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{{Infobox planet
{{Infobox planet
| name = TOI-700 d
| name = TOI-700 d
| image = PIA23407-TOI700-PlanetarySystem.jpg
| image = PIA23408-Exoplanet-TOI700d-20200106.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_scale =
| caption = Simulation of the planetary system of TOI-700 ''(center)'' and its [[habitable zone]], with planet ''d'' orbiting within it.
| caption = An artist's depiction of TOI-700 d, depicted here as a possible [[ocean planet]]. The actual appearance of the planet is not currently known.
<!-- DISCOVERY -->
<!-- DISCOVERY -->
| discoverer = Emily Gilbert
| discovery_ref = <ref name="Gilbert et al."/>
| discoverer = Emily Gilbert et al.
| discovered = 3 January 2020
| discovered = 3 January 2020
| discovery_method = [[Methods of detecting extrasolar planets#Transit photometry|Transit]]
| discovery_method = [[Methods of detecting extrasolar planets#Transit photometry|Transit]]
<!-- DESIGNATIONS -->
<!-- DESIGNATIONS -->
<!-- ORBITAL -->
<!-- ORBITAL -->
| orbit_ref = <ref name="Gilbert2023"/>
| apsis =
| apsis =
| semimajor = {{val|0.163|0.015}} [[astronomical unit|AU]]
| semimajor = {{val|0.1633|0.0027|ul=AU}}
| eccentricity = {{val|0.110|+0.140|−0.079}}<ref name="Rodriguez et al."/>
| eccentricity = {{val|0.042|0.045|0.030}}
| period = {{val|37.4260|0.0007|0.0010}} [[day|d]]
| period = {{val|37.42396|0.00039|0.00035|ul=d}}
| inclination = {{val|89.73|0.15|0.12}} deg
| inclination = {{val|89.80|0.12|0.10|u=deg}}
| arg_peri = {{val|10|120|140|u=deg}}
| star = [[TOI-700]]
| star = [[TOI-700]]
<!-- PHYS CHARS -->
<!-- PHYS CHARS -->
| mean_radius = 1.19 ± 0.11 {{Earth radius|link=y}}<ref name="Gilbert et al."/>
| mean_radius = {{val|1.073|0.059|0.054|ul=Earth radius}}<ref name="Gilbert2023"/>
| mass = {{val|1.72|1.29|0.63|p=[[Equals sign#Other related symbols|≙]]}} {{Earth mass|link=y}}<ref name="Gilbert et al."/>
| mass = {{val|1.72|1.29|0.63|p=[[Equals sign#Other related symbols|≙]]}} {{Earth mass|link=y}}<ref name="Gilbert et al."/>
| single_temperature = [[Planetary equilibrium temperature|''T''<sub>eq</sub>]]: {{convert|268.8|K|C F}}<ref name="Rodriguez et al."/>
| single_temperature = [[Planetary equilibrium temperature|''T''<sub>eq</sub>]]: {{convert|268.8|K|C F}}<ref name="Rodriguez et al."/>
<!-- ATMOSPHERE -->
<!-- ATMOSPHERE -->
<!-- NOTES -->
<!-- NOTES -->
}}
}}
'''TOI-700 d''' is a near-Earth-sized [[exoplanet]], likely rocky, orbiting within the [[habitable zone]] of the [[red dwarf]] [[TOI-700]], the outermost planet within the system. It is located roughly {{convert|101.4|ly|parsec}} away from Earth in the [[constellation]] of [[Dorado]]. The exoplanet is the first [[Terrestrial planet|Earth-sized]] exoplanet in the [[Circumstellar habitable zone|habitable zone]] discovered by the [[Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite]] (TESS).<ref name="NASA-20200106" /><ref name="NASA-20200106b" /><ref name="SPC-20200106" />
'''TOI-700 d''' is a near-Earth-sized [[exoplanet]], likely rocky, orbiting within the [[habitable zone]] of the [[red dwarf]] [[TOI-700]], the outermost planet within the system. It is located roughly {{convert|101.4|ly|parsec}} away from Earth in the [[constellation]] of [[Dorado]]. The exoplanet is the first [[Terrestrial planet|Earth-sized]] exoplanet in the [[Circumstellar habitable zone|habitable zone]] discovered by the [[Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite]] (TESS).<ref name="NASA-20200106" /><ref name="NASA-20200106b" /><ref name="SPC-20200106" />


TOI-700 d orbits its star at a distance of {{convert |0.163|AU|abbr=on}} from its host star with an orbital period of roughly 37.4 [[days]], has a mass 1.69x times that of Earth, and has a radius of around 1.19 times that of Earth. It has been estimated that the planet receives about 86% the energy that the Earth receives from the Sun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/01/07/toi-700d-une-planete-de-la-taille-de-la-terre-decouverte-dans-une-zone-habitable,8645004.php|title=[VIDEO] TOI 700d : une planète de la taille de la Terre découverte dans une "zone habitable"|website=midilibre.fr|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>
TOI-700 d orbits its star at a distance of {{convert |0.163|AU|abbr=on}} from its host star with an orbital period of roughly 37.4 [[days]] and has a radius of around 1.19 times that of Earth. It has been estimated that the planet receives about 86% the energy that the Earth receives from the Sun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/01/07/toi-700d-une-planete-de-la-taille-de-la-terre-decouverte-dans-une-zone-habitable,8645004.php|title=[VIDEO] TOI 700d : une planète de la taille de la Terre découverte dans une "zone habitable"|website=midilibre.fr|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>


It was discovered in early January 2020 by the [[Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite]] (TESS).
It was discovered in early January 2020 by the [[Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite]] (TESS).
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==Physical characteristics==
==Physical characteristics==
===Mass, radius and temperature===
===Mass, radius and temperature===
TOI-700 d is Earth-sized, an exoplanet that has a radius and mass similar to the Earth. It has an estimated mass of around {{earth mass|1.72}} and a radius of about {{earth radius|1.12}}.<ref name="Gilbert et al."/> If it has an earthlike atmosphere, then its average temperature would be about {{convert|268.8|K|C F}}.<ref name="Rodriguez et al."/> A small chance of a [[runaway greenhouse effect]] exists.<ref name="Suissa et al."/>
TOI-700 d is Earth-sized, an exoplanet that has a radius and mass similar to the Earth. It has a radius of about {{earth radius|1.07}}; its mass has not been measured, but is predicted to be around {{earth mass|1.72}}.<ref name="Gilbert et al."/> If it has an Earth-like atmosphere, then its average temperature would be about {{convert|268.8|K|C F}}.<ref name="Rodriguez et al."/> A small chance of a [[runaway greenhouse effect]] exists.<ref name="Suissa et al."/>


===Host star===
===Host star===
{{Main|TOI-700}}
{{Main|TOI-700}}
TOI-700 is a [[red dwarf]] of spectral class M that is about 40% the mass and radius, and very roughly 50% of the temperature of the Sun.<ref name="SPC-20200106" /> The star is bright with low levels of stellar activity. Over the 11 sectors observed with TESS, the star does not show a single white-light [[Solar flare|flare]]. The low rotation rate is also an indicator of low stellar activity.<ref name="Gilbert et al."/>
TOI-700 is a [[red dwarf]] of [[spectral class]] M that is about 40% the mass and radius, and very roughly 50% of the temperature of the Sun.<ref name="SPC-20200106" /> The star is bright with low levels of stellar activity. Over the 11 sectors observed with TESS, the star does not show a single white-light [[Solar flare|flare]]. The low rotation rate is also an indicator of low stellar activity.<ref name="Gilbert et al."/>


===Orbit===
===Orbit===
TOI-700 d orbits its host star with an orbital period of 37.42 days. It has an orbital radius of about {{Convert|0.163|AU|e6km e6mi|abbr=unit|lk=on}}, less than half of that of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] to the Sun in the [[Solar System]]. It receives about 86% of Earth's [[Stellar flux|sunlight]] from its host star.
TOI-700 d orbits its host star every 37.4260 days.


==Habitability==
==Proposed habitability==
[[File:PIA23408-Exoplanet-TOI700d-20200106.jpg|thumb|left|250px|An artist's impression of TOI-700 d, depicted here as a possible [[ocean planet]]. The actual appearance of the planet is not known.]]
[[File:PIA23407-TOI700-PlanetarySystem.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Simulation of the planetary system of TOI-700 ''(center)'' and its [[habitable zone]], with planet ''d'' orbiting within the inner edge.]]
TOI-700 d orbits in the [[Planetary habitability|habitable zone]] of its host star [[TOI-700]]. The solar wind ram pressure and intensity of the interplanetary magnetic field are expected to be similar to the Earth's, therefore retention of planetary atmosphere is likely.<ref>{{cite journal|arxiv=2005.11587|last1=Cohen|first1=O.|last2=Garraffo|first2=C.|last3=Moschou|first3=S.|last4=Drake|first4=J.|last5=Alvarado-Gomez|first5=J.|last6=Glocer|first6=A.|last7=Fraschetti|first7=F.|title=The Space Environment and Atmospheric Joule Heating of the Habitable Zone Exoplanet TOI 700 D|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|year=2020|volume=897|issue=1|page=101|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab9637|bibcode=2020ApJ...897..101C|s2cid=218869952}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|arxiv=2005.13190|last1=Dong|first1=Chuanfei|last2=Jin|first2=Meng|last3=Lingam|first3=Manasvi|title=Atmospheric Escape from TOI-700 d: Venus versus Earth Analogs|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|year=2020|volume=896|issue=2|pages=L24|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab982f|bibcode=2020ApJ...896L..24D|s2cid=219558481}}</ref>
TOI-700 d orbits in the [[Planetary habitability|habitable zone]] of its host star. The solar wind ram pressure and intensity of the interplanetary magnetic field are expected to be similar to the Earth's, therefore retention of the planetary atmosphere is likely.<ref>{{cite journal|arxiv=2005.11587|last1=Cohen|first1=O.|last2=Garraffo|first2=C.|last3=Moschou|first3=S.|last4=Drake|first4=J.|last5=Alvarado-Gomez|first5=J.|last6=Glocer|first6=A.|last7=Fraschetti|first7=F.|title=The Space Environment and Atmospheric Joule Heating of the Habitable Zone Exoplanet TOI 700 D|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|year=2020|volume=897|issue=1|page=101|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab9637|bibcode=2020ApJ...897..101C|s2cid=218869952 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|arxiv=2005.13190|last1=Dong|first1=Chuanfei|last2=Jin|first2=Meng|last3=Lingam|first3=Manasvi|title=Atmospheric Escape from TOI-700 d: Venus versus Earth Analogs|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|year=2020|volume=896|issue=2|pages=L24|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab982f|bibcode=2020ApJ...896L..24D|s2cid=219558481 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{clear}}


==History and discovery==
==History and discovery==
TOI-700 d was discovered by the [[Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite]] (TESS) in early January 2020. This was the first Earth-sized exoplanet discovered by the TESS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/nasa-tess-first-earth-size-habitable-exoplanet-toi-700d.html|title = NASA's TESS Planet Hunter Finds Its 1st Earth-Size World in 'Habitable Zone'|date = 7 January 2020}}</ref>
TOI-700 d was discovered by a team of astronomers led by Emily Gilbert using the [[Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite]] (TESS) in early January 2020. This was the first Earth-sized exoplanet in the habitable zone discovered by TESS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/nasa-tess-first-earth-size-habitable-exoplanet-toi-700d.html|title = NASA's TESS Planet Hunter Finds Its 1st Earth-Size World in 'Habitable Zone'| website=[[Space.com]] |date = 7 January 2020}}</ref>
{{clear left}}
[[File:TESS Mission's First Earth-size World in Star's Habitable-zone.webm|thumb|center|300px|<div align="center">TOI-700 multiplanetary system (video; 3:16)</div>]]
[[File:TESS Mission's First Earth-size World in Star's Habitable-zone.webm|thumb|center|300px|<div align="center">TOI-700 multiplanetary system (video; 3:16)</div>]]


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{{reflist|refs=
{{reflist|refs=


<ref name="NASA-20200106">{{cite news |last1=Andreolo |first1=Claire |last2=Cofield |first2=Calla |last3=Kazmierczak |first3=Jeanette |title=NASA Planet Hunter Finds Earth-Size Habitable-Zone World |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7569 |date=6 January 2020 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=6 January 2020 }}</ref>
<ref name="NASA-20200106">{{cite news |last1=Andreolo |first1=Claire |last2=Cofield |first2=Calla |last3=Kazmierczak |first3=Jeanette |title=NASA Planet Hunter Finds Earth-Size Habitable-Zone World |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7569 |date=6 January 2020 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=6 January 2020 }}</ref>

⚫
<ref name="NASA-20200106b">{{cite news |last1=Garner |first1=Rob |title=NASA Planet Hunter Finds Earth-Size Habitable-Zone World |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-planet-hunter-finds-its-1st-earth-size-habitable-zone-world |date=6 January 2020 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=6 January 2020 }}</ref>


<ref name="NASA-20200106b">{{cite news |last1=Garner |first1=Rob |title=NASA Planet Hunter Finds Earth-Size Habitable-Zone World |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasa-planet-hunter-finds-its-1st-earth-size-habitable-zone-world |date=6 January 2020 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=6 January 2020 }}</ref>
<ref name="SPC-20200106">{{cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=NASA's TESS Planet Hunter Finds Its 1st Earth-Size World in 'Habitable Zone' |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-tess-first-earth-size-habitable-exoplanet-toi-700d.html |date=6 January 2020 |work=[[Space.com]] |access-date=6 January 2020 }}</ref>


<ref name="Gilbert et al.">{{Cite journal|last1=Gilbert|first1=Emily A.|last2=Barclay|first2=Thomas|last3=Schlieder|first3=Joshua E.|last4=Quintana|first4=Elisa V.|last5=Hord|first5=Benjamin J.|last6=Kostov|first6=Veselin B.|last7=Lopez|first7=Eric D.|last8=Rowe|first8=Jason F.|last9=Hoffman|first9=Kelsey|last10=Walkowicz|first10=Lucianne M.|last11=Silverstein|first11=Michele L.|date=2020-01-03|title=The First Habitable Zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. I: Validation of the TOI-700 System|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=160|issue=3|page=116|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b2|arxiv=2001.00952|bibcode=2020AJ....160..116G|s2cid=209862554 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
⚫
<ref name="SPC-20200106">{{cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=NASA's TESS Planet Hunter Finds Its 1st Earth-Size World in 'Habitable Zone' |url=https://www.space.com/nasa-tess-first-earth-size-habitable-exoplanet-toi-700d.html |date=6 January 2020 |work=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=6 January 2020 }}</ref>


<ref name="Gilbert et al.">{{Cite journal|last1=Gilbert|first1=Emily A.|last2=Barclay|first2=Thomas|last3=Schlieder|first3=Joshua E.|last4=Quintana|first4=Elisa V.|last5=Hord|first5=Benjamin J.|last6=Kostov|first6=Veselin B.|last7=Lopez|first7=Eric D.|last8=Rowe|first8=Jason F.|last9=Hoffman|first9=Kelsey|last10=Walkowicz|first10=Lucianne M.|last11=Silverstein|first11=Michele L.|date=2020-01-03|title=The First Habitable Zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. I: Validation of the TOI-700 System|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=160|issue=3|page=116|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b2|arxiv=2001.00952|bibcode=2020AJ....160..116G|s2cid=209862554}}</ref>
<ref name="Rodriguez et al.">{{Cite journal|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Joseph E.|last2=Vanderburg|first2=Andrew|last3=Zieba|first3=Sebastian|last4=Kreidberg|first4=Laura|last5=Morley|first5=Caroline V.|last6=Kane|first6=Stephen R.|last7=Spencer|first7=Alton|last8=Quinn|first8=Samuel N.|last9=Eastman|first9=Jason D.|last10=Cloutier|first10=Ryan|last11=Huang|first11=Chelsea X.|date=2020-01-03|title=The First Habitable Zone Earth-Sized Planet from TESS. II: Spitzer Confirms TOI-700 d|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=160|issue=3|page=117|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b3|arxiv=2001.00954|bibcode=2020AJ....160..117R|s2cid=209862553 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


<ref name="Rodriguez et al.">{{Cite journal|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Joseph E.|last2=Vanderburg|first2=Andrew|last3=Zieba|first3=Sebastian|last4=Kreidberg|first4=Laura|last5=Morley|first5=Caroline V.|last6=Kane|first6=Stephen R.|last7=Spencer|first7=Alton|last8=Quinn|first8=Samuel N.|last9=Eastman|first9=Jason D.|last10=Cloutier|first10=Ryan|last11=Huang|first11=Chelsea X.|date=2020-01-03|title=The First Habitable Zone Earth-Sized Planet from TESS. II: Spitzer Confirms TOI-700 d|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=160|issue=3|page=117|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b3|arxiv=2001.00954|bibcode=2020AJ....160..117R|s2cid=209862553}}</ref>
<ref name="Suissa et al.">{{Cite journal|last1=Suissa|first1=Gabrielle|first2=Eric T.|last2=Wolf|first3=Ravi Kumar|last3=Kopparapu|first4=Geronimo L.|last4=Villanueva|first5=Thomas|last5=Fauchez|first6=Avi M.|last6=Mandell|first7=Giada|last7=Arney|first8=Emily A.|last8=Gilbert|first9=Joshua E.|last9=Schlieder|first10=Thomas|last10=Barclay|first11=Elisa V.|last11=Quintana|first12=Eric|last12=Lopez|first13=Joseph E.|last13=Rodriguez|first14=Andrew|last14=Vandenburg|date=2020-07-01|title=The First Habitable Zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. III: Climate States and Characterization Prospects for TOI-700 d|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=160|issue=3|page=118|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b4|arxiv=2001.00955|bibcode=2020AJ....160..118S|s2cid=209862275 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


<ref name="Suissa et al.">{{Cite journal|last1=Suissa|first1=Gabrielle|first2=Eric T.|last2=Wolf|first3=Ravi Kumar|last3=Kopparapu|first4=Geronimo L.|last4=Villanueva|first5=Thomas|last5=Fauchez|first6=Avi M.|last6=Mandell|first7=Giada|last7=Arney|first8=Emily A.|last8=Gilbert|first9=Joshua E.|last9=Schlieder|first10=Thomas|last10=Barclay|first11=Elisa V.|last11=Quintana|first12=Eric|last12=Lopez|first13=Joseph E.|last13=Rodriguez|first14=Andrew|last14=Vandenburg|date=2020-07-01|title=The First Habitable Zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. III: Climate States and Characterization Prospects for TOI-700 d|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=160|issue=3|page=118|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b4|arxiv=2001.00955|bibcode=2020AJ....160..118S|s2cid=209862275}}</ref>
<ref name="Gilbert2023">{{cite journal |last1=Gilbert |first1=Emily A. |last2=Vanderburg |first2=Andrew |display-authors=etal |date=January 2023 |title=A Second Earth-Sized Planet in the Habitable Zone of the M Dwarf, TOI-700 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Letters]] |volume= 944|issue= 2|pages= L35|doi= 10.3847/2041-8213/acb599|arxiv=2301.03617|bibcode=2023ApJ...944L..35G |s2cid=255570018 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


}}
}}
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==External links==
==External links==
* [https://www.nasa.gov/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite TESS – Official WebSite]
* [https://www.nasa.gov/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite TESS – Official WebSite]
* [https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/toi%20700%20d NASA Exoplanet Archive System Overview page for TOI-700 d]
* [https://exofop.ipac.caltech.edu/tess/target.php?id=150428135 ExoFOP TIC 150428135] TOI-700 in the Exoplanet Follow-up Observing Program website
* [https://exofop.ipac.caltech.edu/tess/target.php?id=150428135 ExoFOP TIC 150428135] TOI-700 in the Exoplanet Follow-up Observing Program website


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{{Sky|06|28|22.97|-|65|34|43.01|101.4}}
{{Sky|06|28|22.97|-|65|34|43.01|101.4}}


[[Category:Exoplanets discovered by Planet Hunters]]
[[Category:Exoplanets discovered by TESS]]
[[Category:Exoplanets discovered by TESS]]
[[Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2020]]
[[Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2020]]
[[Category:Near-Earth-sized exoplanets in the habitable zone]]
[[Category:Near-Earth-sized exoplanets in the habitable zone]]
[[Category:Transiting exoplanets]]
[[Category:Transiting exoplanets]]
[[Category:Dorado]]
[[Category:Extraterrestrial water]]

Revision as of 22:16, 17 August 2024

TOI-700 d
An artist's depiction of TOI-700 d, depicted here as a possible ocean planet. The actual appearance of the planet is not currently known.
Discovery[1]
Discovered byEmily Gilbert et al.
Discovery date3 January 2020
Transit
Orbital characteristics[2]
0.1633±0.0027 AU
Eccentricity0.042+0.045
−0.030
37.42396+0.00039
−0.00035 d
Inclination89.80°+0.12°
−0.10°
10°+120°
−140°
StarTOI-700
Physical characteristics
1.073+0.059
−0.054 R🜨[2]
Mass≙1.72+1.29
−0.63 ME[1]
TemperatureTeq: 268.8 K (−4.3 °C; 24.2 °F)[3]

TOI-700 d is a near-Earth-sized exoplanet, likely rocky, orbiting within the habitable zone of the red dwarf TOI-700, the outermost planet within the system. It is located roughly 101.4 light-years (31.1 pc) away from Earth in the constellation of Dorado. The exoplanet is the first Earth-sized exoplanet in the habitable zone discovered by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS).[4][5][6]

TOI-700 d orbits its star at a distance of 0.163 AU (24,400,000 km; 15,200,000 mi) from its host star with an orbital period of roughly 37.4 days and has a radius of around 1.19 times that of Earth. It has been estimated that the planet receives about 86% the energy that the Earth receives from the Sun.[7]

It was discovered in early January 2020 by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS).

Physical characteristics

Mass, radius and temperature

TOI-700 d is Earth-sized, an exoplanet that has a radius and mass similar to the Earth. It has a radius of about 1.07 R🜨; its mass has not been measured, but is predicted to be around 1.72 ME.[1] If it has an Earth-like atmosphere, then its average temperature would be about 268.8 K (−4.3 °C; 24.2 °F).[3] A small chance of a runaway greenhouse effect exists.[8]

Host star

Main article: TOI-700

TOI-700 is a red dwarf of spectral class M that is about 40% the mass and radius, and very roughly 50% of the temperature of the Sun.[6] The star is bright with low levels of stellar activity. Over the 11 sectors observed with TESS, the star does not show a single white-light flare. The low rotation rate is also an indicator of low stellar activity.[1]

Orbit

TOI-700 d orbits its host star with an orbital period of 37.42 days. It has an orbital radius of about 0.163 AU (24.4 million km; 15.2 million mi), less than half of that of Mercury to the Sun in the Solar System. It receives about 86% of Earth's sunlight from its host star.

Habitability

Simulation of the planetary system of TOI-700 (center) and its habitable zone, with planet d orbiting within the inner edge.

TOI-700 d orbits in the habitable zone of its host star. The solar wind ram pressure and intensity of the interplanetary magnetic field are expected to be similar to the Earth's, therefore retention of the planetary atmosphere is likely.[9][10]

History and discovery

TOI-700 d was discovered by a team of astronomers led by Emily Gilbert using the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) in early January 2020. This was the first Earth-sized exoplanet in the habitable zone discovered by TESS.[11]

TOI-700 multiplanetary system (video; 3:16)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Gilbert, Emily A.; Barclay, Thomas; Schlieder, Joshua E.; Quintana, Elisa V.; Hord, Benjamin J.; Kostov, Veselin B.; Lopez, Eric D.; Rowe, Jason F.; Hoffman, Kelsey; Walkowicz, Lucianne M.; Silverstein, Michele L. (3 January 2020). "The First Habitable Zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. I: Validation of the TOI-700 System". The Astronomical Journal. 160 (3): 116. arXiv:2001.00952. Bibcode:2020AJ....160..116G. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b2. S2CID 209862554.
  2. ^ a b Gilbert, Emily A.; Vanderburg, Andrew; et al. (January 2023). "A Second Earth-Sized Planet in the Habitable Zone of the M Dwarf, TOI-700". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 944 (2): L35. arXiv:2301.03617. Bibcode:2023ApJ...944L..35G. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acb599. S2CID 255570018.
  3. ^ a b Rodriguez, Joseph E.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Zieba, Sebastian; Kreidberg, Laura; Morley, Caroline V.; Kane, Stephen R.; Spencer, Alton; Quinn, Samuel N.; Eastman, Jason D.; Cloutier, Ryan; Huang, Chelsea X. (3 January 2020). "The First Habitable Zone Earth-Sized Planet from TESS. II: Spitzer Confirms TOI-700 d". The Astronomical Journal. 160 (3): 117. arXiv:2001.00954. Bibcode:2020AJ....160..117R. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b3. S2CID 209862553.
  4. ^ Andreolo, Claire; Cofield, Calla; Kazmierczak, Jeanette (6 January 2020). "NASA Planet Hunter Finds Earth-Size Habitable-Zone World". NASA. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  5. ^ Garner, Rob (6 January 2020). "NASA Planet Hunter Finds Earth-Size Habitable-Zone World". NASA. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  6. ^ a b Wall, Mike (6 January 2020). "NASA's TESS Planet Hunter Finds Its 1st Earth-Size World in 'Habitable Zone'". Space.com. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  7. ^ "[VIDEO] TOI 700d : une planète de la taille de la Terre découverte dans une "zone habitable"". midilibre.fr (in French). Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  8. ^ Suissa, Gabrielle; Wolf, Eric T.; Kopparapu, Ravi Kumar; Villanueva, Geronimo L.; Fauchez, Thomas; Mandell, Avi M.; Arney, Giada; Gilbert, Emily A.; Schlieder, Joshua E.; Barclay, Thomas; Quintana, Elisa V.; Lopez, Eric; Rodriguez, Joseph E.; Vandenburg, Andrew (1 July 2020). "The First Habitable Zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. III: Climate States and Characterization Prospects for TOI-700 d". The Astronomical Journal. 160 (3): 118. arXiv:2001.00955. Bibcode:2020AJ....160..118S. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b4. S2CID 209862275.
  9. ^ Cohen, O.; Garraffo, C.; Moschou, S.; Drake, J.; Alvarado-Gomez, J.; Glocer, A.; Fraschetti, F. (2020). "The Space Environment and Atmospheric Joule Heating of the Habitable Zone Exoplanet TOI 700 D". The Astrophysical Journal. 897 (1): 101. arXiv:2005.11587. Bibcode:2020ApJ...897..101C. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9637. S2CID 218869952.
  10. ^ Dong, Chuanfei; Jin, Meng; Lingam, Manasvi (2020). "Atmospheric Escape from TOI-700 d: Venus versus Earth Analogs". The Astrophysical Journal. 896 (2): L24. arXiv:2005.13190. Bibcode:2020ApJ...896L..24D. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab982f. S2CID 219558481.
  11. ^ "NASA's TESS Planet Hunter Finds Its 1st Earth-Size World in 'Habitable Zone'". Space.com. 7 January 2020.
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