Mark Hatfield: Difference between revisions
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{{short description| |
{{short description|Governor of Oregon and US senator (1922–2011)}} |
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{{for|the Georgia politician|Mark Hatfield (Georgia politician)}} |
{{for|the Georgia politician|Mark Hatfield (Georgia politician)}} |
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{{good article}} |
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|name = Mark Hatfield |
|name = Mark Hatfield |
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|image = Mark O. Hatfield.png |
|image = Mark O. Hatfield.png |
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|caption |
|caption = Official portrait, {{circa|1990s}} |
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|office = Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Appropriations|Senate Appropriations Committee]] |
|office = Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Appropriations|Senate Appropriations Committee]] |
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|term_start = January 3, 1995 |
|term_start = January 3, 1995 |
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|branch = {{flag|United States Navy}} |
|branch = {{flag|United States Navy}} |
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|rank = [[Lieutenant (junior grade)]] |
|rank = [[Lieutenant (junior grade)]] |
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|serviceyears = |
|serviceyears = 1943–1947 |
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|battles = [[World War II]]<br />{{*}}[[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]] |
|battles = [[World War II]]<br />{{*}}[[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]] |
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|module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Sen. Mark Hatfield Introduces Donald Hodel at his Confirmation Hearing to be Secretary of the Interior.ogg|title=Mark Hatfield's voice|type=speech|description=Hatfield introduces [[Donald P. Hodel]] at his confirmation hearing to be [[United States Secretary of the Interior|United States secretary of the interior]].<br />Recorded February 1, 1985.}} |
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'''Mark Odom Hatfield''' (July 12, 1922 – August 7, 2011) was an American politician and educator from the state of [[Oregon]]. A [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], he served |
'''Mark Odom Hatfield''' (July 12, 1922 – August 7, 2011) was an American politician and educator from the state of [[Oregon]]. A [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], he served eight years as Governor of Oregon, followed by 30 years as one of its [[United States senator]]s, including time as chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee. A native Oregonian, he served in the [[United States Navy]] in the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]] during [[World War II]] after graduating from [[Willamette University]]. After the war he earned a graduate degree from [[Stanford University]] before returning to Oregon and Willamette as a professor. |
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While still teaching, Hatfield served in both houses of the [[Oregon Legislative Assembly]]. He won election to the [[Oregon Secretary of State]]'s office at the age of 34 and two years later was elected as the [[List of governors of Oregon|29th Governor of Oregon]]. He was the youngest person to |
While still teaching, Hatfield served in both houses of the [[Oregon Legislative Assembly]]. He won election to the [[Oregon Secretary of State]]'s office at the age of 34 and two years later was elected as the [[List of governors of Oregon|29th Governor of Oregon]]. He was the youngest person to serve in either of those offices, and served two terms as governor before election to the [[United States Senate]]. In the Senate he served for thirty years, the longest tenure of any Senator from Oregon. At the time of his retirement, he was [[List of United States senators in the 104th Congress by seniority|seventh most senior Senator]] and the second most senior Republican. In 1968, he was considered a candidate to be [[Richard Nixon]]'s running mate for the Republican Party presidential ticket. |
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Hatfield served as [[United States Senate Committee on Appropriations|Chairman of the Senate Committee on Appropriations]] on two occasions. With this role, he was able to direct funding to Oregon and research-related projects. Numerous Oregon institutions, buildings and facilities are named in his honor, including the [[Mark O. Hatfield United States Courthouse]] in [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], the [[Mark O. Hatfield Library]] at [[Willamette University]] (his [[alma mater]]), the [[Hatfield Government Center (MAX station)|Hatfield Government Center]] light-rail station in [[Hillsboro, Oregon|Hillsboro]], the Mark O. Hatfield School of Government in the College of Urban and Public Affairs at [[Portland State University]], and the [[Hatfield Marine Science Center]] in [[Newport, Oregon|Newport]]. Outside of Oregon, a research center at the [[National Institutes of Health]] |
Hatfield served as [[United States Senate Committee on Appropriations|Chairman of the Senate Committee on Appropriations]] on two occasions. With this role, he was able to direct funding to Oregon and research-related projects. Numerous Oregon institutions, buildings and facilities are named in his honor, including the [[Mark O. Hatfield United States Courthouse]] in [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], the [[Mark O. Hatfield Library]] at [[Willamette University]] (his [[alma mater]]), the [[Hatfield Government Center (MAX station)|Hatfield Government Center]] light-rail station in [[Hillsboro, Oregon|Hillsboro]], the Mark O. Hatfield School of Government in the College of Urban and Public Affairs at [[Portland State University]], and the [[Hatfield Marine Science Center]] in [[Newport, Oregon|Newport]]. Outside of Oregon, a research center at the [[National Institutes of Health]] was after him for his support of medical research while in the Senate. Hatfield died in Portland on August 7, 2011, after a long illness. |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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Hatfield was born in [[Dallas, Oregon]], on July 12, 1922,<ref name="congbio">{{cite web|title=Hatfield, Mark Odom|work=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000343|publisher=United States Congress|access-date=April 13, 2007|archive-date=December 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210080522/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000343|url-status=live}}</ref> the only son of Dovie E. (Odom) Hatfield, a schoolteacher, and Charles Dolen Hatfield, a [[blacksmith]] for the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]].<ref name=lonely>{{cite book|first1=Robert|last1=Eells|first2=Bartell|last2=Nyberg.|title=''Lonely Walk: The Life of Senator Mark Hatfield''|location=Chappaqua, New York|publisher=Christian Herald Books|year=1979|pages=19–20}}</ref> Hatfield's father was from California and his mother from [[Tennessee]].<ref name=lonely/> When he was five years old, his maternal grandmother took over the household while his mother, Dovie attended Oregon State |
Hatfield was born in [[Dallas, Oregon]], on July 12, 1922,<ref name="congbio">{{cite web|title=Hatfield, Mark Odom|work=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000343|publisher=United States Congress|access-date=April 13, 2007|archive-date=December 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210080522/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000343|url-status=live}}</ref> the only son of Dovie E. (Odom) Hatfield, a schoolteacher, and Charles Dolen Hatfield, a [[blacksmith]] for the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]].<ref name=lonely>{{cite book|first1=Robert|last1=Eells|first2=Bartell|last2=Nyberg.|title=''Lonely Walk: The Life of Senator Mark Hatfield''|location=Chappaqua, New York|publisher=Christian Herald Books|year=1979|pages=19–20}}</ref> Hatfield's father was from California and his mother from [[Tennessee]].<ref name=lonely/> When he was five years old, his maternal grandmother took over the household while his mother, Dovie attended [[Oregon State University|Oregon State College]] and graduated with a teaching degree after four years.<ref name=lonely/> Dovie taught school in Dallas for two years before the family moved to [[Salem, Oregon|Salem]], where she taught junior high school.<ref name=lonely/> |
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Encouraged by his mother, Hatfield's first experience with politics came at the age of 10, when he campaigned in his neighborhood for President [[Herbert Hoover]]'s 1932 re-election campaign.<ref name=retire>Walth, Brent. "Mark of distinction". ''[[The Oregonian]]'', December 29, 1996.</ref> In the late 1930s Hatfield worked as a tour guide at the new [[Oregon State Capitol|Oregon State Capitol Building]] in Salem, using his key to enter the governor's office, where he sat in the governor's chair.<ref name=retire/> |
Encouraged by his mother, Hatfield's first experience with politics came at the age of 10, when he campaigned in his neighborhood for President [[Herbert Hoover]]'s 1932 re-election campaign.<ref name=retire>Walth, Brent. "Mark of distinction". ''[[The Oregonian]]'', December 29, 1996.</ref> In the late 1930s Hatfield worked as a tour guide at the new [[Oregon State Capitol|Oregon State Capitol Building]] in Salem, using his key to enter the governor's office, where he sat in the governor's chair.<ref name=retire/> |
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On June 10, 1940, the 17-year-old Hatfield, driving his mother's car, struck and killed a pedestrian, Alice Marie Lane, as she crossed the street.<ref name=osc>''Lane v. Hatfield'', 173 Or. 79, 143 P.2d 230 (1943).</ref> Hatfield was not held criminally liable for the crash, but was found civilly liable to the family.<ref name=gov1958/> The case made its way to the [[Oregon Supreme Court]] in 1943, with the court affirming the trial court's decision.<ref name=osc/> |
On June 10, 1940, the 17-year-old Hatfield, driving his mother's car, struck and killed a pedestrian, Alice Marie Lane, as she crossed the street.<ref name=osc>''Lane v. Hatfield'', 173 Or. 79, 143 P.2d 230 (1943).</ref> Hatfield was not held criminally liable for the crash, but was found civilly liable to the family.<ref name=gov1958/> The case made its way to the [[Oregon Supreme Court]] in 1943, with the court affirming the trial court's decision.<ref name=osc/> |
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Hatfield graduated from |
Hatfield graduated from [[North Salem High School (Salem, Oregon)|Salem High School]] in 1940 and then enrolled at [[Willamette University]], also in Salem.<ref>16 grads to enter North's hall of fame. ''[[Statesman Journal]]'', April 8, 2006.</ref> While attending Willamette, Hatfield became a brother of [[Alpha Phi Omega]] and Kappa Gamma Rho, which he later helped become a chapter of [[Beta Theta Pi]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.willamette.edu/scene/2005/fall/28/ |title= All in the Family |date= Fall 2005 |work= The Scene |access-date= August 8, 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120331012232/http://www.willamette.edu/scene/2005/fall/28/ |archive-date= March 31, 2012 }}</ref> (In 1964, Hatfield was elected to the National position of Third Vice President of Alpha Phi Omega).<ref>[http://www.apoarchive.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/FEBRUARY_1965.pdf Alpha Phi Omega Torch and Trefoil Magazine, February 1965]</ref> In college he also worked part-time for then Oregon Secretary of State [[Earl Snell]], where he learned how to build a political base by sending out messages to potential voters after reading about life changes posted in newspapers, such as deaths and graduations.<ref name=retire/> He also sketched out a political career path beginning with the state legislature and culminating in a spot in the United States Senate, with a blank for any position beyond the Senate.<ref name=retire/> Hatfield graduated from Willamette in 1943 with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree after three years at the school.<ref name="congbio"/> While at the school he lost his only election, for student body president.<ref>Eells, p. 22.</ref> |
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Hatfield joined the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] after graduation,<ref name="congbio"/> taking part in the [[World War II]] battles at [[Battle of Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]] and [[Battle of Okinawa|Okinawa]] as a [[landing craft]] officer where he witnessed the carnage of the war.<ref name=retire/> A [[lieutenant]], he also witnessed the effects of the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombing of Hiroshima]], as one of the first Americans to see the ruins of the city (later, as Senator, Hatfield opposed arms proliferation and the [[Vietnam War]]).<ref name=retire/><ref name=record/> After Japan, he served in [[French Indochina]], where he witnessed firsthand the wealth divide between the peasant Vietnamese and the colonial French bourgeoisie.<ref name=retire/> After his discharge as a [[Lieutenant (junior grade)]],<ref>{{cite book |date=1964 |title=1964 Yearbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ophMAAAAYAAJ&q=mark+hatfield+navy+lieutenant+junior+grade |location=Indianapolis, IN |publisher=[[North American Interfraternity Conference|National Interfraternity Conference]] |page=5 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> he spent one year at [[Willamette University College of Law|Willamette's law school]], but decided politics or teaching better suited him.<ref name=teaching>[Mark Hatfield]. ''[[Statesman Journal]]'', March 28, 2004.</ref><ref>Eells, p. 24.</ref> |
Hatfield joined the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] after graduation,<ref name="congbio"/> taking part in the [[World War II]] battles at [[Battle of Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]] and [[Battle of Okinawa|Okinawa]] as a [[landing craft]] officer where he witnessed the carnage of the war.<ref name=retire/> A [[lieutenant]], he also witnessed the effects of the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombing of Hiroshima]], as one of the first Americans to see the ruins of the city (later, as Senator, Hatfield opposed arms proliferation and the [[Vietnam War]]).<ref name=retire/><ref name=record/> After Japan, he served in [[French Indochina]], where he witnessed firsthand the wealth divide between the peasant Vietnamese and the colonial French bourgeoisie.<ref name=retire/> After his discharge as a [[Lieutenant (junior grade)]],<ref>{{cite book |date=1964 |title=1964 Yearbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ophMAAAAYAAJ&q=mark+hatfield+navy+lieutenant+junior+grade |location=Indianapolis, IN |publisher=[[North American Interfraternity Conference|National Interfraternity Conference]] |page=5 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> he spent one year at [[Willamette University College of Law|Willamette's law school]], but decided politics or teaching better suited him.<ref name=teaching>[Mark Hatfield]. ''[[Statesman Journal]]'', March 28, 2004.</ref><ref>Eells, p. 24.</ref> |
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Governor Mark O. Hatfield (R-OR).jpg|thumb|Hatfield as Governor of Oregon]] --> |
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Governor Mark O. Hatfield (R-OR).jpg|thumb|Hatfield as Governor of Oregon]] --> |
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[[File:Mark Hatfield 1950.jpg|thumb|Hatfield in 1950]] |
[[File:Mark Hatfield 1950.jpg|thumb|Hatfield in 1950]] |
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Mark Hatfield's career in public office spanned five decades as he held office in both the legislative and executive branches of Oregon's state government, including two terms as governor.<ref name=retire/> On the national stage he became the longest serving [[List of United States Senators from Oregon|U.S. Senator from Oregon]] and a candidate for the [[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets|Republican |
Mark Hatfield's career in public office spanned five decades as he held office in both the legislative and executive branches of Oregon's state government, including two terms as governor.<ref name=retire/> On the national stage he became the longest serving [[List of United States Senators from Oregon|U.S. Senator from Oregon]] and a candidate for the [[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets|Republican vice presidential nomination]] in 1968. In the U.S. Senate he would twice serve as chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Appropriations|Appropriations Committee]], and twice be investigated for possible ethics violations.<ref name=retire/> |
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===Oregon=== |
===Oregon=== |
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While in college he saw firsthand the discrimination against African Americans in Salem when he was tasked by his fraternity, Alpha Phi Omega, after a dinner with driving their guest, black artist [[Paul Robeson]] back to Portland, as African Americans were prohibited from staying in hotels in Salem.<ref name=retire/> In 1953, he introduced and passed legislation in the House that prohibited discrimination based on race in public accommodations before federal legislation and court decisions did so on a national level.<ref name=retire/> In 1954, Hatfield ran and won a seat in the [[Oregon State Senate]] representing Marion County.<ref>[https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/Pages/records/legislators_guide.aspx Oregon Legislative Assembly (48th) 1955 Regular Session.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518034357/https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/Pages/records/legislators_guide.aspx |date=2019-05-18 }} Oregon State Archives. Retrieved on March 4, 2008.</ref> While in the legislature, he continued to apply the grassroots strategy he learned from Earl Snell, but expanded it to cover the entire state to increase his political base.<ref name=retire/> |
While in college he saw firsthand the discrimination against African Americans in Salem when he was tasked by his fraternity, Alpha Phi Omega, after a dinner with driving their guest, black artist [[Paul Robeson]] back to Portland, as African Americans were prohibited from staying in hotels in Salem.<ref name=retire/> In 1953, he introduced and passed legislation in the House that prohibited discrimination based on race in public accommodations before federal legislation and court decisions did so on a national level.<ref name=retire/> In 1954, Hatfield ran and won a seat in the [[Oregon State Senate]] representing Marion County.<ref>[https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/Pages/records/legislators_guide.aspx Oregon Legislative Assembly (48th) 1955 Regular Session.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518034357/https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/Pages/records/legislators_guide.aspx |date=2019-05-18 }} Oregon State Archives. Retrieved on March 4, 2008.</ref> While in the legislature, he continued to apply the grassroots strategy he learned from Earl Snell, but expanded it to cover the entire state to increase his political base.<ref name=retire/> |
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[[File:State Representative Hatfield 1953.jpg|thumb|right|Hatfield as a State Representative in 1953]] |
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After serving in the state senate,<ref name="congbio"/> he became the youngest [[Oregon Secretary of State|secretary of state]] in Oregon history after winning election in 1956 at age 34. Hatfield defeated fellow state senator [[Monroe Sweetland]] for the office, receiving 51.3% of the vote in the November general election.<ref name=election1956>Swarthout, John M. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/444252 The 1956 Election in Oregon.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026032141/https://www.jstor.org/stable/444252 |date=2018-10-26 }} ''The Western Political Quarterly'', Vol. 10, No. 1. (March, 1957), pp. 142-150.</ref> He took office on January 7, 1957, and remained until he resigned on January 12, 1959.<ref name=sos>[http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/RecordView/7589712 Oregon Blue Book: Secretary of State Agency History, page 16.] Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved on April 28, 2021.</ref> |
After serving in the state senate,<ref name="congbio"/> he became the youngest [[Oregon Secretary of State|secretary of state]] in Oregon history after winning election in 1956 at age 34. Hatfield defeated fellow state senator [[Monroe Sweetland]] for the office, receiving 51.3% of the vote in the November general election.<ref name=election1956>Swarthout, John M. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/444252 The 1956 Election in Oregon.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026032141/https://www.jstor.org/stable/444252 |date=2018-10-26 }} ''The Western Political Quarterly'', Vol. 10, No. 1. (March, 1957), pp. 142-150.</ref> He took office on January 7, 1957, and remained until he resigned on January 12, 1959.<ref name=sos>[http://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/RecordView/7589712 Oregon Blue Book: Secretary of State Agency History, page 16.] Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved on April 28, 2021.</ref> |
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For his first run for [[Governor of Oregon]] in 1958, the Republican Party opposed his candidacy going into the primary election.<ref name=retire/> The large political base he had cultivated allowed him to win the party's primary despite the party's opposition.<ref name=retire/> In the primary he defeated [[Oregon State Treasurer]] Sig Unander for the Republican nomination.<ref name=gov1958>Swarthout, John M. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/444061 "The 1958 Election in Oregon."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413175538/http://www.jstor.org/stable/444061 |date=2016-04-13 }} ''The Western Political Quarterly'', Vol. 12, No. 1, Part 2. (March, 1959), pp. 328-344.</ref> In July 1958, after the primary election, Hatfield married Antoinette Kuzmanich, a counselor at Portland State College (now [[Portland State University]]).<ref name=gov1958/> The marriage during the campaign drew some attention as the Catholic Kuzmanich converted to Hatfield's Baptist religion.<ref name=gov1958/> They had four children: Elizabeth, Mark Jr., Theresa and Charles ("Visko"). He continued his campaign for the governor's office after the wedding, but avoided most public appearances with fellow Republican candidates for office and did not mention them during his campaign, despite requests by other Republicans for joint appearances.<ref name=gov1958/> |
For his first run for [[Governor of Oregon]] in 1958, the Republican Party opposed his candidacy going into the primary election.<ref name=retire/> The large political base he had cultivated allowed him to win the party's primary despite the party's opposition.<ref name=retire/> In the primary he defeated [[Oregon State Treasurer]] [[Sig Unander]] for the Republican nomination.<ref name=gov1958>Swarthout, John M. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/444061 "The 1958 Election in Oregon."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413175538/http://www.jstor.org/stable/444061 |date=2016-04-13 }} ''The Western Political Quarterly'', Vol. 12, No. 1, Part 2. (March, 1959), pp. 328-344.</ref> In July 1958, after the primary election, Hatfield married Antoinette Kuzmanich, a counselor at Portland State College (now [[Portland State University]]).<ref name=gov1958/> The marriage during the campaign drew some attention as the Catholic Kuzmanich converted to Hatfield's Baptist religion.<ref name=gov1958/> They had four children: Elizabeth, Mark Jr., Theresa and Charles ("Visko"). He continued his campaign for the governor's office after the wedding, but avoided most public appearances with fellow Republican candidates for office and did not mention them during his campaign, despite requests by other Republicans for joint appearances.<ref name=gov1958/> |
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In the November general election Hatfield faced Democratic incumbent [[Robert D. Holmes]].<ref name=gov1958/> In the final days of the campaign U.S. Senator [[Wayne Morse]], a Democrat, implied Hatfield lied in his trial regarding the deadly car accident when he was 17.<ref>Cross, Travis. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/443997 "The 1958 Hatfield Campaign in Oregon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205516/http://www.jstor.org/stable/443997 |date=2016-03-04 }}. ''The Western Political Quarterly'', Vol. 12, No. 2 (June, 1959), Western Political Science Association. pp. 568-571.</ref> This tactic backfired as the press denounced the comments, as did Holmes and other Democrats.<ref name=gov1958/> Hatfield defeated Holmes, winning 55.3% of the vote in the election.<ref name=gov1958/> That same election saw the Democratic Party gain a majority in both chambers of the state legislature for the first time since 1878.<ref name=gov1958/> Holmes' defeat was attributed in part to the image and charisma portrayed by Hatfield and in part due to the campaign issues such as the declining economy, increased taxation, capital punishment, labor, and education.<ref name=gov1958/> After the election, Holmes attempted to appoint David O'Hara as Secretary of State to replace Hatfield, who would have to resign to become governor.<ref name=gov1958/> Hatfield appointed [[Howell Appling, Jr.]] to the office,<ref name=sos/> and O'Hara challenged the appointment in state court. The [[Oregon Supreme Court]] ruled in favor of Hatfield on the [[Oregon Constitution|constitutional issue]], with the appointment of Appling confirmed.<ref>''State ex rel. O'Hara v. Appling'', 215 Or. 303, 334 P.2d 482 (1959)</ref> He was the youngest governor in the history of Oregon at that point in time at the age of 36.<ref name=gov1958/> |
In the November general election Hatfield faced Democratic incumbent [[Robert D. Holmes]].<ref name=gov1958/> In the final days of the campaign U.S. Senator [[Wayne Morse]], a Democrat, implied Hatfield lied in his trial regarding the deadly car accident when he was 17.<ref>Cross, Travis. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/443997 "The 1958 Hatfield Campaign in Oregon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205516/http://www.jstor.org/stable/443997 |date=2016-03-04 }}. ''The Western Political Quarterly'', Vol. 12, No. 2 (June, 1959), Western Political Science Association. pp. 568-571.</ref> This tactic backfired as the press denounced the comments, as did Holmes and other Democrats.<ref name=gov1958/> Hatfield defeated Holmes in a landslide, winning 55.3% of the vote in the election.<ref name=gov1958/> That same election saw the Democratic Party gain a majority in both chambers of the state legislature for the first time since 1878.<ref name=gov1958/> Holmes' defeat was attributed in part to the image and charisma portrayed by Hatfield and in part due to the campaign issues such as the declining economy, increased taxation, capital punishment, labor, and education.<ref name=gov1958/> After the election, Holmes attempted to appoint David O'Hara as Secretary of State to replace Hatfield, who would have to resign to become governor.<ref name=gov1958/> Hatfield appointed [[Howell Appling, Jr.]] to the office,<ref name=sos/> and O'Hara challenged the appointment in state court. The [[Oregon Supreme Court]] ruled in favor of Hatfield on the [[Oregon Constitution|constitutional issue]], with the appointment of Appling confirmed.<ref>''State ex rel. O'Hara v. Appling'', 215 Or. 303, 334 P.2d 482 (1959)</ref> He was the youngest governor in the history of Oregon at that point in time at the age of 36.<ref name=gov1958/> |
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In 1962 Hatfield had been considered a possible candidate to run against Morse for his Senate seat, but Hatfield instead ran for re-election.<ref name=gov1962>Balmer, Donald G. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/444960 "The 1962 Election in Oregon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103233809/http://www.jstor.org/stable/444960 |date=2016-11-03 }}. ''The Western Political Quarterly'', Vol. 16, No. 2, A Symposium: The 1962 Elections in the West (June, 1963), Western Political Science Association. pp. 453-459.</ref> He faced [[Oregon Attorney General]] [[Robert Y. Thornton]] in the general election, winning with 345,497 votes to Thornton's 265,359.<ref name=gov1962/> He became the state's first two-term governor in the 20th century when he was re-elected in 1962,<ref>{{cite web |title=House Report 104-587 – Designation of Mark O. Hatfield United States Courthouse |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/R?cp104:FLD010:@1(hr587) |access-date=April 13, 2007 |archive-date=December 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212054035/https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/104th-congress/house-report/587 |url-status=live }}</ref> and later became only the second governor up to that point in the state's history to serve two full-terms.<ref name=gov1958/> |
In 1962 Hatfield had been considered a possible candidate to run against Morse for his Senate seat, but Hatfield instead ran for re-election.<ref name=gov1962>Balmer, Donald G. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/444960 "The 1962 Election in Oregon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103233809/http://www.jstor.org/stable/444960 |date=2016-11-03 }}. ''The Western Political Quarterly'', Vol. 16, No. 2, A Symposium: The 1962 Elections in the West (June, 1963), Western Political Science Association. pp. 453-459.</ref> He faced [[Oregon Attorney General]] [[Robert Y. Thornton]] in the general election, winning with 345,497 votes to Thornton's 265,359.<ref name=gov1962/> He became the state's first two-term governor in the 20th century when he was re-elected in 1962,<ref>{{cite web |title=House Report 104-587 – Designation of Mark O. Hatfield United States Courthouse |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/R?cp104:FLD010:@1(hr587) |access-date=April 13, 2007 |archive-date=December 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212054035/https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/104th-congress/house-report/587 |url-status=live }}</ref> and later became only the second governor up to that point in the state's history to serve two full-terms.<ref name=gov1958/> |
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[[File:1964 Republican National Convention.jpg|thumb|left|The [[1964 Republican National Convention]] at the [[Cow Palace]], at which Hatfield spoke]] |
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⚫ | Hatfield gave the keynote speech at the [[1964 Republican National Convention]] in [[San Francisco]] that nominated [[Barry Goldwater]] and served as temporary chairman of the party during the convention.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Herbert|last=Waltzer|title=In the Magic Lantern: Television Coverage of the 1964 National Conventions |jstor= 2747369|journal=The Public Opinion Quarterly |volume=30 |number=1 |date= Spring 1966 |publisher=American Association for Public Opinion Research |pages= 33–53|doi=10.1086/267380}}</ref> He advocated a moderate approach for the party and opposed the extreme conservatism associated with Goldwater and his supporters.<ref name=retire/> He also was the only governor to vote against a resolution by the [[National Governors' Conference]] supporting the [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson Administration's]] policy on the [[Vietnam War]], as Hatfield opposed the war, but pledged "unqualified and complete support" for the troops.<ref name=timevietnam>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,840678,00.html The Viet Nam Race.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709085932/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,840678,00.html |date=2008-07-09 }} [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']], October 14, 1966.</ref> He preferred the use of [[economic sanctions]] to end the war.<ref name=timevietnam/> |
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⚫ | Hatfield gave the keynote speech at the [[1964 Republican National Convention]] in [[San Francisco]] that nominated [[Barry Goldwater]] and served as temporary chairman of the party during the convention.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Herbert|last=Waltzer|title=In the Magic Lantern: Television Coverage of the 1964 National Conventions |jstor= 2747369|journal=The Public Opinion Quarterly |volume=30 |number=1 |date= Spring 1966 |publisher=American Association for Public Opinion Research |pages= 33–53|doi=10.1086/267380}}</ref> He advocated a moderate approach for the party and opposed the [[extreme conservatism]] associated with Goldwater and his supporters.<ref name=retire/> He also was the only governor to vote against a resolution by the [[National Governors' Conference]] supporting the [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson Administration's]] policy on the [[Vietnam War]], as Hatfield opposed the war, but pledged "unqualified and complete support" for the troops.<ref name=timevietnam>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,840678,00.html The Viet Nam Race.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709085932/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,840678,00.html |date=2008-07-09 }} [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']], October 14, 1966.</ref> He preferred the use of [[economic sanctions]] to end the war.<ref name=timevietnam/> |
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Hatfield was a popular Governor who supported Oregon's traditional industries of timber and agriculture, but felt that in the postwar era expansion of industry and funding for transportation and education needed to be priorities.<ref>Hatfield, Mark O., and Diane N. Solomon. ''Against the Grain: Reflections of a Rebel Republican''. Ashland, OR: White Cloud Press, 2001. p. 105.</ref> While governor he worked to begin the diversification of the state's economy, such as recruiting industrial development and holding trade missions.<ref name=retire/> As part of the initiative, he helped to found the [[Oregon Graduate Center]] in what |
Hatfield was a popular Governor who supported Oregon's traditional industries of timber and agriculture, but felt that in the postwar era expansion of industry and funding for transportation and education needed to be priorities.<ref>Hatfield, Mark O., and Diane N. Solomon. ''Against the Grain: Reflections of a Rebel Republican''. Ashland, OR: White Cloud Press, 2001. p. 105.</ref> While governor he worked to begin the diversification of the state's economy, such as recruiting industrial development and holding trade missions.<ref name=retire/> As part of the initiative, he helped to found the [[Oregon Graduate Center]] in 1963 in what became the [[Silicon Forest]] in [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington County]].<ref name=ogc>Nelson, Bryce. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1721742 "Oregon Graduate Center: A New Portland Scientific Institution".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305114628/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1721742 |date=2016-03-05 }} ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', New Series, Vol. 157, No. 3793 (September 8, 1967), American Association for the Advancement of Science. pp. 1151-1154.</ref> A graduate level school in the Portland area ([[Portland State University|Portland State]] was still a college with no graduate programs at this time) was seen by business leaders as essential to attracting new industries and by [[Tektronix]] as needed to retain highly skilled workers.<ref name=ogc/> In lieu of the standard portrait for former governors, Hatfield is represented by a marble bust at the Oregon State Capitol.<ref name=retire/> |
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===National=== |
===National=== |
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Hatfield's re-election victory for governor in 1962 and successful Senate campaign in 1966 made him something of a national figure. In 1968, Hatfield was on [[Richard Nixon]]'s short list for [[vice president]],<ref name=retire/> and received the strong backing of his friend, the Rev. [[Billy Graham]].<ref>Graham, Billy. ''Just As I Am: The Autobiography of Billy Graham''. San Francisco: Harper SanFrancisco/Zondervan, 1999. p. 446.</ref> Hatfield was considered too liberal by many conservatives and Southern moderates, and Nixon chose the more centrist [[Maryland]] Governor [[Spiro Agnew]].<ref name=retire/> Hatfield would later find himself at odds with Nixon over Vietnam and other issues, including a threat by Hatfield to reduce funding for the [[White House]]'s legal department in 1973 during the [[Watergate Scandal]], after Nixon had failed to use funds appropriated for renovating dams on the [[Columbia River]].<ref name=retire/> |
Hatfield's re-election victory for governor in 1962 and successful Senate campaign in 1966 made him something of a national figure. In 1968, Hatfield was on [[Richard Nixon]]'s short list for [[vice president]],<ref name=retire/> and received the strong backing of his friend, the Rev. [[Billy Graham]].<ref>Graham, Billy. ''Just As I Am: The Autobiography of Billy Graham''. San Francisco: Harper SanFrancisco/Zondervan, 1999. p. 446.</ref> Hatfield was considered too liberal by many conservatives and Southern moderates, and Nixon chose the more centrist [[Maryland]] Governor [[Spiro Agnew]].<ref name=retire/> Hatfield would later find himself at odds with Nixon over Vietnam and other issues, including a threat by Hatfield to reduce funding for the [[White House]]'s legal department in 1973 during the [[Watergate Scandal]], after Nixon had failed to use funds appropriated for renovating dams on the [[Columbia River]].<ref name=retire/> |
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On December 14, 1967, Hatfield appeared on [[William F. Buckley Jr.|William F. Buckley's]] talk show ''[[Firing Line (TV program)|Firing Line]]''. On the show, Hatfield and Buckley primarily discussed Senator [[Barry Goldwater|Barry Goldwater's]] unsuccessful bid for the presidency in the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964 election]]. Hatfield clarified that he believed it was "Goldwater's basic approach to problems," which "tended to evoke fear," that was rejected by many Americans in the election, rather than "Senator Goldwater as a person." In addition, Buckley criticized the system of the institution of a party convention which existed at the time, stating that "So, even if you can assume a situation in which John won all the presidential primaries, but James is the favorite of the Republican Party qua institution, then James is going to get nominated." Hatfield argued that the system of presidential primaries as a whole should be turned into a system of a simple "national primary." Buckley eventually prompted Hatfield to expand upon his ideal system of presidential nominations by asking, "If, in fact, you invite four candidates to participate in a national primary, would you then understand that the Convention would meet merely to ratify the process, or would that be an advisory judgment by the people," to which the Senator replied, "I would like to see this as the final decision by the people themselves. I would like to see this thing move toward that objective. It may not be achieved overnight."<ref name="Buckley">{{cite web |url =https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/6015/was-goldwater-a-mistake | title =Was Goldwater a Mistake? | date =December 14, 1967 | publisher =Hoover Institution Library and Archives: Firing Line broadcast records | access-date =April 20, 2023}}</ref> |
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⚫ | As a senator Hatfield took positions that made him hard to classify politically. In the Summer of 1969, he had told [[Murray Newton Rothbard|Murray Rothbard]] that he had "committed himself to the cause of libertarianism."<ref name=rothbard>{{cite web |first=Murray N. |last=Rothbard |title=Exclusive Interview With Murray Rothbard |work=The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal |date=February 25, 1972 |url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard103.html |access-date=February 2, 2016 |archive-date=June 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618045309/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard103.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rothbard remarked concerning Hatfield, "obviously his voting record is not particularly libertarian – it's very good on foreign policy and the draft, but it's not too great on other things", adding that "in the abstract, at least, he is very favorable to libertarianism."<ref name=rothbard/> Hatfield was opposed to [[abortion]] and the [[death penalty]], though as governor he chose not to commute the sentence of a convicted murderer and allowed that execution to go forward.<ref>Eells, pp. 46, 95–96, 118.</ref> As a prominent evangelical Christian, he opposed government-sponsored [[school prayer]] and supported civil rights for minorities.<ref name=nyt1>{{cite news|first=Timothy|last=Egan|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E7DD1530F935A15752C1A962958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|title=Oregon's 'Out-of-Step' Senator Steps Forward|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 26, 1994|access-date=February 13, 2018}}</ref> Hatfield voted in favor of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1968]] and the [[Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987]], as well as to override [[Ronald Reagan|President Reagan]]'s veto,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1967/h113|title=TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR INTERFERENCE WITH CIVIL RIGHTS. INTERFERENCE WITH A PERSON ENGAGED IN ONE OF THE 8 ACTIVITIES PROTECTED UNDER THIS BILL MUST BE RACIALLY MOTIVATED TO INCUR THE BILL'S PENALTIES.|access-date=2020-05-15|archive-date=2020-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220119/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1967/h113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s432|title=TO PASS S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE THE BROAD COVERAGE AND CLARIFY FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY PROVIDING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION IS FEDERALLY FUNDED, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE.|access-date=2020-05-15|archive-date=2020-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728203812/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s432|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s487|title=TO ADOPT, OVER THE PRESIDENT'S VETO OF S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE BROAD COVERAGE OF FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY DECLARING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION RECEIVES FEDERAL FUNDS, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE. TWO-THIRDS OF THE SENATE, HAVING VOTED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE, OVERRODE THE PRESIDENTIAL VETO.|access-date=2020-05-15|archive-date=2020-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810145251/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s487|url-status=live}}</ref> for the nomination of [[Thurgood Marshall]] to [[Supreme Court of the United States|the Supreme Court]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0900176|title=CONFIRMATION OF NOMINATION OF THURGOOD MARSHALL, THE FIRST NEGRO APPOINTED TO THE SUPREME COURT. |publisher=VoteView}}</ref> and the [[Passage of Martin Luther King Jr. Day|bill]] establishing [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]] as a [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/98-1983/s293|title=TO PASS H.R. 3706. (MOTION PASSED) SEE NOTE(S) 19.|access-date=2020-05-15|archive-date=2020-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520132928/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/98-1983/s293|url-status=live}}</ref> Hatfield voted against the Supreme Court nominations of [[Clement Haynsworth]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0910135|title=TO ADVISE AND CONSENT TO NOMINATION OF CLEMENT HAYNESWORTH, JR. TO BE AN ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT|publisher=VoteView|access-date=2021-01-24|archive-date=2020-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017085636/https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0910135|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[George Harrold Carswell]],<ref name="CONSENT">{{cite web|url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0910357|title=TO CONSENT TO THE NOMINATION OF GEORGE HARROLD CARSWELL TO BE AN ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT|publisher=VoteView|access-date=2021-01-24|archive-date=2020-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114030222/https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0910357|url-status=live}}</ref> but voted in favor of the nominations of [[William Rehnquist]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0920417|title= TO CONFIRM THE NOMINATION OF WILLIAM H. REHNQUIST TO BE AN ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT.|publisher=VoteView}}</ref> [[Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination|Robert Bork]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS1000348|title= TO CONFIRM THE NOMINATION OF ROBERT H. BORK, OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, TO BE AN ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT|publisher=VoteView}}</ref> and [[Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination|Clarence Thomas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS1020220|title=Clarence Thomas, of Georgia, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States |publisher=VoteView}}</ref> Hatfield was the only Senator who voted for both Thurgood Marshall and Clarence Thomas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-10-19-1991292020-story.html|title=ONE SENATOR who in 1967 voted against...|publisher=Baltimore Sun|author=Theo Lippman Jr.|date=October 19, 1991|access-date=2021-01-24|archive-date=2019-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010183638/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-10-19-1991292020-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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⚫ | As a senator Hatfield took positions that made him hard to classify politically. In the Summer of 1969, he had told [[Murray Newton Rothbard|Murray Rothbard]] that he had "committed himself to the cause of libertarianism."<ref name=rothbard>{{cite web |first=Murray N. |last=Rothbard |title=Exclusive Interview With Murray Rothbard |work=The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal |date=February 25, 1972 |url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard103.html |access-date=February 2, 2016 |archive-date=June 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618045309/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard103.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rothbard remarked concerning Hatfield, "obviously his voting record is not particularly libertarian – it's very good on foreign policy and the draft, but it's not too great on other things", adding that "in the abstract, at least, he is very favorable to libertarianism."<ref name=rothbard/> Hatfield was opposed to [[abortion]] and the [[death penalty]], though as governor he chose not to commute the sentence of a convicted murderer and allowed that execution to go forward.<ref>Eells, pp. 46, 95–96, 118.</ref> As a prominent evangelical Christian, he opposed government-sponsored [[school prayer]] and supported civil rights for minorities.<ref name=nyt1>{{cite news|first=Timothy|last=Egan|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E7DD1530F935A15752C1A962958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|title=Oregon's 'Out-of-Step' Senator Steps Forward|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 26, 1994|access-date=February 13, 2018}}</ref> Hatfield voted in favor of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1968]] and the [[Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987]], as well as to override [[Ronald Reagan|President Reagan]]'s veto,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1967/h113|title=TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR INTERFERENCE WITH CIVIL RIGHTS. INTERFERENCE WITH A PERSON ENGAGED IN ONE OF THE 8 ACTIVITIES PROTECTED UNDER THIS BILL MUST BE RACIALLY MOTIVATED TO INCUR THE BILL'S PENALTIES.|access-date=2020-05-15|archive-date=2020-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220119/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1967/h113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s432|title=TO PASS S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE THE BROAD COVERAGE AND CLARIFY FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY PROVIDING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION IS FEDERALLY FUNDED, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE.|access-date=2020-05-15|archive-date=2020-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728203812/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s432|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s487|title=TO ADOPT, OVER THE PRESIDENT'S VETO OF S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL TO RESTORE BROAD COVERAGE OF FOUR CIVIL RIGHTS LAWS BY DECLARING THAT IF ONE PART OF AN INSTITUTION RECEIVES FEDERAL FUNDS, THEN THE ENTIRE INSTITUTION MUST NOT DISCRIMINATE. TWO-THIRDS OF THE SENATE, HAVING VOTED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE, OVERRODE THE PRESIDENTIAL VETO.|access-date=2020-05-15|archive-date=2020-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810145251/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/100-1988/s487|url-status=live}}</ref> for the nomination of [[Thurgood Marshall]] to [[Supreme Court of the United States|the Supreme Court]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0900176|title=CONFIRMATION OF NOMINATION OF THURGOOD MARSHALL, THE FIRST NEGRO APPOINTED TO THE SUPREME COURT. |publisher=VoteView}}</ref> and the [[Passage of Martin Luther King Jr. Day|bill]] establishing [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]] as a [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/98-1983/s293|title=TO PASS H.R. 3706. (MOTION PASSED) SEE NOTE(S) 19.|access-date=2020-05-15|archive-date=2020-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520132928/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/98-1983/s293|url-status=live}}</ref> Hatfield voted against the Supreme Court nominations of [[Clement Haynsworth]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0910135|title=TO ADVISE AND CONSENT TO NOMINATION OF CLEMENT HAYNESWORTH, JR. TO BE AN ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT|publisher=VoteView|access-date=2021-01-24|archive-date=2020-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017085636/https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0910135|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[George Harrold Carswell]],<ref name="CONSENT">{{cite web|url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0910357|title=TO CONSENT TO THE NOMINATION OF GEORGE HARROLD CARSWELL TO BE AN ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT|publisher=VoteView|access-date=2021-01-24|archive-date=2020-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114030222/https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0910357|url-status=live}}</ref> but voted in favor of the nominations of [[William Rehnquist]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0920417|title= TO CONFIRM THE NOMINATION OF WILLIAM H. REHNQUIST TO BE AN ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT.|publisher=VoteView}}</ref> [[Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination|Robert Bork]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS1000348|title= TO CONFIRM THE NOMINATION OF ROBERT H. BORK, OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, TO BE AN ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT|publisher=VoteView}}</ref> and [[Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination|Clarence Thomas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS1020220|title=Clarence Thomas, of Georgia, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States |publisher=VoteView}}</ref> Hatfield was the only Senator who voted for both Thurgood Marshall and Clarence Thomas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-10-19-1991292020-story.html|title=ONE SENATOR who in 1967 voted against...|publisher=Baltimore Sun|author=Theo Lippman Jr.|date=October 19, 1991|access-date=2021-01-24|archive-date=2019-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010183638/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-10-19-1991292020-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Regarding political solutions, Hatfield believed that they were found in the center. |
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[[File:Mark Hatfield.png|thumb|left|180px|Senator Hatfield in 1977]] |
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In 1970, with Senator [[George McGovern]] (D-South Dakota), he co-sponsored the [[McGovern-Hatfield amendment|McGovern-Hatfield Amendment]], which called for a complete withdrawal of U.S. troops from [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]].<ref name=nyt>Egan, Timothy. Oregon's Hatfield to Retire After 5 Terms in Senate. ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 2, 1995.</ref> In 1973 he explained to the [[Eugene Register-Guard]] his "Neighborhood Government Act" which he repeatedly introduced in congress. It would have permitted Americans to divert their personal federal tax money from Washington to their local community. He explained that his long-term goal was to have all social services provided at the neighborhood level.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Jesse|last=Walker|title=Mark O. Hatfield, RIP|url=http://reason.com/blog/2011/08/08/mark-o-hatfield-rip|magazine=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]|date=August 8, 2011|access-date=February 13, 2018|archive-date=June 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603154349/http://reason.com/blog/2011/08/08/mark-o-hatfield-rip|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Shepard|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LDJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6779%2C2693618|title=Return of local powers sought]|newspaper=[[Eugene Register-Guard]]|date=November 12, 1973|access-date=February 13, 2018}}</ref> |
In 1970, with Senator [[George McGovern]] (D-South Dakota), he co-sponsored the [[McGovern-Hatfield amendment|McGovern-Hatfield Amendment]], which called for a complete withdrawal of U.S. troops from [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]].<ref name=nyt>Egan, Timothy. Oregon's Hatfield to Retire After 5 Terms in Senate. ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 2, 1995.</ref> In 1973 he explained to the [[Eugene Register-Guard]] his "Neighborhood Government Act" which he repeatedly introduced in congress. It would have permitted Americans to divert their personal federal tax money from Washington to their local community. He explained that his long-term goal was to have all social services provided at the neighborhood level.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Jesse|last=Walker|title=Mark O. Hatfield, RIP|url=http://reason.com/blog/2011/08/08/mark-o-hatfield-rip|magazine=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]|date=August 8, 2011|access-date=February 13, 2018|archive-date=June 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603154349/http://reason.com/blog/2011/08/08/mark-o-hatfield-rip|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Shepard|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LDJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6779%2C2693618|title=Return of local powers sought]|newspaper=[[Eugene Register-Guard]]|date=November 12, 1973|access-date=February 13, 2018}}</ref> |
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Hatfield appeared alongside [[Frank Church]], [[Charles Goodell]], [[Harold Hughes]], and [[George McGovern]] on a bipartisan broadcast concerning the [[Vietnam War]] on May 12, 1970. The broadcast specifically concerned the [[McGovern-Hatfield Amendment]], and was primarily for the purpose of promoting it. The Amendment had not yet reached the [[United States Senate|Senate]], where it eventually failed on September 1 of the same year. The Senators primarily discussed issues of the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] in relation to the war, as [[George McGovern|Senator McGovern]] began with, "There is no way under the Constitution by which the Congress of the United States could act either to continue this war or to end it, except by a decision on whether we will appropriate funds to finance the war."<ref name="CSPAN">{{cite web|title=Amendment to End the Vietnam War {{!}} C-SPAN.org|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?471445-1/amendment-end-vietnam-war|website=www.c-span.org|publisher=C-SPAN|access-date=April 22, 2023|language=en-us|date=May 12, 1970 }}</ref> |
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[[File:Mark Hatfield 1986.jpg|thumb|left|Senator Hatfield in 1986]] |
[[File:Mark Hatfield 1986.jpg|thumb|left|Senator Hatfield in 1986]] |
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In the 1980s, Hatfield co-sponsored [[nuclear freeze]] legislation with Senator [[Edward M. Kennedy]], as well as co-authoring a book on the topic.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Peter|last=de Leon|title=Review: Freeze: The Literature of the Nuclear Weapons Debate |jstor= 173847|journal=The Journal of Conflict Resolution |publisher= Sage Publications, Inc. |volume=27 |number=1 |date= March 1983 |pages= 181–189|doi=10.1177/0022002783027001007|s2cid=145018623}}</ref> He also advocated for the closure of the [[N-Reactor]] at the [[Hanford Site|Hanford Nuclear Site]] in the 1980s,<ref name=nreactor>{{cite journal |first=J. |last= Raloff |jstor= 3970795 |title= Hanford Reactor's Safety Is Questioned |journal=Science News |volume=130 |number=7 |date= August 16, 1986 |publisher= Society for Science & the Public |pages= 101–102|doi= 10.2307/3970795 }}</ref> though he was a supporter of [[nuclear fusion]] programs.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Andrew|last=Lawler| jstor=2885014|title=New GOP Chairs Size Up Science|journal=Science| volume=266|number=5192|date=December 16, 1994|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science|pages=1796–1797|doi=10.1126/science.266.5192.1796|pmid=17737060|bibcode=1994Sci...266.1796L}}</ref> The N-Reactor was used for producing weapons grade plutonium while producing electricity.<ref name=nreactor/> |
In the 1980s, Hatfield co-sponsored [[nuclear freeze]] legislation with Senator [[Edward M. Kennedy]], as well as co-authoring a book on the topic.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Peter|last=de Leon|title=Review: Freeze: The Literature of the Nuclear Weapons Debate |jstor= 173847|journal=The Journal of Conflict Resolution |publisher= Sage Publications, Inc. |volume=27 |number=1 |date= March 1983 |pages= 181–189|doi=10.1177/0022002783027001007|s2cid=145018623}}</ref> He also advocated for the closure of the [[N-Reactor]] at the [[Hanford Site|Hanford Nuclear Site]] in the 1980s,<ref name=nreactor>{{cite journal |first=J. |last= Raloff |jstor= 3970795 |title= Hanford Reactor's Safety Is Questioned |journal=Science News |volume=130 |number=7 |date= August 16, 1986 |publisher= Society for Science & the Public |pages= 101–102|doi= 10.2307/3970795 }}</ref> though he was a supporter of [[nuclear fusion]] programs.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Andrew|last=Lawler| jstor=2885014|title=New GOP Chairs Size Up Science|journal=Science| volume=266|number=5192|date=December 16, 1994|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science|pages=1796–1797|doi=10.1126/science.266.5192.1796|pmid=17737060|bibcode=1994Sci...266.1796L}}</ref> The N-Reactor was used for producing weapons grade plutonium while producing electricity.<ref name=nreactor/> |
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Hatfield frequently broke with his party on issues of national defense and foreign policy in support for [[non-interventionism]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oregonoutpost.com/?p=5343|title |
Hatfield frequently broke with his party on issues of national defense and foreign policy in support for [[non-interventionism]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oregonoutpost.com/?p=5343|title=The era of the Oregon Liberal Republican. Part Two. Senator Mark Hatfield | Oregon Outpost}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> such as military spending and the ban on travel to [[Cuba]], while often siding with them on environmental and conservation issues.<ref name=nyt1/><ref>Safire, William. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE6DB173FF93BA35757C0A965958260&scp=27&sq=%22Mark%20Hatfield%22&st=cse Essay; Not 'Ready to Go'.] ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 8, 1993.</ref> Senator Hatfield supported increased logging on federal lands.<ref>Egan, Timothy. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7D81F39F931A1575AC0A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 Administration Offers Plan To Limit Northwest Logging.] ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 22, 1990.</ref><ref>Sleeth, Peter D. Kitzhaber urges Clinton to open timber stands. ''[[The Oregonian]]'', February 22, 1995.</ref> He was the lone Republican to vote against the 1981 fiscal year's appropriations bill for the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]].<ref>Florio, David H. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1175629 "Elections, Policy Issues, and Research Agendas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031100644/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1175629 |date=2016-10-31 }}. ''Educational Researcher'', Vol. 10, No. 1 (January, 1981), American Educational Research Association. pp. 22-23.</ref> He was rated as the sixth most respected senator in a 1987 survey by fellow senators.<ref>Hibbing, John R. and Sue Thomas. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2131422 "The Modern United States Senate: What is Accorded Respect"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031112242/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2131422 |date=2016-10-31 }}. ''The Journal of Politics'', Vol. 52, No. 1 (February, 1990), Southern Political Science Association. pp. 126-145.</ref> In 1991, Hatfield voted against authorizing military action against [[Iraq]] in the [[Gulf War]], one of only two members of his party to do so in the Senate.<ref name=nyt/><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/12/newsid_4534000/4534588.stm On This Day: 12 January: 1991: US Congress votes for war in Iraq.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407183830/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/12/newsid_4534000/4534588.stm |date=2008-04-07 }} BBC. Retrieved on April 20, 2008.</ref> Most famously, in 1995, Hatfield was the deciding vote against a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution. Hatfield compared the balanced budget amendment to President Reagan's tax cuts, claiming that both were examples of "imagery versus substance". |
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====Scandal and rebukes==== |
====Scandal and rebukes==== |
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}}</ref> Hatfield, who had typically stayed above the fray of negative campaigning, |
}}</ref> Hatfield, who had typically stayed above the fray of negative campaigning, responded in kind with attack ads of his own.<ref name=walth/> He raised $1 million in a single month after trailing Lonsdale in the polls before the November election.<ref name=retire/> He defeated the Democrat with 590,095 (53.7 percent) votes to 507,743 (46.2 percent) votes.<ref>Leip, David. [http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=1990&fips=41&f=0&off=3&elect=0 1990 Senatorial General Election Results - Oregon.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112113419/http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=1990&fips=41&f=0&off=3&elect=0 |date=2008-11-12 }} Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved on April 1, 2008.</ref> |
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====Length of service==== |
====Length of service==== |
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In 1993, he became the longest-serving senator from Oregon, surpassing the record of 9,726 days in office previously held by [[Charles McNary]].<ref name=record>{{cite news|first=Roberta|last=Ultich|title=Hatfield chalks up yet another mark|newspaper=[[The Oregonian]]|date=August 26, 1993}}</ref> In 1995, Hatfield was the only Republican in the Senate to vote against the proposed [[balanced budget amendment]], and was the deciding vote that prevented the passage of the bill.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jessica|last=Estepa|url=http://www.rollcall.com/news/hatfield_remembered_for_vote_against_amendment-208068-1.html|title=Hatfield Remembered for Vote Against Balanced Budget Amendment|publisher=Roll Call|date=8 August 2011|access-date=25 November 2015|archive-date=25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125061134/http://www.rollcall.com/news/hatfield_remembered_for_vote_against_amendment-208068-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1996 the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, a group he served on previously, granted him their Distinguished Service Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/files/nhprc/annotation/1996/1996-aug.pdf |work=Annotation |issn=0160-8460 |title=Hatfield Receives 1996 NHPRC Distinguished Service Award |author=The National Historical Publications and Records Commission |date=August 1996 |page=2 |access-date=2018-05-29 |archive-date=2017-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719182955/https://www.archives.gov/files/nhprc/annotation/1996/1996-aug.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
In 1993, he became the longest-serving senator from Oregon, surpassing the record of 9,726 days in office previously held by [[Charles McNary]].<ref name=record>{{cite news|first=Roberta|last=Ultich|title=Hatfield chalks up yet another mark|newspaper=[[The Oregonian]]|date=August 26, 1993}}</ref> In 1995, Hatfield was the only Republican in the Senate to vote against the proposed [[balanced budget amendment]], and was the deciding vote that prevented the passage of the bill.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jessica|last=Estepa|url=http://www.rollcall.com/news/hatfield_remembered_for_vote_against_amendment-208068-1.html|title=Hatfield Remembered for Vote Against Balanced Budget Amendment|publisher=Roll Call|date=8 August 2011|access-date=25 November 2015|archive-date=25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125061134/http://www.rollcall.com/news/hatfield_remembered_for_vote_against_amendment-208068-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1996 the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, a group he served on previously, granted him their Distinguished Service Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/files/nhprc/annotation/1996/1996-aug.pdf |work=Annotation |issn=0160-8460 |title=Hatfield Receives 1996 NHPRC Distinguished Service Award |author=The National Historical Publications and Records Commission |date=August 1996 |page=2 |access-date=2018-05-29 |archive-date=2017-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719182955/https://www.archives.gov/files/nhprc/annotation/1996/1996-aug.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Hatfield retired in 1996, having never lost an election in 46 years and 11 campaigns as an elected official.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former U.S. Sen. Mark O. Hatfield to help guide OHSU as member of its governing board |publisher=Oregon Historical Society |date=February 24, 2000 |url=http://www.ohsu.edu/unparchive/2000/022400hatfield.html |access-date=April 13, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805145634/http://www.ohsu.edu/unparchive/2000/022400hatfield.html |archive-date=August 5, 2012 }}</ref> During his tenure he gained billions of dollars in the form of federal appropriations for projects in Oregon.<ref name=record/> This included funding for transportation projects,<ref>{{cite news|first=Steve|last=Law|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/1996/09/16/story4.html?page=1|title=Hatfield delivers on local project funds|newspaper=[[Portland Business Journal]]|date=September 13, 1996|access-date=May 7, 2008|archive-date=August 21, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821021654/http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/1996/09/16/story4.html?page=1|url-status=live}}</ref> environmental protection of wilderness areas and scenic rivers,<ref name=nyt1/> research |
Hatfield retired in 1996, having never lost an election in 46 years and 11 campaigns as an elected official.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former U.S. Sen. Mark O. Hatfield to help guide OHSU as member of its governing board |publisher=Oregon Historical Society |date=February 24, 2000 |url=http://www.ohsu.edu/unparchive/2000/022400hatfield.html |access-date=April 13, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805145634/http://www.ohsu.edu/unparchive/2000/022400hatfield.html |archive-date=August 5, 2012 }}</ref> During his tenure he gained billions of dollars in the form of federal appropriations for projects in Oregon.<ref name=record/> This included funding for transportation projects,<ref>{{cite news|first=Steve|last=Law|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/1996/09/16/story4.html?page=1|title=Hatfield delivers on local project funds|newspaper=[[Portland Business Journal]]|date=September 13, 1996|access-date=May 7, 2008|archive-date=August 21, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821021654/http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/1996/09/16/story4.html?page=1|url-status=live}}</ref> environmental protection of wilderness areas and scenic rivers,<ref name=nyt1/> facilities for research on [[AIDS]], [[Alzheimer's disease]], and [[Parkinson's disease]] and health care facilities.<ref name=nyt/> |
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==Later years and legacy== |
==Later years and legacy== |
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* The [[Mark O. Hatfield Library]] at Willamette University |
* The [[Mark O. Hatfield Library]] at Willamette University |
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*Awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from [[Whittier College]] in 1963.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whittier.edu/alumni/poetnation/honorary|title=Honorary Degrees {{!}} Whittier College|website=www.whittier.edu|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=2018-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910152705/https://www.whittier.edu/alumni/poetnation/honorary|url-status=live}}</ref> |
*Awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from [[Whittier College]] in 1963.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whittier.edu/alumni/poetnation/honorary|title=Honorary Degrees {{!}} Whittier College|website=www.whittier.edu|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=2018-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910152705/https://www.whittier.edu/alumni/poetnation/honorary|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* Awarded an honorary degree from [[Linfield College]] in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.linfield.edu/hatfield-documentary/|title=OPB to air Hatfield documentary by Linfield alumni team {{!}} Linfield College|website=news.linfield.edu|date=15 January 2015 |access-date=2023-10-20|archive-date=2023-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020220904/https://news.linfield.edu/hatfield-documentary/%7Curl-status%3Dlive%7D%7D}}</ref> |
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* [[Hatfield Marine Science Center]] at [[Oregon State University]] |
* [[Hatfield Marine Science Center]] at [[Oregon State University]] |
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* Hatfield School of Government at [[Portland State University]] |
* Hatfield School of Government at [[Portland State University]] |
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* The Mark O. Hatfield Leadership Award presented by the [[Council for Christian Colleges and Universities]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cccu.org/about/awards|title=Council for Christian Colleges & Universities - CCCU Awards|website=www.cccu.org|access-date=2017-05-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219140919/http://www.cccu.org/about/awards|archive-date=2010-02-19}}</ref> |
* The Mark O. Hatfield Leadership Award presented by the [[Council for Christian Colleges and Universities]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cccu.org/about/awards|title=Council for Christian Colleges & Universities - CCCU Awards|website=www.cccu.org|access-date=2017-05-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219140919/http://www.cccu.org/about/awards|archive-date=2010-02-19}}</ref> |
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* The Mark O. Hatfield Distinguished Historians Forum, speaker series presented by the [[Oregon Historical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohs.org/events/hatfield-historians-forum.cfm|title=Mark O. Hatfield Distinguished Historians Forum|website=Oregon Historical Society|access-date=2017-05-25|archive-date=2017-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823063718/http://www.ohs.org/events/hatfield-historians-forum.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref> |
* The Mark O. Hatfield Distinguished Historians Forum, speaker series presented by the [[Oregon Historical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohs.org/events/hatfield-historians-forum.cfm|title=Mark O. Hatfield Distinguished Historians Forum|website=Oregon Historical Society|access-date=2017-05-25|archive-date=2017-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823063718/http://www.ohs.org/events/hatfield-historians-forum.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Work is underway to start a [[Mark O. Hatfield Memorial Trail]] in the Columbia River Gorge, a 60-mile trail through much of the Mark O. Hatfield Wilderness area.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} |
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From February 2000 to May 2008 Hatfield served on the board of directors for Oregon Health & Science University.<ref>{{cite web|title=Executive Order No. 08-12: Designating the Mark O. Hatfield Chair of the Oregon Health & Science University Board of Directors|publisher=Office of the Governor, State of Oregon|date=May 23, 2008|url=http://www.oregon.gov/gov/Documents/executive_orders/eo0812.pdf|access-date=May 29, 2018|archive-date=August 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812052810/http://www.oregon.gov/gov/Documents/executive_orders/eo0812.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> His papers and book collection are stored in the Willamette University Archives and Special Collections, inside the Mark O. Hatfield Library.<ref>Cowan, Ron. Willamette University's first archivist puts a face on history ''[[Statesman Journal]]'', September 19, 2007.</ref> Senator Hatfield merited his own chapter in [[Tom Brokaw]]'s ''The Greatest Generation''.<ref>Brokaw, Tom. [https://books.google.com/books? |
From February 2000 to May 2008 Hatfield served on the board of directors for Oregon Health & Science University.<ref>{{cite web|title=Executive Order No. 08-12: Designating the Mark O. Hatfield Chair of the Oregon Health & Science University Board of Directors|publisher=Office of the Governor, State of Oregon|date=May 23, 2008|url=http://www.oregon.gov/gov/Documents/executive_orders/eo0812.pdf|access-date=May 29, 2018|archive-date=August 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812052810/http://www.oregon.gov/gov/Documents/executive_orders/eo0812.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> His papers and book collection are stored in the Willamette University Archives and Special Collections, inside the Mark O. Hatfield Library.<ref>Cowan, Ron. Willamette University's first archivist puts a face on history ''[[Statesman Journal]]'', September 19, 2007.</ref> Senator Hatfield merited his own chapter in [[Tom Brokaw]]'s ''The Greatest Generation''.<ref>Brokaw, Tom. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rQagD17IFS4C&q=mark+hatfield ''The Greatest Generation''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522162531/https://books.google.com/books?ei=VTMiSMvkB5votQPj-rHADQ&client=firefox-a&id=rQagD17IFS4C&dq=mark+hatfield+tom+brokaw&q=mark+hatfield&pgis=1#search |date=2016-05-22 }} New York: Random House, 1998. p. 333.</ref> |
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In 2014, a 90-minute documentary about Hatfield's |
In 2014, a 90-minute documentary about Hatfield's life and career called ''The Gentleman of the Senate: Oregon's Mark Hatfield'' was released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4629918/|title=The Gentleman of the Senate: Oregon's Mark Hatfield (2014)|website=IMDB|date=7 September 2014|access-date=May 25, 2017|archive-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212202625/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4629918/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Mapes, Jeff.{{cite news |title=Mark Hatfield documentary in the works |work=www.OregonLive.com |date=June 14, 2010 |url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/mapesonpolitics/2010/06/mark_hatfield_documentary_in_t.html |access-date=July 12, 2010 |archive-date=June 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616125140/http://blog.oregonlive.com/mapesonpolitics/2010/06/mark_hatfield_documentary_in_t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Hatfield was admitted to the Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research hospital at the National Institutes of Health in Maryland in November 2010 for observation after his health began to decline.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mapes|first=Jeff|title=Former Sen. Mark Hatfield now in NIH hospital unit named for him|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2010/11/former_sen_mark_hatfield_now_i.html|access-date=August 8, 2011|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=November 24, 2010|archive-date=November 27, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127025817/http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2010/11/former_sen_mark_hatfield_now_i.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mark Hatfield died at a care facility in Portland on August 7, 2011, after several years of illness. A specific cause of death was not immediately given.<ref name="died tonight">{{cite news|last=Mapes|first=Jeff|title=Mark O. Hatfield, former Oregon governor and senator, died tonight|date=August 7, 2011|newspaper=[[The Oregonian]]|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/08/mark_o_hatfield_former_oregon.html|access-date=August 7, 2011|archive-date=September 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917185420/http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/08/mark_o_hatfield_former_oregon.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nyt_8-8-11>{{cite news|last=Clymer|first=Adam|title=Mark O. Hatfield, Republican Champion of Liberal Causes, Dies at 89|date=August 8, 2011|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/08/us/politics/08hatfield.html|access-date=August 8, 2011|archive-date=September 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921024115/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/08/us/politics/08hatfield.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
Hatfield was admitted to the Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research hospital at the National Institutes of Health in Maryland in November 2010 for observation after his health began to decline.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mapes|first=Jeff|title=Former Sen. Mark Hatfield now in NIH hospital unit named for him|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2010/11/former_sen_mark_hatfield_now_i.html|access-date=August 8, 2011|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=November 24, 2010|archive-date=November 27, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127025817/http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2010/11/former_sen_mark_hatfield_now_i.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mark Hatfield died at a care facility in Portland on August 7, 2011, after several years of illness. A specific cause of death was not immediately given.<ref name="died tonight">{{cite news|last=Mapes|first=Jeff|title=Mark O. Hatfield, former Oregon governor and senator, died tonight|date=August 7, 2011|newspaper=[[The Oregonian]]|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/08/mark_o_hatfield_former_oregon.html|access-date=August 7, 2011|archive-date=September 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917185420/http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/08/mark_o_hatfield_former_oregon.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nyt_8-8-11>{{cite news|last=Clymer|first=Adam|title=Mark O. Hatfield, Republican Champion of Liberal Causes, Dies at 89|date=August 8, 2011|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/08/us/politics/08hatfield.html|access-date=August 8, 2011|archive-date=September 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921024115/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/08/us/politics/08hatfield.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110924174434/http://www.willamette.edu/people/hatfield/index.html Hatfield tribute page] from Willamette University |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110924174434/http://www.willamette.edu/people/hatfield/index.html Hatfield tribute page] from Willamette University |
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*[https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/Pages/records/governors_guides.aspx Hatfield Records] from the [[Oregon State Archives]] |
*[https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/Pages/records/governors_guides.aspx Hatfield Records] from the [[Oregon State Archives]] |
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*[https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/mark-o-hatfield-b-1922/ Mark O. Hatfield (1922–2011)] from the [[Oregon Historical Society]] |
*[https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/mark-o-hatfield-b-1922/ Mark O. Hatfield (1922–2011)]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from the [[Oregon Historical Society]] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080514225718/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/h000343/ Hatfield voting record] from the ''[[Washington Post]]'' |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080514225718/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/h000343/ Hatfield voting record] from the ''[[Washington Post]]'' |
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*[http://www.georgefox.edu/featured_stories/hatfield/ Hatfield retrospective] from George Fox University |
*[http://www.georgefox.edu/featured_stories/hatfield/ Hatfield retrospective] from George Fox University |
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Revision as of 23:59, 17 August 2024
Mark Hatfield | |
---|---|
Chair of the Senate Appropriations Committee | |
In office January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1997 | |
Preceded by | Robert Byrd |
Succeeded by | Ted Stevens |
In office January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1987 | |
Preceded by | Warren Magnuson |
Succeeded by | John C. Stennis |
United States Senator from Oregon | |
In office January 10, 1967 – January 3, 1997 | |
Preceded by | Maurine Neuberger |
Succeeded by | Gordon Smith |
29th Governor of Oregon | |
In office January 12, 1959 – January 9, 1967 | |
Preceded by | Robert D. Holmes |
Succeeded by | Tom McCall |
16th Secretary of State of Oregon | |
In office January 7, 1957 – January 12, 1959 | |
Governor | Elmo Smith Robert D. Holmes |
Preceded by | Earl T. Newbry |
Succeeded by | Howell Appling, Jr. |
Personal details | |
Born | Mark Odom Hatfield July 12, 1922 Dallas, Oregon, U.S. |
Died | August 7, 2011 Portland, Oregon, U.S. | (aged 89)
Resting place | Willamette National Cemetery |
Political party | Republican |
Spouse |
Antoinette Kuzmanich
(m. 1958) |
Children | 4 |
Education | Willamette University (BA) Stanford University (MA) |
Military service | |
Allegiance | United States |
Branch/service | United States Navy |
Years of service | 1943–1947 |
Rank | Lieutenant (junior grade) |
Battles/wars | World War II • Pacific Theater |
Mark Odom Hatfield (July 12, 1922 – August 7, 2011) was an American politician and educator from the state of Oregon. A Republican, he served eight years as Governor of Oregon, followed by 30 years as one of its United States senators, including time as chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee. A native Oregonian, he served in the United States Navy in the Pacific Theater during World War II after graduating from Willamette University. After the war he earned a graduate degree from Stanford University before returning to Oregon and Willamette as a professor.
While still teaching, Hatfield served in both houses of the Oregon Legislative Assembly. He won election to the Oregon Secretary of State's office at the age of 34 and two years later was elected as the 29th Governor of Oregon. He was the youngest person to serve in either of those offices, and served two terms as governor before election to the United States Senate. In the Senate he served for thirty years, the longest tenure of any Senator from Oregon. At the time of his retirement, he was seventh most senior Senator and the second most senior Republican. In 1968, he was considered a candidate to be Richard Nixon's running mate for the Republican Party presidential ticket.
Hatfield served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Appropriations on two occasions. With this role, he was able to direct funding to Oregon and research-related projects. Numerous Oregon institutions, buildings and facilities are named in his honor, including the Mark O. Hatfield United States Courthouse in Portland, the Mark O. Hatfield Library at Willamette University (his alma mater), the Hatfield Government Center light-rail station in Hillsboro, the Mark O. Hatfield School of Government in the College of Urban and Public Affairs at Portland State University, and the Hatfield Marine Science Center in Newport. Outside of Oregon, a research center at the National Institutes of Health was after him for his support of medical research while in the Senate. Hatfield died in Portland on August 7, 2011, after a long illness.
Early life
Hatfield was born in Dallas, Oregon, on July 12, 1922,[1] the only son of Dovie E. (Odom) Hatfield, a schoolteacher, and Charles Dolen Hatfield, a blacksmith for the Southern Pacific Railroad.[2] Hatfield's father was from California and his mother from Tennessee.[2] When he was five years old, his maternal grandmother took over the household while his mother, Dovie attended Oregon State College and graduated with a teaching degree after four years.[2] Dovie taught school in Dallas for two years before the family moved to Salem, where she taught junior high school.[2]
Encouraged by his mother, Hatfield's first experience with politics came at the age of 10, when he campaigned in his neighborhood for President Herbert Hoover's 1932 re-election campaign.[3] In the late 1930s Hatfield worked as a tour guide at the new Oregon State Capitol Building in Salem, using his key to enter the governor's office, where he sat in the governor's chair.[3]
On June 10, 1940, the 17-year-old Hatfield, driving his mother's car, struck and killed a pedestrian, Alice Marie Lane, as she crossed the street.[4] Hatfield was not held criminally liable for the crash, but was found civilly liable to the family.[5] The case made its way to the Oregon Supreme Court in 1943, with the court affirming the trial court's decision.[4]
Hatfield graduated from Salem High School in 1940 and then enrolled at Willamette University, also in Salem.[6] While attending Willamette, Hatfield became a brother of Alpha Phi Omega and Kappa Gamma Rho, which he later helped become a chapter of Beta Theta Pi.[7] (In 1964, Hatfield was elected to the National position of Third Vice President of Alpha Phi Omega).[8] In college he also worked part-time for then Oregon Secretary of State Earl Snell, where he learned how to build a political base by sending out messages to potential voters after reading about life changes posted in newspapers, such as deaths and graduations.[3] He also sketched out a political career path beginning with the state legislature and culminating in a spot in the United States Senate, with a blank for any position beyond the Senate.[3] Hatfield graduated from Willamette in 1943 with a Bachelor of Arts degree after three years at the school.[1] While at the school he lost his only election, for student body president.[9]
Hatfield joined the U.S. Navy after graduation,[1] taking part in the World War II battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa as a landing craft officer where he witnessed the carnage of the war.[3] A lieutenant, he also witnessed the effects of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, as one of the first Americans to see the ruins of the city (later, as Senator, Hatfield opposed arms proliferation and the Vietnam War).[3][10] After Japan, he served in French Indochina, where he witnessed firsthand the wealth divide between the peasant Vietnamese and the colonial French bourgeoisie.[3] After his discharge as a Lieutenant (junior grade),[11] he spent one year at Willamette's law school, but decided politics or teaching better suited him.[12][13]
Hatfield then enrolled at Stanford University, where he obtained a master's degree in political science in 1948.[1] He returned to Salem and Willamette after Stanford and began working as an assistant professor in political science.[3] During his tenure as professor, he built a political base by sending out messages and speaking at any public forum where he could get an invitation.[3]
Political career
Mark Hatfield's career in public office spanned five decades as he held office in both the legislative and executive branches of Oregon's state government, including two terms as governor.[3] On the national stage he became the longest serving U.S. Senator from Oregon and a candidate for the Republican vice presidential nomination in 1968. In the U.S. Senate he would twice serve as chairman of the Appropriations Committee, and twice be investigated for possible ethics violations.[3]
Oregon
In 1950 while teaching political science and serving as dean of students at Willamette, Hatfield began his political career by winning election to the Oregon House of Representatives as a Republican.[14] He defeated six others for the seat at a time when state assembly elections were still determined by county-wide votes.[3] He served for two terms representing Marion County and Salem in the lower chamber of the Oregon Legislative Assembly.[15] At the time he was the youngest legislator in Oregon and still lived at his parents' home.[16] Hatfield would teach early-morning classes and then walk across the street to the Capitol to legislate.[16]
In 1952 he won re-election to his seat in the Oregon House. He also received national attention for his early support for coaxing Dwight D. Eisenhower to run for President of the United States as a Republican.[17] This earned him a spot as a delegate at the Republican National Convention that year.[17]
While in college he saw firsthand the discrimination against African Americans in Salem when he was tasked by his fraternity, Alpha Phi Omega, after a dinner with driving their guest, black artist Paul Robeson back to Portland, as African Americans were prohibited from staying in hotels in Salem.[3] In 1953, he introduced and passed legislation in the House that prohibited discrimination based on race in public accommodations before federal legislation and court decisions did so on a national level.[3] In 1954, Hatfield ran and won a seat in the Oregon State Senate representing Marion County.[18] While in the legislature, he continued to apply the grassroots strategy he learned from Earl Snell, but expanded it to cover the entire state to increase his political base.[3]
After serving in the state senate,[1] he became the youngest secretary of state in Oregon history after winning election in 1956 at age 34. Hatfield defeated fellow state senator Monroe Sweetland for the office, receiving 51.3% of the vote in the November general election.[19] He took office on January 7, 1957, and remained until he resigned on January 12, 1959.[20]
For his first run for Governor of Oregon in 1958, the Republican Party opposed his candidacy going into the primary election.[3] The large political base he had cultivated allowed him to win the party's primary despite the party's opposition.[3] In the primary he defeated Oregon State Treasurer Sig Unander for the Republican nomination.[5] In July 1958, after the primary election, Hatfield married Antoinette Kuzmanich, a counselor at Portland State College (now Portland State University).[5] The marriage during the campaign drew some attention as the Catholic Kuzmanich converted to Hatfield's Baptist religion.[5] They had four children: Elizabeth, Mark Jr., Theresa and Charles ("Visko"). He continued his campaign for the governor's office after the wedding, but avoided most public appearances with fellow Republican candidates for office and did not mention them during his campaign, despite requests by other Republicans for joint appearances.[5]
In the November general election Hatfield faced Democratic incumbent Robert D. Holmes.[5] In the final days of the campaign U.S. Senator Wayne Morse, a Democrat, implied Hatfield lied in his trial regarding the deadly car accident when he was 17.[21] This tactic backfired as the press denounced the comments, as did Holmes and other Democrats.[5] Hatfield defeated Holmes in a landslide, winning 55.3% of the vote in the election.[5] That same election saw the Democratic Party gain a majority in both chambers of the state legislature for the first time since 1878.[5] Holmes' defeat was attributed in part to the image and charisma portrayed by Hatfield and in part due to the campaign issues such as the declining economy, increased taxation, capital punishment, labor, and education.[5] After the election, Holmes attempted to appoint David O'Hara as Secretary of State to replace Hatfield, who would have to resign to become governor.[5] Hatfield appointed Howell Appling, Jr. to the office,[20] and O'Hara challenged the appointment in state court. The Oregon Supreme Court ruled in favor of Hatfield on the constitutional issue, with the appointment of Appling confirmed.[22] He was the youngest governor in the history of Oregon at that point in time at the age of 36.[5]
In 1962 Hatfield had been considered a possible candidate to run against Morse for his Senate seat, but Hatfield instead ran for re-election.[23] He faced Oregon Attorney General Robert Y. Thornton in the general election, winning with 345,497 votes to Thornton's 265,359.[23] He became the state's first two-term governor in the 20th century when he was re-elected in 1962,[24] and later became only the second governor up to that point in the state's history to serve two full-terms.[5]
Hatfield gave the keynote speech at the 1964 Republican National Convention in San Francisco that nominated Barry Goldwater and served as temporary chairman of the party during the convention.[25] He advocated a moderate approach for the party and opposed the extreme conservatism associated with Goldwater and his supporters.[3] He also was the only governor to vote against a resolution by the National Governors' Conference supporting the Johnson Administration's policy on the Vietnam War, as Hatfield opposed the war, but pledged "unqualified and complete support" for the troops.[26] He preferred the use of economic sanctions to end the war.[26]
Hatfield was a popular Governor who supported Oregon's traditional industries of timber and agriculture, but felt that in the postwar era expansion of industry and funding for transportation and education needed to be priorities.[27] While governor he worked to begin the diversification of the state's economy, such as recruiting industrial development and holding trade missions.[3] As part of the initiative, he helped to found the Oregon Graduate Center in 1963 in what became the Silicon Forest in Washington County.[28] A graduate level school in the Portland area (Portland State was still a college with no graduate programs at this time) was seen by business leaders as essential to attracting new industries and by Tektronix as needed to retain highly skilled workers.[28] In lieu of the standard portrait for former governors, Hatfield is represented by a marble bust at the Oregon State Capitol.[3]
National
Limited to two terms as governor, Hatfield announced his candidacy in the 1966 U.S. Senate election for the seat vacated by the retiring Maurine Neuberger. During the Vietnam War, and during an election year, he was one of the only people to vote against a resolution by a governors' conference that expressed support for the U.S. involvement in the war in 1966.[29][30] At that time the war was supported by 75 percent of the public, and was also supported by Hatfield's opponent in the November election.[3] He won the primary election with 178,782 votes compared to a combined 56,760 votes for three opponents.[29] Hatfield then defeated Democratic Congressman Robert Duncan in the election.[29] In order to finish his term as governor, which ended on January 9, 1967, he delayed taking his oath of office in the Senate until January 10 instead of the usual January 3.[1]
Hatfield's re-election victory for governor in 1962 and successful Senate campaign in 1966 made him something of a national figure. In 1968, Hatfield was on Richard Nixon's short list for vice president,[3] and received the strong backing of his friend, the Rev. Billy Graham.[31] Hatfield was considered too liberal by many conservatives and Southern moderates, and Nixon chose the more centrist Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew.[3] Hatfield would later find himself at odds with Nixon over Vietnam and other issues, including a threat by Hatfield to reduce funding for the White House's legal department in 1973 during the Watergate Scandal, after Nixon had failed to use funds appropriated for renovating dams on the Columbia River.[3]
On December 14, 1967, Hatfield appeared on William F. Buckley's talk show Firing Line. On the show, Hatfield and Buckley primarily discussed Senator Barry Goldwater's unsuccessful bid for the presidency in the 1964 election. Hatfield clarified that he believed it was "Goldwater's basic approach to problems," which "tended to evoke fear," that was rejected by many Americans in the election, rather than "Senator Goldwater as a person." In addition, Buckley criticized the system of the institution of a party convention which existed at the time, stating that "So, even if you can assume a situation in which John won all the presidential primaries, but James is the favorite of the Republican Party qua institution, then James is going to get nominated." Hatfield argued that the system of presidential primaries as a whole should be turned into a system of a simple "national primary." Buckley eventually prompted Hatfield to expand upon his ideal system of presidential nominations by asking, "If, in fact, you invite four candidates to participate in a national primary, would you then understand that the Convention would meet merely to ratify the process, or would that be an advisory judgment by the people," to which the Senator replied, "I would like to see this as the final decision by the people themselves. I would like to see this thing move toward that objective. It may not be achieved overnight."[32]
As a senator Hatfield took positions that made him hard to classify politically. In the Summer of 1969, he had told Murray Rothbard that he had "committed himself to the cause of libertarianism."[33] Rothbard remarked concerning Hatfield, "obviously his voting record is not particularly libertarian – it's very good on foreign policy and the draft, but it's not too great on other things", adding that "in the abstract, at least, he is very favorable to libertarianism."[33] Hatfield was opposed to abortion and the death penalty, though as governor he chose not to commute the sentence of a convicted murderer and allowed that execution to go forward.[34] As a prominent evangelical Christian, he opposed government-sponsored school prayer and supported civil rights for minorities.[35] Hatfield voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 and the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987, as well as to override President Reagan's veto,[36][37][38] for the nomination of Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court[39] and the bill establishing Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday.[40] Hatfield voted against the Supreme Court nominations of Clement Haynsworth[41] and George Harrold Carswell,[42] but voted in favor of the nominations of William Rehnquist,[43] Robert Bork[44] and Clarence Thomas.[45] Hatfield was the only Senator who voted for both Thurgood Marshall and Clarence Thomas.[46] Regarding political solutions, Hatfield believed that they were found in the center.
In 1970, with Senator George McGovern (D-South Dakota), he co-sponsored the McGovern-Hatfield Amendment, which called for a complete withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam.[47] In 1973 he explained to the Eugene Register-Guard his "Neighborhood Government Act" which he repeatedly introduced in congress. It would have permitted Americans to divert their personal federal tax money from Washington to their local community. He explained that his long-term goal was to have all social services provided at the neighborhood level.[48][49]
Hatfield appeared alongside Frank Church, Charles Goodell, Harold Hughes, and George McGovern on a bipartisan broadcast concerning the Vietnam War on May 12, 1970. The broadcast specifically concerned the McGovern-Hatfield Amendment, and was primarily for the purpose of promoting it. The Amendment had not yet reached the Senate, where it eventually failed on September 1 of the same year. The Senators primarily discussed issues of the Constitution in relation to the war, as Senator McGovern began with, "There is no way under the Constitution by which the Congress of the United States could act either to continue this war or to end it, except by a decision on whether we will appropriate funds to finance the war."[50]
In 1981, Hatfield served as the chairman of the Congressional Joint Committee on Presidential Inaugurations, overseeing the first inauguration of Ronald Reagan in January of that year.
On December 2, 1981, Hatfield was one of four senators to vote against[51] an amendment to President Reagan's MX missiles proposal that would divert the silo system by $334 million as well as earmark further research for other methods that would allow giant missiles to be based. The vote was seen as a rebuff of the Reagan administration.[52][53]
In the 1980s, Hatfield co-sponsored nuclear freeze legislation with Senator Edward M. Kennedy, as well as co-authoring a book on the topic.[54] He also advocated for the closure of the N-Reactor at the Hanford Nuclear Site in the 1980s,[55] though he was a supporter of nuclear fusion programs.[56] The N-Reactor was used for producing weapons grade plutonium while producing electricity.[55]
Hatfield frequently broke with his party on issues of national defense and foreign policy in support for non-interventionism,[57] such as military spending and the ban on travel to Cuba, while often siding with them on environmental and conservation issues.[35][58] Senator Hatfield supported increased logging on federal lands.[59][60] He was the lone Republican to vote against the 1981 fiscal year's appropriations bill for the Department of Defense.[61] He was rated as the sixth most respected senator in a 1987 survey by fellow senators.[62] In 1991, Hatfield voted against authorizing military action against Iraq in the Gulf War, one of only two members of his party to do so in the Senate.[47][63] Most famously, in 1995, Hatfield was the deciding vote against a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution. Hatfield compared the balanced budget amendment to President Reagan's tax cuts, claiming that both were examples of "imagery versus substance".
Scandal and rebukes
Hatfield was sometimes called "Saint Mark" because of his squeaky-clean reputation,[47] but in 1984 columnist Jack Anderson revealed that Hatfield's wife Antoinette, a Washington, D.C., real estate lawyer, had been paid $55,000 by Greek arms dealer Basil Tsakos in connection with a real estate purchase.[64] Tsakos had been lobbying Hatfield, then Appropriations Committee chairman, to support a trans-Africa oil pipeline megaproject.[65] The Hatfields apologized and donated $55,000 to a Portland hospital.[66][67] The Senate Ethics Committee investigated and decided to take no action. However, after Hatfield's death, an FBI report released under Freedom of Information law revealed that Tsakos had been indicted for bribery and had offered to plead guilty to lesser charges (though this never occurred), and that the Department of Justice had decided against charging Hatfield in the case.[68]
In 1991, it was also revealed that Hatfield had failed to report a number of expensive gifts from the president of the University of South Carolina, James B. Holderman.[69] Again, he apologized. But the Senate Ethics Committee rebuked Hatfield for the latter act.[10][67]
Hatfield received another rebuke from the Senate after the Ethics Committee investigated two gifts that he had received in the form of forgiven loans from a former congressman and a California businessman.[70]
His final re-election campaign came in 1990 against businessman Harry Lonsdale.[66] Lonsdale aggressively went after Hatfield with television attack ads that attacked Hatfield as out of touch on issues such as abortion and timber management and accused the incumbent of being too closely allied with special interest groups in Washington. Lonsdale's tactics moved him even with, and then ahead of Hatfield in some polls.[71] Hatfield, who had typically stayed above the fray of negative campaigning, responded in kind with attack ads of his own.[71] He raised $1 million in a single month after trailing Lonsdale in the polls before the November election.[3] He defeated the Democrat with 590,095 (53.7 percent) votes to 507,743 (46.2 percent) votes.[72]
Length of service
In 1993, he became the longest-serving senator from Oregon, surpassing the record of 9,726 days in office previously held by Charles McNary.[10] In 1995, Hatfield was the only Republican in the Senate to vote against the proposed balanced budget amendment, and was the deciding vote that prevented the passage of the bill.[73] In 1996 the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, a group he served on previously, granted him their Distinguished Service Award.[74]
Hatfield retired in 1996, having never lost an election in 46 years and 11 campaigns as an elected official.[75] During his tenure he gained billions of dollars in the form of federal appropriations for projects in Oregon.[10] This included funding for transportation projects,[76] environmental protection of wilderness areas and scenic rivers,[35] facilities for research on AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease and health care facilities.[47]
Later years and legacy
After retiring from political office, he returned to Oregon and teaching, joining the faculty of George Fox University in Newberg, Oregon.[12] In 2006, he was named the Herbert Hoover Emeritus Distinguished Professor of Politics at the school. Additionally, he taught at the Hatfield School of Government at Portland State University, which is named in his honor, and lectured at Willamette University and Lewis & Clark College while living in Portland.[12]
In July 1999, Hatfield and his wife were passengers on a tour bus when a car collided with the bus.[77] They received only minor injuries, but the experience led them to advocate for seat belts to be required on buses.[77]
Numerous buildings, organizations, awards, and outdoor areas have been named in honor of Hatfield. These include:
- The Mark O. Hatfield Library at Willamette University
- Awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Whittier College in 1963.[78]
- Awarded an honorary degree from Linfield College in 1971.[79]
- Hatfield Marine Science Center at Oregon State University
- Hatfield School of Government at Portland State University
- The Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland[80]
- Mark O. Hatfield Research Center at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU)[81]
- The Mark O. Hatfield Wilderness
- Mark O. Hatfield Institute for International Understanding at Southwestern Oregon Community College
- Hatfield Government Center station at the western terminus of the MAX Blue Line light rail in Hillsboro
- Mark O. Hatfield United States Courthouse in Portland
- The Mark Hatfield trailhead at the western end of the Historic Columbia River Highway State Trail in the Columbia River Gorge;
- The Mark Hatfield Award for clinical research in Alzheimer's disease[82]
- The Mark O. Hatfield Leadership Award presented by the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities[83]
- The Mark O. Hatfield Distinguished Historians Forum, speaker series presented by the Oregon Historical Society.[84]
From February 2000 to May 2008 Hatfield served on the board of directors for Oregon Health & Science University.[85] His papers and book collection are stored in the Willamette University Archives and Special Collections, inside the Mark O. Hatfield Library.[86] Senator Hatfield merited his own chapter in Tom Brokaw's The Greatest Generation.[87]
In 2014, a 90-minute documentary about Hatfield's life and career called The Gentleman of the Senate: Oregon's Mark Hatfield was released.[88][89]
Hatfield was admitted to the Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research hospital at the National Institutes of Health in Maryland in November 2010 for observation after his health began to decline.[90] Mark Hatfield died at a care facility in Portland on August 7, 2011, after several years of illness. A specific cause of death was not immediately given.[91][92]
Works authored
A selection of items Hatfield authored or contributed to:[93]
Author
- Not Quite So Simple (1968), OCLC 439212
- Conflict and Conscience (1971), ISBN 0-87680-811-9
- Between a Rock and a Hard Place (1976), ISBN 0-87680-427-X
- Against the Grain: Reflections of a Rebel Republican (2000), ISBN 1-883991-36-6
Contributor
- Amnesty?: The Unsettled Question of Vietnam (1973), ISBN 0-8467-0000-X
- Social Power and Political Freedom (1980), ISBN 0-87558-093-9 (introduction)
- Freeze! How You Can Help Prevent Nuclear War (1982), ISBN 0-553-14077-9 (with Edward Kennedy)
- Real Christianity (1982), ISBN 1-55661-832-8 (introduction)
- What About the Russians: A Christian Approach to US-Soviet Conflict (1984), ISBN 0-87178-751-2
- Vice Presidents of the United States: 1789-1993 (1997), ISBN 0-614-31201-9 (editor)
See also
References
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- ^ Shepard, Robert (November 12, 1973). "Return of local powers sought]". Eugene Register-Guard. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
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- ^ "The era of the Oregon Liberal Republican. Part Two. Senator Mark Hatfield | Oregon Outpost".[permanent dead link]
- ^ Safire, William. Essay; Not 'Ready to Go'. The New York Times, April 8, 1993.
- ^ Egan, Timothy. Administration Offers Plan To Limit Northwest Logging. The New York Times, September 22, 1990.
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- ^ a b Oreskes, Michael. 'Anti-Incumbent Fever' Threatens Oregon Senator. The New York Times, October 23, 1990.
- ^ a b Headliners. The New York Times, January 20, 1985.
- ^ Oregonian/OregonLive, Jeff Mapes | The (2012-06-03). "Mark Hatfield was named as bribe target in secret 1985 indictment of Greek arms dealer, newly released FBI documents show". oregonlive. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
- ^ Berke, Richard L. (June 6, 1991). "For Hatfield, a Shining Image Tarnished by Ethics Charges". The New York Times. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
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- ^ The National Historical Publications and Records Commission (August 1996). "Hatfield Receives 1996 NHPRC Distinguished Service Award" (PDF). Annotation. p. 2. ISSN 0160-8460. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-19. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
- ^ "Former U.S. Sen. Mark O. Hatfield to help guide OHSU as member of its governing board". Oregon Historical Society. February 24, 2000. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
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- ^ "Honorary Degrees | Whittier College". www.whittier.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
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- ^ "Executive Order No. 08-12: Designating the Mark O. Hatfield Chair of the Oregon Health & Science University Board of Directors" (PDF). Office of the Governor, State of Oregon. May 23, 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
- ^ Cowan, Ron. Willamette University's first archivist puts a face on history Statesman Journal, September 19, 2007.
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External links
- Hatfield tribute page from Willamette University
- Hatfield Records from the Oregon State Archives
- Mark O. Hatfield (1922–2011)[permanent dead link] from the Oregon Historical Society
- Hatfield voting record from the Washington Post
- Hatfield retrospective from George Fox University
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- 1922 births
- 2011 deaths
- 20th-century American male writers
- 20th-century American non-fiction writers
- 20th-century Oregon politicians
- 20th-century evangelicals
- 21st-century American male writers
- 21st-century American non-fiction writers
- 21st-century evangelicals
- Alpha Phi Omega
- American anti–Vietnam War activists
- American anti-war activists
- American evangelicals
- American male non-fiction writers
- United States Navy personnel of World War II
- American political writers
- Burials at Willamette National Cemetery
- Death in Oregon
- George Fox University faculty
- Republican Party governors of Oregon
- Republican Party members of the Oregon House of Representatives
- Members of the United States Assay Commission
- Military personnel from Oregon
- North Salem High School (Salem, Oregon) alumni
- Oregon Graduate Institute people
- Oregon Health & Science University people
- Republican Party Oregon state senators
- People from Dallas, Oregon
- Politicians from Salem, Oregon
- Republican Party United States senators from Oregon
- Secretaries of state of Oregon
- Stanford University alumni
- United States Navy officers
- Willamette University College of Law alumni
- Willamette University faculty
- Writers from Portland, Oregon