was built in the city, but closed in 2012. The privately funded airport cost an estimated €1 billion to build, and was for sale for €100 million plus payment of the developer's debt. In July 2014 this was reduced to €80 million in a further attempt to find a buyer.
In July 2015 the airport was auctioned resulting in only one bidder, Chinese company Tzaneem International offering €10,000.
In July 2015 the airport was auctioned to the lone bidder, Chinese company Tzaneen International offering €10,000.


The airport was reopened on 12 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lainformacion.com/empresas/aeropuerto-ciudad-real-vuelos-empleo-jet-privados-caza-vips/6519900|title=El aeropuerto de Ciudad Real revive con jets privados de cazadores y empresarios|last=LaInformacion|website=La Información|language=es|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref>
The airport was reopened on 12 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lainformacion.com/empresas/aeropuerto-ciudad-real-vuelos-empleo-jet-privados-caza-vips/6519900|title=El aeropuerto de Ciudad Real revive con jets privados de cazadores y empresarios|last=LaInformacion|website=La Información|date=15 November 2019|language=es|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref>


The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Ciudad Real, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 33 min. 3% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 8 min, while 1% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 2 km, while 0% travel for over 12 km in a single direction. <ref>{{cite web|title=Ciudad Real Public Transportation Statistics|publisher= Global Public Transit Index by Moovit|url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Spain_Ciudad_Real-3779|access-date=June 19, 2017}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Ciudad Real, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 33 min. 3% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 8 min, while 1% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 2&nbsp;km, while 0% travel for over 12&nbsp;km in a single direction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ciudad Real Public Transportation Statistics|publisher= Global Public Transit Index by Moovit|url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Spain_Ciudad_Real-3779|access-date=June 19, 2017}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>


== Main sights ==
== Main sights ==
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| direction = vertical
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Ciudad Real Capital - 002 (30593087982).jpg
| image1 = Ciudad Real Capital - 002 (30593087982).jpg
| caption1 = The {{ill|Gate of Toledo (Ciudad Real)|es|Puerta de Toledo (Ciudad Real)|lt=Gate of Toledo}}, part of the ancient town walls.
| caption1 = The {{ill|Gate of Toledo (Ciudad Real)|es|Puerta de Toledo (Ciudad Real)|lt=Gate of Toledo}}, dates from the 13th or 14th centuries.{{Sfn|Blázquez|1915|pp=291–292}}
| image2 = Antiguo Banco de España, actual Residencia.jpg
| image2 = Antiguo Banco de España, actual Residencia.jpg
| caption2 = Old Bank of Spain building
| caption2 = Old Bank of Spain building
Line 244: Line 270:
The Ermita de Alarcos is the oldest church in Ciudad Real. The Iglesia of Santiago is also the most beautiful and oldest church in Ciudad Real, it was built at the end of the 13th century in romanic style. Its style is [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]. It is decorated with gothic paintings and with seven-headed dragons, the ceiling is decorated with stones forming eight pointed stars.
The Ermita de Alarcos is the oldest church in Ciudad Real. The Iglesia of Santiago is also the most beautiful and oldest church in Ciudad Real, it was built at the end of the 13th century in romanic style. Its style is [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]. It is decorated with gothic paintings and with seven-headed dragons, the ceiling is decorated with stones forming eight pointed stars.


Another important church in Ciudad Real is Iglesia de San Pedro (Church of [[Saint Peter]]). It is the most interesting and typical monument of the city. It was built during the 14th and 15th centuries. Its style is [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], and it houses the tomb of [[Chantre de Coca]], confessor and [[chaplain]] of the [[Catholic Monarchs]].
Another important church in Ciudad Real is Iglesia de San Pedro (Church of [[Saint Peter]]). It is the most interesting and typical monument of the city. It was built during the 14th and 15th centuries. Its style is [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], and it houses the tomb of [[Chantre de Coca]], confessor and [[chaplain]] of the [[Catholic Monarchs]].


[[Ciudad Real Cathedral]], built in the 16th century, has the second-largest [[nave]] in Spain and a magnificent [[Baroque]] [[altarpiece]].<ref name=tclm>[http://www.turismocastillalamancha.com/arte-cultura/monumentos/ciudad-real/catedral-de-santa-maria-del-prado/ "Catedral de Santa María del Prado"], Turismo de Castilla-La Mancha. {{in lang|es}} Retrieved 31 August 2013.</ref>
[[Ciudad Real Cathedral]], built in the 16th century, has the second-largest [[nave]] in Spain and a magnificent [[Baroque]] [[altarpiece]].<ref name=tclm>[http://www.turismocastillalamancha.com/arte-cultura/monumentos/ciudad-real/catedral-de-santa-maria-del-prado/ "Catedral de Santa María del Prado"], Turismo de Castilla-La Mancha. {{in lang|es}} Retrieved 31 August 2013.</ref>
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==People==
==People==
*{{ill|Hernán Pérez del Pulgar|es}} (born 1451), military captain who stood out during the [[Granada War]].
*{{ill|Hernán Pérez del Pulgar|es}} (1451–1531), military captain who stood out during the [[Granada War]].
* [[Manolo el del bombo|Manuel Cáceres Artesero]] (born 1949), known as "Manolo el del bombo", the most famous [[association football|football]] fan in the world.
* [[Manolo el del bombo|Manuel Cáceres Artesero]] (born 1949), known as "Manolo el del bombo", the most famous [[association football|football]] fan in the world.
* [[Manuel Marín]] (1949–2017), president of the Congress of Deputies and acting president of the European Commission.
* [[Manuel Marín]] (1949–2017), president of the Congress of Deputies and acting president of the European Commission.
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{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
;Bibliography
* {{Cite book|chapter=El Campo de Calatrava y el corredor Ciudad-Puertollano|first=Rafael|last=Becerra Ramírez|first2=María del Carmen|last2=Cañizares Ruiz|first3=Estela|url=http://publicaciones.dipucr.es/itinerariosgeograficos.pdf|last3=Escobar Lahoz|first4=Elena|last4=González Cárdenas|first5=Rafael|last5=Ubaldo Gosálvez Rey|first6=Héctor Samuel|last6=Martínez Sánchez-Mateos|first7=María de los Ángeles|last7=Rodríguez Domenech|title=Itinerarios geográficos y paisajes por la provincia de Ciudad Real|publisher=[[Provincial Deputation of Ciudad Real|Diputación Provincial de Ciudad Real]]|pages=91–96|isbn=978-84-692-2023-8|location=Ciudad Real|year=2009}}
* {{Cite book|chapter=El Campo de Calatrava y el corredor Ciudad-Puertollano|first1=Rafael|last1=Becerra Ramírez|first2=María del Carmen|last2=Cañizares Ruiz|first3=Estela|url=http://publicaciones.dipucr.es/itinerariosgeograficos.pdf|last3=Escobar Lahoz|first4=Elena|last4=González Cárdenas|first5=Rafael|last5=Ubaldo Gosálvez Rey|first6=Héctor Samuel|last6=Martínez Sánchez-Mateos|first7=María de los Ángeles|last7=Rodríguez Domenech|title=Itinerarios geográficos y paisajes por la provincia de Ciudad Real|publisher=[[Provincial Deputation of Ciudad Real|Diputación Provincial de Ciudad Real]]|pages=91–96|isbn=978-84-692-2023-8|location=Ciudad Real|year=2009}}
* {{Cite journal|title=La Puerta de Toledo de Ciudad Real|first=Antonio|last=Blázquez|via=[[Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes]]|journal=Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia|volume=66|year=1915|pages=290–295|publisher=[[Real Academia de la Historia]]|location=Madrid|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/descargaPdf/la-puerta-de-toledo-de-ciudad-real-0/|author-link=Antonio Blázquez y Delgado-Aguilera|issn=0034-0626}}
* {{Cite journal|volume=58|issue=228|year=1997|last=Burgueño|first=Jesús|journal=Estudios Geográficos|title=La reforma de la división provincial en la meseta meridional (1800-1850)|doi=10.3989/egeogr.1997.i228.636|publisher=[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas]]|location=Madrid|url=http://estudiosgeograficos.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeograficos/article/view/636/679|issn=0014-1496|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|volume=58|issue=228|year=1997|last=Burgueño|first=Jesús|journal=Estudios Geográficos|title=La reforma de la división provincial en la meseta meridional (1800-1850)|page=355|doi=10.3989/egeogr.1997.i228.636|publisher=[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas]]|location=Madrid|url=http://estudiosgeograficos.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeograficos/article/view/636/679|issn=0014-1496|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|chapter=El Corredor Ciudad Real-Puertollano y las infraestructuras de comunicación|first=Mª del Carmen|last=Cañizares|first2=Rafael|last2=Ubaldo Gosálvez|first3=Héctor S.|last3=Martínez|first4=Mª Ángeles|last4=Rodríguez|url=http://publicaciones.dipucr.es/itinerariosgeograficos.pdf|pages=97–134|title=Itinerarios geográficos y paisajes por la provincia de Ciudad Real|publisher=[[Provincial Deputation of Ciudad Real|Diputación Provincial de Ciudad Real]]|isbn=978-84-692-2023-8|year=2009|location=Ciudad Real}}
* {{Cite book|chapter=El Corredor Ciudad Real-Puertollano y las infraestructuras de comunicación|first1=Mª del Carmen|last1=Cañizares|first2=Rafael|last2=Ubaldo Gosálvez|first3=Héctor S.|last3=Martínez|first4=Mª Ángeles|last4=Rodríguez|url=http://publicaciones.dipucr.es/itinerariosgeograficos.pdf|pages=97–134|title=Itinerarios geográficos y paisajes por la provincia de Ciudad Real|publisher=[[Provincial Deputation of Ciudad Real|Diputación Provincial de Ciudad Real]]|isbn=978-84-692-2023-8|year=2009|location=Ciudad Real}}
* {{Cite book|title=Elementos del medio natural en la provincia de Ciudad Real|chapter=Introducción. El medio natural y sus unidades en el sur de la Meseta meridional|first=José Luis|last=García Ráyego|pages=8|location=Cuenca|publisher=[[Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha]]|year=1997|url=https://ceclmdigital2.uclm.es/details.vm?q=id:0001817723&lang=es&view=libros}}
* {{Cite book|title=Elementos del medio natural en la provincia de Ciudad Real|chapter=Introducción. El medio natural y sus unidades en el sur de la Meseta meridional|first=José Luis|last=García Ráyego|pages=8|location=Cuenca|publisher=[[Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha]]|year=1997|url=https://ceclmdigital2.uclm.es/details.vm?q=id:0001817723&lang=es&view=libros}}


Revision as of 03:58, 19 August 2024

This article is about a city in Spain. For the Spanish province, see Province of Ciudad Real. For other uses, see Ciudad Real (disambiguation).
Ciudad Real
Municipality
Plaza Mayor de Ciudad Real
Puerta de Toledo
Cathedral
Flag of Ciudad Real
Flag
Coat of arms of Ciudad Real
Coat of arms
Map
Location of Ciudad Real
Coordinates: 38°59′N 3°55′W / 38.983°N 3.917°W / 38.983; -3.917
CountrySpain
Autonomous communityCastilla–La Mancha
ProvinceCiudad Real
Government
 • MayorPaco Cañizares (PP)
Area
 • Total289.98 km2 (111.96 sq mi)
Elevation
628 m (2,060 ft)
Population
 (2018)[1]
 • Total74,743
 • Density260/km2 (670/sq mi)
DemonymCiudadrealeños
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
13001-13005
WebsiteOfficial website

Ciudad Real (US: /sjuːˌdɑːd reɪˈɑːl, -ˌðɑːð/,[2][3] Spanish: [θjuˈðað reˈal] ⓘ; English: "Royal City") is a municipality of Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha, capital of the province of Ciudad Real. It is the 5th most populated municipality in the region.

History

It was founded in 1255 with the name Villa Real ('Royal Town') under the auspices of Alfonso X,[4][5] who granted it a charter that followed the model of Cuenca's.[6][7] It was not founded from scratch, but founded over Pozuelo de San Gil, a hamlet belonging to the land of Alarcos.[7] An independent royal demesne enclave embedded within the dominion of the Military Order of Calatrava, repopulation struggled initially.[8] Weary of the influence of Villa Real, the masters of the Order of Calatrava established a rival market in nearby Miguelturra seeking to disrupt the town's economic activity.[9]

Jews soon settled in Villa Real, with the existence of a middle-sized jewry already documented by 1290, only three decades after the foundation of Villa Real.[10]

Friction between Villa Real and the Order of Calatrava reached its climax towards 1323, with an armed conflict between the two parties.[11]

Villa Real hosted the Cortes of Castile in 1346.[12]

The local aljama was by and large dismantled upon the 1391 pogroms.[13] The endogenous element of antisemitism was underpinned by the Jews' deals with the Calatravans throughout the 14th century and their local reputation as loan sharks.[14]

Juan II of Castile granted Villa Real the status of city in 1420, thus becoming Ciudad Real ('Royal City').[4] The city most probably did not have more than 2000 inhabitants by the time and despite having celebrated Cortes once, the dominant city in the area was still Almagro.[15]

City panorama by Johann Friedrich Leonart (1687).

After the unification of the Iberian kingdoms under the Catholic Monarchs, Ciudad Real became the capital of the province of La Mancha [es] in 1691. This fact favoured its economic development which was shown by the construction of several important buildings. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake destroyed many of these buildings. In 1809, during the Peninsular War, French troops defeated the Spanish army and occupied the town, using the local hospital as their headquarters and barracks.

Following the creation of the province of Ciudad Real as per the 1833 territorial division, the status of provincial capital of Ciudad Real was challenged by the cities of Almagro and Manzanares, with a similar population by the mid-nineteenth century.[16] However the initiatives intending to take the provincial capital out of Ciudad Real did not succeed.[16]

Much of the centre was destroyed during the Spanish Civil War.

Geography

Location

Satellite view of Ciudad Real and Miguelturra.

Ciudad Real is located in the southern half of the Inner Plateau, in the central part of the Iberian Peninsula, at about 625 metres above sea level.[17]

The city is part of the Campo de Calatrava natural region, a transitional region between the Montes and La Mancha, remarkable in the context of the Iberian Peninsula because of its volcanic origin.[18] The plaza del Pilar is precisely built on the centre of a shallow volcanic maar.[19] As Ciudad Real itself was the capital of the province of La Mancha in the 18th century, the whole province of Ciudad Real is often considered as part of La Mancha in a wider sense.[20]

The location of Ciudad Real—without any major water stream passing through the city—leaves the Guadiana to the North and the Jabalón [es] (a left-bank tributary of the former) to the South.[20]

The urban nucleus was founded 7.5 km to the North-East of Alarcos (a fortified archeological site located on a hill).[21][22] Despite enjoying a location at the crossroads of the Madrid–Andalusia and the Levante–Portugal corridors, the city did not particularly prosper historically thanks to this circumstance.[23] The city currently forms a near urban continuum with neighbouring Miguelturra.[24]

Climate

The city has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk),[25] with cool winters (due to its altitude) and hot to very hot dry summers. Like many other cities of Castilla-La-Mancha, the precipitation is limited throughout the year. It has one of the highest annual temperature ranges in the Iberian Peninsula, exceeding 20.0 °C (68.0 °F).

The precipitation in the Campo de Calatrava is sparse, with a high year-to-year variability and the area features high levels of evapotranspiration, particularly in Summer.[26]

Climate data for Ciudad Real 628m (1981-2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.4
(68.7) 		25.0
(77.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		35.1
(95.2) 		38.6
(101.5) 		42.7
(108.9) 		44.2
(111.6) 		42.6
(108.7) 		40.0
(104.0) 		33.2
(91.8) 		28.0
(82.4) 		20.2
(68.4) 		44.2
(111.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.9
(51.6) 		13.7
(56.7) 		17.9
(64.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		24.1
(75.4) 		30.5
(86.9) 		34.5
(94.1) 		33.7
(92.7) 		28.4
(83.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		15.1
(59.2) 		11.4
(52.5) 		21.8
(71.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8) 		8.0
(46.4) 		11.4
(52.5) 		13.4
(56.1) 		17.5
(63.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.1
(79.0) 		21.6
(70.9) 		15.8
(60.4) 		10.1
(50.2) 		6.9
(44.4) 		15.6
(60.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0) 		2.4
(36.3) 		4.9
(40.8) 		7.1
(44.8) 		10.9
(51.6) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.6
(65.5) 		14.8
(58.6) 		10.0
(50.0) 		5.1
(41.2) 		2.5
(36.5) 		9.3
(48.7)
Record low °C (°F) −13.8
(7.2) 		−9.4
(15.1) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		0.0
(32.0) 		4.2
(39.6) 		6.2
(43.2) 		7.2
(45.0) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−10.2
(13.6) 		−13.8
(7.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 35.0
(1.38) 		30.0
(1.18) 		28.0
(1.10) 		48.0
(1.89) 		41.0
(1.61) 		25.0
(0.98) 		6.0
(0.24) 		5.0
(0.20) 		26.0
(1.02) 		53.0
(2.09) 		45.0
(1.77) 		59.0
(2.32) 		401
(15.78)
Average precipitation days 5.9 5.7 4.7 7.8 6.3 3.4 0.8 1.0 3.6 6.4 6.4 7.4 59.4
Average snowy days 1 0.9 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 2.5
Average relative humidity (%) 78.0 71.0 61.0 59.0 55.0 46.0 40.0 43.0 54.0 67.0 76.0 81.0 61.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 133 157 213 226 260 313 352 323 247 190 135 114 2,663
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[27][28]

Sports

Kids playing pick-up handball in Ciudad Real

The city previously had a handball team, the BM Ciudad Real, which was the winner of the handball EHF Champions League in 2006, 2008 and 2009.

The handball club was one of the best in the world and its home arena, the Don Quixote Arena, was one of the biggest in the Spanish professional league. BM Ciudad Real, however, moved its team to Madrid in 2011; renamed as "Atlético Madrid", it dissolved in 2013.

Transport

The city has a railway station on a high-speed rail line, the Ciudad Real railway station.

Ciudad Real Airport

A high-capacity airport (Ciudad Real Central Airport) was built in the city, but closed in 2012. The privately funded airport cost an estimated €1 billion to build, and was for sale for €100 million plus payment of the developer's debt. In July 2014 this was reduced to €80 million in a further attempt to find a buyer. In July 2015 the airport was auctioned to the lone bidder, Chinese company Tzaneen International offering €10,000.

The airport was reopened on 12 September 2019.[29]

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Ciudad Real, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 33 min. 3% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 8 min, while 1% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 2 km, while 0% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[30]

Main sights

The Gate of Toledo [es], dates from the 13th or 14th centuries.[31]
Old Bank of Spain building

The Plaza Mayor sits in the centre of Ciudad Real. Today, only two parts of the wall that surrounded the city in medieval times remain standing: The Toledo Gate.

Don Quixote's Museum is situated next to Parque de Gasset.

The Museo Elisa Cendreros exhibits an old collection of fans and carved wood.

The Ermita de Alarcos is the oldest church in Ciudad Real. The Iglesia of Santiago is also the most beautiful and oldest church in Ciudad Real, it was built at the end of the 13th century in romanic style. Its style is Gothic. It is decorated with gothic paintings and with seven-headed dragons, the ceiling is decorated with stones forming eight pointed stars.

Another important church in Ciudad Real is Iglesia de San Pedro (Church of Saint Peter). It is the most interesting and typical monument of the city. It was built during the 14th and 15th centuries. Its style is Gothic, and it houses the tomb of Chantre de Coca, confessor and chaplain of the Catholic Monarchs.

Ciudad Real Cathedral, built in the 16th century, has the second-largest nave in Spain and a magnificent Baroque altarpiece.[32]

Education

General library of the UCLM part of its Ciudad Real Campus
People during La Pandorga

Ciudad Real has 24 primary schools and 6 secondary schools.

The high school "Torreón del Alcázar" was founded in 1987. In the first years there were only vocational studies, thirty teachers and 350 students. Some years later the high school incorporated the compulsory secondary studies and A levels. At the moment there are 80 teachers and 1200 students. In the year 1995 the high school was offered the opportunity to become a bilingual school. In the year 2005 the first bilingual group arrived.

See University of Castilla–La Mancha (UCLM), Campus of Ciudad Real.

Events

One of the most popular festivals in the city is La Pandorga, which takes place July 30 and 31. On the last day of the month the festival honours its patroness, La Virgen del Prado. The usual attire of the participants consists of jeans, a white shirt, and the traditional handkerchief.

People

See also

References

Citations
  1. ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
  2. ^ "Ciudad Real". Oxford Dictionaries US English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.[dead link]
  3. ^ "Ciudad". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  4. ^ a b Real, La Tribuna de Ciudad (2019-07-26). "Un impulso de 600 años para ciudad real". La Tribuna de Ciudad Real (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-02-05.
  5. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ciudad Real (city)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 402.
  6. ^ Villegas Díaz, Luis Rafael (1983). "Calatrava y Ciudad Real: unas notas sobre las relaciones entre la Ciudad y la Orden (siglos XIII-XV)" (PDF). Cuadernos de Estudios Medievales y de Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas (8–9): 218. ISSN 1132-7553.
  7. ^ a b Anaya Fernández 2012, p. 49.
  8. ^ Villegas Díaz 1983, p. 218.
  9. ^ Blázquez 1915, p. 292.
  10. ^ Anaya Fernández 2012, p. 64.
  11. ^ Villegas Díaz 1983, p. 239.
  12. ^ "El archivo de Toledo expone cuadernos de Cortes de los años 1346 a 1563". La Vanguardia. 11 September 2017.
  13. ^ Anaya Fernández 2012, p. 65.
  14. ^ Anaya Fernández, Antonio Tomás (2012). "Ciudad Real. Núcleo urbano medieval" (PDF). Cuadernos de Estudios Manchegos. 37: 65. ISSN 0526-2623.
  15. ^ Bachiller, Carmen (2 February 2020). "El curioso origen de Ciudad Real que se fraguó en Toledo". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-02-05.
  16. ^ a b Burgueño 1997, p. 371.
  17. ^ "Altitud núcleos de población" (.pdf). Diputación Provincial de Ciudad Real. 13 June 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  18. ^ García Ráyego 1997, p. 12.
  19. ^ Campos, Andrés (13 April 2012). "Tapeo en tres plazas manchegas". El País.
  20. ^ a b García Ráyego 1997, p. 16.
  21. ^ "Parajes de interés del término municipal" (PDF). Ayuntamiento de Ciudad Real.
  22. ^ "Historia". Oficina de Turismo. Ayuntamiento de Ciudad Real.
  23. ^ Cañizares et al. 2009, p. 97.
  24. ^ Cañizares et al. 2009, p. 101.
  25. ^ Meteorología, Agencia Estatal de. "Evolución de los climas de Köppen en España en el periodo 1951-2020 - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España". www.aemet.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  26. ^ Becerra Ramírez et al. 2009, p. 92.
  27. ^ "Valores Normales. Ciudad Real".
  28. ^ "Valores extremos. Ciudad Real".
  29. ^ LaInformacion (15 November 2019). "El aeropuerto de Ciudad Real revive con jets privados de cazadores y empresarios". La Información (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-02-05.
  30. ^ "Ciudad Real Public Transportation Statistics". Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. Retrieved June 19, 2017. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  31. ^ Blázquez 1915, pp. 291–292.
  32. ^ "Catedral de Santa María del Prado", Turismo de Castilla-La Mancha. (in Spanish) Retrieved 31 August 2013.
Bibliography
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