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{{short description|American businesswoman and government official (1905–1995)}}
{{More footnotes|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Oveta Culp Hobby
|name = Oveta Culp Hobby
|image = Hobby-Oveta-Culp.jpg
|image = Oveta_Culp_Hobby_WAC_Director_in_Uniform.jpg
|office = 1st [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare]]
|office = 1st [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare]]
|president = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Dwight Eisenhower]]
|president = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
|term_start = April 11, 1953
|term_start = April 11, 1953
|term_end = July 13, 1955
|term_end = July 31, 1955
|predecessor = Herself {{small|(Federal Security Agency Administrator)}}
|predecessor = Herself (Federal Security Agency Administrator)
|successor = [[Marion B. Folsom|Marion Folsom]]
|successor = [[Marion B. Folsom]]
|office1 = Administrator of the [[Federal Security Agency]]
|office2 = Administrator of the [[Federal Security Agency]]
|president1 = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
|president2 = Dwight D. Eisenhower
|term_start1 = January 20, 1953
|term_start2 = January 20, 1953
|term_end1 = April 11, 1953
|term_end2 = April 11, 1953
|predecessor1 = [[Oscar Ewing]]
|predecessor2 = [[Oscar Ewing]]
|successor1 = Herself {{small|(Health, Education and Welfare Secretary)}}
|successor2 = Herself (Health, Education and Welfare Secretary)
|birth_name = Oveta Culp
|birth_name = Oveta Culp
|birth_date = {{birth date|1905|1|19}}
|birth_date = {{birth date|1905|1|19}}
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|death_date = {{death date and age|1995|8|16|1905|1|19}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|1995|8|16|1905|1|19}}
|death_place = [[Houston]], Texas, U.S.
|death_place = [[Houston]], Texas, U.S.
|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] {{small|(Before 1953)}}<br>[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] {{small|(1953–1995)}}
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (after 1953)
|otherparty = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (before 1953)
⚫
|spouse = [[William P. Hobby|William Hobby]]
|spouse = {{marriage|[[William P. Hobby]]|1931|1964|end=died}}
⚫
|education = [[University of Mary Hardin–Baylor|University of Mary Hardin]]<br>[[South Texas College of Law]]<br>[[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas, Austin]]
⚫
|children = 2, including [[William P. Hobby Jr.|William Jr.]]
⚫
|education = [[Mary Hardin Baylor College]]<br />[[South Texas College of Law]]<br />[[University of Texas at Austin]]
|allegiance = {{flag|United States}}
|allegiance = {{flag|United States}}
|branch = {{army|United States}}
|branch = {{army|United States}}
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|mawards = [[File:Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|23px]] [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]]
|mawards = [[File:Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|23px]] [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]]
}}
}}
[[File:Oveta Culp Hobby NYWTS.jpg|thumb|Hobby (right) during World War II]]
[[File:Oveta Culp Hobby NYWTS.jpg|thumb|Col. Oveta Culp Hobby (right) talks with Auxiliary Margaret Peterson and Capt. Elizabeth Gilbert at [[Mitchel Air Force Base|Mitchel Field]], New York. (photo: Al Aumuller, World Telegram & Sun.]]
'''Oveta Culp Hobby''' (January 19, 1905 – August 16, 1995) was the first secretary of the U.S. [[Department of Health, Education and Welfare]], first director of the [[Women's Army Corps]], and a chairperson of the board of the ''[[Houston Post]]''.
'''Oveta Culp Hobby''' (January 19, 1905 – August 16, 1995) was an American government official and businesswoman who served as the first [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare]] from 1953 to 1955. A member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Hobby was the second woman ever to serve in a [[Cabinet of the United States|presidential cabinet]].

She also served as the first director of the [[Women's Army Corps]] from 1942 to 1945, and was sequentially editor, publisher and chair of the board of the ''[[Houston Post]]''. She entered public service when President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] appointed her administrator of the [[Federal Security Agency]], soon after reorganized as a [[United States federal executive departments|federal executive department]], known then as [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]]; and Hobby became its first head.


==Early life==
==Early life==
Culp was born on January 19, 1905, in [[Killeen, Texas]] to Texas lawyer and legislator Isaac William Culp and Emma Elizabeth Hoover. She briefly attended [[Mary Hardin Baylor College|Mary Hardin Baylor College for Women]], and attended law classes at [[South Texas College of Law|South Texas College of Law and Commerce]]. She did not graduate from either school. She went on to study law at the [[University of Texas School of Law|University of Texas Law School]],<ref name="humanitiestexas.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.humanitiestexas.org/programs/tx-originals/list/oveta-culp-hobby|title=Oveta Culp Hobby {{!}} Humanities Texas|website=www.humanitiestexas.org|access-date=2016-03-31}}</ref> but she did not formally enroll and therefore never received a degree.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-dlAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|title=Oveta Culp Hobby: Colonel, Cabinet Member, Philanthropist |author=Debra L. Winegarten|oclc= 872569551|page=12|isbn=9780292758100 |year=2014}}</ref> Starting at age 21, for several years she served as parliamentarian of the Texas House of Representatives before beginning a journalism career in 1931, at age 26.
Culp was born on January 19, 1905, in [[Killeen, Texas]], to Texas lawyer and legislator Isaac William Culp and Emma Elizabeth Hoover. She briefly attended [[Mary Hardin Baylor College|Mary Hardin Baylor College for Women]], and attended law classes at [[South Texas College of Law|South Texas College of Law and Commerce]], but did not graduate from either school. She went on to study law at the [[University of Texas School of Law|University of Texas Law School]],<ref name="humanitiestexas.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.humanitiestexas.org/programs/tx-originals/list/oveta-culp-hobby|title=Oveta Culp Hobby {{!}} Humanities Texas|website=www.humanitiestexas.org|access-date=2016-03-31}}</ref> but she did not formally enroll and therefore never received a degree.<ref>{{cite book|title=Oveta Culp Hobby: Colonel, Cabinet Member, Philanthropist|author=Winegarten|first=Debra L.|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2014|isbn=9780292758100|location=Austin|pages=12|oclc=872569551}}</ref> Starting at age 21, she served for several years as parliamentarian of the Texas House of Representatives and was an unsuccessful candidate for the legislature in 1930,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fho86|title=HOBBY, OVETA CULP|last=HOBBY|first=WILLIAM P.|date=2010-06-15|website=tshaonline.org|language=en|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref> before beginning a journalism career in 1931, at age 26.


== War service ==
== War service ==
[[File:Hobby_Swear_In.jpg|thumb|Oveta Culp Hobby is sworn in as the first WAAC by Maj. Gen. Myron C. Cramer. General George C.Marshall, second from left, and Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson were witnesses of the ceremony.]]
During [[World War II]] she headed the War Department's Women's Interest Section for a short time and then became the Director of the [[Women's Army Corps|Women's Army Auxiliary Corps]] (later the [[Women's Army Corps]]), which was created to fill gaps left by a shortage of men. The members of the WAAC were the first women other than nurses to wear U.S. Army uniforms and to receive military benefits through the GI Bill. Hobby devoted herself to integrating the WAAC within the military, despite considering women's military involvement a temporary necessity, and worked to protect and strengthen the WAC and its image. As Director, she raised admission standards and created a Code of Conduct specific to the WAC to create a tightly regulated, high quality organization that portrayed women's corps in a good light. These standards, along with actions to guard the morals and image of members, developed from Hobby's prior experience with publicity and knowledge of the importance of media representation.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Meyer|first1=Leisa D.|title=Creating GI Jane Sexuality and Power in the Women's Army Corps During World War II|year=1996|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York}}</ref> Hobby achieved the rank of colonel and received the [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] for efforts during the war. She was the first woman in the Army to receive this award.
During [[World War II]], Hobby headed the Women's Interest Section in the [[United States Department of War|War Department]]'s Bureau of Public Relations<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/030/30-14-1/index.html|title=The Women's Army Corps, 1945-1978 - U.S. Army Center of Military History|last=Morden|first=Bettie J.|year=1990|website=history.army.mil|publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref> for a short time and then became the director of the [[Women's Army Corps|Women's Army Auxiliary Corps]] (WAAC) (later the [[Women's Army Corps]] [WAC]), which was created to fill gaps in the Army left by a shortage of men. She was commissioned a colonel in the U.S. Army on 5 July 1943.<ref name=":1" /> The members of the WAC were the first women other than nurses to wear U.S. Army uniforms and to receive military benefits through the GI Bill. Hobby devoted herself to integrating the WAC within the military, despite considering women's military involvement a temporary necessity, and worked to protect and strengthen the WAC and its image. As director, she raised admission standards and created a Code of Conduct specific to the WAC to create a tightly regulated, high quality organization that portrayed women's corps in a good light. These standards, along with actions to guard the morals and image of members, developed from Hobby's prior experience with publicity and knowledge of the importance of media representation.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Creating GI Jane: Sexuality and Power in the Women's Army Corps During World War II|last1=Meyer|first1=Leisa D.|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1996|isbn=9780231101455|location=New York}}</ref> Hobby achieved the rank of colonel and received the [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] for efforts during the war. She was the first woman in the Army to receive this award.


==Political career==
==Political career==
President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] named her head of the [[Federal Security Agency]], a non-cabinet post, and she was invited to sit in on cabinet meetings. Soon, on April 11, 1953, she became the first secretary, and [[List of female United States Cabinet Secretaries|first female secretary]], of the new Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, which later became the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]].<ref name=ATFP>{{cite book|last1=Pennington|first1=Reina|last2=Higham|first2=Robin|title=Amazons to fighter pilots : a biographical dictionary of military women / Vol. 1, A-Q.|yeaONE OF THE UGLYEST PEOPLE I THE WORLD.[[Jonas Salk]]'s [[polio vaccine]].
Hobby joined the [[Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower administration]] in 1953 after appointed as head of the [[Federal Security Agency]], a non-cabinet post, although she was invited to sit in on cabinet meetings. Soon, on April 11, 1953, she became the first secretary and first woman, of the new Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, which later became the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]].<ref name="ATFP">{{cite book|title=Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women|last1=Pennington|first1=Reina|last2=Higham|first2=Robin|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2003|isbn=9780313291975|location=Westport, CT|pages=201}}</ref> This was her second time organizing a new government agency. Among other decisions and actions at HEW, she made the decision to approve [[Jonas Salk]]'s [[polio vaccine]].


Culp attempted to restructure Social Security payroll taxes ([[Federal Insurance Contributions Act|FICA]] and SECA), and was met with strong opposition. She resigned her post in 1955. At the time of her resignation she was embroiled in controversies related to the polio vaccine [[Cutter Incident#The Cutter incident|Cutter Incident]]. Back in Houston, Hobby resumed her position with the ''Houston Post'' as president and editor and cared for her ailing husband. She went on to serve on many boards and advisory positions with various civic and business institutions around the country. Seventeen colleges and universities, including [[Columbia University]] and the [[University of Pennsylvania]], awarded her honorary doctoral degrees. She was the first woman who was considered for a United States presidential candidacy by an incumbent United States President; Eisenhower encouraged her to run for president in 1960, but she did not run.<ref>Smith, Jean Edward, ''Eisenhower in War and Peace'' (N.Y.: Random House, 1st ed. 2012 ({{ISBN|978-1-4000-6693-3}})), p.&nbsp;756.</ref>
Culp attempted to restructure Social Security payroll taxes ([[Federal Insurance Contributions Act|FICA]] and SECA), and was met with strong opposition. She resigned her post in 1955. At the time of her resignation she was embroiled in controversies related to the polio vaccine [[Cutter Incident#The Cutter incident|Cutter Incident]]. Back in Houston, Hobby resumed her position with the ''Houston Post'' as president and editor and cared for her ailing husband. She went on to serve on many boards and advisory positions with various civic and business institutions around the country. Seventeen colleges and universities, including [[Columbia University]] and the [[University of Pennsylvania]], awarded her honorary doctoral degrees. She was the first woman who was considered for a United States presidential candidacy by an incumbent United States President; Eisenhower encouraged her to run for president in 1960, but she did not run.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Eisenhower in War and Peace|last=Smith|first=Jean Edward|publisher=Random House|year=2012|isbn=9781400066933|location=New York}}</ref>


[[File:Oveta Culp Hobby at National Portrait Gallery IMG 4587.JPG|thumb|Colonel Hobby's portrait in military uniform at the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
[[File:Oveta Culp Hobby at National Portrait Gallery IMG 4587.JPG|thumb|Colonel Hobby's portrait in military uniform at the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]


== Personal life and family ==
== Personal life and family ==
In 1931, she married former [[Governor of Texas]] [[William P. Hobby]], editor and future owner of the ''[[Houston Post]]''[[Houston Post|,]] and took a position on the editorial staff at the ''Post''.<ref name=":0" /> They had two children together. In ensuing years she became the newspaper's executive vice president, then its president, ultimately becoming its publisher and co-owner with her husband. In 1938, upon becoming vice president of the newspaper, she gave greater prominence to women's news.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org"/>
In 1931, she married [[William P. Hobby]], an editor and future owner of the ''[[Houston Post]]'', who served as the 27th [[governor of Texas]] from 1917 to 1921. They had two children together. She took a position on the editorial staff at the ''Post''.<ref name=":0" /> In ensuing years she became the newspaper's executive vice president, then its president, ultimately becoming its publisher and co-owner with her husband. In 1938, upon becoming vice president of the newspaper, she gave greater prominence to women's news.<ref name="humanitiestexas.org" />


Hobby and her husband were both [[Southern Democrats]], but soon became dissatisfied with the party throughout the 1930s. They believed [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal|social programs]] overextended their original intent. After World War II, Hobby tried to sway Democratic voters to swing Republican for presidential nominees by establishing many statewide organizations.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34473260|title=Creating GI Jane : sexuality and power in the Women's Army Corps during World War II|last=D.|first=Meyer, Leisa|year=1996|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=0231101449|location=New York|pages=17|oclc=34473260}}</ref>
Hobby and her husband were both [[Southern Democrats]], but soon became dissatisfied with the party throughout the 1930s. They believed [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal|social programs]] overextended their original intent. After World War II, Hobby tried to sway Democratic voters to swing Republican for presidential nominees by establishing many statewide organizations.<ref name=":0" />


She died of a stroke in 1995, in Houston, and was buried at [[Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas)|Glenwood Cemetery]].
She died of a stroke in 1995, in Houston, and was buried at [[Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas)|Glenwood Cemetery]].


Her son [[William P. Hobby, Jr.]], served as [[List of lieutenant governors of Texas|Lieutenant Governor of Texas]] from 1973 to 1991. Her daughter Jessica was married to [[Henry E. Catto, Jr.]], the former [[United States Ambassador to Great Britain]] and was an activist for environmental causes and for the Democratic Party. Hobby’s grandson Paul Hobby narrowly lost the election for comptroller of Texas to [[Carole Keeton Strayhorn|Carole Strayhorn]] in the 1998 general election.
Her son [[William P. Hobby, Jr.]], served as the 37th [[List of lieutenant governors of Texas|lieutenant governor of Texas]] from 1973 to 1991, the longest serving in that position. Her daughter Jessica was married to [[Henry E. Catto, Jr.]], the former [[United States Ambassador to Great Britain]] and was an activist for environmental causes and for the Democratic Party. Hobby's grandson Paul Hobby narrowly lost the election for comptroller of Texas to [[Carole Keeton Strayhorn|Carole Strayhorn]] in the 1998 general election.


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
* The library at [[Central Texas College]] is named after her.
* The library at [[Central Texas College]] is named after her.
* A residence [[dormitory]] at [[Texas A&M University]] in [[College Station, Texas]] is named after her.
* A residence [[dormitory]] at [[Texas A&M University]] in [[College Station, Texas]], is named after her.
* The Oveta Culp Hobby Soldier & Family Readiness Center at [[Fort Hood, Texas]] is named for her.
* The Oveta Culp Hobby Soldier & Family Readiness Center at [[Fort Cavazos | Fort Cavazos, Texas]] is named for her.
* An [[elementary school]] in [[Killeen, Texas]] ([[Killeen ISD]]) is named after her.
* An [[elementary school]] in [[Killeen, Texas]] ([[Killeen ISD]]) is named after her.
* The U.S. Post Office issued an 84-cent stamp in her honor in 2011.
* The U.S. Post Office issued an 84-cent stamp in her honor in 2011.
* A building on the grounds of the Peaceable Kingdom (Children's Retreat Center) in Killeen Texas is named after her.
* A building on the grounds of the Peaceable Kingdom (Children's Retreat Center) in Killeen Texas is named after her.
* A [[Department of Health, Education and Welfare]] Service award was named in her honor to recognize superior devotion to duty.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tucsonian Honored For Indian Work|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6113498/tucsonian_honored_for_indian_work/|accessdate=4 August 2016|publisher=''[[Tucson Citizen|The Tucson Daily Citizen]]''|date=April 13, 1962|location=Tucson, Arizona|page=18|via = [[Newspapers.com]]}} {{open access}}</ref>
* A [[Department of Health, Education and Welfare]] Service award was named in her honor to recognize superior devotion to duty.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6113498/tucsonian_honored_for_indian_work/|title=Tucsonian Honored For Indian Work. Tucson Daily Citizen (Tucson, Arizona) April 13, 1962, p 18|date=1962-04-13|work=Tucson Daily Citizen|access-date=2019-10-09|pages=18}}</ref>
* A residence housing building at The University of Mary Hardin-Baylor is named after her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://students.umhb.edu/residence/independence-village#|title=Independence Village|website=students.umhb.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref>
* In 1996, Hobby was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/oveta-culp-hobby/|title=Hobby, Oveta Culp|website=National Women’s Hall of Fame|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref>
* On December 7, 2021, her 1943 oil portrait in uniform painted by noted portrait artist [[Seymour M. Stone]] was installed in the Killeen Main Library in [[Killeen, Texas]].
* In 1996, Hobby was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>[https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/oveta-culp-hobby/ National Women's Hall of Fame, Oveta Culp Hobby]</ref>
* The Education Center at the [[National Museum of the Pacific War]] in [[Fredericksburg, Texas]] is named for her.


==Sources==
==Sources==
* Pando, Robert T. "Oveta Culp Hobby: A Study in Power and Control." Ph.D. dissertation, Florida State University, 2008, 220 pages.
* Pando, Robert T. "Oveta Culp Hobby: A Study in Power and Control." Ph.D. dissertation, Florida State University, 2008, 442 pages. https://books.google.com/books/about/Oveta_Culp_Hobby.html?id=id6lXwAACAAJ
* Treadwell, Mattie. ''The Woman's Army Corps'' (1954)
* Treadwell, Mattie E. ''The Woman's Army Corps.'' The U.S. Army in World War II (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1954). https://history.army.mil/html/books/011/11-8/index.html
* "U.S. Army Women's Museum Celebrates Women's History Month: Oveta Culp Hobby" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xs3-PBXqVq0&t=66s
* Walsh, Kelli Cardenas. "Oveta Culp Hobby: A transformational leader from the Texas legislature to Washington, D.C." Ph.D. dissertation, University of South Carolina, 2006, 199 pages; AAT in [[ProQuest]]
*Walsh, Kelli Cardenas. "Oveta Culp Hobby: A Transformational Leader from the Texas Legislature to Washington, D.C." Ph.D. dissertation, University of South Carolina, 2006, 199 pages.
* Winegarten, Debra L. ''Oveta Culp Hobby: Colonel, Cabinet Member, Philanthropist'' (2014)
* Winegarten, Debra L. ''Oveta Culp Hobby: Colonel, Cabinet Member, Philanthropist.'' (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2014). https://books.google.com/books/about/Oveta_Culp_Hobby.html?id=M-dlAwAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
{{Portal|Texas}}
* [[List of female United States Cabinet Secretaries]]
* [[List of female United States Cabinet members]]

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|last1=Hutchison|first1=Kay Bailey|title=Women's History Month: "Oveta Culp Hobby"|url=http://www.humanitiestexas.org/news/articles/womens-history-month-oveta-culp-hobby-senator-kay-bailey-hutchison|website=Humanities Texas|publisher=Humanities Texas}}
* {{cite web|last1=Hutchison|first1=Kay Bailey|title=Women's History Month: "Oveta Culp Hobby"|url=http://www.humanitiestexas.org/news/articles/womens-history-month-oveta-culp-hobby-senator-kay-bailey-hutchison|website=Humanities Texas|publisher=Humanities Texas}}


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==External links==
==External links==
⚫
{{Portal|Houston}}
* [https://eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Finding_Aids/pdf/Hobby_Oveta_Papers.pdf Papers of Oveta Culp Hobby, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]
* [https://eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Finding_Aids/pdf/Hobby_Oveta_Papers.pdf Papers of Oveta Culp Hobby, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]
* [http://archives.library.rice.edu/repositories/2/resources/383 Guide to the Oveta Culp Hobby Papers, 1817–1995] at the Woodson Research Center, Fondren Library, Rice University
* [http://archives.library.rice.edu/repositories/2/resources/383 Guide to the Oveta Culp Hobby Papers, 1817–1995] at the Woodson Research Center, Fondren Library, Rice University
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* [http://www.army.mil/women/ Women in the U.S. Army]
* [http://www.army.mil/women/ Women in the U.S. Army]
* [http://www.otr.net/?p=news War-time interview with Oveta Culp Hobby on January 16, 1944, edition of CBS's ''World News Today'']
* [http://www.otr.net/?p=news War-time interview with Oveta Culp Hobby on January 16, 1944, edition of CBS's ''World News Today'']

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{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hobby, Oveta Culp}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hobby, Oveta Culp}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
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[[Category:20th-century American businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:20th-century American newspaper publishers (people)]]
[[Category:20th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:20th-century American women politicians]]
[[Category:American women in World War II]]
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[[Category:American women lawyers]]
[[Category:Burials at Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas)]]
[[Category:Burials at Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas)]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Houston]]
[[Category:Eisenhower administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:Eisenhower administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:Hobby family]]
[[Category:Hobby family]]
[[Category:Journalists from Houston]]
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[[Category:Members of the Junior League]]
[[Category:People from Killeen, Texas]]
[[Category:People from Killeen, Texas]]
[[Category:People from Houston]]
[[Category:Politicians from Houston]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]
[[Category:Texas Republicans]]
[[Category:Texas Republicans]]
[[Category:United States Army colonels]]
[[Category:United States Army colonels]]
[[Category:United States Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare]]
[[Category:United States secretaries of health, education, and welfare]]
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[[Category:Women in the United States Army]]
[[Category:Women members of the Cabinet of the United States]]
[[Category:Women members of the Cabinet of the United States]]
[[Category:Women's Army Corps soldiers]]

Revision as of 21:21, 18 August 2024

Oveta Culp Hobby
1st United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
In office
April 11, 1953 – July 31, 1955
PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded byHerself (Federal Security Agency Administrator)
Succeeded byMarion B. Folsom
Administrator of the Federal Security Agency
In office
January 20, 1953 – April 11, 1953
PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded byOscar Ewing
Succeeded byHerself (Health, Education and Welfare Secretary)
Personal details
Born
Oveta Culp

(1905-01-19)January 19, 1905
Killeen, Texas, U.S.
DiedAugust 16, 1995(1995-08-16) (aged 90)
Houston, Texas, U.S.
Political partyRepublican (after 1953)
Other political
affiliations		Democratic (before 1953)
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1931; died 1964)​
Children2, including William Jr.
EducationMary Hardin Baylor College
South Texas College of Law
University of Texas at Austin
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Army
Years of service1941–1945
Rank Colonel
CommandsWomen's Army Auxiliary Corps (later the Women's Army Corps)
Battles/warsWorld War II
Awards Army Distinguished Service Medal
Col. Oveta Culp Hobby (right) talks with Auxiliary Margaret Peterson and Capt. Elizabeth Gilbert at Mitchel Field, New York. (photo: Al Aumuller, World Telegram & Sun.

Oveta Culp Hobby (January 19, 1905 – August 16, 1995) was an American government official and businesswoman who served as the first United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare from 1953 to 1955. A member of the Republican Party, Hobby was the second woman ever to serve in a presidential cabinet.

She also served as the first director of the Women's Army Corps from 1942 to 1945, and was sequentially editor, publisher and chair of the board of the Houston Post. She entered public service when President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed her administrator of the Federal Security Agency, soon after reorganized as a federal executive department, known then as Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; and Hobby became its first head.

Early life

Culp was born on January 19, 1905, in Killeen, Texas, to Texas lawyer and legislator Isaac William Culp and Emma Elizabeth Hoover. She briefly attended Mary Hardin Baylor College for Women, and attended law classes at South Texas College of Law and Commerce, but did not graduate from either school. She went on to study law at the University of Texas Law School,[1] but she did not formally enroll and therefore never received a degree.[2] Starting at age 21, she served for several years as parliamentarian of the Texas House of Representatives and was an unsuccessful candidate for the legislature in 1930,[3] before beginning a journalism career in 1931, at age 26.

War service

Oveta Culp Hobby is sworn in as the first WAAC by Maj. Gen. Myron C. Cramer. General George C.Marshall, second from left, and Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson were witnesses of the ceremony.

During World War II, Hobby headed the Women's Interest Section in the War Department's Bureau of Public Relations[4] for a short time and then became the director of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) (later the Women's Army Corps [WAC]), which was created to fill gaps in the Army left by a shortage of men. She was commissioned a colonel in the U.S. Army on 5 July 1943.[4] The members of the WAC were the first women other than nurses to wear U.S. Army uniforms and to receive military benefits through the GI Bill. Hobby devoted herself to integrating the WAC within the military, despite considering women's military involvement a temporary necessity, and worked to protect and strengthen the WAC and its image. As director, she raised admission standards and created a Code of Conduct specific to the WAC to create a tightly regulated, high quality organization that portrayed women's corps in a good light. These standards, along with actions to guard the morals and image of members, developed from Hobby's prior experience with publicity and knowledge of the importance of media representation.[5] Hobby achieved the rank of colonel and received the Distinguished Service Medal for efforts during the war. She was the first woman in the Army to receive this award.

Political career

Hobby joined the Eisenhower administration in 1953 after appointed as head of the Federal Security Agency, a non-cabinet post, although she was invited to sit in on cabinet meetings. Soon, on April 11, 1953, she became the first secretary and first woman, of the new Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, which later became the Department of Health and Human Services.[6] This was her second time organizing a new government agency. Among other decisions and actions at HEW, she made the decision to approve Jonas Salk's polio vaccine.

Culp attempted to restructure Social Security payroll taxes (FICA and SECA), and was met with strong opposition. She resigned her post in 1955. At the time of her resignation she was embroiled in controversies related to the polio vaccine Cutter Incident. Back in Houston, Hobby resumed her position with the Houston Post as president and editor and cared for her ailing husband. She went on to serve on many boards and advisory positions with various civic and business institutions around the country. Seventeen colleges and universities, including Columbia University and the University of Pennsylvania, awarded her honorary doctoral degrees. She was the first woman who was considered for a United States presidential candidacy by an incumbent United States President; Eisenhower encouraged her to run for president in 1960, but she did not run.[7]

Colonel Hobby's portrait in military uniform at the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C.

Personal life and family

In 1931, she married William P. Hobby, an editor and future owner of the Houston Post, who served as the 27th governor of Texas from 1917 to 1921. They had two children together. She took a position on the editorial staff at the Post.[5] In ensuing years she became the newspaper's executive vice president, then its president, ultimately becoming its publisher and co-owner with her husband. In 1938, upon becoming vice president of the newspaper, she gave greater prominence to women's news.[1]

Hobby and her husband were both Southern Democrats, but soon became dissatisfied with the party throughout the 1930s. They believed Franklin D. Roosevelt's social programs overextended their original intent. After World War II, Hobby tried to sway Democratic voters to swing Republican for presidential nominees by establishing many statewide organizations.[5]

She died of a stroke in 1995, in Houston, and was buried at Glenwood Cemetery.

Her son William P. Hobby, Jr., served as the 37th lieutenant governor of Texas from 1973 to 1991, the longest serving in that position. Her daughter Jessica was married to Henry E. Catto, Jr., the former United States Ambassador to Great Britain and was an activist for environmental causes and for the Democratic Party. Hobby's grandson Paul Hobby narrowly lost the election for comptroller of Texas to Carole Strayhorn in the 1998 general election.

Legacy

Sources

See also

Further reading

  • Hutchison, Kay Bailey. "Women's History Month: "Oveta Culp Hobby"". Humanities Texas. Humanities Texas.

References

  1. ^ a b "Oveta Culp Hobby | Humanities Texas". www.humanitiestexas.org. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
  2. ^ Winegarten, Debra L. (2014). Oveta Culp Hobby: Colonel, Cabinet Member, Philanthropist. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780292758100. OCLC 872569551.
  3. ^ HOBBY, WILLIAM P. (2010-06-15). "HOBBY, OVETA CULP". tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2019-10-09.
  4. ^ a b Morden, Bettie J. (1990). "The Women's Army Corps, 1945-1978 - U.S. Army Center of Military History". history.army.mil. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 2019-10-09.
  5. ^ a b c Meyer, Leisa D. (1996). Creating GI Jane: Sexuality and Power in the Women's Army Corps During World War II. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231101455.
  6. ^ Pennington, Reina; Higham, Robin (2003). Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 201. ISBN 9780313291975.
  7. ^ Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. New York: Random House. ISBN 9781400066933.
  8. ^ "Tucsonian Honored For Indian Work. Tucson Daily Citizen (Tucson, Arizona) April 13, 1962, p 18". Tucson Daily Citizen. 1962-04-13. p. 18. Retrieved 2019-10-09.
  9. ^ "Hobby, Oveta Culp". National Women’s Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2019-10-09.
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Cover of Time
17 January 1944 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Administrator of the Federal Security Agency
1953 		Succeeded by
Herself
as United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
Preceded by
Herself
as Administrator of the Federal Security Agency 		United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
1953–1955 		Succeeded by

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History.

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