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{{short description|Chinese scholar}}
'''Wáng Dàiyú''' ({{zh|s=王岱舆|t=王岱輿|p=Wáng Dàiyú|w=Wang Tai-yü}}, [[Xiao'erjing]]: {{lang|zh-Arab|ٔوْا دَﻰْ ﻳُﻮْ}}) (ca. 1570 - ca. 1660) was a [[Islam in China|Chinese Muslim]] ([[Hui people|Hui]]) scholar. His given name was Ya, style name Daiyu. He called himself ''Zhenhui Laoren'' {{lang|zh|真回老人}} ("The True Old Man of Islam") and went by his style name.
'''Wáng Dàiyú''' ({{zh|s=王岱舆|t=王岱輿|p=Wáng Dàiyú|w=Wang Tai-yü}}, [[Xiao'erjing]]: {{lang|zh-Arab|ٔوْا دَﻰْ ﻳُﻮْ}}) (ca. 1570 - ca. 1660) was a [[Islam in China|Chinese]] [[Hanafi]]-[[Maturidi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alfaisalmag.com/?p=16608|title=الماتريدية وآثارها في الفكر الإنساني بدول طريق الحرير.. الصين نموذجًا|publisher=Alfaisal Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://midad.com/article/221923/الحنفية-الماتريدية-في-بلاد-الصين|title=الحنفية الماتريدية في بلاد الصين|date=4 January 2020 |publisher=midad.com}}</ref> ([[Hui people|Hui]]) scholar of [[Arab]] descent.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Yip|first1=Ho, Wai|title=Wang Daiyu|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/christian-muslim-relations-ii/wang-daiyu-COM_30357?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.christian-muslim-relations-ii&s.q=Wang+Daiyu|language=en}}</ref> His given name was Ya, style name Daiyu. He called himself ''Zhenhui Laoren'' {{lang|zh|真回老人}} ("The True Old Man of Islam") and went by his style name.
{{Islam and China|figures}}
{{Islam and China|figures}}


==Life==
==Life==
His earliest ancestor in the early [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] period came to China in the retinue of a Tributary Emissary from the West (the [[Arabian peninsula]]). Because he was adept at the art of astronomy and calculating calendars, he held the office of Master Supervisor of the Imperial Observatory, and was granted a residence in Lu Fei Lane (present day South Hong Wu Street) in [[Nanjing]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwuSpFiOFfYC&pg=PA37&dq=wang+daiyu+arab&hl=en&ei=FsXhTYrENIvfgQff9fC6Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=wang%20daiyu%20muslim%20theologian%20imperial%20board&f=false|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=36|isbn=0-7007-1026-4|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
His earliest ancestor in the early [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] period came to China in the retinue of a Tributary Emissary from the West (the [[Arabian Peninsula]]). Because he was adept at the art of astronomy and calculating calendars, he held the office of Master Supervisor of the Imperial Observatory, and was granted a residence in Lu Fei Lane (present day South Hong Wu Street) in [[Nanjing]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwuSpFiOFfYC&q=wang+daiyu+muslim+theologian+imperial+board&pg=PA37|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=36|isbn=0-7007-1026-4|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>


==Philosophy==
==Philosophy==
His descendants followed in this field. As a child, Wang Daiyu learned from his father. Later, he studied under Ma Junshi from [[Nanjing]]. At the age of 20, he began studying [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and an intensive investigation of the writings of [[Confucianism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Daoism]], as well as other miscellaneous teachings. In the fifteenth year of the reign of the [[Chongzhen Emperor]], he made a translation of ''Zhengjiao Zhenquan'' (正教真詮, "A True Explanation of the Right Religion"),<ref>http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp110_wuzong_emperor.pdf p. 8.</ref> in twenty "juan", and began the enterprise of translating the Islamic scriptures into Chinese. Later, he also wrote ''Qingzhen Da Xue'' (清真大學, "The Great learning of Islam") and ''Xizhen Zhengda'' (希真正答, "Rare and True Answers"). Within [[Islam in China|Chinese Islamic]] circles, he is known by the laudatory title, "Great Saint of the Qing Period." Wang believed in providing Islamic works in Chinese-language versions instead of depending upon Arabic ones.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&dq=ma+anliang&q=wooden+tablet#v=snippet&q=wang%20daiyu%20arabic%20chinese%20linguistic&f=false|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=38|isbn=0-7007-1026-4|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
His descendants followed in this field. As a child, Wang Daiyu learned from his father. Later, he studied under Ma Junshi from [[Nanjing]]. At the age of 20, he began studying [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and an intensive investigation of the writings of [[Confucianism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Daoism]], as well as other miscellaneous teachings. In the fifteenth year of the reign of the [[Chongzhen Emperor]], he made a translation of ''Zhengjiao Zhenquan'' (正教真詮, "A True Explanation of the Right Religion"),<ref>http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp110_wuzong_emperor.pdf p. 8.</ref> in twenty "juan", and began the enterprise of translating the Islamic scriptures into Chinese. Later, he also wrote ''Qingzhen Da Xue'' (清真大學, "The Great learning of Islam") and ''Xizhen Zhengda'' (希真正答, "Rare and True Answers"). Within [[Islam in China|Chinese Islamic]] circles, he is known by the laudatory title, "Great Saint of the Qing Period." Wang believed in providing Islamic works in Chinese-language versions instead of depending upon Arabic ones.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&q=wang+daiyu+arabic+chinese+linguistic|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=38|isbn=0-7007-1026-4|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>


==Works==
==Works==
Wang was fluent in Chinese, Arabic, and Persian<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIUmU2ytmIIC&pg=PA118&dq=wang+daiyu+arab&hl=en&ei=DsbhTYOfF9ScgQfs18muBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=wang%20daiyu%20arab&f=false|title=Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia|author1=Tan Ta Sen |author2=Dasheng Chen |year=2000|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|location=|page=118|isbn=981-230-837-7|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> He studied Confucianism extensively and used it to explain Islam.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UyHYAAAAMAAJ&q=wang+daiyu+arab&dq=wang+daiyu+arab&hl=en&ei=XMfhTfmKJoLY0QHl7uyVBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBw|title=Islam and Confucianism: a civilizational dialogue|author=Gek Nai Cheng|editor=Osman Bakar|year=1997|publisher=Published and distributed for the Centre for Civilizational Dialogue of University of Malaya by University of Malaya Press|location=|page=75|isbn=983-100-038-2|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Lp8tgr3esC&pg=PA27&dq=wang+daiyu+arab&hl=en&ei=IcrhTbKdKab00gHkvvGKBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Muslims in China|author=Aliya Ma Lynn|year=2007|publisher=University Press|location=|page=27|isbn=0-88093-861-7|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
Wang was fluent in Chinese, Persian, and Arabic.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIUmU2ytmIIC&q=wang+daiyu+arab&pg=PA118|title=Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia|author1=Tan Ta Sen |author2=Dasheng Chen |year=2000|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|page=118|isbn=981-230-837-7|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Murata|first=Sachiko|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9aEDgAAQBAJ&q=%22Wang+Daiyu%22+%22persian%22&pg=PA4|title=The First Islamic Classic in Chinese: Wang Daiyu's Real Commentary on the True Teaching|date=2017-03-27|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-6507-4|language=en}}</ref> He studied Confucianism extensively and used it to explain Islam.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UyHYAAAAMAAJ&q=wang+daiyu+arab|title=Islam and Confucianism: a civilizational dialogue|author=Gek Nai Cheng|editor=Osman Bakar|year=1997|publisher=Published and distributed for the Centre for Civilizational Dialogue of University of Malaya by University of Malaya Press|page=75|isbn=983-100-038-2|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Lp8tgr3esC&q=wang+daiyu+arab&pg=PA27|title=Muslims in China|author=Aliya Ma Lynn|year=2007|publisher=University Press|page=27|isbn=978-0-88093-861-7|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>


Wang wrote "The Real Commentary", in which he uses Chinese Classical texts to explain Islam, since Chinese speakers couldn't read original Islamic texts in other languages. He is most critical of Buddhism and Taoism, while citing Confucian ideas which agreed with Islam in order to explain it.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVFDIPIv3ZgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Chinese+gleams+of+sufi+light:+Wang+Tai-y%C3%BC's+great+learning+of+the+pure&hl=en&src=bmrr&ei=2bHhTb-FPKbm0QHx2q3DBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=longest%20work%20wang%20confucians%20taoists%20and%20buddhists%20the%20real%20commentary&f=false|title=Chinese gleams of sufi light: Wang Tai-yü's great learning of the pure and real and Liu Chih's Displaying the concealment of the real realm ; with a new translation of Jāmī's Lawāʼiḥ from the Persian by William C. Chittick|author=Sachiko Murata, William C. Chittick, Jāmī, Daiyu Wang, Tai-yü Wang, Chih Liu|year=2000|edition=|publisher=SUNY Press|location=|page=22|isbn=0-7914-4637-9|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref>
Wang wrote "The Real Commentary", in which he uses Chinese Classical texts to explain Islam, since Chinese speakers couldn't read original Islamic texts in other languages. He is most critical of Buddhism and Taoism, while citing Confucian ideas which agreed with Islam in order to explain it.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVFDIPIv3ZgC&q=longest+work+wang+confucians+taoists+and+buddhists+the+real+commentary|title=Chinese gleams of sufi light: Wang Tai-yü's great learning of the pure and real and Liu Chih's Displaying the concealment of the real realm; with a new translation of Jāmī's Lawāʼiḥ from the Persian by William C. Chittick|author=Sachiko Murata, William C. Chittick, Jāmī, Daiyu Wang, Tai-yü Wang, Chih Liu|year=2000|publisher=SUNY Press|page=22|isbn=0-7914-4637-9|access-date=2011-05-21}}</ref>


Wang wrote about Islam in the Chinese language and in a Confucian context, not to convert non Muslim Chinese to Islam, but to help Muslims in China understand Islam, since the majority of them spoke Chinese at his time.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVFDIPIv3ZgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Chinese+gleams+of+sufi+light:+Wang+Tai-y%C3%BC's+great+learning+of+the+pure&hl=en&src=bmrr&ei=2bHhTb-FPKbm0QHx2q3DBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=bulk%20of%20them%20spoke%20chinese&f=false|title=Chinese gleams of sufi light: Wang Tai-yü's great learning of the pure and real and Liu Chih's Displaying the concealment of the real realm ; with a new translation of Jāmī's Lawāʼiḥ from the Persian by William C. Chittick|author=Sachiko Murata, William C. Chittick, Jāmī, Daiyu Wang, Tai-yü Wang, Chih Liu|year=2000|edition=|publisher=SUNY Press|location=|page=4|isbn=0-7914-4637-9|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref>
Wang wrote about Islam in the Chinese language and in a Confucian context, not to convert non Muslim Chinese to Islam, but to help Muslims in China understand Islam, since the majority of them spoke Chinese at his time.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVFDIPIv3ZgC&q=bulk+of+them+spoke+chinese|title=Chinese gleams of sufi light: Wang Tai-yü's great learning of the pure and real and Liu Chih's Displaying the concealment of the real realm; with a new translation of Jāmī's Lawāʼiḥ from the Persian by William C. Chittick|author=Sachiko Murata, William C. Chittick, Jāmī, Daiyu Wang, Tai-yü Wang, Chih Liu|year=2000|publisher=SUNY Press|page=4|isbn=0-7914-4637-9|access-date=2011-05-21}}</ref>


Wang also used the Chinese language and Confucianism to explain Islam to non Muslim Han Chinese in addition to Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=R8ThTeD4AoXJgQef97itBg&ct=result&id=0jMOAQAAMAAJ&dq=Wang+Daiyu%27s+teachings+were+greatly+influenced+by+Confucian+ideas+and+by+the+language+of+Confucianism.+He+was+writing+for+a+Muslim+constituency+that+had+virtually+lost+its+ability+to+read+Arabic+or+Persian%2C+and+also+for+a+Han+Chinese&q=arabic+han+chinese+inform|title=Encyclopedia of religion, Volume 7|author=Lindsay Jones|editor=Lindsay Jones|year=2005|edition=2, illustrated|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|location=|page=4632|isbn=0-02-865740-3|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref>
Wang also used the Chinese language and Confucianism to explain Islam to non Muslim Han Chinese in addition to Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jMOAQAAMAAJ&q=arabic+han+chinese+inform|title=Encyclopedia of religion, Volume 7|author=Lindsay Jones|editor=Lindsay Jones|year=2005|edition=2, illustrated|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|page=4632|isbn=0-02-865740-3|access-date=2011-05-21}}</ref>


Wang Daiyu's works eventually became part of the Chinese Islamic text the [[Han Kitab]], along with other Muslim scholars from eastern China like [[Liu Zhi (scholar)]], and Ma Zhu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvDOudr5M6MC&pg=PA103&dq=wang+daiyu+arab&hl=en&ei=FsjhTdz_MeL00gHWqrm7Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Remapping China: fissures in historical terrain|author=Gail Hershatter|year=1996|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford California|page=103|isbn=0-8047-2509-8|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
Wang Daiyu's works eventually became part of the Chinese Islamic text the [[Han Kitab]], along with other Muslim scholars from eastern China like [[Liu Zhi (scholar)|Liu Zhi]], and [[Ma Zhu]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvDOudr5M6MC&q=wang+daiyu+arab&pg=PA103|title=Remapping China: fissures in historical terrain|author=Gail Hershatter|year=1996|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford California|page=103|isbn=0-8047-2509-8|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ma Zhu]]
* [[Yusuf Ma Dexin]]
* [[Liu Zhi (scholar)]]
* [[List of Hanafis]]
* [[List of Ash'aris and Maturidis]]
* [[List of Muslim theologians]]


==References==
==References==
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*[http://kias.sakura.ne.jp/ibnarabi/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B2%B1%E8%BC%BF 王岱輿 CDSIA]
*[http://kias.sakura.ne.jp/ibnarabi/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B2%B1%E8%BC%BF 王岱輿 CDSIA]


{{Portal bar|Biography|Islam|Philosophy|China}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Wang, Daiyu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wang, Daiyu}}
[[Category:16th-century Chinese people]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:17th-century Chinese people]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:17th-century Muslim theologians]]
[[Category:Shaykh al-Islāms]]
[[Category:Sunni Sufis]]
[[Category:Sunni imams]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty scholars]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty scholars]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty translators]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty translators]]
[[Category:Hui people]]
[[Category:Hui people]]
[[Category:Chinese Muslims]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty Muslims]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty Muslims]]
[[Category:Chinese people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty translators]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty translators]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Writers from Nanjing]]
[[Category:Writers from Nanjing]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:16th-century Chinese writers]]
[[Category:16th-century Chinese male writers]]
[[Category:17th-century Chinese writers]]
[[Category:1585 births]]
[[Category:1658 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Chinese astronomers]]
[[Category:17th-century Chinese translators]]

Revision as of 02:45, 18 August 2024

Wáng Dàiyú (simplified Chinese: 王岱舆; traditional Chinese: 王岱輿; pinyin: Wáng Dàiyú; Wade–Giles: Wang Tai-yü, Xiao'erjing: ٔوْا دَﻰْ ﻳُﻮْ) (ca. 1570 - ca. 1660) was a Chinese Hanafi-Maturidi[1][2] (Hui) scholar of Arab descent.[3] His given name was Ya, style name Daiyu. He called himself Zhenhui Laoren 真回老人 ("The True Old Man of Islam") and went by his style name.

Life

His earliest ancestor in the early Ming period came to China in the retinue of a Tributary Emissary from the West (the Arabian Peninsula). Because he was adept at the art of astronomy and calculating calendars, he held the office of Master Supervisor of the Imperial Observatory, and was granted a residence in Lu Fei Lane (present day South Hong Wu Street) in Nanjing.[4]

Philosophy

His descendants followed in this field. As a child, Wang Daiyu learned from his father. Later, he studied under Ma Junshi from Nanjing. At the age of 20, he began studying Chinese and an intensive investigation of the writings of Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, as well as other miscellaneous teachings. In the fifteenth year of the reign of the Chongzhen Emperor, he made a translation of Zhengjiao Zhenquan (正教真詮, "A True Explanation of the Right Religion"),[5] in twenty "juan", and began the enterprise of translating the Islamic scriptures into Chinese. Later, he also wrote Qingzhen Da Xue (清真大學, "The Great learning of Islam") and Xizhen Zhengda (希真正答, "Rare and True Answers"). Within Chinese Islamic circles, he is known by the laudatory title, "Great Saint of the Qing Period." Wang believed in providing Islamic works in Chinese-language versions instead of depending upon Arabic ones.[6]

Works

Wang was fluent in Chinese, Persian, and Arabic.[7][8] He studied Confucianism extensively and used it to explain Islam.[9][10]

Wang wrote "The Real Commentary", in which he uses Chinese Classical texts to explain Islam, since Chinese speakers couldn't read original Islamic texts in other languages. He is most critical of Buddhism and Taoism, while citing Confucian ideas which agreed with Islam in order to explain it.[11]

Wang wrote about Islam in the Chinese language and in a Confucian context, not to convert non Muslim Chinese to Islam, but to help Muslims in China understand Islam, since the majority of them spoke Chinese at his time.[12]

Wang also used the Chinese language and Confucianism to explain Islam to non Muslim Han Chinese in addition to Muslims.[13]

Wang Daiyu's works eventually became part of the Chinese Islamic text the Han Kitab, along with other Muslim scholars from eastern China like Liu Zhi, and Ma Zhu.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ "الماتريدية وآثارها في الفكر الإنساني بدول طريق الحرير.. الصين نموذجًا". Alfaisal Magazine.
  2. ^ "الحنفية الماتريدية في بلاد الصين". midad.com. 4 January 2020.
  3. ^ Yip, Ho, Wai. "Wang Daiyu".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 36. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  5. ^ http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp110_wuzong_emperor.pdf p. 8.
  6. ^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  7. ^ Tan Ta Sen; Dasheng Chen (2000). Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 118. ISBN 981-230-837-7. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  8. ^ Murata, Sachiko (2017-03-27). The First Islamic Classic in Chinese: Wang Daiyu's Real Commentary on the True Teaching. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-6507-4.
  9. ^ Gek Nai Cheng (1997). Osman Bakar (ed.). Islam and Confucianism: a civilizational dialogue. Published and distributed for the Centre for Civilizational Dialogue of University of Malaya by University of Malaya Press. p. 75. ISBN 983-100-038-2. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  10. ^ Aliya Ma Lynn (2007). Muslims in China. University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-88093-861-7. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  11. ^ Sachiko Murata, William C. Chittick, Jāmī, Daiyu Wang, Tai-yü Wang, Chih Liu (2000). Chinese gleams of sufi light: Wang Tai-yü's great learning of the pure and real and Liu Chih's Displaying the concealment of the real realm; with a new translation of Jāmī's Lawāʼiḥ from the Persian by William C. Chittick. SUNY Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-7914-4637-9. Retrieved 2011-05-21.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Sachiko Murata, William C. Chittick, Jāmī, Daiyu Wang, Tai-yü Wang, Chih Liu (2000). Chinese gleams of sufi light: Wang Tai-yü's great learning of the pure and real and Liu Chih's Displaying the concealment of the real realm; with a new translation of Jāmī's Lawāʼiḥ from the Persian by William C. Chittick. SUNY Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-7914-4637-9. Retrieved 2011-05-21.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Lindsay Jones (2005). Lindsay Jones (ed.). Encyclopedia of religion, Volume 7 (2, illustrated ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. p. 4632. ISBN 0-02-865740-3. Retrieved 2011-05-21.
  14. ^ Gail Hershatter (1996). Remapping China: fissures in historical terrain. Stanford California: Stanford University Press. p. 103. ISBN 0-8047-2509-8. Retrieved 2010-06-28.