Unschooling: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 17:28, 18 August 2024

Children investigating insect deposits in tree bark as part of an unschooling activity

Unschooling is a belief of self-driven informal learning characterized by a lesson-free and curriculum-free implementation of homeschooling.^[1] Unschooling encourages exploration of activities initiated by the children themselves, under the belief that the more personal learning is, the more meaningful, well-understood, and therefore useful it is to the child.

The term unschooling was coined in the 1970s and used by educator John Holt, who is widely regarded as the father of unschooling. Unschooling is often seen as a subset of homeschooling, but while homeschooling has been the subject of broad public debate, unschooling received relatively little media attention and has only become popular in recent years.^[when?]

Critics of unschooling see it as extreme, and express concerns that unschooled children will be neglected; miss many things that are important for their future; lack the social skills, structure, discipline, and motivation of their schooled peers; and not be able to cope with uncomfortable situations. Proponents of unschooling disagree, asserting that self-directed education in a non-academic, often natural and diversified environment is a far more efficient, sustainable, and child-friendly form of education than traditional schooling, as it preserves innate curiosity, pleasure, and willingness to discover and learn new things; invites children to be part of society; shows children how to deal with their surroundings and own existence in a self-determined and responsible manner; makes children understand why certain properties, skills, abilities, values and norms are important rather than just telling them to obtain and adhere to them; rewards and supports creativity, individuality, and innovation; teaches how to acquire new things^{[example needed]} and find one's way in unfamiliar situations quickly; and better equips a child to handle the "real world" outside of school.^[opinion]^[2]

History

The term unschooling probably derives from Ivan Illich's term deschooling. It was popularized through John Holt's newsletter Growing Without Schooling (GWS). Holt is also widely regarded as the father of unschooling.^[3] In an early essay, Holt contrasted the two terms:

GWS will say "unschooling" when we mean taking children out of school, and "deschooling" when we mean changing the laws to make schools non-compulsory...^[4]

At the time, the term was equivalent to home schooling. Subsequently, home-schoolers began to differentiate between various educational philosophies within home schooling. The term unschooling became used as a contrast to versions of home schooling that were perceived as politically and pedagogically "school-like," in that they used textbooks and exercises at home in the same way they would be used at school.^{[citation needed]}

In 2003, in Holt's book Teach Your Own (originally published in 1981), Pat Farenga, co-author of the new edition, provided a definition:

When pressed, I define unschooling as allowing children as much freedom to learn in the world as their parents can comfortably bear.^[5]

In the same passage Holt stated that he was not entirely comfortable with this term, and would have preferred the term living. Holt's use of the term emphasizes learning as a natural process, integrated into the spaces and activities of everyday life, and not benefiting from adult manipulation. It follows closely on the themes of educational philosophies proposed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jiddu Krishnamurti, Paul Goodman, and A.S. Neill.^[6]^{[citation needed]}

After Holt's death a range of unschooling practitioners and observers defined the term in various ways. For instance, the Freechild Project defines unschooling as:

[T]he process of learning through life, without formalized or institutionalized classrooms or schoolwork.^[7]

New Mexico homeschooling parent Sandra Dodd proposed the term radical unschooling to emphasize the complete rejection of any distinction between educational and non-educational activities.^[8] Radical unschooling emphasizes that unschooling is a non-coercive, cooperative practice, and seeks to promote those values in all areas of life. These philosophies share an opposition to traditional schooling techniques and the social structure of schools. Most emphasize the integration of learning into the everyday life of the family and wider community. Points of disagreement include whether unschooling is primarily defined by the initiative of the learner and their control over the curriculum, or by the techniques, methods, and spaces used.^{[citation needed]} Peter Gray suggested the term self-directed education, which has fewer negative connotations.^[9]

Motivations

Parents choose to unschool their children for a variety of reasons, many of which overlap with reasons for homeschooling.

Unschoolers criticize schools for lessening the parent–child bond, reducing family time and for creating atmospheres that are fearful.^[10] Some unschoolers argue that schools teach children facts and skills that will not be useful to them, whereas with unschooling, children learn how to learn, which is of more enduring use.^[10]^[11] Some assert that schools teach children only how to follow instructions,^[10]^[11] which does not prepare them to confront novel tasks. Another argument is that the structure of school is not suitable for people who want to make their own decisions about what, when, how, and with whom they learn because many things are predetermined in the school setting, while unschooled students are more free to make such decisions.^[11]

In school, a student's community may consist mainly of a peer group, that the parent has little influence over or even knowledge of. Unschoolers may have more opportunity to share a role in their community—including with older and younger people—and can therefore learn to find their place within more diverse groups of people. Parents of school children also have little say regarding instructors and teachers, whereas parents of unschoolers may be more involved in the selection of the coaches or mentors their children work and build relationships with.^[11]

According to unschooling pioneer John Holt, child-led learning is more efficient and respectful of children's time, takes advantage of their interests, and allows deeper exploration of subjects than what is possible in conventional education.

...the anxiety children feel at constantly being tested, their fear of failure, punishment, and disgrace, severely reduces their ability both to perceive and to remember, and drives them away from the material being studied into strategies for fooling teachers into thinking they know what they really don't know.^[12]

Some schools have adopted relatively non-coercive and cooperative techniques in a manner that harmonizes with the philosophies behind unschooling.^[13] For example, Sudbury model schools are non-coercive, non-indoctrinative, cooperative, democratically run partnerships between children and adults—including full partnership with parents—in which learning is individualized and child-led, in a way that complements home education.^[13]

Concerns about socialization can also be a factor in the decision to unschool. Some unschoolers believe that conditions in conventional schools, such as age segregation, the ratio of children to adults, or the amount of time spent sitting and obeying orders of one authority figure, are not conducive to proper education.^[14]

Unschooling may broaden the diversity of people or places an unschooler is exposed to.^{[citation needed]} Unschoolers may be more mature than their schooled peers on average,^[15]^[16] and some believe this is a result of the wide range of people they have the opportunity to interact with, although it may also be "difficult to find children [...] for, well, socialization".^[17] Opportunities for unschoolers to meet and interact with other unschoolers has increased in recent years,^[when?] allowing unschoolers to have interactions with other children with similar experiences.^[18]

Methods and philosophy

Natural learning

A fundamental premise of unschooling is that learning is a natural process constantly taking place^[20] and that curiosity is innate and children want to learn.^[21]^[22] Thus forcing children into a "one size fits all" or "factory model" school is an inefficient use of their time and potential, because it requires each child to learn specific subject matter in a particular manner, at a particular pace, and at a specific time regardless of their present or future needs, interests, goals, or pre-existing knowledge.^{[citation needed]}

Many unschoolers believe that students miss out on valuable hands-on, community-based, spontaneous, and real-world experiences when their educational opportunities are limited to, or dominated by, those inside a school building.^[2]

Learning styles

Psychologists have documented many differences between children in the way they learn.^[23] Unschoolers assert that unschooling is better equipped to adapt to such differences.^[24]

People vary in their learning styles, that is, how they prefer to acquire new information. However, research in 2008 found "virtually no evidence" that learning styles increased learning or improved performance, as opposed to being a matter of preference.^[25] Students have different learning needs, but in a traditional school setting, teachers seldom customize their evaluation method for an individual student. While teaching methods often vary between teachers, and any teacher may use multiple methods, this is sometimes haphazard and not always individualized.^[26]^{[better source needed]}

Developmental differences

Developmental psychologists note that just as children reach growth milestones at different ages, children are also prepared to learn different things at different ages.^[23] Just as most children learn to walk during a normal range of eight to fifteen months, and begin to talk across an even larger range, unschoolers assert that they are also ready and able to read, for example, at different ages, girls usually earlier than boys.^{[citation needed]} Natural learning produces greater changes in behavior (e.g. changing job skills) than traditional learning methods, although not necessarily a change in the amount of information learned.^[27] Traditional education requires all children to begin reading at the same time and to learn multiplication at the same time; unschoolers believe that some children will become bored if the topic was something they had been ready to learn earlier, and some will fail because they are not yet ready.^[28]

Essential body of knowledge

Unschoolers sometimes state that learning any specific subject is less important than learning how to learn.^[29] In the words of Holt:

Since we can't know what knowledge will be most needed in the future, it is senseless to try to teach it in advance. Instead, we should try to turn out people who love learning so much and learn so well that they will be able to learn whatever must be learned.^[29]

Unschoolers suggest that this ability for children to learn on their own makes it more likely that later, when these children are adults, they can continue to learn in order to meet newly emerging needs, interests, and goals; and that they can return to any subject that they feel was not sufficiently covered or learn a completely new subject.^[29]

Many unschoolers disagree that there is a particular body of knowledge that everyone, regardless of the life they lead, needs to possess.^[30] In the words of John Holt, "If children are given access to enough of the world, they will see clearly enough what things are truly important to themselves and to others, and they will make for themselves a better path into that world than anyone else could make for them."^[31]

The role of parents

Parents of unschoolers provide resources, support, guidance, information, and advice to facilitate experiences that aid their children in accessing, navigating, and making sense of the world.^[24] Common parental activities include sharing interesting books, articles, and activities with their children, helping them find knowledgeable people to explore an interest with (for example physics professors or automotive mechanics), and helping them set goals and figure out what they need to do to meet their goals. Unschooling's interest-based nature does not mean that it is a "hands-off" approach to education; parents tend to be involved, especially with younger children (older children, unless new to unschooling, often need less help in finding resources and in making and carrying out plans).^[24]

Paradigm shift

Because unschooling contradicts assumptions of the dominant culture, advocates suggest that a paradigm shift in regards to education and child rearing is required before engaging with unschooling. New unschoolers are advised that they should not expect to understand the unschooling philosophy at first,^[32] as many commonplace assumptions about education are unspoken and unwritten. One step towards this paradigm shift is accepting that "what we do is nowhere near as important as why we do it."^[33]

Compared with other homeschooling models

Unschooling is a form of homeschooling,^[11]^[34] which is the education of children at home or places other than in a school. Unschooling teaches children based on their interests rather than according to a set curriculum.^[35]^[34]^[36]

Unschooling contrasts with other forms of homeschooling in that the student's education is not directed by a teacher and curriculum.^[35] Unschooling is a real-world implementation of the open classroom methods promoted in the late 1960s and early 1970s, without the school, classrooms, or grades.^{[citation needed]} Parents who unschool their children act as facilitators, providing a range of resources, helping their children access, navigate, and make sense of the world; they aid their children in making and implementing goals and plans for both the distant and immediate future. Unschooling expands from children's natural curiosity as an extension of their interests, concerns, needs, and goals.^{[citation needed]}^[37]

Unschooling differs from discovery learning, minimally invasive education, purpose-guided education, academic advising, phenomenon-based learning, and thematic learning.^[how?]^{[citation needed]}

Branches

There are a variety of approaches to designing and practicing unschooling. Some of the most popular include:

Worldschooling, in which families travel around the world and learn through experiencing other places, people, cultures, and activities typical for these locations.^[38]
Project-based unschooling, which holds that students acquire a deeper knowledge through active exploration of real-world challenges, problems, and projects that they can do in their own way and at their own pace.^[39]
Gameschooling, which employs various games like board and card games to facilitate learning.^[40] In addition to developing skills in math, language, history, board games also develop social skills such as interpersonal communication, negotiation, persuasion, diplomacy, and virtues like good sportsmanship.^[41]

Complementary philosophies

Unschooling families may adopt the following philosophies:^{[citation needed]}

Unconditional Parenting and Punished by Rewards—parenting and education books by Alfie Kohn.
The continuum concept, attachment parenting, and attachment theory—theories and practices attempting to encourage the child's development.
Voluntaryism—the idea that all forms of human association should be voluntary, as far as possible (voluntaryism opposes the initiation of aggressive force or coercion).

Other forms of alternative education

Many other forms of alternative education also prioritize student control of learning, albeit not necessarily by the individual learner. These include free democratic schools,^[42] like the Sudbury school, Stonesoup School, and open-learning virtual universities.

Criticism

As a form of homeschooling, unschooling faces many of the same critiques as homeschooling. Criticisms of unschooling in particular tend to focus on whether students can receive sufficient education in a context with so little structure compared to standard schooling practices. Some critics maintain that it can be difficult to build sufficient motivation in students to allow them learn without guardrails, and that some students might be left behind as a result,^[43] and that they might fare poorly compared with their peers.^[2]^[44]

Opponents of unschooling fear that children may be at the mercy of bad parents, resulting in children having trouble integrating into society.^[45]

In a 2006 study of children aged five to ten, unschooled children scored below traditionally schooled children in four of seven studied categories, and significantly below structured homeschoolers in all seven studied categories.^[46]

References

^ Arnall, Judy (2018). Unschooling to University (1st ed.). Calgary, Alberta: Professional Parenting. pp. 5–8. ISBN 9781775178606.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Readers share heated opinions on "unschooling"". NBC News. 2006-10-31. Archived from the original on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
^ Greer, Billy. "Unschooling or homeschooling?". Archived from the original on 2013-11-15. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
^ Holt, J (1977), Growing Without Schooling
^ Holt, J. (2003). Teach Your Own.
^ Petrovic, John E; Rolstad, Kellie (November 2017). "Educating for autonomy: Reading Rousseau and Freire toward a philosophy of unschooling". Policy Futures in Education. 15 (7–8): 817–833. doi:10.1177/1478210316681204. ISSN 1478-2103. S2CID 152256452.
^ "Unschooling & Self-Education". Archived from the original on 2015-10-11. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
^ "Is there a difference between a radical unschooler and just an unschooler?". Archived from the original on 2023-06-27. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
^ "Differences Between Self-Directed and Progressive Education". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2020-07-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c "8 powerful reasons why I 'unschool' my kids". Motherly. 2017-10-12. Archived from the original on 2023-05-18. Retrieved 2020-07-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "The Beginner's Guide to Unschooling". zenhabits.net. 4 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2023-05-18. Retrieved 2020-07-13.
^ Holt, John Caldwell (1967). How children learn. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0201484048.
^ ^a ^b J. Scott Armstrong (1979). "The Natural Learning Project" (PDF). Journal of Experiential Learning and Simulation. 1. Elseiver North-Holland, Inc. 1979: 5–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
^ Bunday, Karl M. "Socialization: A Great Reason Not to Go to School". Learn in Freedom!. Archived from the original on 2023-05-18. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
^ Shyers, Larry Edward, Comparison of Social Adjustment Between Home and Traditionally Schooled Students
^ Liman, Isabel. "Home Schooling: Back to the Future?". Archived from the original on 2023-08-11. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
^ Bunday, Karl M. "Isn't it Natural for Children to be Divided by Age in School?". Learn in Freedom!. Archived from the original on 2023-05-18. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
^ "Peer Unschooling Network (PUN) – Unschooling Teens Unite!". Peer Unschooling Network (PUN). Archived from the original on 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2017-09-29.
^ Rolstad, Kelly; Kesson, Kathleen (2013). "Unschooling, Then and Now" (PDF). Journal of Unschooling and Alternative Learning. 7 (14): 33. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
^ Ingram, Tyshia (2020-07-17). "The case for unschooling". www.vox.com. Archived from the original on 2023-07-22. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
^ "I Live Therefore I Learn: Living an Unschooling Life – The Natural Child Project". www.naturalchild.org. Archived from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2020-07-13.
^ Butch, Taylor (2016-07-08). "As the World Unfolds: A Secret Look Inside Alternative Learning". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
^ ^a ^b Vosniadou, S. (2001). "How Children Learn?" (PDF). The International Academy of Education.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hunt, Jan. "Evaluation". Natural Child. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
^ Pashler, H.; McDaniel, M.; Rohrer, D.; Bjork, R. (2009). "Learning styles: Concepts and evidence". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 9 (3): 105–119. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x. PMID 26162104.
^ "Learning through home education". Archived from the original on 2023-06-09. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
^ Armstrong, J. Scott (1980). "Teacher Vs. Learner Responsibility in Management Education". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.647802. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 145788307.
^ Holt, John C. (1982) [1964]. How Children Fail. Classics in Child Development. ISBN 978-0201484021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ChildLedHomeschool (2010-08-14). "Planning for Child-Led Learning | CLH". Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
^ Noll, James Wm. (2008). Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Educational Issues 15th ed. McGraw-Hill. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0073515205.
^ David Gurteen. "On children and learning by John Holt". Gurteen Knowledge. Gurteen.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-13. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
^ "Unschooling: An Introduction and Beginner's Guide". Homeschool Base. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ Koetsier, Cathy. "Paradigm Shifts". Archived from the original on 2023-06-27. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ ^a ^b "What Is Unschooling? A Parents Guide to Child-Led Home Education". Parents. Archived from the original on 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2020-07-13.
^ ^a ^b "Unschooling – letting children grow up without school or teachers". dpa International. Archived from the original on 2022-01-29. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
^ "Unschooling – letting children grow up without school or teachers". dpa International. Archived from the original on 2022-01-29. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
^ Brosbe, Ruben (December 28, 2022). "What to Know About Unschooling". usnews. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
^ Alyson, Alyson (2020-06-29). "What is Worldschooling?". World Travel Family Travel Blog. Archived from the original on 2023-07-07. Retrieved 2020-07-13.
^ "Homeschool with Project Based Learning | Hess Un-Academy". 2019-05-21. Archived from the original on 2023-06-28. Retrieved 2020-07-13.
^ "What is Gameschooling?". Orison Orchards. 2020-02-09. Archived from the original on 2023-06-27. Retrieved 2020-07-13.
^ "The Ultimate Guide to Gameschooling". Oct 3, 2017. Archived from the original on 2023-06-27. Retrieved Jun 6, 2020.
^ "Democratic Schools". Alternatives to School. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2020-07-13.
^ Clayton, Victoria (2006-10-02). "A new chapter in education: unschooling". Archived from the original on 2023-05-18. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
^ Erbe, Bonnie (27 November 2006). "Unspooling 'Unschooling'". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 2023-02-05. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
^ "Rise of the home 'unschoolers' – where children learn only what they want to". the Guardian. 2016-10-11. Archived from the original on 2023-06-27. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
^ Martin-Chang, Sandra; Gould, O.N.; Meuse, R.E. (2011). "The impact of schooling on academic achievement: Evidence from home-schooled and traditionally-schooled students". Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. 43 (3): 195–202. doi:10.1037/a0022697. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
^ "Schooling: The Hidden Agenda". Archived from the original on 2019-07-30. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
^ Van Gestel, Nanda; Quinn, Daniel; Hunt, Jan (2008). The Unschooling Unmanual. USA: The Natural Child Project. ISBN 978-0968575451.
^ "Transcript of We Are Family Season 2 Episode 22: Maggie Baird" (PDF). Parents.com. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-08-09. Retrieved 2024-03-26.

External links

Unschooling at Curlie
Joyfully Rejoycing by Joyce Fetteroll
Living Joyfully with Unschooling by Pam Laricchia

[1] Arnall, Judy (2018). Unschooling to University (1st ed.). Calgary, Alberta: Professional Parenting. pp. 5–8. ISBN 9781775178606.

[readers-share-heated-opinions-2] "Readers share heated opinions on "unschooling"". NBC News. 2006-10-31. Archived from the original on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2008-09-04.

[3] Greer, Billy. "Unschooling or homeschooling?". Archived from the original on 2013-11-15. Retrieved 2008-09-04.

[4] Holt, J (1977), Growing Without Schooling

[5] Holt, J. (2003). Teach Your Own.

[6] Petrovic, John E; Rolstad, Kellie (November 2017). "Educating for autonomy: Reading Rousseau and Freire toward a philosophy of unschooling". Policy Futures in Education. 15 (7–8): 817–833. doi:10.1177/1478210316681204. ISSN 1478-2103. S2CID 152256452.

[7] "Unschooling & Self-Education". Archived from the original on 2015-10-11. Retrieved 2008-07-15.

[8] "Is there a difference between a radical unschooler and just an unschooler?". Archived from the original on 2023-06-27. Retrieved 2008-07-15.

[9] "Differences Between Self-Directed and Progressive Education". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2020-07-13.

[8-powerful-reasons-10] "8 powerful reasons why I 'unschool' my kids". Motherly. 2017-10-12. Archived from the original on 2023-05-18. Retrieved 2020-07-13.

[beginners-guide-to-unschooling-11] "The Beginner's Guide to Unschooling". zenhabits.net. 4 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2023-05-18. Retrieved 2020-07-13.

[12] Holt, John Caldwell (1967). How children learn. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0201484048.

[Armstrong-13] J. Scott Armstrong (1979). "The Natural Learning Project" (PDF). Journal of Experiential Learning and Simulation. 1. Elseiver North-Holland, Inc. 1979: 5–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2011-12-06.

[14] Bunday, Karl M. "Socialization: A Great Reason Not to Go to School". Learn in Freedom!. Archived from the original on 2023-05-18. Retrieved 2008-09-04.

[15] Shyers, Larry Edward, Comparison of Social Adjustment Between Home and Traditionally Schooled Students

[16] Liman, Isabel. "Home Schooling: Back to the Future?". Archived from the original on 2023-08-11. Retrieved 2008-09-04.

[17] Bunday, Karl M. "Isn't it Natural for Children to be Divided by Age in School?". Learn in Freedom!. Archived from the original on 2023-05-18. Retrieved 2008-09-04.

[18] "Peer Unschooling Network (PUN) – Unschooling Teens Unite!". Peer Unschooling Network (PUN). Archived from the original on 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2017-09-29.

[19] Rolstad, Kelly; Kesson, Kathleen (2013). "Unschooling, Then and Now" (PDF). Journal of Unschooling and Alternative Learning. 7 (14): 33. Retrieved 16 February 2015.

[20] Ingram, Tyshia (2020-07-17). "The case for unschooling". www.vox.com. Archived from the original on 2023-07-22. Retrieved 2020-07-18.

[21] "I Live Therefore I Learn: Living an Unschooling Life – The Natural Child Project". www.naturalchild.org. Archived from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2020-07-13.

[22] Butch, Taylor (2016-07-08). "As the World Unfolds: A Secret Look Inside Alternative Learning". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2018-12-02.

[vosniadou-2001-23] Vosniadou, S. (2001). "How Children Learn?" (PDF). The International Academy of Education.

[Evaluation-24] Hunt, Jan. "Evaluation". Natural Child. Retrieved 6 January 2013.

[25] Pashler, H.; McDaniel, M.; Rohrer, D.; Bjork, R. (2009). "Learning styles: Concepts and evidence". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 9 (3): 105–119. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x. PMID 26162104.

[26] "Learning through home education". Archived from the original on 2023-06-09. Retrieved 2011-02-20.

[27] Armstrong, J. Scott (1980). "Teacher Vs. Learner Responsibility in Management Education". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.647802. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 145788307.

[28] Holt, John C. (1982) [1964]. How Children Fail. Classics in Child Development. ISBN 978-0201484021.

[childledhomeschool.com-29] ChildLedHomeschool (2010-08-14). "Planning for Child-Led Learning | CLH". Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved 2014-01-16.

[30] Noll, James Wm. (2008). Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Educational Issues 15th ed. McGraw-Hill. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0073515205.

[31] David Gurteen. "On children and learning by John Holt". Gurteen Knowledge. Gurteen.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-13. Retrieved 2014-01-16.

[32] "Unschooling: An Introduction and Beginner's Guide". Homeschool Base. Archived from the original on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 23 May 2017.

[33] Koetsier, Cathy. "Paradigm Shifts". Archived from the original on 2023-06-27. Retrieved 23 May 2017.

[what-is-unschooling-34] "What Is Unschooling? A Parents Guide to Child-Led Home Education". Parents. Archived from the original on 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2020-07-13.

[unschooling-2020-35] "Unschooling – letting children grow up without school or teachers". dpa International. Archived from the original on 2022-01-29. Retrieved 2020-12-02.

[36] "Unschooling – letting children grow up without school or teachers". dpa International. Archived from the original on 2022-01-29. Retrieved 2020-12-15.

[37] Brosbe, Ruben (December 28, 2022). "What to Know About Unschooling". usnews. Retrieved June 22, 2024.

[38] Alyson, Alyson (2020-06-29). "What is Worldschooling?". World Travel Family Travel Blog. Archived from the original on 2023-07-07. Retrieved 2020-07-13.

[39] "Homeschool with Project Based Learning | Hess Un-Academy". 2019-05-21. Archived from the original on 2023-06-28. Retrieved 2020-07-13.

[40] "What is Gameschooling?". Orison Orchards. 2020-02-09. Archived from the original on 2023-06-27. Retrieved 2020-07-13.

[41] "The Ultimate Guide to Gameschooling". Oct 3, 2017. Archived from the original on 2023-06-27. Retrieved Jun 6, 2020.

[42] "Democratic Schools". Alternatives to School. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2020-07-13.

[43] Clayton, Victoria (2006-10-02). "A new chapter in education: unschooling". Archived from the original on 2023-05-18. Retrieved 2023-09-06.

[44] Erbe, Bonnie (27 November 2006). "Unspooling 'Unschooling'". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 2023-02-05. Retrieved 11 February 2022.

[:0-45] "Rise of the home 'unschoolers' – where children learn only what they want to". the Guardian. 2016-10-11. Archived from the original on 2023-06-27. Retrieved 2020-12-30.

[46] Martin-Chang, Sandra; Gould, O.N.; Meuse, R.E. (2011). "The impact of schooling on academic achievement: Evidence from home-schooled and traditionally-schooled students". Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. 43 (3): 195–202. doi:10.1037/a0022697. Retrieved 16 November 2014.

[47] "Schooling: The Hidden Agenda". Archived from the original on 2019-07-30. Retrieved 2014-01-09.

[48] Van Gestel, Nanda; Quinn, Daniel; Hunt, Jan (2008). The Unschooling Unmanual. USA: The Natural Child Project. ISBN 978-0968575451.

[49] "Transcript of We Are Family Season 2 Episode 22: Maggie Baird" (PDF). Parents.com. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-08-09. Retrieved 2024-03-26.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Multiple issues|
+{{Unbalanced|date=September 2023}}
+{{Debate|date=June 2024}}
+{{Original research|date=June 2024}}
+}}
 {{short description|Educational method and philosophy; form of homeschooling}}
 [[File:Unschooling.jpg|thumb|Children investigating insect deposits in tree bark as part of an unschooling activity]]
@@ Line 4: / Line 10: @@
 <!--Note that the lead section should summarize the rest of the article, and therefore should only cover the most important aspects of the corresponding topic. Sources should also generally not be included if the statements are sourced later in the article or if topics with main articles are briefly mentioned with its surrounding aspects.-->
 <!--DEFINITION-->
+'''Unschooling''' is a belief of self-driven [[informal learning]] characterized by a [[lesson]]-free and [[curriculum]]-free implementation of [[homeschooling]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arnall |first1=Judy |title=Unschooling to University |date=2018 |publisher=Professional Parenting |location=Calgary, Alberta |isbn=9781775178606 |pages=5-8 |edition=1st}}</ref> Unschooling encourages exploration of activities initiated by the children themselves, under the belief that the more personal learning is, the more meaningful, well-understood, and therefore useful it is to the child.
-'''Unschooling''' is an [[informal learning]] that advocates learner-chosen activities as a primary means for learning. Unschoolers [[learn]] through their natural life experiences including [[play (activity)|play]], [[household]] responsibilities, personal interests and curiosity, internships and work experience, travel, books, elective classes, family, mentors, and [[social interaction]]. Often considered a [[lesson]]- and [[curriculum]]-free implementation of [[homeschooling]], unschooling encourages exploration of activities initiated by the children themselves, believing that the more personal learning is, the more meaningful, well-understood and therefore useful it is to the child. While courses may occasionally be taken, unschooling questions the usefulness of standard curricula, fixed times at which learning should take place, conventional [[Grading in education|grading]] methods in [[standardized test]]s, forced contact with children in their own age group, the compulsion to do [[homework]], regardless of whether it helps the learner in their individual situation, the effectiveness of listening to and obeying the orders of one authority figure for several hours each day, and other features of traditional schooling in the education of each unique child.
-<!--SUMMARIZING HISTORY-->
+<!--SUMMARIZING HISTORY-->
-The term ''unschooling'' was coined in the 1970s and used by educator [[John Holt (educator)|John Holt]], widely regarded as the father of unschooling. Even though unschooling is often seen as a subset of homeschooling and homeschooling has been the subject of broad public debate, unschooling in particular has received relatively little media attention and has only become increasingly popular in recent years.
+The term ''unschooling'' was coined in the 1970s and used by educator [[John Holt (educator)|John Holt]], who is widely regarded as the father of unschooling. Unschooling is often seen as a subset of homeschooling, but while homeschooling has been the subject of broad public debate, unschooling received relatively little media attention and has only become popular in recent years.{{When|date=September 2023}}
 <!--SUMMARIZING CRITICISM AND ADVOCACY-->
-Critics of unschooling see it as an extreme educational philosophy, with concerns that unschooled children will be neglected, miss many things that are important for their future life, lack the social skills, structure, discipline, and motivation of their schooled peers, and will not be able to cope with uncomfortable situations; proponents of unschooling say exactly the opposite is true: that self-directed education in a non-academic, often natural and diversified environment is a far more efficient, sustainable and child-friendly form of education than schooling, which preserves the innate curiosity, pleasure and willingness in discovering and learning new things, invites children to be part of society, shows children how to deal with their surroundings and own existence in a self-determined and yet responsible manner, makes children understand why certain properties, skills, abilities, values and norms are important rather than just telling them to obtain and adhere to them, rewards and supports creativity, individuality and innovation, teaches how to acquire new things and find your way in unfamiliar situations quickly, and better equips a child to handle the "real world" outside of school.<ref name="autogenerated2" />
+Critics of unschooling see it as extreme, and express concerns that unschooled children will be neglected; miss many things that are important for their future; lack the social skills, structure, discipline, and motivation of their schooled peers; and not be able to cope with uncomfortable situations. Proponents of unschooling disagree, asserting that self-directed education in a non-academic, often natural and diversified environment is a far more efficient, sustainable, and child-friendly form of education than traditional schooling, as it preserves innate curiosity, pleasure, and willingness to discover and learn new things; invites children to be part of society; shows children how to deal with their surroundings and own existence in a self-determined and responsible manner; makes children understand why certain properties, skills, abilities, values and norms are important rather than just telling them to obtain and adhere to them; rewards and supports creativity, individuality, and innovation; teaches how to acquire new things{{Such as?|date=December 2023}} and find one's way in unfamiliar situations quickly; and better equips a child to handle the "real world" outside of school.{{Opinion|date=August 2024}}<ref name="readers-share-heated-opinions" />
 ==History==
-The term ''unschooling'' probably derives from [[Ivan Illich]]'s term ''[[deschooling]]'', and was popularized through [[John Holt (educator)|John Holt's]] newsletter ''[[Growing Without Schooling]]'' (''GWS''). Holt is also widely regarded as the father of unschooling.<ref name="fun12">{{cite web|last1=Greer|first1=Billy|title=Unschooling or homeschooling?|url=http://www.unschooling.org/fun12_unschooling.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115060121/http://unschooling.org/fun12_unschooling.htm|archive-date=2013-11-15|access-date=2008-09-04}}</ref> In an early essay, Holt contrasted the two terms:
+The term ''unschooling'' probably derives from [[Ivan Illich]]'s term ''[[deschooling]]''. It was popularized through [[John Holt (educator)|John Holt's]] newsletter ''[[Growing Without Schooling]]'' (''GWS''). Holt is also widely regarded as the father of unschooling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greer |first=Billy |title=Unschooling or homeschooling? |url=http://www.unschooling.org/fun12_unschooling.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115060121/http://unschooling.org/fun12_unschooling.htm |archive-date=2013-11-15 |access-date=2008-09-04}}</ref> In an early essay, Holt contrasted the two terms:
-<blockquote>GWS will say 'unschooling' when we mean taking children out of school, and 'deschooling' when we mean changing the laws to make schools non-compulsory...<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holt, J|title=Growing Without Schooling|year=1977}}</ref></blockquote>
+<blockquote>GWS will say "unschooling" when we mean taking children out of school, and "deschooling" when we mean changing the laws to make schools non-compulsory...<ref>{{Citation |last=Holt, J |title=Growing Without Schooling |year=1977}}</ref></blockquote>
-At this point the term was equivalent with ''home schooling'' (itself a [[neologism]]). Subsequently, home schoolers began to differentiate between various educational philosophies within home schooling. The term ''unschooling'' became used as a contrast to versions of home schooling that were perceived as politically and pedagogically "school-like," using textbooks and exercises at home, the same way they would be used at school. In 2003, in Holt's book ''Teach Your Own'' (originally published in 1981), [[Pat Farenga]], co-author of the new edition, provided a definition:
+At the time, the term was equivalent to ''home schooling''. Subsequently, [[home-schoolers]] began to differentiate between various educational philosophies within home schooling. The term ''unschooling'' became used as a contrast to versions of home schooling that were perceived as politically and pedagogically "school-like," in that they used textbooks and exercises at home in the same way they would be used at school.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
+In 2003, in Holt's book ''Teach Your Own'' (originally published in 1981), [[Pat Farenga]], co-author of the new edition, provided a definition:
-<blockquote>When pressed, I define unschooling as allowing children as much freedom to learn in the world as their parents can comfortably bear.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holt|first= J.|title=Teach Your Own}}</ref></blockquote>
+<blockquote>When pressed, I define unschooling as allowing children as much freedom to learn in the world as their parents can comfortably bear.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holt |first=J. |title=Teach Your Own |year=2003}}</ref></blockquote>
-In the same passage Holt stated that he was not entirely comfortable with this term, and that he would have preferred the term ''living''.  Holt's use of the term emphasizes learning as a natural process, integrated into the spaces and activities of everyday life, and not benefiting from adult manipulation. It follows closely on the themes of educational philosophies proposed by [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]], [[Paul Goodman (writer)|Paul Goodman]], and [[A.S. Neill]].
+In the same passage Holt stated that he was not entirely comfortable with this term, and would have preferred the term ''living''. Holt's use of the term emphasizes learning as a natural process, integrated into the spaces and activities of everyday life, and not benefiting from adult manipulation. It follows closely on the themes of educational philosophies proposed by [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]], [[Paul Goodman (writer)|Paul Goodman]], and [[A.S. Neill]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petrovic |first1=John E |last2=Rolstad |first2=Kellie |date=November 2017 |title=Educating for autonomy: Reading Rousseau and Freire toward a philosophy of unschooling |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1478210316681204 |journal=Policy Futures in Education |language=en |volume=15 |issue=7–8 |pages=817–833 |doi=10.1177/1478210316681204 |s2cid=152256452 |issn=1478-2103}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
 After Holt's death a range of unschooling practitioners and observers defined the term in various ways. For instance, the [[Freechild Project]] defines unschooling as:
-<blockquote>the process of learning through life, without formalized or institutionalized classrooms or schoolwork.<ref>{{cite web|title=Unschooling & Self-Education|url=http://www.freechild.org/unschooling.htm|access-date = 2008-07-15}}</ref></blockquote>
+<blockquote>[T]he process of learning through life, without formalized or institutionalized classrooms or schoolwork.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unschooling & Self-Education |url=http://www.freechild.org/unschooling.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011160704/http://www.freechild.org:80/unschooling.htm |archive-date=2015-10-11 |access-date=2008-07-15}}</ref></blockquote>
-New Mexico homeschooling parent [[Sandra Dodd]] proposed the term ''radical unschooling'' to emphasize the complete rejection of any distinction between educational and non-educational activities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Is there a difference between a radical unschooler and just an unschooler?| url=http://sandradodd.com/unschool/radical|access-date=2008-07-15}}</ref> Radical unschooling emphasizes that unschooling is a non-coercive, cooperative practice, and seeks to promote those values in all areas of life. These usages share an opposition to traditional schooling techniques and the social construction of schools. Most emphasize the integration of learning into the everyday life of the family and wider community. Points of disagreement include whether unschooling is primarily defined by the initiative of the learner and their control over the curriculum, or by the techniques, methods, and spaces being used.
-[[Peter Gray (psychologist)|Peter Gray]] suggested the term ''[[self-directed education]]'', which has fewer negative connotations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Differences Between Self-Directed and Progressive Education|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freedom-learn/201706/differences-between-self-directed-and-progressive-education|access-date=2020-07-13|website=Psychology Today|language=en-GB}}</ref>
+New Mexico homeschooling parent [[Sandra Dodd]] proposed the term ''radical'' ''unschooling'' to emphasize the complete rejection of any distinction between educational and non-educational activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is there a difference between a radical unschooler and just an unschooler? |url=http://sandradodd.com/unschool/radical |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627220327/https://sandradodd.com/unschool/radical |archive-date=2023-06-27 |access-date=2008-07-15}}</ref> Radical unschooling emphasizes that unschooling is a non-coercive, cooperative practice, and seeks to promote those values in all areas of life. These philosophies share an opposition to traditional schooling techniques and the social structure of schools. Most emphasize the integration of learning into the everyday life of the family and wider community. Points of disagreement include whether unschooling is primarily defined by the initiative of the learner and their control over the curriculum, or by the techniques, methods, and spaces used.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} [[Peter Gray (psychologist)|Peter Gray]] suggested the term ''[[self-directed education]]'', which has fewer negative connotations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Differences Between Self-Directed and Progressive Education |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freedom-learn/201706/differences-between-self-directed-and-progressive-education |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=Psychology Today |language=en-GB}}</ref>
-Even though unschooling is often seen as a subset of homeschooling and homeschooling has been the subject of broad public debate,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Weller|first=Chris|title=Homeschooling could be the smartest way to teach kids in the 21st century — here are 5 reasons why|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/reasons-homeschooling-is-the-smartest-way-to-teach-kids-today-2018-1|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Business Insider}}</ref> unschooling in particular has received relatively little media attention<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-22|title=Understanding the Concept of Unschooling|url=https://yorktowned.com/discovery-learning/understanding-the-concept-of-unschooling|access-date=2020-09-05|website=Yorktown Education|language=en-US}}</ref> and has only become increasingly popular in recent years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Tyler|date=2014-10-15|title=How Is Unschooling Different From Homeschooling?|url=https://www.noodle.com/articles/how-is-unschooling-different-from-homeschooling|access-date=2020-09-04|website=www.noodle.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Unschooling: No Tests, No Books, No Bedtime|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/unschooling-homeschooling-books-tests-rules/story?id=10796507|access-date=2020-12-03|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> Unschooling is also sometimes considered the freest form of homeschooling.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Unschooling - letting children grow up without school or teachers|url=https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/unschooling-letting-children-grow-without-school-teachers-urn%3Anewsml%3Adpa.com%3A20090101%3A161024-99-923474|access-date=2020-12-02|website=dpa International|language=en}}</ref>
 == Motivations ==
 {{See also|Motivations for homeschooling}}
-There are a variety of complex reasons why parents choose to unschool their children, many of which overlap with those for [[homeschooling]].
+Parents choose to unschool their children for a variety of reasons, many of which overlap with reasons for [[homeschooling]].
-Unschoolers question schools for lessening the parent/child bond and reducing family time and creating atmospheres of fear,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2017-10-12|title=8 powerful reasons why I 'unschool' my kids|url=https://www.mother.ly/life/why-i-homeschool-my-kids|access-date=2020-07-13|website=Motherly|language=en}}</ref> or atmospheres that are not conducive for learning and may not even correspond with later success. Some unschoolers criticize that in schools, children are taught a set of facts and skills that they might not need in the future anymore,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=The Beginner's Guide to Unschooling : zen habits|url=https://zenhabits.net/unschool/|access-date=2020-07-13|website=zenhabits.net|date=4 October 2012 }}</ref> while with unschooling, they learn how to learn,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> which is far more sustainable for their life. Also, some say that in school, children are only taught how to follow instructions,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> which means that they face problems with doing tasks they have not done before. Another argument is that the structure of school is not suitable for people who want to make their own decisions about what, when, how and with whom they learn because many things are predetermined there, while you are more free in these decisions when unschooled.<ref name=":1" />
+Unschoolers criticize schools for lessening the parent–child bond, reducing family time and for creating atmospheres that are fearful.<ref name="8-powerful-reasons">{{Cite web |date=2017-10-12 |title=8 powerful reasons why I 'unschool' my kids |url=https://www.mother.ly/life/why-i-homeschool-my-kids |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518213647/https://www.mother.ly/life/why-i-homeschool-my-kids/ |archive-date=2023-05-18 |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=Motherly |language=en}}</ref> Some unschoolers argue that schools teach children facts and skills that will not be useful to them, whereas with unschooling, children learn how to learn, which is of more enduring use.<ref name="8-powerful-reasons" /><ref name="beginners-guide-to-unschooling">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2012 |title=The Beginner's Guide to Unschooling |url=https://zenhabits.net/unschool/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518212144/https://zenhabits.net/unschool/ |archive-date=2023-05-18 |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=zenhabits.net}}</ref> Some assert that schools teach children only how to follow instructions,<ref name="8-powerful-reasons" /><ref name="beginners-guide-to-unschooling" /> which does not prepare them to confront novel tasks. Another argument is that the structure of school is not suitable for people who want to make their own decisions about what, when, how, and with whom they learn because many things are predetermined in the school setting, while unschooled students are more free to make such decisions.<ref name="beginners-guide-to-unschooling" />
-Often those in school have a community consisting mainly of a peer group, of which the parent has little influence and even knowledge. Unschoolers may have time to share a role in their greater community, therefore relating more to older and younger individuals and finding their place within more diverse groups of people. Parents of school children also have little say regarding who their instructors and teachers are, whereas parents of unschoolers may be more involved in the selection of the coaches or mentors their children work with and with whom they build lasting and ongoing relationships.<ref name=":1" />
+In school, a student's community may consist mainly of a peer group, that the parent has little influence over or even knowledge of. Unschoolers may have more opportunity to share a role in their community—including with older and younger people—and can therefore learn to find their place within more diverse groups of people. Parents of school children also have little say regarding instructors and teachers, whereas parents of unschoolers may be more involved in the selection of the coaches or mentors their children work and build relationships with.<ref name="beginners-guide-to-unschooling" />
-According to unschooling pioneer [[John Holt (educator)|John Holt]], child-led learning is more efficient and respectful of children's time, takes advantage of their interests, and allows deeper exploration of subjects than what is possible in conventional education.
+According to unschooling pioneer John Holt, child-led learning is more efficient and respectful of children's time, takes advantage of their interests, and allows deeper exploration of subjects than what is possible in conventional education.
-:"...the anxiety children feel at constantly being tested, their fear of failure, punishment, and disgrace, severely reduces their ability both to perceive and to remember, and drives them away from the material being studied into strategies for fooling teachers into thinking they know what they really don't know."
+<blockquote>...the anxiety children feel at constantly being tested, their fear of failure, punishment, and disgrace, severely reduces their ability both to perceive and to remember, and drives them away from the material being studied into strategies for fooling teachers into thinking they know what they really don't know.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holt |first=John Caldwell |title=How children learn |year=1967 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=0201484048}}</ref></blockquote>
-Others point out that some schools can be non-coercive and cooperative, in a manner consistent with the philosophies behind unschooling.<ref name="J. Scott Armstrong 1979 5–12">{{cite journal | url = http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/Warmaudit31%205.pdf | title = The Natural Learning Project | author = J. Scott Armstrong | journal = Journal of Experiential Learning and Simulation | volume = 1 | pages = 5–12 | year = 1979 | publisher = Elseiver North-Holland, Inc. 1979 | access-date = 2011-12-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100620221122/http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/Warmaudit31%205.pdf | archive-date = 2010-06-20 | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Sudbury model]] schools are non-coercive, non-indoctrinative, cooperative, democratically run partnerships between children and adults, including full parents' partnership, where learning is individualized and child-led, and complements home education.<ref name="J. Scott Armstrong 1979 5–12"/>
+Some schools have adopted relatively non-coercive and cooperative techniques in a manner that harmonizes with the philosophies behind unschooling.<ref name="Armstrong">{{Cite journal |last=J. Scott Armstrong |year=1979 |title=The Natural Learning Project |url=http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/Warmaudit31%205.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Experiential Learning and Simulation |publisher=Elseiver North-Holland, Inc. 1979 |volume=1 |pages=5–12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620221122/http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/Warmaudit31%205.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-20 |access-date=2011-12-06}}</ref> For example, [[Sudbury model]] schools are non-coercive, non-indoctrinative, cooperative, democratically run partnerships between children and adults—including full partnership with parents—in which learning is individualized and child-led, in a way that complements home education.<ref name="Armstrong" />
-Concerns about socialization can also be a factor in the decision to unschool. Some unschoolers believe that conditions in conventional schools, such as [[Age segregation in schools|age segregation]], the ratio of children to adults, or the amount of time spent sitting and obeying orders of one authority figure, are not conducive to proper education.<ref name="autogenerated12">{{cite web|last=Bunday|first=Karl M.|title=Socialization: A Great Reason Not to Go to School|url=http://learninfreedom.org/socialization.html|access-date=2008-09-04|work=Learn in Freedom!}}</ref>
+Concerns about socialization can also be a factor in the decision to unschool. Some unschoolers believe that conditions in conventional schools, such as [[Age segregation in schools|age segregation]], the ratio of children to adults, or the amount of time spent sitting and obeying orders of one authority figure, are not conducive to proper education.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bunday |first=Karl M. |title=Socialization: A Great Reason Not to Go to School |url=http://learninfreedom.org/socialization.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518212336/https://learninfreedom.org/socialization.html |archive-date=2023-05-18 |access-date=2008-09-04 |website=Learn in Freedom!}}</ref>
-Unschooling is claimed to broaden the diversity of people or places an unschooler may be exposed to. Unschoolers may be more mature than their schooled peers on average,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shyers|first=Larry Edward|title=Comparison of Social Adjustment Between Home and Traditionally Schooled Students}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Liman|first=Isabel|title=Home Schooling: Back to the Future?|url=http://www.educationatlas.com/home-schooling-information.html|access-date=2008-09-04}}</ref> and some believe this is a result of the wide range of people they have the opportunity to interact with.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bunday|first=Karl M.|title=Isn't it Natural for Children to be Divided by Age in School?|url=http://learninfreedom.org/age_grading_bad.html|access-date=2008-09-04|work=Learn in Freedom!}}</ref> Opportunities for unschoolers to meet and interact with other unschoolers has increased in recent years, allowing unschoolers to have interactions with other children with similar experiences.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Peer Unschooling Network (PUN) - Unschooling Teens Unite!|url=http://www.peerunschooling.net|access-date=2017-09-29|website=Peer Unschooling Network (PUN)|language=en-US}}</ref>
+Unschooling may broaden the diversity of people or places an unschooler is exposed to.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} Unschoolers may be more mature than their schooled peers on average,<ref>{{Citation |last=Shyers |first=Larry Edward |title=Comparison of Social Adjustment Between Home and Traditionally Schooled Students}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liman |first=Isabel |title=Home Schooling: Back to the Future? |url=http://www.educationatlas.com/home-schooling-information.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811112825/http://www.educationatlas.com/home-schooling-information.html |archive-date=2023-08-11 |access-date=2008-09-04}}</ref> and some believe this is a result of the wide range of people they have the opportunity to interact with, although it may also be "difficult to find children [...] for, well, socialization".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bunday |first=Karl M. |title=Isn't it Natural for Children to be Divided by Age in School? |url=http://learninfreedom.org/age_grading_bad.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518212225/https://learninfreedom.org/age_grading_bad.html |archive-date=2023-05-18 |access-date=2008-09-04 |website=Learn in Freedom!}}</ref> Opportunities for unschoolers to meet and interact with other unschoolers has increased in recent years,{{When|date=September 2023}} allowing unschoolers to have interactions with other children with similar experiences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peer Unschooling Network (PUN) – Unschooling Teens Unite! |url=http://www.peerunschooling.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531104306/https://peerunschooling.net/ |archive-date=2023-05-31 |access-date=2017-09-29 |website=Peer Unschooling Network (PUN) |language=en-US}}</ref>
 ==Methods and philosophy==
 ===Natural learning===
-[[File:A day at the beach.jpg|thumb|upright|Unschooling may emphasize free, undirected [[play (activity)|play]] as a major component of children's education.<ref name="Then and Now">{{cite journal|last1=Rolstad|first1=Kelly|last2=Kesson|first2=Kathleen|title=Unschooling, Then and Now|journal=Journal of Unschooling and Alternative Learning|date=2013|volume=7|issue=14|page=33|url=http://jual.nipissingu.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2014/06/v72142.pdf|access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref>]]
+[[File:A day at the beach.jpg|thumb|upright|Unschooling may emphasize free, undirected [[play (activity)|play]] as a major component of children's education.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rolstad |first1=Kelly |last2=Kesson |first2=Kathleen |date=2013 |title=Unschooling, Then and Now |url=http://jual.nipissingu.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2014/06/v72142.pdf |journal=Journal of Unschooling and Alternative Learning |volume=7 |issue=14 |page=33 |access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref>]]
-A fundamental premise of unschooling is that learning is a natural process constantly taking place<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ingram|first=Tyshia|date=2020-07-17|title=The case for unschooling|url=https://www.vox.com/first-person/2020/7/17/21328316/covid-19-coronavirus-unschooling-homeschooling|access-date=2020-07-18|website=www.vox.com|language=en}}</ref> and that curiosity is innate and children want to learn.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I Live Therefore I Learn: Living an Unschooling Life - The Natural Child Project|url=https://www.naturalchild.org/articles/guest/pam_sorooshian.html|access-date=2020-07-13|website=www.naturalchild.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/taylor-butch/as-the-world-unfolds-a-se_b_10870580.html|title=As the World Unfolds: A Secret Look Inside Alternative Learning|last=Butch|first=Taylor|date=2016-07-08|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-02}}</ref> From this, an argument can be made that institutionalizing children in a so-called "one size fits all" or "factory model" [[school]] is an inefficient use of the children's time and potential, because it requires each child to learn specific subject matter in a particular manner, at a particular pace, and at a specific time regardless of that individual's present or future needs, interests, goals, or any pre-existing knowledge they might have about the topic.
+A fundamental premise of unschooling is that learning is a natural process constantly taking place<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ingram |first=Tyshia |date=2020-07-17 |title=The case for unschooling |url=https://www.vox.com/first-person/2020/7/17/21328316/covid-19-coronavirus-unschooling-homeschooling |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722103238/https://www.vox.com/first-person/2020/7/17/21328316/covid-19-coronavirus-unschooling-homeschooling |archive-date=2023-07-22 |access-date=2020-07-18 |website=www.vox.com |language=en}}</ref> and that curiosity is innate and children want to learn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I Live Therefore I Learn: Living an Unschooling Life – The Natural Child Project |url=https://www.naturalchild.org/articles/guest/pam_sorooshian.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403225522/https://www.naturalchild.org/articles/guest/pam_sorooshian.html |archive-date=2023-04-03 |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=www.naturalchild.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Butch |first=Taylor |date=2016-07-08 |title=As the World Unfolds: A Secret Look Inside Alternative Learning |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/taylor-butch/as-the-world-unfolds-a-se_b_10870580.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826111220/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/taylor-butch/as-the-world-unfolds-a-se_b_10870580.html |archive-date=2016-08-26 |access-date=2018-12-02 |website=Huffington Post |language=en-US}}</ref> Thus forcing children into a "one size fits all" or "factory model" [[school]] is an inefficient use of their time and potential, because it requires each child to learn specific subject matter in a particular manner, at a particular pace, and at a specific time regardless of their present or future needs, interests, goals, or pre-existing knowledge.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
-Many unschoolers believe that opportunities for valuable hands-on, community-based, spontaneous, and real-world experiences may be missed when educational opportunities are limited to, or dominated by, those inside a school building.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|date=2006-10-31|title=Readers share heated opinions on "unschooling"|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15148804|access-date=2008-09-04|website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref>
+Many unschoolers believe that students miss out on valuable hands-on, community-based, spontaneous, and real-world experiences when their educational opportunities are limited to, or dominated by, those inside a school building.<ref name="readers-share-heated-opinions">{{Cite web |date=2006-10-31 |title=Readers share heated opinions on "unschooling" |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15148804 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927110828/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15148804/ |archive-date=2016-09-27 |access-date=2008-09-04 |url-status=live |website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref>
 ===Learning styles===
-Unschoolers note that [[psychologists]] have documented many differences between children in the way they learn,<ref name="auto">{{cite web|last=Vosniadou|first= S.|title=How Children Learn?|work=The International Academy of Education|year= 2001|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001254/125456e.pdf}}</ref> and assert that unschooling is better equipped to adapt to these differences.<ref name=Evaluation/>
+[[Psychologists]] have documented many differences between children in the way they learn.<ref name="vosniadou-2001">{{Cite web |last=Vosniadou |first=S. |year=2001 |title=How Children Learn? |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001254/125456e.pdf |website=The International Academy of Education}}</ref> Unschoolers assert that unschooling is better equipped to adapt to such differences.<ref name="Evaluation">{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Jan |title=Evaluation |url=http://www.naturalchild.org/jan_hunt/evaluation.html |access-date=6 January 2013 |publisher=Natural Child}}</ref>
-People vary in their "[[learning styles]]", that is, the preference in how they acquire new information. However, research has demonstrated no evidence of such learning styles and that this preference is not related to increased learning or improved performance.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pashler | first1 = H. | last2 = McDaniel | first2 = M. | last3 = Rohrer | first3 = D. | last4 = Bjork | first4 = R. | year = 2009 | title = Learning styles: Concepts and evidence | journal = Psychological Science in the Public Interest | volume = 9 | issue = 3| pages = 105–119 | doi = 10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x | pmid=26162104| doi-access = free }}</ref> Students have different learning needs. In a traditional school setting, teachers seldom evaluate an individual student differently from other students, and while teachers often use different methods, this is sometimes haphazard and not always with regard to an individual student.<ref>[http://parentconcept.com/learning-through-home-education Learning through home education Retrieved 2011-02-20]</ref>
+People vary in their [[learning styles]], that is, how they prefer to acquire new information. However, research in 2008 found "virtually no evidence" that learning styles increased learning or improved performance, as opposed to being a matter of preference.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pashler |first1=H. |last2=McDaniel |first2=M. |last3=Rohrer |first3=D. |last4=Bjork |first4=R. |year=2009 |title=Learning styles: Concepts and evidence |journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=105–119 |doi=10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x |pmid=26162104 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Students have different learning needs, but in a traditional school setting, teachers seldom customize their evaluation method for an individual student. While teaching methods often vary between teachers, and any teacher may use multiple methods, this is sometimes haphazard and not always individualized.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Learning through home education |url=http://parentconcept.com/learning-through-home-education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609235601/https://parentconcept.com/learning-through-home-education |archive-date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2011-02-20}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2023}}
 ====Developmental differences====
-Developmental psychologists note that just as children reach growth milestones at different ages from each other, children are also prepared to learn different things at different ages.<ref name="auto"/> Just as some children learn to walk during a normal range of eight to fifteen months, and begin to talk across an even larger range, unschoolers assert that they are also ready and able to read, for example, at different ages, girls usually earlier than boys. In fact, experts have discovered that natural learning produces far greater changes in behavior than do traditional learning methods, though not necessarily an increase in the amount of information learned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/Teacher-vs-Learner-Responsibility.pdf | title = Teacher vs. Learner Responsibility in Management Education | author = J. Scott Armstrong }}</ref> [[Traditional education]] requires all children to begin reading at the same time and do multiplication at the same time; unschoolers believe that some children cannot help but be bored because this was something that they had been ready to learn earlier, and even worse, some children cannot help but fail, because they are not yet ready for this new information being taught.<ref name=Fail>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=John C.|title=How Children Fail|orig-year=1964|year=1982|publisher=Classics in Child Development|isbn=978-0201484021}}</ref>
+Developmental psychologists note that just as children reach growth milestones at different ages, children are also prepared to learn different things at different ages.<ref name="vosniadou-2001" /> Just as most children learn to walk during a normal range of eight to fifteen months, and begin to talk across an even larger range, unschoolers assert that they are also ready and able to read, for example, at different ages, girls usually earlier than boys.{{cn|date=April 2023}} Natural learning produces greater changes in behavior (e.g. changing job skills) than traditional learning methods, although not necessarily a change in the amount of information learned.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Armstrong |first=J. Scott |date=1980 |title=Teacher Vs. Learner Responsibility in Management Education |url=http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=647802 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |language=en |doi=10.2139/ssrn.647802 |s2cid=145788307 |issn=1556-5068}}</ref> [[Traditional education]] requires all children to begin reading at the same time and to learn multiplication at the same time; unschoolers believe that some children will become bored if the topic was something they had been ready to learn earlier, and some will fail because they are not yet ready.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holt |first=John C. |title=How Children Fail |publisher=Classics in Child Development |year=1982 |isbn=978-0201484021 |orig-year=1964}}</ref>
 ===Essential body of knowledge===
-Unschoolers sometimes state that learning any specific subject is less important than learning ''how'' to learn.<ref name="childledhomeschool.com">{{cite web|author=ChildLedHomeschool |url=http://childledhomeschool.com/2010/08/14/planning-for-child-led-learning/ |title=Planning for Child-Led Learning &#124; CLH |date=2010-08-14 |access-date=2014-01-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708144224/http://childledhomeschool.com/2010/08/14/planning-for-child-led-learning/ |archive-date=July 8, 2011 }}</ref> They assert, in the words of Holt:
+Unschoolers sometimes state that learning any specific subject is less important than learning ''how'' to learn.<ref name="childledhomeschool.com">{{Cite web |last=ChildLedHomeschool |date=2010-08-14 |title=Planning for Child-Led Learning &#124; CLH |url=http://childledhomeschool.com/2010/08/14/planning-for-child-led-learning/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708144224/http://childledhomeschool.com/2010/08/14/planning-for-child-led-learning/ |archive-date=July 8, 2011 |access-date=2014-01-16}}</ref> In the words of Holt:
-<blockquote>Since we can't know what knowledge will be most needed in the future, it is senseless to try to teach it in advance. Instead, we should try to turn out people who love learning so much and learn so well that they will be able to learn whatever must be learned.<ref name="childledhomeschool.com"/></blockquote>
+<blockquote>Since we can't know what knowledge will be most needed in the future, it is senseless to try to teach it in advance. Instead, we should try to turn out people who love learning so much and learn so well that they will be able to learn whatever must be learned.<ref name="childledhomeschool.com" /></blockquote>
-It is asserted that this ability to learn on their own makes it more likely that later, when these children are adults, they can continue to learn what they need to know to meet newly emerging needs, interests, and goals;<ref name="childledhomeschool.com"/> and that they can return to any subject that they feel was not sufficiently covered or learn a completely new subject.<ref name="childledhomeschool.com"/>
+Unschoolers suggest that this ability for children to learn on their own makes it more likely that later, when these children are adults, they can continue to learn in order to meet newly emerging needs, interests, and goals; and that they can return to any subject that they feel was not sufficiently covered or learn a completely new subject.<ref name="childledhomeschool.com" />
-Many unschoolers disagree that there is a particular body of knowledge that every person, regardless of the life they lead, needs to possess.<ref name=Curriculum>{{cite book|last=Noll|first=James Wm.|title=Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Educational Issues 15th ed.|year=2008|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0073515205|pages=25–26}}</ref>  Unschoolers argue that, in the words of John Holt,  "If children are given access to enough of the world, they will see clearly enough what things are truly important to themselves and to others, and they will make for themselves a better path into that world than anyone else could make for them."<ref>{{cite web |author=David Gurteen |url=http://www.gurteen.com/gurteen/gurteen.nsf/id/X00046822/ |title=On children and learning by John Holt (Gurteen Knowledge) |publisher=Gurteen.com |access-date=2014-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513104947/http://www.gurteen.com/gurteen/gurteen.nsf/id/X00046822/ |archive-date=2013-05-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+Many unschoolers disagree that there is a particular body of knowledge that everyone, regardless of the life they lead, needs to possess.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noll |first=James Wm. |title=Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Educational Issues 15th ed. |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2008 |isbn=978-0073515205 |pages=25–26}}</ref> In the words of John Holt, "If children are given access to enough of the world, they will see clearly enough what things are truly important to themselves and to others, and they will make for themselves a better path into that world than anyone else could make for them."<ref>{{Cite web |last=David Gurteen |title=On children and learning by John Holt |url=http://www.gurteen.com/gurteen/gurteen.nsf/id/X00046822/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513104947/http://www.gurteen.com/gurteen/gurteen.nsf/id/X00046822/ |archive-date=2013-05-13 |access-date=2014-01-16 |website=Gurteen Knowledge |publisher=Gurteen.com}}</ref>
 ===The role of parents===
-Parents of unschoolers provide resources, support, guidance, information, and advice to facilitate experiences that aid their children in accessing, navigating, and making sense of the world.<ref name=Evaluation/>  Common parental activities include sharing interesting books, articles, and activities with their children, helping them find knowledgeable people to explore an interest with (anyone from physics professors to automotive mechanics), and helping them set goals and figure out what they need to do to meet their goals. Unschooling's interest-based nature does not mean that it is a "hands-off" approach to education. Parents tend to involve themselves, especially with younger children (older children, unless new to unschooling, often need less help finding resources and making and carrying out plans).<ref name=Evaluation />
+Parents of unschoolers provide resources, support, guidance, information, and advice to facilitate experiences that aid their children in accessing, navigating, and making sense of the world.<ref name="Evaluation" /> Common parental activities include sharing interesting books, articles, and activities with their children, helping them find knowledgeable people to explore an interest with (for example physics professors or automotive mechanics), and helping them set goals and figure out what they need to do to meet their goals. Unschooling's interest-based nature does not mean that it is a "hands-off" approach to education; parents tend to be involved, especially with younger children (older children, unless new to unschooling, often need less help in finding resources and in making and carrying out plans).<ref name="Evaluation" />
 === Paradigm shift ===
-Unschooling opposes many aspects of what the [[dominant culture]] insists are true, and it may be impossible to fully understand the unschooling [[philosophy of education]] without both active participation and a major [[paradigm shift]]. The [[cognitive dissonance]] that frequently accompanies this paradigm shift is uncomfortable. New unschoolers are advised that they should not expect to understand the unschooling philosophy at first.<ref name="Unschooling: An Introduction and Beginner's Guide">{{cite web|title=Unschooling: An Introduction and Beginner's Guide|url=https://homeschoolbase.com/unschooling/|publisher=Homeschool Base|author=<!--Not stated--> |access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> Not only are there many commonplace assumptions about education, there are many unspoken and unwritten expectations. One step towards overcoming the necessary paradigm shift is accepting that "what we do is nowhere near as important as why we do it."<ref>{{cite web|title=Paradigm Shifts|first=Cathy|last=Koetsier| url=http://www.christian-unschooling.com/paradigm-shifts.html|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref>
+Because unschooling contradicts assumptions of the [[dominant culture]], advocates suggest that a [[paradigm shift]] in regards to education and child rearing is required before engaging with unschooling. New unschoolers are advised that they should not expect to understand the unschooling philosophy at first,<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Unschooling: An Introduction and Beginner's Guide |url=https://homeschoolbase.com/unschooling/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629024358/https://homeschoolbase.com/unschooling/ |archive-date=2023-06-29 |access-date=23 May 2017 |publisher=Homeschool Base}}</ref> as many commonplace assumptions about education are unspoken and unwritten. One step towards this paradigm shift is accepting that "what we do is nowhere near as important as why we do it."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koetsier |first=Cathy |title=Paradigm Shifts |url=http://www.christian-unschooling.com/paradigm-shifts.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627220327/http://www.christian-unschooling.com/paradigm-shifts.html |archive-date=2023-06-27 |access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref>
+==Compared with other homeschooling models==
-While opponents of the concept of unschooling criticize the fact that it cannot be ensured that children receive a neutral, comprehensive education and fear that children may be at the mercy of bad parents, resulting in [[Parallel society|parallel societies]], many advocates of unschooling doubt that or at least question whether such an education exists universally objectively seen and note that in school, people do not learn a lot of what they are guaranteed to need for their life either and that when unschooled, more efficient and independent learning guided by their own interests increases the probability that children will be well equipped for their future life because they learned how to learn and already roughly know what they are interested in and some things about these areas. They also find that children can be at least just as much at the mercy of one or more bad teachers and classmates in school and consider it exceedingly unrealistic that parents would completely isolate their children from external social influences or even criticize school as an institution in which children are fobbed off from the outside world and therefore see school itself as a parallel society. From then on, it is only a subjective decision as to where, when, how and with whom education should take place, which those to be educated should answer themselves, or, if necessary, with people directly involved in their education, like their parents or other people who educate them.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-11|title=Rise of the home 'unschoolers' – where children learn only what they want to|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/oct/11/unschool-children-monitor-home-schooling-education|access-date=2020-12-30|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
+Unschooling is a form of [[homeschooling]],<ref name="beginners-guide-to-unschooling" /><ref name="what-is-unschooling">{{Cite web |title=What Is Unschooling? A Parents Guide to Child-Led Home Education |url=https://www.parents.com/kids/education/home-schooling/what-is-unschooling-all-about-child-led-home-education/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603204359/https://www.parents.com/kids/education/home-schooling/what-is-unschooling-all-about-child-led-home-education/ |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=Parents |language=EN}}</ref> which is the education of children at home or places other than in a school. Unschooling teaches children based on their interests rather than according to a set [[curriculum]].<ref name="unschooling-2020">{{Cite web |title=Unschooling – letting children grow up without school or teachers |url=https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/unschooling-letting-children-grow-without-school-teachers-urn%3Anewsml%3Adpa.com%3A20090101%3A161024-99-923474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129061217/https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/unschooling-letting-children-grow-without-school-teachers-urn%3Anewsml%3Adpa.com%3A20090101%3A161024-99-923474 |archive-date=2022-01-29 |access-date=2020-12-02 |website=dpa International |language=en}}</ref><ref name="what-is-unschooling" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Unschooling – letting children grow up without school or teachers |url=https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/unschooling-letting-children-grow-without-school-teachers-urn%3Anewsml%3Adpa.com%3A20090101%3A161024-99-923474 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129061217/https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/unschooling-letting-children-grow-without-school-teachers-urn%3Anewsml%3Adpa.com%3A20090101%3A161024-99-923474 |archive-date=2022-01-29 |access-date=2020-12-15 |website=dpa International |language=en}}</ref>
-==Unschooling compared to other homeschooling forms==
+Unschooling contrasts with other forms of homeschooling in that the student's education is not directed by a [[teacher]] and curriculum.<ref name="unschooling-2020" /> Unschooling is a real-world implementation of the [[open classroom]] methods promoted in the late 1960s and early 1970s, without the school, classrooms, or grades.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} Parents who unschool their children act as facilitators, providing a range of resources, helping their children access, navigate, and make sense of the world; they aid their children in making and implementing goals and plans for both the distant and immediate future. Unschooling expands from children's natural [[curiosity]] as an extension of their interests, concerns, needs, and goals.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brosbe |first=Ruben |date=December 28, 2022 |title=What to Know About Unschooling |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/k12/articles/what-to-know-about-unschooling |access-date=June 22, 2024 |website=usnews}}</ref>
-Unschooling is a form of [[homeschooling]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=What Is Unschooling? A Parents Guide to Child-Led Home Education|url=https://www.parents.com/kids/education/home-schooling/what-is-unschooling-all-about-child-led-home-education/|access-date=2020-07-13|website=Parents|language=EN}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> which is the education of children at home or other places rather than in a school. It involves teaching children based on their interests rather than a set [[curriculum]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Unschooling - letting children grow up without school or teachers|url=https://www.dpa-international.com/topic/unschooling-letting-children-grow-without-school-teachers-urn%3Anewsml%3Adpa.com%3A20090101%3A161024-99-923474|access-date=2020-12-15|website=dpa International|language=en}}</ref>
+Unschooling differs from [[discovery learning]], [[minimally invasive education]], [[purpose-guided education]], [[academic advising]], [[phenomenon-based learning]], and [[thematic learning]].{{how|date=April 2023}}{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}
-Unschooling contrasts with other forms of homeschooling in that the student's education is not directed by a [[teacher]] and curriculum.<ref name=":3" /> Unschooling is a real-world implementation of the [[open classroom]] methods promoted in the late 1960s and early 1970s, without the school, classrooms or grades.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} Parents who unschool their children act as facilitators, providing a range of resources, helping their children access, navigate, and make sense of the world, and aiding them in making and implementing goals and plans for both the distant and immediate future. Unschooling expands from children's natural [[curiosity]] as an extension of their interests, concerns, needs, goals, and plans.
-Unschooling differs from [[discovery learning]], [[minimally invasive education]], [[purpose-guided education]], [[academic advising]], [[phenomenon-based learning]] and [[thematic learning]].{{clarify|date=July 2021}}{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}
 ==Branches==
-There are many different branches, possibilities, and approaches of designing and practicing unschooling, some of the most popular include the following:
+There are a variety of approaches to designing and practicing unschooling. Some of the most popular include:
-* Worldschooling, in which families travel around the world and learn through experiencing other places, people, cultures, and activities typical for these locations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Family|first=Author Alyson for World Travel|date=2020-06-29|title=What is Worldschooling? {{!}} 2020 World Travel Family Travel Blog|url=https://worldtravelfamily.com/worldschooling/|access-date=2020-07-13|website=World Travel Family Travel Blog|language=en}}</ref>
+* Worldschooling, in which families travel around the world and learn through experiencing other places, people, cultures, and activities typical for these locations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alyson |first=Alyson |date=2020-06-29 |title=What is Worldschooling? |url=https://worldtravelfamily.com/worldschooling/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707005055/https://worldtravelfamily.com/worldschooling/ |archive-date=2023-07-07 |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=World Travel Family Travel Blog |language=en}}</ref>
-* [[Project-based learning|Project-based]] unschooling, which holds that students acquire a deeper knowledge through active exploration of real-world challenges, problems and projects that they can do in their own way and time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-21|title=Homeschool with Project Based Learning {{!}} Hess Un-Academy|url=https://hessunacademy.com/homeschool-with-project-based-learning/|access-date=2020-07-13|language=en-US}}</ref>
+* [[Project-based learning|Project-based]] unschooling, which holds that students acquire a deeper knowledge through active exploration of real-world challenges, problems, and projects that they can do in their own way and at their own pace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-21 |title=Homeschool with Project Based Learning {{!}} Hess Un-Academy |url=https://hessunacademy.com/homeschool-with-project-based-learning/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628124125/https://hessunacademy.com/homeschool-with-project-based-learning/ |archive-date=2023-06-28 |access-date=2020-07-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>
-* Gameschooling, in which various games like board and card games are important to homeschool learning method, and educational philosophy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-09|title=What is Gameschooling?|url=https://orisonorchards.com/what-is-gameschooling/|access-date=2020-07-13|website=Orison Orchards|language=en-US}}</ref> In addition to developing skills in math, language, history, board games are also used to develop social skills such as interpersonal communication, negotiation, persuasion, diplomacy, and moral character such as good sportsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themulberryjournal.com/activities/mathematics/ultimate-guide-gameschooling|title=The Ultimate Guide to Gameschooling|date=Oct 3, 2017|access-date=Jun 6, 2020}}</ref>
+* Gameschooling, which employs various games like board and card games to facilitate learning.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-09 |title=What is Gameschooling? |url=https://orisonorchards.com/what-is-gameschooling/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627220333/https://orisonorchards.com/what-is-gameschooling/ |archive-date=2023-06-27 |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=Orison Orchards |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition to developing skills in math, language, history, board games also develop social skills such as interpersonal communication, negotiation, persuasion, diplomacy, and virtues like good sportsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oct 3, 2017 |title=The Ultimate Guide to Gameschooling |url=https://themulberryjournal.com/activities/mathematics/ultimate-guide-gameschooling |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627220329/https://themulberryjournal.com/activities/mathematics/ultimate-guide-gameschooling |archive-date=2023-06-27 |access-date=Jun 6, 2020}}</ref>
 ==Complementary philosophies==
-Some unschooling families may incorporate the following philosophies into their lifestyles.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
+Unschooling families may adopt the following philosophies:{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
-*[[Alfie Kohn|''Unconditional Parenting'']] and [[Alfie Kohn|''Punished by Rewards'']], parenting and education books by [[Alfie Kohn]].
+*''Unconditional Parenting'' and ''Punished by Rewards''—parenting and education books by [[Alfie Kohn]].
-*[[Continuum concept|The continuum concept]], [[attachment parenting]], and [[attachment theory]], theories and practices attempting to encourage the child's development.
+*[[Continuum concept|The continuum concept]], [[attachment parenting]], and [[attachment theory]]—theories and practices attempting to encourage the child's development.
-*[[Voluntaryism]]: the idea that all forms of human association should be voluntary, as far as possible. Consequently, voluntaryism opposes the initiation of aggressive force or coercion.
+*[[Voluntaryism]]—the idea that all forms of human association should be voluntary, as far as possible (voluntaryism opposes the initiation of aggressive force or coercion).
 == Other forms of alternative education ==
-Many other forms of [[alternative education]] also place a great deal of importance on student control of learning, albeit not necessarily of the individual learner. This includes free [[democratic school]]s,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Democratic Schools|url=http://alternativestoschool.com/articles/democratic-schools/|access-date=2020-07-13|website=Alternatives to School|language=en-US}}</ref> like the [[Sudbury school]], [[Stonesoup School]] and "[[open learning]]" [[virtual university|virtual universities]].
+Many other forms of [[alternative education]] also prioritize student control of learning, albeit not necessarily by the individual learner. These include free [[democratic school]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democratic Schools |url=http://alternativestoschool.com/articles/democratic-schools/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206094522/https://alternativestoschool.com/articles/democratic-schools/ |archive-date=2022-12-06 |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=Alternatives to School |language=en-US}}</ref> like the [[Sudbury school]], [[Stonesoup School]], and [[open learning|open-learning]] [[virtual university|virtual universities]].
 == Criticism ==
@@ Line 111: / Line 113: @@
 <!--Please only include criticism that is explicitly related to unschooling. More general reception that also applies for homeschooling should be included in the article homeschooling because unschooling is only a subclass of homeschooling and all advocacy and criticism for homeschooling therefore also applies for unschooling, but not necessarily the other way around.-->
-As a form of homeschooling, unschooling faces much of the same critiques as homeschooling itself. Criticisms levied against unschooling in particular tend to focus on whether or not students can receive a sufficient education with very little structure compared to more standard schooling practices. Some critics maintain that building the motivation necessary for students to learn without guardrails can be difficult, and that some students might be left behind as a result.<ref name="Clayton">[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15029646 A new chapter in education: unschooling], by Victoria Clayton. NBC News, October 6, 2006</ref> Without enough motivation or interest in critical areas, it is argued, unschooling students might fare poorly against their peers.<ref name="autogenerated2" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Erbe |first1=Bonnie |author1-link=Bonnie Erbe |title=Unspooling 'Unschooling' |url=https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/erbe/2006/11/27/unspooling-unschooling |website=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=11 February 2022 |date=27 November 2006}}</ref>
+As a form of homeschooling, unschooling faces many of the same critiques as homeschooling. Criticisms of unschooling in particular tend to focus on whether students can receive sufficient education in a context with so little structure compared to standard schooling practices. Some critics maintain that it can be difficult to build sufficient motivation in students to allow them learn without guardrails, and that some students might be left behind as a result,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Clayton |first=Victoria |date=2006-10-02 |title=A new chapter in education: unschooling |language=en |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15029646 |access-date=2023-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518212400/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna15029646 |archive-date=2023-05-18}}</ref> and that they might fare poorly compared with their peers.<ref name="readers-share-heated-opinions" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Erbe |first=Bonnie |author-link=Bonnie Erbe |date=27 November 2006 |title=Unspooling 'Unschooling' |work=U.S. News & World Report |url=https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/erbe/2006/11/27/unspooling-unschooling |access-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205085905/https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/erbe/2006/11/27/unspooling-unschooling |archive-date=2023-02-05}}</ref>
+Opponents of unschooling fear that children may be at the mercy of bad parents, resulting in children having trouble integrating into society.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-10-11 |title=Rise of the home 'unschoolers' – where children learn only what they want to |url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/oct/11/unschool-children-monitor-home-schooling-education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627220327/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/oct/11/unschool-children-monitor-home-schooling-education |archive-date=2023-06-27 |access-date=2020-12-30 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
-In a 2006 study of five- to ten-year-olds, unschooling children scored below traditionally schooled children in four of seven studied categories, and significantly below structured homeschoolers in all seven studied categories.<ref name=Martin-Chang>{{cite journal|last1=Martin-Chang|first1=Sandra|last2=Gould|first2= O.N. |last3=Meuse|first3= R.E. |title=The impact of schooling on academic achievement: Evidence from home-schooled and traditionally-schooled students|journal=Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science|year=2011|volume=43|issue=3|pages=195–202|doi=10.1037/a0022697|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232544669|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref>
+In a 2006 study of children aged five to ten, unschooled children scored below traditionally schooled children in four of seven studied categories, and significantly below structured homeschoolers in all seven studied categories.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martin-Chang |first1=Sandra |last2=Gould |first2=O.N. |last3=Meuse |first3=R.E. |year=2011 |title=The impact of schooling on academic achievement: Evidence from home-schooled and traditionally-schooled students |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232544669 |journal=Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=195–202 |doi=10.1037/a0022697 |access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref>
 == See also ==
@@ Line 135: / Line 139: @@
 ===Persons of interest===
 <!-- New links in alphabetical order please -->
-* [[Catherine Baker (journalist)|Catherine Baker]]
 * [[Albert Cullum]], elementary school teacher from 1960s
 * [[John Taylor Gatto]], New York City's 1989 Teacher of the Year, New York State Teacher of the Year 1991
@@ Line 141: / Line 144: @@
 * [[Grace Llewellyn]], author/advocate/speaker/camp director
 * [[Wendy Priesnitz]]
-* [[Daniel Quinn]], author/cultural critic<ref>{{cite web|title=Schooling: The Hidden Agenda|access-date=2014-01-09|url=http://ishmael.org/Education/Writings/unschooling.shtml}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gestel|last2=Quinn|last3=Hunt|first1=Nanda Van|first2=Daniel|first3=Jan |date=2008 |title=The Unschooling Unmanual |location= USA |publisher=The Natural Child Project |isbn=978-0968575451 }}</ref>
+* [[Daniel Quinn]], author/cultural critic<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schooling: The Hidden Agenda |url=http://ishmael.org/Education/Writings/unschooling.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730191705/http://ishmael.org:80/Education/Writings/unschooling.shtml |archive-date=2019-07-30 |access-date=2014-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Van Gestel |first1=Nanda |title=The Unschooling Unmanual |last2=Quinn |first2=Daniel |last3=Hunt |first3=Jan |date=2008 |publisher=The Natural Child Project |isbn=978-0968575451 |location=USA}}</ref>
 * [[Ken Robinson (educationalist)|Ken Robinson]]
@@ Line 147: / Line 150: @@
 * [[Sawyer Fredericks]], singer/songwriter, [[The Voice (U.S. season 8)|''The Voice'' (U.S. season 8)]]
 * [[Lisa Harvey-Smith]], astronomer
+* [[Neil Cicierega|Neil Stephen Cicierega]], musician, singer/songwriter, animator, video game designer/creator, filmmaker, actor
 * [[Peter Kowalke]]
 * [[Dale J. Stephens]], entrepreneur, speaker, author, and founder of [[UnCollege]]
-* [[Aaron Swartz]], political activist and computer programmer
+* [[Aaron Swartz]], political activist and computer programmer{{Citation needed|reason=Aaron Swartz is said to have attended a private school in Chicago and Lake Forest College, neither of which appear to be unschooling institutions|date=June 2023}}
 * [[Astra Taylor]], filmmaker
 * [[Sunny Taylor]], painter and disability activist (also younger sister of Astra Taylor)
+* [[Billie Eilish]], singer/songwriter<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transcript of We Are Family Season 2 Episode 22: Maggie Baird |url=https://static.onecms.io/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/sites/38/2022/02/22/WE-ARE-FAMILY_-SEASON-2-EPISODE-22-Maggie-Baird.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809044407/https://static.onecms.io/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/sites/38/2022/02/22/WE-ARE-FAMILY_-SEASON-2-EPISODE-22-Maggie-Baird.pdf |archive-date=2022-08-09 |access-date=2024-03-26 |page=2 |publisher=Parents.com }}</ref>
 ==References==
-{{Reflist|30em|refs=
+{{reflist|1=30em}}
-<ref name=Evaluation>{{cite web|last=Hunt|first=Jan|title=Evaluation|url=http://www.naturalchild.org/jan_hunt/evaluation.html|publisher=Natural Child|access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref>
-}}
 == Further reading ==
@@ Line 162: / Line 165: @@
 === Books ===
-* {{cite book|title=The Unschooling Handbook: How to Use the Whole World As Your Child's Classroom|publisher=Three Rivers Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0761512769|author=Mary Griffith|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761512769}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Mary Griffith |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761512769 |title=The Unschooling Handbook: How to Use the Whole World As Your Child's Classroom |publisher=Three Rivers Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0761512769}}
-* {{cite book|title=The Teenage Liberation Handbook: How to Quit School and Get a Real Life and Education|author=Grace Llewelyn|publisher=Lowry House Pub|year=1998|isbn=978-0962959172}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Grace Llewelyn |title=The Teenage Liberation Handbook: How to Quit School and Get a Real Life and Education |publisher=Lowry House Pub |year=1998 |isbn=978-0962959172}}
-* {{cite book|title=Guerrilla Learning: How to Give Your Kids a Real Education With or Without School|author1=Grace Llewelyn|author2=Amy Silver|name-list-style=amp|publisher=Wiley|year=2001|isbn=978-0471349600|url=https://archive.org/details/guerrillalearnin00grac}}
+* {{Cite book |last1=Grace Llewelyn |url=https://archive.org/details/guerrillalearnin00grac |title=Guerrilla Learning: How to Give Your Kids a Real Education With or Without School |last2=Amy Silver |publisher=Wiley |year=2001 |isbn=978-0471349600 |name-list-style=amp}}
-* {{cite book|title=The Underground History of American Education: A School Teacher's Intimate Investigation Into the Problem of Modern Schooling|author=John Taylor Gatto|publisher=Odysseus Group|year=2000|isbn=978-0945700043}}
+* {{Cite book |last=John Taylor Gatto |title=The Underground History of American Education: A School Teacher's Intimate Investigation Into the Problem of Modern Schooling |publisher=Odysseus Group |year=2000 |isbn=978-0945700043}}
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130517062832/http://johntaylorgatto.com/chapters/index.htm The Underground History of American Education by John Taylor Gatto (complete download)]
-* {{cite book|title=The Unschooling Unmanual|author=Nanda Van Gestel (Author), Jan Hunt (Author), Daniel Quinn (Author), Rue Kream (Author) & 5 more|publisher=The Natural Child Project|year=2008|isbn=978-0968575451}}
+* {{Cite book |last1=Van Gestel |first1=Nanda |title=The Unschooling Unmanual |last2=Hunt |first2=Jan |last3=Quinn |first3=Daniel |first4=Rue |last4=Kream |publisher=The Natural Child Project |year=2008 |isbn=978-0968575451 |display-authors=etal}}
 === Essays and articles ===
@@ Line 182: / Line 185: @@
 [[Category:Homeschooling]]
-[[Category:Pedagogy]]
+[[Category:Pedagogical movements and theories]]
 [[Category:Philosophy of education]]
 [[Category:Alternative education]]

v t e Homeschooling
Philosophy	Deschooling Unschooling
Methodology	All-in-one curricula Homeschool cooperative Unit studies
People	John Taylor Gatto John Holt Grace Llewellyn Wendy Priesnitz Rousas Rushdoony Pat Farenga Peter Kowalke Ivan Illich
International status	Australia Canada India New Zealand South Africa United Kingdom United States
Organizations	Education Otherwise (UK) Home School Legal Defense Association (US) Umbrella school Global Home Education Exchange
See also	Alternative education List of homeschooling programmes Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic Single-parent homeschooling
Schools portal