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'''''The Crying of Lot 49''''' is a novella by the American author [[Thomas Pynchon]]. It was published on April{{nbsp}}27, 1966, by [[J. B. Lippincott & Co.]]<ref>{{cite newspaper|last=Hogan|first=William|title=Respect for the Bay – Sierra Club Photo Contest|newspaper=[[The San Francisco Examiner]]|date=March 6, 1966|page=39|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-respect-for-t/147580121/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|quote=On April{{nbsp}}27 Lippincott will introduce the new novel by Thomas Pynchon{{nbsp}}... '''{{'}}The Crying of Lot 49{{'}}'''{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> The shortest of Pynchon's novels, the plot follows Oedipa Maas, a young Californian woman who begins to embrace a [[conspiracy theory]] as she possibly unearths a centuries-old feud between two mail distribution companies. One of these companies, [[Thurn-und-Taxis-Post|Thurn and Taxis]], actually existed, operating from 1490–1990, and was the first private firm to distribute postal mail. Like most of Pynchon's writing, ''The Crying of Lot 49'' is often described as [[postmodernist literature]]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' included the novel in its "[[Time's List of the 100 Best Novels|TIME 100 Best English-Language Novels from 1923 to 2005]]".<ref>{{cite news|author=Lev Grossman|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2005/10/16/all-time-100-novels/slide/all/|title=TIME's Critics pick the 100 Best Novels 1923 to the Present|date=16 October 2005|access-date=2008-12-15|publisher=time.com|author2=Richard Lacayo}}</ref>
'''''The Crying of Lot 49''''' is a novella by the American author [[Thomas Pynchon]]. It was published on April{{nbsp}}27, 1966, by [[J. B. Lippincott & Co.]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Hogan|first=William|title=Respect for the Bay – Sierra Club Photo Contest|newspaper=[[The San Francisco Examiner]]|date=March 6, 1966|page=39|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-respect-for-t/147580121/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|quote=On April{{nbsp}}27 Lippincott will introduce the new novel by Thomas Pynchon{{nbsp}}... '''{{'}}The Crying of Lot 49{{'}}'''{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> The shortest of Pynchon's novels, the plot follows Oedipa Maas, a young Californian woman who begins to embrace a [[conspiracy theory]] as she possibly unearths a centuries-old feud between two mail distribution companies. One of these companies, [[Thurn-und-Taxis-Post|Thurn and Taxis]], actually existed, operating from 1490–1990, and was the first private firm to distribute postal mail. Like most of Pynchon's writing, ''The Crying of Lot 49'' is often described as [[postmodernist literature]]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' included the novel in its "[[Time's List of the 100 Best Novels|TIME 100 Best English-Language Novels from 1923 to 2005]]".<ref>{{cite news|author=Lev Grossman|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2005/10/16/all-time-100-novels/slide/all/|title=TIME's Critics pick the 100 Best Novels 1923 to the Present|date=16 October 2005|access-date=2008-12-15|publisher=time.com|author2=Richard Lacayo}}</ref>


==Plot==
==Plot==
In the mid-1960s, Oedipa Maas lives a fairly comfortable life in the (fictional) northern Californian village of Kinneret, despite her lackluster marriage with Mucho Maas, a rudderless [[radio jockey]] and [[ephebophile]] and her sessions with Dr. Hilarius, an unhinged German [[psychotherapist]] who tries to medicate his patients with [[LSD]]. One day, Oedipa learns of the death of an ex-lover, Pierce Inverarity, an incredibly wealthy real-estate mogul, who has left her as the [[executor]] of his estate. Inverarity appears to have owned or financed nearly all the goings-on in [[Narcissus of Jerusalem|San Narciso]], a (fictional) southern Californian city near [[Los Angeles]]. Oedipa goes to San Narciso to meet Inverarity's lawyer, a former [[child actor]] named Metzger and they begin an affair, which fascinates a local teenage rock band, The Paranoids, who begin following them [[voyeurism|voyeuristically]]. At a bar, Oedipa notices the graffiti symbol of a [[Mute (music)|muted]] [[post horn]] with the label "W.A.S.T.E." and she chats with Mike Fallopian, a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] historian and critic of the postal system, who claims to use a secret postal service.
In the mid-1960s, Oedipa Maas lives a fairly comfortable life in a northern Californian village, despite her lackluster marriage with Mucho Maas, a rudderless [[radio jockey]] and [[ephebophile]], and her sessions with Dr. Hilarius, an unhinged German [[psychotherapist]] who tries to medicate his patients with [[LSD]]. One day, Oedipa learns of the death of an ex-lover, Pierce Inverarity, an incredibly wealthy and powerful real-estate mogul from the Los Angeles area, who has left her as the [[executor]] of his estate. Oedipa goes to meet Inverarity's lawyer, a former [[child actor]] named Metzger, and they begin an affair, which fascinates a local teenage rock band, The Paranoids, who begin following them [[voyeurism|voyeuristically]]. At a bar, Oedipa notices the graffiti symbol of a [[Mute (music)|muted]] [[post horn]] with the label "W.A.S.T.E." and she chats with Mike Fallopian, a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] historian and critic of the postal system, who claims to use a secret postal service.


[[Image:MutedPosthorn.png|right|thumb|The novel's ubiquitous muted [[post horn]] symbol]]
[[Image:MutedPosthorn.png|right|thumb|The novel's ubiquitous muted [[post horn]] symbol]]
It emerges that Inverarity had [[American Mafia|Mafia connections]], illicitly attempting to sell the bones of forgotten U.S. [[World War II]] soldiers for use as [[charcoal]] to a cigarette company. One of The Paranoids' friends mentions that this strongly reminds her of a [[Jacobean era|Jacobean]] [[revenge play]] she recently saw called ''The Courier's Tragedy''. Intrigued by the coincidence, Oedipa and Metzger attend a performance of the play, which briefly mentions the name "Tristero". After the show, Oedipa approaches the play's director and star, Randolph Driblette, who deflects her questions about the mention of the unusual name. After seeing a man scribbling the post horn symbol, Oedipa seeks out Mike Fallopian, who tells her he suspects a conspiracy. This is supported when [[watermarks]] of the muted horn symbol are discovered hidden on Inverarity's private stamp collection. The symbol appears to be a muted variant of the [[coat of arms]] of [[Thurn-und-Taxis-Post|Thurn and Taxis]], an 18th-century European postal monopoly that suppressed all opposition, including Trystero (or Tristero), a competing postal service that was defeated but possibly driven underground. Based on the symbolism of the mute, Oedipa thinks that Trystero exists as a countercultural [[secret society]] with unknown goals.
It emerges that Inverarity had [[American Mafia|Mafia connections]], illicitly attempting to sell the bones of forgotten U.S. [[World War II]] soldiers for use as [[charcoal]] to a cigarette company. One of The Paranoids' friends mentions that this strongly reminds her of a [[Jacobean era|Jacobean]] [[revenge play]] she recently saw called ''The Courier's Tragedy''. Intrigued by the coincidence, Oedipa and Metzger attend a performance of the play, which briefly mentions the name "Tristero". After the show, Oedipa approaches the play's director and star, Randolph Driblette, who deflects her questions about the mention of the unusual name. After seeing a man scribbling the post horn symbol, Oedipa reconnects with Mike Fallopian, who tells her he suspects a conspiracy. This is supported when [[watermarks]] of the muted horn symbol are discovered hidden on Inverarity's private stamp collection. The symbol appears to be a muted variant of the [[coat of arms]] of [[Thurn-und-Taxis-Post|Thurn and Taxis]], an 18th-century European postal monopoly that suppressed all opposition, including Trystero (or Tristero), a competing postal service that was defeated but possibly driven underground. Based on the symbolism of the mute, Oedipa thinks that Trystero exists as a countercultural [[secret society]] with unknown goals.


She researches an older censored edition of ''The Courier's Tragedy'', which confirms that Driblette indeed made a conscious choice to include the "Tristero" line. She seeks answers through a machine claimed to have psychic abilities but the experience is awkward and unsuccessful. As she feverishly wanders the [[Bay Area]], the muted post horn symbol appears among an engineer's doodles, as part of children's sidewalk drawings, amidst [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ideograms in a shop window and in many other places. Finally, a nameless man at a [[gay bar]] tells her that the muted horn symbol simply represents an anonymous [[support group]] for people with [[broken heart]]s, Inamorati Anonymous. She witnesses people referring to and using mailboxes disguised as regular waste bins marked with "W.A.S.T.E." (later suggested to be an [[acronym]] for "We Await Silent Tristero's Empire"). Even so, Oedipa sinks into [[paranoia]], wondering if Trystero exists or if she is merely overthinking a series of false clues with no definite connections.
She researches an older censored edition of ''The Courier's Tragedy'', which confirms that Driblette indeed made a conscious choice to insert the "Tristero" line. She seeks answers through a machine claimed to have psychic abilities but the experience is awkward and unsuccessful. As she feverishly wanders the [[Bay Area]], the muted post horn symbol appears in many random places. Finally, a nameless man at a [[gay bar]] tells her that the symbol simply represents an anonymous [[support group]] for people with [[broken heart]]s. Oedipa witnesses people referring to and using mailboxes disguised as regular waste bins marked with "W.A.S.T.E." (later suggested to be an [[acronym]] for "We Await Silent Tristero's Empire"). Even so, Oedipa sinks into [[paranoia]], wondering if Trystero exists or if she is merely overthinking a series of false connections.


Fearing for her sanity, Oedipa makes an impromptu visit to Dr. Hilarius, only to find him having lost his own mind, firing a [[Gewehr 43]] randomly and raving madly about his days as a Nazi [[medical intern]] at [[Buchenwald concentration camp|Buchenwald]]. Hilarius now thinks that [[Israel]]-sponsored Nazi hunters are after him for his crimes, and he cannot overcome his mental horror about the fact that he once supported Freud, a Jew. She helps the police subdue him, only to return home to find that her husband Mucho has lost his mind in his own way, having become addicted to LSD. Oedipa consults an English professor about ''The Courier's Tragedy'', learns that Randolph Driblette has mysteriously committed suicide, and is left pondering whether Trystero is simply a prolonged hallucination, a historical plot, or an elaborate practical joke that Inverarity arranged for her before his death. Oedipa goes to an auction of Inverarity's possessions and waits on the bidding of lot 49, which contains the stamps which are thought to refer to Trystero. Having learned that a particular bidder is interested in the stamps, she hopes to discover if this person is a representative of the Trystero secret society.
Fearing for her sanity, Oedipa makes an impromptu visit to Dr. Hilarius, only to find him having lost his own mind, firing a gun randomly and raving madly about his days as a Nazi [[medical intern]] at [[Buchenwald concentration camp|Buchenwald]]. She helps the police subdue him, only to return home to find that her husband Mucho has lost his mind in his own way, having become addicted to LSD. Oedipa consults an English professor about ''The Courier's Tragedy'', learns that Randolph Driblette has mysteriously committed suicide, and is left pondering whether Trystero is simply a prolonged hallucination, a historical plot, or an elaborate practical joke that Inverarity arranged for her before his death. Oedipa goes to an auction of Inverarity's possessions and waits on the bidding of lot 49, which contains the stamp collection with the muted horn symbol. Having learned that a particular bidder is interested in the stamps, she hopes to discover if this person will be a representative of the Trystero secret society.


==Characters==
==Characters==
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* Metzger – A lawyer who works for Warpe, Wistfull, Kubitschek and McMingus. He has been assigned to help Oedipa execute Pierce's estate. He and Oedipa have an affair.
* Metzger – A lawyer who works for Warpe, Wistfull, Kubitschek and McMingus. He has been assigned to help Oedipa execute Pierce's estate. He and Oedipa have an affair.
* Miles, Dean, Serge and Leonard – The four members of The Paranoids, a small-time rock band consisting of marijuana-smoking American teenagers who sing with British accents and have haircuts inspired by [[The Beatles]].
* Miles, Dean, Serge and Leonard – The four members of The Paranoids, a small-time rock band consisting of marijuana-smoking American teenagers who sing with British accents and have haircuts inspired by [[The Beatles]].
* Dr. Hilarius – Oedipa's psychiatrist, who tries to prescribe LSD to Oedipa as well as to other housewives. Toward the end of the book, he goes crazy and admits to being a former [[Nazi]] medical intern at [[Buchenwald concentration camp]], where he worked in a program on experimentally-induced insanity, which he supposed was a more "humane" way of dealing with Jewish prisoners than killing.
* Dr. Hilarius – Oedipa's psychiatrist, who tries to prescribe [[LSD]] to Oedipa as well as to other housewives. Toward the end of the book, he goes crazy and admits to being a former [[Nazi]] medical intern at [[Buchenwald concentration camp]], where he worked in a program on experimentally-induced insanity, which he supposed was a more "humane" way of dealing with Jewish prisoners than killing.
* Stanley Koteks – An employee of [[Yoyodyne]] Corporation who knows something about the Trystero. Oedipa meets him when she wanders into his office while touring the plant.
* Stanley Koteks – An employee of [[Yoyodyne]] Corporation who knows something about the Trystero. Oedipa meets him when she wanders into his office while touring the plant.
* John Nefastis – A scientist obsessed with perpetual motion. He has tried to invent a type of [[Maxwell's demon]] to create a [[perpetual motion machine]]. Oedipa visits him to see the machine after learning about him from Stanley Koteks; the visit is unproductive and she runs out the door after he propositions her.
* John Nefastis – A scientist obsessed with perpetual motion. He has tried to invent a type of [[Maxwell's demon]] to create a [[perpetual motion machine]]. Oedipa visits him to see the machine after learning about him from Stanley Koteks; the visit is unproductive and she runs out the door after he propositions her.
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[[Image:crying of lot 49.jpg|thumb|''The Crying of Lot 49'' book cover, featuring the Thurn und Taxis post horn]]
[[Image:crying of lot 49.jpg|thumb|''The Crying of Lot 49'' book cover, featuring the Thurn und Taxis post horn]]
As ever with Pynchon's writing, the labyrinthine plots offer a myriad of cultural references. Knowing these references allows for a much richer reading of the work. J. Kerry Grant wrote ''A Companion to the Crying of Lot 49'' to catalogue these references but it is neither definitive nor complete.<ref name="grant">Grant, J. Kerry. ''A Companion to The Crying of Lot 49'' (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994). {{ISBN|0-8203-1635-0}}.</ref>
As ever with Pynchon's writing, the labyrinthine plots offer a myriad of cultural references. Knowing these references allows for a much richer reading of the work. J. Kerry Grant wrote ''A Companion to the Crying of Lot 49'' to catalogue these references but it is neither definitive nor complete.<ref name="grant">Grant, J. Kerry. ''A Companion to The Crying of Lot 49'' (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994). {{ISBN|0-8203-1635-0}}.</ref>

=== Maxwell's Demon ===
After being prompted to by Stanley Koteks, Oedipa seeks out John Nefastis and his invention coined the 'Nefastis Machine'. This machine attempts to serve as a [[perpetual motion machine]], utilizing the theory of [[Maxwell's demon|Maxwell's Demon]] to sort molecules within a closed chamber.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Palmeri |first=Frank |date=1987 |title=Neither Literally nor as Metaphor: Pynchon's the Crying of Lot 49 and the Structure of Scientific Revolutions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2873106 |journal=ELH |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=979–999|doi=10.2307/2873106 |jstor=2873106 }}</ref> Nefastis explains that a telepathic operator or 'sensitive' is necessary to work the invention by looking into a photo of [[James Clerk Maxwell]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clarke |first=Bruce |date=1996 |title=Allegories of Victorian Thermodynamics |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/8094 |journal=Configurations |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=67–90|doi=10.1353/con.1996.0005 }}</ref>

Despite Nefastis' attempt at invention, the [[second law of thermodynamics]] and its statement regarding [[entropy]] cannot be disproven, as the system gains entropy by way of measurement by the demon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grant |first=J Kerry |date=Spring–Fall 1991 |title=Not Quite so Crazy After all These Years: Pynchon's Creative Engineer |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/99710634/pn-2776-grant.pdf |journal=Pynchon Notes |volume=28-29 |pages=43–52}}</ref><ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last=Abernethy |first=Peter L |date=January 1, 1972 |title=Entropy in Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/177a3a204bdb638de1267a708c8a13ee/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819230 |journal=Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=18–33|doi=10.1080/00111619.1972.10690022 }}</ref> This alludes to a famous retort of Maxwell's Demon by [[Leo Szilard|Szilard]] and [[Léon Brillouin|Brillouin]] which sought to establish congruence between entropy in [[information theory]] and [[thermodynamics]].<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Leland |first=John P |date=Jan 1, 1974 |title=Pynchon's Linguistic Demon: The Crying of Lot 49 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1310174806 |journal=Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=45–53|doi=10.1080/00111619.1974.10690082 |id={{ProQuest|1310174806}} }}</ref> Scholars have pointed to the entropic nature and indeterminacy of the novel as a symbol which invalidates the demon's existence.<ref name=":05">{{Cite journal |last=Ferrero |first=David J |date=Spring–Fall 1999 |title=Echoes of Narcissus: Classical Mythology and Postmodern Pessimism in The Crying of Lot 49 |url=https://pynchonnotes.openlibhums.org/article/id/2400/download/pdf/ |journal=Pynchon Notes |volume=44-45 |pages=82–94}}</ref><ref name=":23" />

Oedipa's role within ''The Crying of Lot 49'' can be likened to [[Maxwell's demon|Maxwell's Demon]]—a force which seeks to reverse the flow of entropy on the town of San Narciso.<ref name=":05" /> Just as the demon is hypothesized to sort unpredictable, random molecules to create order from disorder, Oedipa seeks to make sense of the mystery of Trystero.<ref name=":05" /> San Narciso as a city is often described as 'still' or 'silent'; a place where life has stagnated, one cultural microcosm of many within the United States.<ref name=":05" /><ref name=":33" /> The concept of Trystero acts as a promise to reverse the entropic regress that America has fallen into, as an 'anarchist miracle'.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":23" />

=== ''Oedipus Rex'' ===
The connection between [[Oedipus]] and the protagonist of ''The Crying of Lot 49'', Oedipa Maas, tends to align with one of two interpretations within literature: that of the [[Sophocles|Sophoclean]] tragedy ''[[Oedipus Rex]]'', and that of the [[Oedipus complex|Oedipus Complex]], a psychoanalytical theory pioneered by [[Sigmund Freud]].<ref name=":05" /> Comparing the novel with ''Oedipus Rex'', some scholars argue that both Oedipus and Oedipa serve as solvers of riddles—Oedipus in answering the [[Sphinx's riddle]] and Oedipa in attempting to uncover the mystery behind Trystero. However, critics of this interpretation claim that these riddles share little topical symmetry.<ref name=":05" />

Supporters of the Freudian interpretation tend to point towards Pynchon's heavy borrowing of Greek literature and extensive use of allusions as part of the cyclic, incestuous nature of recycling within literature.<ref name=":05" /> Alternatively, the homogeneity of society around San Narciso as a result of the convergence of [[entropy]] has also been pointed to as having an incestuous nature.<ref name=":05" />

=== ''Metamorphoses'' ===
[[File:Narcissus_poeticus_Spechtensee_01.JPG|thumb|The flower held by the nymph Echo, ''Narcissus poeticus'']]
Upon arrival in San Narciso, Oedipa stops to check in at the Echo Courts Motel, which sports a painted sheet metal likeness of the nymph [[Echo (mythology)|Echo]] from Ovid's ''[[Metamorphoses]]''.<ref name=":05" /> This figure of Echo is holding a flower, suggested to be ''[[Narcissus poeticus]]'', alike to the flower Narcissus turns into within the myth of [[Echo and Narcissus]].<ref name=":05" /> Additionally, the pool at Echo Courts Motel is described as flat-surfaced, possibly symbolizing the pool in which Narcissus fell in love with his own reflection.<ref name=":05" />

Scholars have drawn parallels between Oedipa and both Narcissus and Echo.<ref name=":05" /> Oedipa is initially suggested to bear a self-proclaimed resemblance to Echo, and it has been suggested the longing for answers regarding Trystero mirrors Echo's desire of Narcissus.<ref name=":05" /> Oedipa also recurringly encounters mirrors throughout the novel, initially failing to find herself in the bathroom mirror at Echo Courts, which could point to the beginning of her paranoia. She additionally recounts a dream in which she is making love to her husband at the motel, only to awake to herself staring back at her through a mirror, an act of self-love by way of a mirror, alluding to the fate of Narcissus within ''[[Metamorphoses]]''.<ref name=":05" />

⚫
===''The Courier's Tragedy''===
⚫
Pynchon devotes a significant part of the book to a play-within-a-book, a detailed description of a performance of an imaginary [[Jacobean era|Jacobean]] [[revenge play]], involving intrigues between Thurn und Taxis and Trystero.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kohn |first=Robert, E |date=2008 |title=The Corrupt Edition of The Courier's Tragedy in Thomas Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49 |journal=Notes and Queries |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=82–86 |doi=10.1093/notesj/gjm269 }}</ref> Like "The Mousetrap", based on "The Murder of Gonzago" that [[William Shakespeare]] placed within ''[[Hamlet]]'', the events and atmosphere of ''The Courier's Tragedy'' (by the fictional Richard Wharfinger) mirror those transpiring around them. In many aspects it resembles a typical revenge play, such as ''[[The Spanish Tragedy]]'' by [[Thomas Kyd]], ''[[Hamlet]]'' by Shakespeare and plays by [[John Webster]] and [[Cyril Tourneur]].


===The Beatles===
===The Beatles===
Line 70: Line 91:


<blockquote>She had looked down at her feet and known, then, because of a painting, that what she stood on had only been woven together a couple thousand miles away in her own tower, was only by accident known as Mexico, and so Pierce had taken her away from nothing, there'd been no escape.</blockquote>
<blockquote>She had looked down at her feet and known, then, because of a painting, that what she stood on had only been woven together a couple thousand miles away in her own tower, was only by accident known as Mexico, and so Pierce had taken her away from nothing, there'd been no escape.</blockquote>

⚫
===''The Courier's Tragedy''===
⚫
Pynchon devotes a significant part of the book to a play-within-a-book, a detailed description of a performance of an imaginary [[Jacobean era|Jacobean]] [[revenge play]], involving intrigues between Thurn und Taxis and Trystero. Like "The Mousetrap", based on "The Murder of Gonzago" that [[William Shakespeare]] placed within ''[[Hamlet]]'', the events and atmosphere of ''The Courier's Tragedy'' (by the fictional Richard Wharfinger) mirror those transpiring around them. In many aspects it resembles a typical revenge play, such as ''[[The Spanish Tragedy]]'' by [[Thomas Kyd]], ''[[Hamlet]]'' by Shakespeare and plays by [[John Webster]] and [[Cyril Tourneur]].


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
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* In the sixth book 'The Ersatz Elevator' of ''The Series of Unfortunate Events,'' Lot 49 of the auction featured a collection of rare stamps, referencing Pynchon's novel.<ref>[[The Ersatz Elevator]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=April 2022}}
* In the sixth book 'The Ersatz Elevator' of ''The Series of Unfortunate Events,'' Lot 49 of the auction featured a collection of rare stamps, referencing Pynchon's novel.<ref>[[The Ersatz Elevator]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=April 2022}}
* The title and lyrics of the song "San Narciso" by [[Faded Paper Figures]] refer to the fictional city featured in the novel. <ref> {{Cite web|date=2023-01-16|title= San Narciso Faded Paper Figures Lyrics Genius|url=https://genius.com/Faded-paper-figures-san-narciso-lyrics|access-date=2023-01-16|website=Genius|language=en-US}}</ref>
* The title and lyrics of the song "San Narciso" by [[Faded Paper Figures]] refer to the fictional city featured in the novel. <ref> {{Cite web|date=2023-01-16|title= San Narciso Faded Paper Figures Lyrics Genius|url=https://genius.com/Faded-paper-figures-san-narciso-lyrics|access-date=2023-01-16|website=Genius|language=en-US}}</ref>
* In Season 5, Episode 25, of ''[[Star Trek:Deep Space Nine|Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'', Quark cries an auction, including Lot 49, which includes a 1951 [[Willie Mays]] baseball card.
* The ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' episode "[[In the Cards]]" features a [[Willie Mays]] baseball card being sold at an auction, where it is listed as Lot 49.


==Publication history==
==Publication history==

Revision as of 14:48, 17 August 2024

The Crying of Lot 49
Cover of first edition
AuthorThomas Pynchon
LanguageEnglish
GenrePostmodern novel, paranoid fiction
PublishedApril 27, 1966 (1966-04-27) (J. B. Lippincott & Co.)
Publication placeUnited States
Pages183

The Crying of Lot 49 is a novella by the American author Thomas Pynchon. It was published on April 27, 1966, by J. B. Lippincott & Co.[1] The shortest of Pynchon's novels, the plot follows Oedipa Maas, a young Californian woman who begins to embrace a conspiracy theory as she possibly unearths a centuries-old feud between two mail distribution companies. One of these companies, Thurn and Taxis, actually existed, operating from 1490–1990, and was the first private firm to distribute postal mail. Like most of Pynchon's writing, The Crying of Lot 49 is often described as postmodernist literature. Time included the novel in its "TIME 100 Best English-Language Novels from 1923 to 2005".[2]

Plot

In the mid-1960s, Oedipa Maas lives a fairly comfortable life in a northern Californian village, despite her lackluster marriage with Mucho Maas, a rudderless radio jockey and ephebophile, and her sessions with Dr. Hilarius, an unhinged German psychotherapist who tries to medicate his patients with LSD. One day, Oedipa learns of the death of an ex-lover, Pierce Inverarity, an incredibly wealthy and powerful real-estate mogul from the Los Angeles area, who has left her as the executor of his estate. Oedipa goes to meet Inverarity's lawyer, a former child actor named Metzger, and they begin an affair, which fascinates a local teenage rock band, The Paranoids, who begin following them voyeuristically. At a bar, Oedipa notices the graffiti symbol of a muted post horn with the label "W.A.S.T.E." and she chats with Mike Fallopian, a right-wing historian and critic of the postal system, who claims to use a secret postal service.

The novel's ubiquitous muted post horn symbol

It emerges that Inverarity had Mafia connections, illicitly attempting to sell the bones of forgotten U.S. World War II soldiers for use as charcoal to a cigarette company. One of The Paranoids' friends mentions that this strongly reminds her of a Jacobean revenge play she recently saw called The Courier's Tragedy. Intrigued by the coincidence, Oedipa and Metzger attend a performance of the play, which briefly mentions the name "Tristero". After the show, Oedipa approaches the play's director and star, Randolph Driblette, who deflects her questions about the mention of the unusual name. After seeing a man scribbling the post horn symbol, Oedipa reconnects with Mike Fallopian, who tells her he suspects a conspiracy. This is supported when watermarks of the muted horn symbol are discovered hidden on Inverarity's private stamp collection. The symbol appears to be a muted variant of the coat of arms of Thurn and Taxis, an 18th-century European postal monopoly that suppressed all opposition, including Trystero (or Tristero), a competing postal service that was defeated but possibly driven underground. Based on the symbolism of the mute, Oedipa thinks that Trystero exists as a countercultural secret society with unknown goals.

She researches an older censored edition of The Courier's Tragedy, which confirms that Driblette indeed made a conscious choice to insert the "Tristero" line. She seeks answers through a machine claimed to have psychic abilities but the experience is awkward and unsuccessful. As she feverishly wanders the Bay Area, the muted post horn symbol appears in many random places. Finally, a nameless man at a gay bar tells her that the symbol simply represents an anonymous support group for people with broken hearts. Oedipa witnesses people referring to and using mailboxes disguised as regular waste bins marked with "W.A.S.T.E." (later suggested to be an acronym for "We Await Silent Tristero's Empire"). Even so, Oedipa sinks into paranoia, wondering if Trystero exists or if she is merely overthinking a series of false connections.

Fearing for her sanity, Oedipa makes an impromptu visit to Dr. Hilarius, only to find him having lost his own mind, firing a gun randomly and raving madly about his days as a Nazi medical intern at Buchenwald. She helps the police subdue him, only to return home to find that her husband Mucho has lost his mind in his own way, having become addicted to LSD. Oedipa consults an English professor about The Courier's Tragedy, learns that Randolph Driblette has mysteriously committed suicide, and is left pondering whether Trystero is simply a prolonged hallucination, a historical plot, or an elaborate practical joke that Inverarity arranged for her before his death. Oedipa goes to an auction of Inverarity's possessions and waits on the bidding of lot 49, which contains the stamp collection with the muted horn symbol. Having learned that a particular bidder is interested in the stamps, she hopes to discover if this person will be a representative of the Trystero secret society.

Characters

  • Oedipa Maas – The protagonist. After the death of her ex-boyfriend, the real estate mogul Pierce Inverarity, she is appointed co-executor of his estate and discovers and begins to unravel what may or may not be a world conspiracy.
  • Wendell "Mucho" Maas – Oedipa's husband, Mucho once worked in a used-car lot but recently became a disc jockey for KCUF radio in Kinneret, California.
  • Metzger – A lawyer who works for Warpe, Wistfull, Kubitschek and McMingus. He has been assigned to help Oedipa execute Pierce's estate. He and Oedipa have an affair.
  • Miles, Dean, Serge and Leonard – The four members of The Paranoids, a small-time rock band consisting of marijuana-smoking American teenagers who sing with British accents and have haircuts inspired by The Beatles.
  • Dr. Hilarius – Oedipa's psychiatrist, who tries to prescribe LSD to Oedipa as well as to other housewives. Toward the end of the book, he goes crazy and admits to being a former Nazi medical intern at Buchenwald concentration camp, where he worked in a program on experimentally-induced insanity, which he supposed was a more "humane" way of dealing with Jewish prisoners than killing.
  • Stanley Koteks – An employee of Yoyodyne Corporation who knows something about the Trystero. Oedipa meets him when she wanders into his office while touring the plant.
  • John Nefastis – A scientist obsessed with perpetual motion. He has tried to invent a type of Maxwell's demon to create a perpetual motion machine. Oedipa visits him to see the machine after learning about him from Stanley Koteks; the visit is unproductive and she runs out the door after he propositions her.
  • Randolph "Randy" Driblette – Director of The Courier's Tragedy by Jacobean playwright Richard Wharfinger and a leading Wharfinger scholar; he deflects Oedipa's questions and dismisses her theories when she approaches him taking a shower after the show; later, he commits suicide by walking into the Pacific before Oedipa can follow up with him but the initial meeting with him spurs her to go on a quest to find the meaning behind Trystero.
  • Mike Fallopian – Oedipa and Metzger meet Fallopian in The Scope, a bar frequented by Yoyodyne employees. He tells them about The Peter Pinguid Society, a right-wing, anti-government organization that he belongs to.
  • Genghis Cohen – The most eminent philatelist in the Los Angeles area, Cohen was hired to inventory and appraise Inverarity's stamp collection. Oedipa and he discuss stamps and forgeries and he discovers the horn symbol watermark on Inverarity's stamps.
  • Professor Emory Bortz – Formerly of UC Berkeley, now teaching at San Narciso, Bortz wrote the editor's preface in a version of Wharfinger's works. Oedipa tracks him down to learn more about Trystero.

Critical reception

Critics have read the book as both an "exemplary postmodern text" and a parody of postmodernism.[3][4] Contemporary reviews were mixed, with many critics comparing it unfavourably to Pynchon's first novel V.. A reviewer in Time described the novel as "a metaphysical thriller in the form of a pornographic comic strip".[5] In a positive The New York Times review, Richard Poirier wrote "Pynchon's technical virtuosity, his adaptations of the apocalyptic-satiric modes of Melville, Conrad, and Joyce, of Faulkner, Nathanael West, and Nabokov, the saturnalian inventiveness he shares with contemporaries like John Barth and Joseph Heller, his security with philosophical and psychological concepts, his anthropological intimacy with the off-beat – these evidences of extraordinary talent in the first novel continue to display themselves in the second".[6]

Self-reception

Pynchon described, in the prologue to his 1984 collection Slow Learner, an "up-and-down shape of my learning curve" as a writer and specifically does not believe he maintained a "positive or professional direction" in the writing of The Crying of Lot 49, "which was marketed as a 'novel', and in which I seem to have forgotten most of what I thought I'd learned up until then".[7]

Allusions in the book

The Crying of Lot 49 book cover, featuring the Thurn und Taxis post horn

As ever with Pynchon's writing, the labyrinthine plots offer a myriad of cultural references. Knowing these references allows for a much richer reading of the work. J. Kerry Grant wrote A Companion to the Crying of Lot 49 to catalogue these references but it is neither definitive nor complete.[8]

Maxwell's Demon

After being prompted to by Stanley Koteks, Oedipa seeks out John Nefastis and his invention coined the 'Nefastis Machine'. This machine attempts to serve as a perpetual motion machine, utilizing the theory of Maxwell's Demon to sort molecules within a closed chamber.[9] Nefastis explains that a telepathic operator or 'sensitive' is necessary to work the invention by looking into a photo of James Clerk Maxwell.[10]

Despite Nefastis' attempt at invention, the second law of thermodynamics and its statement regarding entropy cannot be disproven, as the system gains entropy by way of measurement by the demon.[11][12] This alludes to a famous retort of Maxwell's Demon by Szilard and Brillouin which sought to establish congruence between entropy in information theory and thermodynamics.[13] Scholars have pointed to the entropic nature and indeterminacy of the novel as a symbol which invalidates the demon's existence.[14][13]

Oedipa's role within The Crying of Lot 49 can be likened to Maxwell's Demon—a force which seeks to reverse the flow of entropy on the town of San Narciso.[14] Just as the demon is hypothesized to sort unpredictable, random molecules to create order from disorder, Oedipa seeks to make sense of the mystery of Trystero.[14] San Narciso as a city is often described as 'still' or 'silent'; a place where life has stagnated, one cultural microcosm of many within the United States.[14][12] The concept of Trystero acts as a promise to reverse the entropic regress that America has fallen into, as an 'anarchist miracle'.[9][13]

Oedipus Rex

The connection between Oedipus and the protagonist of The Crying of Lot 49, Oedipa Maas, tends to align with one of two interpretations within literature: that of the Sophoclean tragedy Oedipus Rex, and that of the Oedipus Complex, a psychoanalytical theory pioneered by Sigmund Freud.[14] Comparing the novel with Oedipus Rex, some scholars argue that both Oedipus and Oedipa serve as solvers of riddles—Oedipus in answering the Sphinx's riddle and Oedipa in attempting to uncover the mystery behind Trystero. However, critics of this interpretation claim that these riddles share little topical symmetry.[14]

Supporters of the Freudian interpretation tend to point towards Pynchon's heavy borrowing of Greek literature and extensive use of allusions as part of the cyclic, incestuous nature of recycling within literature.[14] Alternatively, the homogeneity of society around San Narciso as a result of the convergence of entropy has also been pointed to as having an incestuous nature.[14]

Metamorphoses

The flower held by the nymph Echo, Narcissus poeticus

Upon arrival in San Narciso, Oedipa stops to check in at the Echo Courts Motel, which sports a painted sheet metal likeness of the nymph Echo from Ovid's Metamorphoses.[14] This figure of Echo is holding a flower, suggested to be Narcissus poeticus, alike to the flower Narcissus turns into within the myth of Echo and Narcissus.[14] Additionally, the pool at Echo Courts Motel is described as flat-surfaced, possibly symbolizing the pool in which Narcissus fell in love with his own reflection.[14]

Scholars have drawn parallels between Oedipa and both Narcissus and Echo.[14] Oedipa is initially suggested to bear a self-proclaimed resemblance to Echo, and it has been suggested the longing for answers regarding Trystero mirrors Echo's desire of Narcissus.[14] Oedipa also recurringly encounters mirrors throughout the novel, initially failing to find herself in the bathroom mirror at Echo Courts, which could point to the beginning of her paranoia. She additionally recounts a dream in which she is making love to her husband at the motel, only to awake to herself staring back at her through a mirror, an act of self-love by way of a mirror, alluding to the fate of Narcissus within Metamorphoses.[14]

The Courier's Tragedy

Pynchon devotes a significant part of the book to a play-within-a-book, a detailed description of a performance of an imaginary Jacobean revenge play, involving intrigues between Thurn und Taxis and Trystero.[15] Like "The Mousetrap", based on "The Murder of Gonzago" that William Shakespeare placed within Hamlet, the events and atmosphere of The Courier's Tragedy (by the fictional Richard Wharfinger) mirror those transpiring around them. In many aspects it resembles a typical revenge play, such as The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd, Hamlet by Shakespeare and plays by John Webster and Cyril Tourneur.

The Beatles

The Crying of Lot 49 was published shortly after Beatlemania and the "British invasion" that took place in the United States and other Western countries. Internal context clues indicate that the novel is set in the summer of 1964, the year in which A Hard Day's Night was released. Pynchon makes a wide variety of Beatles allusions. Most prominent are The Paranoids, a band composed of cheerful marijuana smokers whose lead singer, Miles, is a high-school dropout described as having a "Beatle haircut". The Paranoids all speak with American accents but sing in English ones; at one point, a guitar player is forced to relinquish control of a car to his girlfriend because he cannot see through his hair. It is not clear whether Pynchon was aware of the Beatles' nickname for themselves, "Los Para Noias"; since the novel is replete with other references to paranoia, Pynchon may have chosen the band's name for other reasons.[16]

Pynchon refers to a rock song, "I Want to Kiss Your Feet", an adulteration of "I Want to Hold Your Hand". The song's artist, Sick Dick and the Volkswagens, evokes the names of such historical rock groups as the El Dorados, the Edsels, the Cadillacs and the Jaguars (as well as an early name the Beatles themselves used, "Long John and the Silver Beetles"). "Sick Dick" may also refer to Richard Wharfinger, author of "that ill, ill Jacobean revenge play" known as The Courier's Tragedy.[8] The song's title also keeps up a recurring sequence of allusions to Saint Narcissus, a 3rd-century bishop of Jerusalem.

Late in the novel, Oedipa's husband, Mucho Maas, a disc jockey at Kinneret radio station KCUF, describes his experience of discovering the Beatles. Mucho refers to their early song "She Loves You", as well as hinting at the areas the Beatles were later to explore. Pynchon wrote,

Whenever I put the headset on now," he'd continued, "I really do understand what I find there. When those kids sing about 'She loves you,' yeah well, you know, she does, she's any number of people, all over the world, back through time, different colors, sizes, ages, shapes, distances from death, but she loves. And the 'you' is everybody. And herself. Oedipa, the human voice, you know, it's a flipping miracle." His eyes brimming, reflecting the color of beer. "Baby," she said, helpless, knowing of nothing she could do for this, and afraid for him. He put a little clear plastic bottle on the table between them. She stared at the pills in it, and then understood. "That's LSD?" she said.

Vladimir Nabokov

Pynchon, like Kurt Vonnegut, was a student at Cornell University, where he probably at least audited Vladimir Nabokov's Literature 312 class. (Nabokov had no recollection of him but Nabokov's wife Véra recalls grading Pynchon's examination papers, thanks only to his handwriting, "half printing, half script".)[17] The year before Pynchon graduated, Nabokov's novel Lolita was published in the United States. Lolita introduced the word "nymphet" to describe a girl between the ages of nine and fourteen, sexually attractive to the hebephilic main character, Humbert Humbert and it was also used in the novel's adaptation to cinema in 1962 by Stanley Kubrick. In the following years, mainstream usage altered the word's meaning to apply to older girls. Perhaps appropriately, Pynchon provides an early example of the modern "nymphet" usage entering the literary canon. Serge, The Paranoids' teenage counter-tenor, loses his girlfriend to a middle-aged lawyer. At one point he expresses his angst in song:

What chance has a lonely surfer boy
For the love of a surfer chick,
With all these Humbert Humbert cats
Coming on so big and sick?
For me, my baby was a woman,
For him she's just another nymphet.

Remedios Varo

Early in The Crying of Lot 49, Oedipa recalls a trip to an art museum in Mexico with Inverarity, during which she encountered a painting, Bordando el Manto Terrestre ("Embroidering the Earth’s Mantle") by Remedios Varo.[18] The 1961 painting shows eight women inside a tower, where they are presumably held captive. Six maidens are weaving a tapestry that flows out of the windows and seems to constitute the world outside of the tower. Oedipa's reaction to the tapestry gives us some insight into her difficulty in determining what is real and what is a fiction created by Inverarity for her benefit,

She had looked down at her feet and known, then, because of a painting, that what she stood on had only been woven together a couple thousand miles away in her own tower, was only by accident known as Mexico, and so Pierce had taken her away from nothing, there'd been no escape.

Publication history

  • Pynchon, Thomas (December 1965). "The World (This One), The Flesh (Mrs. Oedipa Maas), And The Testament Of Pierce Inverarity". Esquire. pp. 170–173, 296–303. (excerpt)
  • Pynchon, Thomas R. The Crying of Lot 49. J. B. Lippincott. Philadelphia. 1966.[35] 1st edition. OCLC 916132946
  • Pynchon, Thomas R. The Crying of Lot 49. Harper and Row, 1986, reissued 2006. ISBN 978-0060913076 : Perennial Fiction Library edition.

References

  1. ^ Hogan, William (March 6, 1966). "Respect for the Bay – Sierra Club Photo Contest". The San Francisco Examiner. p. 39 – via Newspapers.com. On April 27 Lippincott will introduce the new novel by Thomas Pynchon ... 'The Crying of Lot 49' ...
  2. ^ Lev Grossman; Richard Lacayo (16 October 2005). "TIME's Critics pick the 100 Best Novels 1923 to the Present". time.com. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
  3. ^ Castillo, Debra A. "Borges and Pynchon: The Tenuous Symmetries of Art", in New Essays, ed. Patrick O'Donnell, pp. 21–46 (Cambridge University Press: 1992). ISBN 0-521-38833-3.
  4. ^ Bennett, David. "Parody, Postmodernism and the Politics of Reading", Critical Quarterly 27, No. 4 (Winter 1985): pp. 27–43.
  5. ^ O'Donnell, Patrick, Introduction New Essays on The Crying of Lot 49, Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 7
  6. ^ Poirier, Richard Embattled Underground The New York Times, 1 May 1966
  7. ^ Pynchon, Thomas R. Introduction to Slow Learner (Boston: Little, Brown: 1984). ISBN 0-316-72442-4.
  8. ^ a b Grant, J. Kerry. A Companion to The Crying of Lot 49 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994). ISBN 0-8203-1635-0.
  9. ^ a b Palmeri, Frank (1987). "Neither Literally nor as Metaphor: Pynchon's the Crying of Lot 49 and the Structure of Scientific Revolutions". ELH. 54 (4): 979–999. doi:10.2307/2873106. JSTOR 2873106.
  10. ^ Clarke, Bruce (1996). "Allegories of Victorian Thermodynamics". Configurations. 4 (1): 67–90. doi:10.1353/con.1996.0005.
  11. ^ Grant, J Kerry (Spring–Fall 1991). "Not Quite so Crazy After all These Years: Pynchon's Creative Engineer" (PDF). Pynchon Notes. 28–29: 43–52.
  12. ^ a b Abernethy, Peter L (January 1, 1972). "Entropy in Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49". Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 14 (2): 18–33. doi:10.1080/00111619.1972.10690022.
  13. ^ a b c Leland, John P (Jan 1, 1974). "Pynchon's Linguistic Demon: The Crying of Lot 49". Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 16 (2): 45–53. doi:10.1080/00111619.1974.10690082. ProQuest 1310174806.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ferrero, David J (Spring–Fall 1999). "Echoes of Narcissus: Classical Mythology and Postmodern Pessimism in The Crying of Lot 49". Pynchon Notes. 44–45: 82–94.
  15. ^ Kohn, Robert, E (2008). "The Corrupt Edition of The Courier's Tragedy in Thomas Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49". Notes and Queries. 55 (1): 82–86. doi:10.1093/notesj/gjm269.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Harrison, George MBE et al. The Beatles Anthology (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2000). ISBN 0-8118-2684-8.
  17. ^ Appel, Alfred Jr. Interview, published in Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature 8, No. 2 (spring 1967). Reprinted in Strong Opinions (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973).
  18. ^ Julia Bozzone (24 September 2021). "Overlooked No More: Remedios Varo, Spanish Painter of Magic, Mysticism and Science". New York Times. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
  19. ^ "Pynchon Music: The Jazz Butcher". The Modern Word. 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
  20. ^ Joffe, Justin (June 19, 2017). "How Radiohead's 'O.K. Computer' Predicted Our Age of Acceleration". Observer.
  21. ^ "Pynchon Music: Yo La Tengo". The Modern Word. 2021-09-11. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
  22. ^ "Pynchon Music: Poster Children". The Modern Word. 2021-09-11. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
  23. ^ Grimstad, Paul C. (Summer 2004). "'Creative Distortion' in Count Zero and Nova Express". Journal of Modern Literature. 27 (4).
  24. ^ "Sample Wgetrc – GNU Wget 1.13.4 Manual". GNU.org. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
  25. ^ Carl Malamud. "Memory Palaces". Mappa Mundi. media.org. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017.
  26. ^ "Treefort Decoder (Games)". App Shopper. 2014-03-14. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  27. ^ Patterson, Troy (August 6, 2018). "Lodge 49, Reviewed: Channelling Pynchon to Capture California's High Hopes and Deep Loss". The New Yorker.
  28. ^ Poniewozik, James (August 3, 2018). "Review: Lodge 49, Where Beautiful Losers Join the Club". The New York Times.
  29. ^ Singel, Ryan (August 17, 2007). "Sleuths Break Adobe's San Jose Puzzle, Find Pynchon Inside". Wired – via www.wired.com.
  30. ^ Tatsumi, Takayuki (2006). Full Metal Apache. Duke University Press. p. 19. ISBN 0-8223-3774-6.
  31. ^ "Pynchon Film: Buckaroo Banzai". The Modern Word. 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
  32. ^ "the O.C. Paris Hilton". Youtube. 2007-03-28. Retrieved 2022-02-18.
  33. ^ The Ersatz Elevator
  34. ^ "San Narciso Faded Paper Figures Lyrics Genius". Genius. 2023-01-16. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
  35. ^ Royster, Paul (June 23, 2005). Thomas Pynchon: A Brief Chronology (Report). University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
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