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{{Short description|Roman Catholic basilica, a landmark of Rome, Italy}}
{{Short description|Roman Catholic basilica, a landmark of Rome, Italy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Not to be confused with|Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran}}
{{Infobox church
{{Infobox church
|name=Saint Clement
|name=Saint Clement
|native_name={{unbulleted list|{{native name|it|San Clemente}}|{{native name|la|Sancti Clementis}}}}
|native_name={{unbulleted list|{{native name|it|San Clemente}}|{{native name|la|Sancti Clementis}}}}
|image=San Clemente Rome 2018 (003).jpg
|image=Basilica di San Clemente al Laterano - esterno.jpg
|caption=Courtyard of the Basilica of Saint Clement
|caption=Courtyard of the Basilica of Saint Clement
|coordinates={{coord|41|53|22|N|12|29|51|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IT_scale:10000|display=it}}
|coordinates={{coord|41|53|22|N|12|29|51|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IT_scale:10000|display=it}}
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|denomination=[[Catholic Church]]
|denomination=[[Catholic Church]]
|tradition=[[Latin Church]]
|tradition=[[Latin Church]]
|religious order=[[Dominican Order|Dominicans]]
|website={{url|www.basilicasanclemente.com}}
|website={{url|www.basilicasanclemente.com}}
|dedication=[[Pope Clement I]]
|dedication=[[Pope Clement I]]
|status=[[Basilica]],<br>[[titular church]],<br>[[national churches in Rome#National churches|national church]]
|status=[[Basilica]],<br/>[[titular church]],<br/>[[national churches in Rome#National churches|Irish national church]]
|architectural type=[[Church (building)|Church]]
|architectural type=[[Church (building)|Church]]
|style=[[Paleochristian architecture|Paleochristian]], [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]
|style=[[Paleochristian architecture|Paleochristian]], [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]
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=== Before the 4th century ===
=== Before the 4th century ===
The lowest levels of the present basilica contain remnants of the foundation of a possibly [[Roman Republic|republican era]] building that might have been destroyed in the [[Great Fire of Rome|Great Fire of 64]]. An industrial building – probably the imperial mint of Rome from the late 1st century A.D. onwards (because a similar building is represented on a 16th-century drawing of a fragment of the [[Forma Urbis Romae|Severan marble plan]] of the city), was built<ref>Jones, J. R. M. (2015). The Location of the Trajanic Mint at Rome. The Numismatic Chronicle, 175, 137–145. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43859785</ref> or remodelled on the same site during the Flavian period. Shortly after an ''[[insula (building)|insula]]'', or apartment block, was also built {{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}. It was separated from the industrial building by a narrow alleyway. About a hundred years later (c. 200) a ''[[mithraeum]],'' a sanctuary of the [[Mithraic Mysteries|cult of Mithras]], was built in the courtyard of the ''insula.'' The main cult room (the ''speleum'', "cave"),<ref>''CIMRM'', p. 338</ref> which is about 9.6m long and 6m wide, was discovered in 1867 but could not be investigated until 1914 due to lack of drainage.<ref name="CIMRM">{{citation | last=Vermaseren|first=M. J.<!--Maarten Jozef-->| title=[[CIMRM|Corpus Inscriptionum et Monumentorum Religionis Mithriacae]], Vol. 1| location=The Hague| publisher=Martinus Nijhoff| year=1956|ref=CIMRM| pages=156–158}}.</ref> The ''exedra'', the shallow apse at the far end of the low vaulted space, was trimmed with pumice to render it more cave-like.
The lowest levels of the present basilica contain remnants of the foundation of a possibly [[Roman Republic|republican era]] building that might have been destroyed in the [[Great Fire of Rome|Great Fire of 64]]. An industrial building – probably the imperial mint of Rome from the late 1st century A.D. onwards (because a similar building is represented on a 16th-century drawing of a fragment of the [[Forma Urbis Romae|Severan marble plan]] of the city), was built<ref>Jones, J. R. M. (2015). The Location of the Trajanic Mint at Rome. The Numismatic Chronicle, 175, 137–145. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43859785</ref> or remodelled on the same site during the Flavian period. Shortly after an ''[[insula (building)|insula]]'', or apartment block, was also built.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} It was separated from the industrial building by a narrow alleyway. About a hundred years later (c. 200) a ''[[mithraeum]],'' a sanctuary of the [[Mithraic Mysteries|cult of Mithras]], was built in the courtyard of the ''insula.'' The main cult room (the ''speleum'', "cave"),<ref>''CIMRM'', p. 338</ref> which is about 9.6m long and 6m wide, was discovered in 1867 but could not be investigated until 1914 due to lack of drainage.<ref name="CIMRM">{{citation | last=Vermaseren|first=M. J.<!--Maarten Jozef-->| title=[[CIMRM|Corpus Inscriptionum et Monumentorum Religionis Mithriacae]], Vol. 1| location=The Hague| publisher=Martinus Nijhoff| year=1956|ref=CIMRM| pages=156–158}}.</ref> The ''exedra'', the shallow [[apse]] at the far end of the low vaulted space, was trimmed with pumice to render it more cave-like.


Central to the main room of the sanctuary was found an altar, in the shape of a sarcophagus, and with the main cult relief of the [[tauroctony]] (the image of Mithras slaying a bull) on its front face.<ref>''CIMRM'', p. 339</ref> The torchbearers [[Cautes and Cautopates]] appear on respectively the left and right faces of the same monument. A dedicatory inscription identifies the donor as one ''pater'' Cnaeus Arrius Claudianus, perhaps of the same clan as [[Antoninus Pius|Titus Arrius Antoninus]]' mother. Other monuments discovered in the sanctuary include a bust of [[Sol (Roman mythology)|Sol]]<ref>''CIMRM'', p. 343</ref> kept in the sanctuary in a niche near the entrance, and a figure of {{lang|la|Mithras petra generix}},<ref>''CIMRM'', p. 344</ref> i.e. Mithras born of the rock. Fragments of statuary of the two torch bearers were also found .<ref>''CIMRM'', p. 342</ref> One of the rooms adjoining the main chamber has two oblong brickwork enclosures,<ref>''CIMRM'', p. 346</ref> one of which was used as a ritual refuse pit for remnants of the cult meal. All three monuments mentioned above are still on display in the mithraeum. A fourth monument, – a statue of St. Peter found in the ''speleum''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s vestibule and still on display there – is not of the mysteries.
Central to the main room of the sanctuary was found an altar, in the shape of a sarcophagus, and with the main cult relief of the [[tauroctony]] (the image of Mithras slaying a bull) on its front face.<ref>''CIMRM'', p. 339</ref> The torchbearers [[Cautes and Cautopates]] appear on respectively the left and right faces of the same monument. A dedicatory inscription identifies the donor as one ''pater'' Cnaeus Arrius Claudianus, perhaps of the same clan as [[Antoninus Pius|Titus Arrius Antoninus]]' mother. Other monuments discovered in the sanctuary include a bust of [[Sol (Roman mythology)|Sol]]<ref>''CIMRM'', p. 343</ref> kept in the sanctuary in a niche near the entrance, and a figure of {{lang|la|Mithras petra generix}},<ref>''CIMRM'', p. 344</ref> i.e. Mithras born of the rock. Fragments of statuary of the two torch bearers were also found .<ref>''CIMRM'', p. 342</ref> One of the rooms adjoining the main chamber has two oblong brickwork enclosures,<ref>''CIMRM'', p. 346</ref> one of which was used as a ritual refuse pit for remnants of the cult meal. All three monuments mentioned above are still on display in the mithraeum. A fourth monument – a statue of St. Peter found in the ''speleum''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s vestibule and still on display there – is not of the mysteries.


===4th–11th century===
===4th–11th century===
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The early basilica was the site of councils presided over by [[Pope Zosimus]] (417) and [[Pope Symmachus|Symmachus]] (499). The last major event that took place in the lower basilica was the election in 1099 of Cardinal Rainerius of St Clemente as [[Pope Paschal II]].
The early basilica was the site of councils presided over by [[Pope Zosimus]] (417) and [[Pope Symmachus|Symmachus]] (499). The last major event that took place in the lower basilica was the election in 1099 of Cardinal Rainerius of St Clemente as [[Pope Paschal II]].
[[File:Interior of San Clemente, Rome.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Interior of the second basilica]]
[[File:Basilica di San Clemente al Laterano - interno.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Interior of the second basilica]]


Apart from those in [[Santa Maria Antiqua]], the largest collection of Early Medieval wall paintings in Rome is to be found in the lower basilica of San Clemente.<ref>10th-century frescoes discussed in Osborne 1981, and mid-8th-century fragmentary frescos discussed in John Osborne, "Early Medieval Painting in San Clemente, Rome: The Madonna and Child in the Niche" ''Gesta'' '''20'''.2 (1981:299-310).</ref>
Apart from those in [[Santa Maria Antiqua]], the largest collection of Early Medieval wall paintings in Rome is to be found in the lower basilica of San Clemente.<ref>10th-century frescoes discussed in Osborne 1981, and mid-8th-century fragmentary frescos discussed in John Osborne, "Early Medieval Painting in San Clemente, Rome: The Madonna and Child in the Niche" ''Gesta'' '''20'''.2 (1981:299-310).</ref>


Four of the largest frescoes in the basilica were sponsored by a lay couple, Beno de Rapiza and Maria Macellaria, at some time in the last third of the 11th century and focus on the life, miracles, and [[translation (relic)|translation]] of St. Clement, and on the life of [[St. Alexius]]. Beno and Maria are shown in two of the compositions, once on the façade of the basilica together with their children, Altilia and Clemens ("''puerulus Clemens''," i.e. "little boy Clement"), offering gifts to St. Clement, and on a pillar on the left side of the nave, where they are [[donor portrait|portrayed on a small scale]] witnessing a miracle performed by St. Clement. Below this last scene is one of the earliest examples of the passage from Latin to vernacular Italian: a fresco of the pagan Sisinnius and his servants, who think they have captured St. Clement but are dragging a column instead. Sisinnius encourages the servants in Italian "Fili de le pute, traite! Gosmari, Albertel, traite! Falite dereto colo palo, Carvoncelle!",<ref>{{citation| last = Lourdaux | first = W. | title = The Bible and Medieval Culture | publisher = Cornell University Press | location = Ithaca | year = 1984 | isbn = 90-6186-089-X |pages=30–31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMWXlHKwehsC&pg=PA31}}</ref> which, translated into English means: "Come on, you sons of bitches, pull! Come on, Gosmari, Albertello, pull! Carvoncello, give it to him from the back with the pole!" The saint speaks in Latin, in a cross-shaped inscription: "Duritiam cordis vestris, saxa trahere meruistis", which means "You deserved to drag stones due to the hardness of your hearts."
Four of the largest frescoes in the basilica were sponsored by a lay couple, Beno de Rapiza and Maria Macellaria, at some time in the last third of the 11th century and focus on the life, miracles, and [[translation (relic)|translation]] of St. Clement, and on the life of [[St. Alexius]]. Beno and Maria are shown in two of the compositions, once on the façade of the basilica together with their children, Altilia and Clemens ({{lang|la-x-medieval|puerulus Clemens}}, i.e. "little boy Clement"), offering gifts to St. Clement, and on a pillar on the left side of the nave, where they are [[donor portrait|portrayed on a small scale]] witnessing a miracle performed by St. Clement. Below this last scene is [[Saint Clement and Sisinnius inscription|one of the earliest examples]] of the passage from Latin to vernacular Italian: a fresco of the pagan Sisinnius and his servants, who think they have captured St. Clement but are dragging a column instead. Sisinnius encourages the servants in Italian {{lang|roa-IT|Fili de le pute, traite! Gosmari, Albertel, traite! Falite dereto colo palo, Carvoncelle!}},<ref>{{citation| last = Lourdaux | first = W. | title = The Bible and Medieval Culture | publisher = Cornell University Press | location = Ithaca | year = 1984 | isbn = 90-6186-089-X |pages=30–31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMWXlHKwehsC&pg=PA31}}</ref> which, translated into English means: "Come on, you sons of bitches, pull! Come on, Gosmari, Albertello, pull! Carvoncello, give it to him from the back with the pole!" The saint speaks in Latin, in a cross-shaped inscription: {{lang|la-x-medieval|Duritiam cordis vestris, saxa trahere meruistis}}, which means "You deserved to drag stones due to the hardness of your hearts."


Art historians have long regarded Beno de Rapiza and Maria Macellaria as partisans of the now-canonical 'reform' popes Gregory VII, Urban II, and Paschal II and the frescoes as reform-party propaganda. However, if the paintings date to the 1080s or 1090s, as many art historians believe, then Beno and Maria may instead have favoured the [[Antipope Clement III|Antipope Clement III (Wibert of Ravenna)]], whom they sought to honour through paintings about the early Christian pope of the same name.<ref name=yawn/>
Art historians have long regarded Beno de Rapiza and Maria Macellaria as partisans of the now-canonical 'reform' popes Gregory VII, Urban II, and Paschal II and the frescoes as reform-party propaganda. However, if the paintings date to the 1080s or 1090s, as many art historians believe, then Beno and Maria may instead have favoured the [[Antipope Clement III|Antipope Clement III (Wibert of Ravenna)]], whom they sought to honour through paintings about the early Christian pope of the same name.<ref name=yawn/>
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=== The second basilica ===
=== The second basilica ===
[[File:Rom, Basilika San Clemente, Apsis 1.jpg|thumb|left|Apse mosaic, San Clemente, c.1200, showing a common form of Byzantine [[Arabesque (European art)|arabesque]] motif of scrolled [[acanthus (ornament)|acanthus]] tendrils]]
[[File:Rom, Basilika San Clemente, Apsis 1.jpg|thumb|left|Apse mosaic, San Clemente, c.1200, showing a common form of Byzantine [[Arabesque (European art)|arabesque]] motif of scrolled [[acanthus (ornament)|acanthus]] tendrils]]
[[File:Roma San Clemente BW 2.JPG|thumb|Wooden ceiling]]
[[File:Soffitto della Basilica di San Clemente.jpg|thumb|Wooden ceiling]]


The current basilica was rebuilt in one campaign by Cardinal Anastasius, ca 1099-ca. 1120. A now-outdated hypothesis held that the original church had burned out during the [[Italo-Normans|Norman]] [[Sack of Rome (1084)|sack of the city]] under [[Robert Guiscard]] in 1084, but no evidence of fire damage in the lower basilica has been found to date. One possible explanation is that the lower basilica was filled in and the new church built on top due to the close association of the lower structure with the imperial opposition pope ("antipope") [[Antipope Clement III|Clement III / Wibert of Ravenna]].
The current basilica was rebuilt in one campaign by Cardinal Anastasius, ca 1099-ca. 1120. A now-outdated hypothesis held that the original church had burned out during the [[Italo-Normans|Norman]] [[Sack of Rome (1084)|sack of the city]] under [[Robert Guiscard]] in 1084, but no evidence of fire damage in the lower basilica has been found to date. One possible explanation is that the lower basilica was filled in and the new church built on top due to the close association of the lower structure with the imperial opposition pope ("antipope") [[Antipope Clement III|Clement III / Wibert of Ravenna]].<ref name=yawn>[http://www.rmojs.unina.it/index.php/rm/article/view/urn%3Anbn%3Ait%3Aunina-3357 Lila Yawn, "Clement’s New Clothes. The Destruction of Old S. Clemente in Rome, the Eleventh-Century Frescoes, and the Cult of (Anti)Pope Clement III," ''Reti Medievali Rivista'', 13/1 (Apr. 2012), pp. 175-208.].</ref> Today, it is one of the most richly adorned churches in Rome. The ceremonial entrance (a side entrance is ordinarily used today) is through an [[atrium (architecture)|atrium]] (''B'' on plan) surrounded by arcades, which now serves as a [[cloister]], with conventual buildings surrounding it. Fronting the atrium is the chaste facade of Carlo Stefano Fontana (nephew of [[Carlo Fontana]]), supported on [[spolia|antique columns]], and his little [[campanile]] (''illustration''). The [[basilica]] church behind it is in three [[nave]]s divided by arcades on ancient marble or granite columns, with [[Cosmati|Cosmatesque inlaid paving]]. The 12th-century schola cantorum (''E'' on plan) incorporates marble elements from the original basilica. Behind it, in the [[Presbytery (architecture)|presbytery]] is a [[Ciborium (architecture)|ciborium]] (''H'' on plan) raised on four gray-violet columns over the shrine of Clement in the [[crypt]] below. The [[Cathedra|episcopal seat]] stands in the [[apse]], which is covered with mosaics on the theme of the ''Triumph of the Cross'' that are a high point of Roman 12th century mosaics.
<ref name=yawn>[http://www.rmojs.unina.it/index.php/rm/article/view/urn%3Anbn%3Ait%3Aunina-3357 Lila Yawn, "Clement’s New Clothes. The Destruction of Old S. Clemente in Rome, the Eleventh-Century Frescoes, and the Cult of (Anti)Pope Clement III," ''Reti Medievali Rivista'', 13/1 (Apr. 2012), pp. 175-208.].</ref> Today, it is one of the most richly adorned churches in Rome. The ceremonial entrance (a side entrance is ordinarily used today) is through an [[atrium (architecture)|atrium]] (''B'' on plan) surrounded by arcades, which now serves as a [[cloister]], with conventual buildings surrounding it. Fronting the atrium is the chaste facade of Carlo Stefano Fontana (nephew of [[Carlo Fontana]]), supported on [[spolia|antique columns]], and his little [[campanile]] (''illustration''). The [[basilica]] church behind it is in three [[nave]]s divided by arcades on ancient marble or granite columns, with [[Cosmati|Cosmatesque inlaid paving]]. The 12th-century schola cantorum (''E'' on plan) incorporates marble elements from the original basilica. Behind it, in the [[Presbytery (architecture)|presbytery]] is a [[Ciborium (architecture)|ciborium]] (''H'' on plan) raised on four gray-violet columns over the shrine of Clement in the [[crypt]] below. The [[Cathedra|episcopal seat]] stands in the [[apse]], which is covered with mosaics on the theme of the ''Triumph of the Cross'' that are a high point of Roman 12th century mosaics.


[[File:S. Clemente - Plate 051 - Giuseppe Vasi.jpg|thumb|left|''Chiesa di S. Clemente'' etching by [[Giuseppe Vasi]] (1753)]]
[[File:S. Clemente - Plate 051 - Giuseppe Vasi.jpg|thumb|left|''Chiesa di S. Clemente'' etching by [[Giuseppe Vasi]] (1753)]]
[[File:Side entrance to the Basilica of San Clemente.jpg|thumb|upright|Main entrance to the basilica]]
[[File:Side entrance to the Basilica of San Clemente.jpg|thumb|upright|Main entrance to the basilica]]


[[Ireland|Irish]] [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] have owned the Basilica of San Clemente and the surrounding building complex since 1667. [[Pope Urban VIII]] gave them refuge at San Clemente, where they have remained, running a residence for priests studying and teaching in Rome. The Dominicans themselves conducted the excavations in the 1950s in collaboration with Italian archaeology students.
[[Ireland|Irish]] [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] have owned the Basilica of San Clemente and the surrounding building complex since 1667. [[Pope Urban VIII]] gave them refuge at San Clemente, where they have remained, running a residence for priests ({{lang-it|Collegio San Clemente Padri Domenicani Irlandesi a Roma}}) studying and teaching in Rome. The Dominicans themselves conducted the excavations in the 1950s in collaboration with Italian archaeology students.


On one wall in the atrium is a plaque affixed by Pope [[Clement XI]] in 1715, praising the Basilica of St. Clement, "This ancient church has withstood the ravages of the centuries."<ref>V. Forcella, ''Inscrizioni delle chese e d' altre edifici di Roma, dal secolo XI fino al secolo XVI'' Volume IV (Roma: Fratelli Bencini, 1874), p. 509, no. 1259: ''antiquissimam hanc ecclesiam quae pene sola aevi damnis invicta priscarum urbis basilicarum formam adhuc servat''....</ref> Clement undertook restorations to the venerable structure, which he found dilapidated. He selected Carlo Stefano Fontana as architect, who erected a new facade, completed in 1719.<ref>John Gilmartin, "The Paintings Commissioned by Pope Clement XI for the Basilica of San Clemente in Rome" ''The Burlington Magazine'' '''116''' No. 855 (June 1974, pp. 304-312) p 304.</ref> The carved and gilded [[coffer]]ed ceilings of nave and aisles, fitted with paintings, date from this time, as do the stucco decor, Ionic capitals and frescos.
On one wall in the atrium is a plaque affixed by Pope [[Clement XI]] in 1715, praising the Basilica of St. Clement, "This ancient church has withstood the ravages of the centuries."<ref>V. Forcella, ''Inscrizioni delle chese e d' altre edifici di Roma, dal secolo XI fino al secolo XVI'' Volume IV (Roma: Fratelli Bencini, 1874), p. 509, no. 1259: ''antiquissimam hanc ecclesiam quae pene sola aevi damnis invicta priscarum urbis basilicarum formam adhuc servat''....</ref> Clement undertook restorations to the venerable structure, which he found dilapidated. He selected Carlo Stefano Fontana as architect, who erected a new facade, completed in 1719.<ref>John Gilmartin, "The Paintings Commissioned by Pope Clement XI for the Basilica of San Clemente in Rome" ''The Burlington Magazine'' '''116''' No. 855 (June 1974, pp. 304-312) p 304.</ref> The carved and gilded [[coffer]]ed ceilings of nave and aisles, fitted with paintings, date from this time, as do the stucco decor, Ionic capitals and frescos.
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In one lateral chapel, there is a shrine with the tomb of Saint Cyril of the Saints [[Cyril and Methodius]], who translated the Bible into Slavic language, created the [[Glagolitic alphabet]], and [[Christianization of the Slavs|Christianized]] the [[Slavs]]. [[Pope John Paul II]] used to pray there sometimes for Poland and the Slavic countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basilicasanclemente.com/italiano/stcyril.htm |title=Basilica San Clemente Roma |website=www.basilicasanclemente.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924113346/http://www.basilicasanclemente.com/italiano/stcyril.htm |archive-date=2008-09-24}} </ref> The chapel also holds a Madonna by [[Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato]].
In one lateral chapel, there is a shrine with the tomb of Saint Cyril of the Saints [[Cyril and Methodius]], who translated the Bible into Slavic language, created the [[Glagolitic alphabet]], and [[Christianization of the Slavs|Christianized]] the [[Slavs]]. [[Pope John Paul II]] used to pray there sometimes for Poland and the Slavic countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basilicasanclemente.com/italiano/stcyril.htm |title=Basilica San Clemente Roma |website=www.basilicasanclemente.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924113346/http://www.basilicasanclemente.com/italiano/stcyril.htm |archive-date=2008-09-24}} </ref> The chapel also holds a Madonna by [[Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato]].


The current position of [[Cardinal Priest]] of the ''Titulus S. Clementi'' is vacant. [[Pope Paschal II]] (1076–1099) was one of the previous holders of the ''[[Titular church|titulus]]''.
The current position of [[Cardinal Priest]] of the ''Titulus S. Clementi'' is Arrigo Miglio. [[Pope Paschal II]] (1076–1099) was one of the previous holders of the ''[[Titular church|titulus]]''.


During the Second World War, Jewish religious services were conducted in the [[Basilica di San Clemente]], since it was under Irish [[diplomatic protection]], under a painting of [[Book of Tobit|Tobias]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Coogan|first=Tim Pat|year=2002|title=Wherever Green is Worn|location=London|publisher= Hutchinson|isbn= 0-09-995850-3|page=86}}</ref>
During the Second World War, Jewish religious services were conducted in the [[Basilica di San Clemente]], since it was under Irish [[diplomatic protection]], under a painting of [[Book of Tobit|Tobias]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Coogan|first=Tim Pat|year=2002|title=Wherever Green is Worn|location=London|publisher= Hutchinson|isbn= 0-09-995850-3|page=86}}</ref>
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* [[John Joseph Glennon]], (22 June 1946 – 9 March 1946)
* [[John Joseph Glennon]], (22 June 1946 – 9 March 1946)
* [[Johannes de Jong]], (12 October 1946 – 8 September 1955)
* [[Johannes de Jong]], (12 October 1946 – 8 September 1955)
* [[Amleto Giovanni Cicognani]], (18 December 1858 – 23 May 1962)
* [[Amleto Giovanni Cicognani]], (18 December 1958 – 23 May 1962)
* [[Lawrence Joseph Shehan]], (25 May 1965 – 26 August 1984)
* [[Lawrence Joseph Shehan]], (25 May 1965 – 26 August 1984)
* [[Adrianus Johannes Simonis]], (25 May 1985 – 2 September 2020)
* [[Adrianus Johannes Simonis]] (25 May 1985 – 2 September 2020)
*[[Arrigo Miglio]] (27 August 2022 – present)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d1c09.html|title=San Clemente (Cardinal Titular Church) [Catholic-Hierarchy]|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref>
{{colend}}
{{colend}}


==Priors==
==Priors==
* Paul Lawlor (since 2021)
⚫
* Michael Dunleavy OP
* Stephen Hutchinson (2019-2021)
⚫
* [[Michael Browne (cardinal)|Michael Browne]] OP, Irish Dominican prior (1925-1940) became Cardinal
* Thomas McCarthy (2015-2018)
⚫
* James Crotty OP, prior for two periods
* John M. Cunningham (2012-2015)
* Terence Crotty (2011-2012)
⚫
* Michael Dunleavy (2008-2011)
* John M. Cunningham (2005-2008)
* (William) Luke Dempsey OP, prior (1974-1977) and (1999-2002)
* Ambrose Duffy OP, prior (1968-1974)
* Anselm Moynihan OP, prior (1962-1968)
* Henry Peel OP, prior (1959-1962)
* Leo Lennon OP, prior (1953-1959)
* Isidore McArdle OP, prior (1949-1953)
* Raymond M. Dowdall OP, (1940-1949) spent 21 years in San Clemente, prior for 9 years
⚫
* [[Michael Browne (cardinal)|Michael Browne]] OP, Irish Dominican prior (1925-1930) became Cardinal
⚫
* Thomas (James) Crotty OP, prior for two periods (1905-1911)
* [[Thomas Nicholas Burke]] OP, prior (1864-1867), returned to Ireland a prior of Athenry
* [[Thomas Folan]] OP, Irish Dominican prior (1857-1858)
* [[Thomas Folan]] OP, Irish Dominican prior (1857-1858)
* [[Joseph Mullooly]] OP, Irish Dominican superior/prior (1850-1857)
* [[Joseph Mullooly]] OP, archaeologist, Irish Dominican superior/prior (1850-1857)
* Thomas Mullins OP, Irish Dominican prion (1848-1850)
* Thomas Mullins OP, Irish Dominican prior (1848-1850)
* Joseph Taylor OP, prior (1807-18??)
* Joseph Taylor OP, prior (1807-18??)
* [[John Connolly (bishop)|John Connolly]] OP, STM, prior (1787-1784), later served as Bishop of New York
* [[John Connolly (bishop)|John Connolly]] OP, STM, prior (1787-1784), later served as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York|Bishop of New York]]
* [[Richard Luke Concanen]] OP, prior (1782-1787), later served as Bishop of New York
* [[Richard Luke Concanen]] OP, prior (1782-1787), later served as Bishop of New York
* [[John Troy (bishop)|John Troy]] OP, prior/rector(1772-77), later Bishop of Ossory, and Archbishop of Dublin
* [[Ambrose MacDermott]] OP, served as prior at the college of Saints Sixtus and Clemente (1686 to 1689)
* Nicholas Lynch OP, prior of San Sisto Vecchio (1634)


== Relics ==
== Relics ==
Line 177: Line 197:


==The Basilica di San Clemente in fiction==
==The Basilica di San Clemente in fiction==
* The "Church (or Basilica) of S. Tommaso in Pallaria" featured extensively in Ngaio Marsh's [[When in Rome (novel)|''When in Rome'']] (1970) is modelled closely on S. Clemente.
* The "Church (or Basilica) of S. Tommaso in Pallaria", featured extensively in Ngaio Marsh's [[When in Rome (novel)|''When in Rome'']] (1970), is modelled closely on S. Clemente.
* The crypto-thriller [[The Sword of Moses (novel)|''The Sword of Moses'']] by [[Dominic Selwood]] (Corax, London, 2013, {{ISBN|978-0992633202}}) has several scenes set on all three levels of the Basilica di San Clemente: the upper basilica, the lower basilica, and the Roman mithraeum.
* The crypto-thriller [[The Sword of Moses (novel)|''The Sword of Moses'']] by [[Dominic Selwood]] (Corax, London, 2013, {{ISBN|978-0992633202}}) has several scenes set on all three levels of the Basilica di San Clemente: the upper basilica, the lower basilica, and the Roman mithraeum.
* The fictional poem "San Clemente Syndrome" - also the title of the third part - in [[Call Me by Your Name (novel)|Call Me By Your Name]] is named after the church by the poet Elio meets in at a book store in B. and once again at a book party in Rome.
* The fictional poem "San Clemente Syndrome" - also the title of the third part - in [[Call Me by Your Name (novel)|Call Me By Your Name]] is named after the church by the poet Elio meets in at a book store in B. and once again at a book party in Rome.
Line 193: Line 213:


== External links ==
== External links ==
* http://basilicasanclemente.com
* [http://basilicasanclemente.com Basilica San Clemente - Basilica San Clemente - Official Website]
* [http://kunsthistorie.com/galleri/index.php?album=Italia%2FRoma%2FS.Clemente&sortby=name&order=asc Kunsthistorie.com] gallery.
* [http://kunsthistorie.com/galleri/index.php?album=Italia%2FRoma%2FS.Clemente&sortby=name&order=asc Kunsthistorie.com] gallery.
* [http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/rome-san-clemente Article on Basilica of San Clemente written by Holly Hayes, Sacred Destinations]
* [http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/rome-san-clemente Article on Basilica of San Clemente written by Holly Hayes, Sacred Destinations]
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| list = Landmarks of Rome
| list = Landmarks of Rome
| curr = San Clemente al Laterano
| curr = San Clemente al Laterano
| next = [[Santi Cosma e Damiano]]
| next = [[Santi Cosma e Damiano, Rome|Santi Cosma e Damiano]]
}}
}}
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{{Monuments of Rome}}
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[[Category:18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy]]
[[Category:18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy]]
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[[Category:Irish diaspora in Europe]]
[[Category:Irish Colleges on the Continent|Rome]]

Revision as of 03:12, 17 August 2024

Not to be confused with Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran.
Saint Clement
Courtyard of the Basilica of Saint Clement
Map
Click on the map for a fullscreen view
41°53′22″N 12°29′51″E / 41.88944°N 12.49750°E / 41.88944; 12.49750
LocationRome
CountryItaly
DenominationCatholic Church
TraditionLatin Church
Religious orderDominicans
Websitewww.basilicasanclemente.com
History
StatusBasilica,
titular church,
Irish national church
DedicationPope Clement I
Architecture
Architectural typeChurch
StylePaleochristian, Romanesque
Groundbreaking1108
Completed1123
Specifications
Length45 metres (148 ft)
Width25 metres (82 ft)
Nave width13 metres (43 ft)

The Basilica of Saint Clement (Italian: Basilica di San Clemente al Laterano) is a Latin Catholic minor basilica dedicated to Pope Clement I located in Rome, Italy. Archaeologically speaking, the structure is a three-tiered complex of buildings: (1) the present basilica built just before the year 1100 during the height of the Middle Ages; (2) beneath the present basilica is a 4th-century basilica that had been converted out of the home of a Roman nobleman, part of which had in the 1st century briefly served as an early church, and the basement of which had in the 2nd century briefly served as a mithraeum; (3) the home of the Roman nobleman had been built on the foundations of republican era villa and warehouse that had been destroyed in the Great Fire of AD 64.

History

Plan of the church

This ancient church was transformed over the centuries from a private home that was the site of clandestine Christian worship in the 1st century to a grand public basilica by the 6th century, reflecting the emerging Catholic Church's growing legitimacy and power. The archaeological traces of the basilica's history were discovered in the 1860s by Joseph Mullooly,[1] Prior of the house of Irish Dominicans at San Clemente (1847-1880).[2]

Before the 4th century

The lowest levels of the present basilica contain remnants of the foundation of a possibly republican era building that might have been destroyed in the Great Fire of 64. An industrial building – probably the imperial mint of Rome from the late 1st century A.D. onwards (because a similar building is represented on a 16th-century drawing of a fragment of the Severan marble plan of the city), was built[3] or remodelled on the same site during the Flavian period. Shortly after an insula, or apartment block, was also built.[citation needed] It was separated from the industrial building by a narrow alleyway. About a hundred years later (c. 200) a mithraeum, a sanctuary of the cult of Mithras, was built in the courtyard of the insula. The main cult room (the speleum, "cave"),[4] which is about 9.6m long and 6m wide, was discovered in 1867 but could not be investigated until 1914 due to lack of drainage.[5] The exedra, the shallow apse at the far end of the low vaulted space, was trimmed with pumice to render it more cave-like.

Central to the main room of the sanctuary was found an altar, in the shape of a sarcophagus, and with the main cult relief of the tauroctony (the image of Mithras slaying a bull) on its front face.[6] The torchbearers Cautes and Cautopates appear on respectively the left and right faces of the same monument. A dedicatory inscription identifies the donor as one pater Cnaeus Arrius Claudianus, perhaps of the same clan as Titus Arrius Antoninus' mother. Other monuments discovered in the sanctuary include a bust of Sol[7] kept in the sanctuary in a niche near the entrance, and a figure of Mithras petra generix,[8] i.e. Mithras born of the rock. Fragments of statuary of the two torch bearers were also found .[9] One of the rooms adjoining the main chamber has two oblong brickwork enclosures,[10] one of which was used as a ritual refuse pit for remnants of the cult meal. All three monuments mentioned above are still on display in the mithraeum. A fourth monument – a statue of St. Peter found in the speleum's vestibule and still on display there – is not of the mysteries.

4th–11th century

At some time in the 4th century, the lower level of the industrial building was filled in with dirt and rubble and its second floor remodeled. An apse was built out over part of the domus, whose lowest floor, with the Mithraeum, was also filled in. This "first basilica" is known to have existed in 392, when St. Jerome wrote of the church dedicated to St. Clement, i.e. Pope Clement I, a 1st-century AD Christian convert and previously considered by patrologists and ecclesiastical historians to be identical with Titus Flavius Clemens. Restorations were undertaken in the 9th century and ca 1080–99.[11]

The early basilica was the site of councils presided over by Pope Zosimus (417) and Symmachus (499). The last major event that took place in the lower basilica was the election in 1099 of Cardinal Rainerius of St Clemente as Pope Paschal II.

Interior of the second basilica

Apart from those in Santa Maria Antiqua, the largest collection of Early Medieval wall paintings in Rome is to be found in the lower basilica of San Clemente.[12]

Four of the largest frescoes in the basilica were sponsored by a lay couple, Beno de Rapiza and Maria Macellaria, at some time in the last third of the 11th century and focus on the life, miracles, and translation of St. Clement, and on the life of St. Alexius. Beno and Maria are shown in two of the compositions, once on the façade of the basilica together with their children, Altilia and Clemens (puerulus Clemens, i.e. "little boy Clement"), offering gifts to St. Clement, and on a pillar on the left side of the nave, where they are portrayed on a small scale witnessing a miracle performed by St. Clement. Below this last scene is one of the earliest examples of the passage from Latin to vernacular Italian: a fresco of the pagan Sisinnius and his servants, who think they have captured St. Clement but are dragging a column instead. Sisinnius encourages the servants in Italian Fili de le pute, traite! Gosmari, Albertel, traite! Falite dereto colo palo, Carvoncelle!,[13] which, translated into English means: "Come on, you sons of bitches, pull! Come on, Gosmari, Albertello, pull! Carvoncello, give it to him from the back with the pole!" The saint speaks in Latin, in a cross-shaped inscription: Duritiam cordis vestris, saxa trahere meruistis, which means "You deserved to drag stones due to the hardness of your hearts."

Art historians have long regarded Beno de Rapiza and Maria Macellaria as partisans of the now-canonical 'reform' popes Gregory VII, Urban II, and Paschal II and the frescoes as reform-party propaganda. However, if the paintings date to the 1080s or 1090s, as many art historians believe, then Beno and Maria may instead have favoured the Antipope Clement III (Wibert of Ravenna), whom they sought to honour through paintings about the early Christian pope of the same name.[14]

The second basilica

Apse mosaic, San Clemente, c.1200, showing a common form of Byzantine arabesque motif of scrolled acanthus tendrils
Wooden ceiling

The current basilica was rebuilt in one campaign by Cardinal Anastasius, ca 1099-ca. 1120. A now-outdated hypothesis held that the original church had burned out during the Norman sack of the city under Robert Guiscard in 1084, but no evidence of fire damage in the lower basilica has been found to date. One possible explanation is that the lower basilica was filled in and the new church built on top due to the close association of the lower structure with the imperial opposition pope ("antipope") Clement III / Wibert of Ravenna.[14] Today, it is one of the most richly adorned churches in Rome. The ceremonial entrance (a side entrance is ordinarily used today) is through an atrium (B on plan) surrounded by arcades, which now serves as a cloister, with conventual buildings surrounding it. Fronting the atrium is the chaste facade of Carlo Stefano Fontana (nephew of Carlo Fontana), supported on antique columns, and his little campanile (illustration). The basilica church behind it is in three naves divided by arcades on ancient marble or granite columns, with Cosmatesque inlaid paving. The 12th-century schola cantorum (E on plan) incorporates marble elements from the original basilica. Behind it, in the presbytery is a ciborium (H on plan) raised on four gray-violet columns over the shrine of Clement in the crypt below. The episcopal seat stands in the apse, which is covered with mosaics on the theme of the Triumph of the Cross that are a high point of Roman 12th century mosaics.

Chiesa di S. Clemente etching by Giuseppe Vasi (1753)
Main entrance to the basilica

Irish Dominicans have owned the Basilica of San Clemente and the surrounding building complex since 1667. Pope Urban VIII gave them refuge at San Clemente, where they have remained, running a residence for priests (Italian: Collegio San Clemente Padri Domenicani Irlandesi a Roma) studying and teaching in Rome. The Dominicans themselves conducted the excavations in the 1950s in collaboration with Italian archaeology students.

On one wall in the atrium is a plaque affixed by Pope Clement XI in 1715, praising the Basilica of St. Clement, "This ancient church has withstood the ravages of the centuries."[15] Clement undertook restorations to the venerable structure, which he found dilapidated. He selected Carlo Stefano Fontana as architect, who erected a new facade, completed in 1719.[16] The carved and gilded coffered ceilings of nave and aisles, fitted with paintings, date from this time, as do the stucco decor, Ionic capitals and frescos.

The inscriptions found in S. Clemente, a valuable source illustrating the history of the Basilica, have been collected and published by Vincenzo Forcella.[17]

In one lateral chapel, there is a shrine with the tomb of Saint Cyril of the Saints Cyril and Methodius, who translated the Bible into Slavic language, created the Glagolitic alphabet, and Christianized the Slavs. Pope John Paul II used to pray there sometimes for Poland and the Slavic countries.[18] The chapel also holds a Madonna by Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato.

The current position of Cardinal Priest of the Titulus S. Clementi is Arrigo Miglio. Pope Paschal II (1076–1099) was one of the previous holders of the titulus.

During the Second World War, Jewish religious services were conducted in the Basilica di San Clemente, since it was under Irish diplomatic protection, under a painting of Tobias.[19]

List of Cardinal Protectors

This Basilica is the seat of the cardinalatial title of Sancti Clementi.

Priors

  • Paul Lawlor (since 2021)
  • Stephen Hutchinson (2019-2021)
  • Thomas McCarthy (2015-2018)
  • John M. Cunningham (2012-2015)
  • Terence Crotty (2011-2012)
  • Michael Dunleavy (2008-2011)
  • John M. Cunningham (2005-2008)
  • (William) Luke Dempsey OP, prior (1974-1977) and (1999-2002)
  • Ambrose Duffy OP, prior (1968-1974)
  • Anselm Moynihan OP, prior (1962-1968)
  • Henry Peel OP, prior (1959-1962)
  • Leo Lennon OP, prior (1953-1959)
  • Isidore McArdle OP, prior (1949-1953)
  • Raymond M. Dowdall OP, (1940-1949) spent 21 years in San Clemente, prior for 9 years
  • Michael Browne OP, Irish Dominican prior (1925-1930) became Cardinal
  • Thomas (James) Crotty OP, prior for two periods (1905-1911)
  • Thomas Nicholas Burke OP, prior (1864-1867), returned to Ireland a prior of Athenry
  • Thomas Folan OP, Irish Dominican prior (1857-1858)
  • Joseph Mullooly OP, archaeologist, Irish Dominican superior/prior (1850-1857)
  • Thomas Mullins OP, Irish Dominican prior (1848-1850)
  • Joseph Taylor OP, prior (1807-18??)
  • John Connolly OP, STM, prior (1787-1784), later served as Bishop of New York
  • Richard Luke Concanen OP, prior (1782-1787), later served as Bishop of New York
  • John Troy OP, prior/rector(1772-77), later Bishop of Ossory, and Archbishop of Dublin
  • Ambrose MacDermott OP, served as prior at the college of Saints Sixtus and Clemente (1686 to 1689)
  • Nicholas Lynch OP, prior of San Sisto Vecchio (1634)

Relics

The coat of arms of the basilica, which combines that of the Order of Preachers with the anchor of Saint Clement and his Latin initials (Sanctus Clemens).

The Basilica di San Clemente in fiction

  • The "Church (or Basilica) of S. Tommaso in Pallaria", featured extensively in Ngaio Marsh's When in Rome (1970), is modelled closely on S. Clemente.
  • The crypto-thriller The Sword of Moses by Dominic Selwood (Corax, London, 2013, ISBN 978-0992633202) has several scenes set on all three levels of the Basilica di San Clemente: the upper basilica, the lower basilica, and the Roman mithraeum.
  • The fictional poem "San Clemente Syndrome" - also the title of the third part - in Call Me By Your Name is named after the church by the poet Elio meets in at a book store in B. and once again at a book party in Rome.

Notes

  1. ^ "Abandoned c. 1100 A.D. and forgotten until its existence was rediscovered by archaeological excavation in the mid-nineteenth century", remarks John Osborne, in discussing "The 'Particular Judgment': An Early Medieval Wall-Painting in the Lower Church of San Clemente, Rome" The Burlington Magazine 123 No. 939 (June 1981:335-341) p 335.
  2. ^ Biographical note of Joseph Mullooly, OP Accessed 03/08/2016
  3. ^ Jones, J. R. M. (2015). The Location of the Trajanic Mint at Rome. The Numismatic Chronicle, 175, 137–145. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43859785
  4. ^ CIMRM, p. 338
  5. ^ Vermaseren, M. J. (1956), Corpus Inscriptionum et Monumentorum Religionis Mithriacae, Vol. 1, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, pp. 156–158.
  6. ^ CIMRM, p. 339
  7. ^ CIMRM, p. 343
  8. ^ CIMRM, p. 344
  9. ^ CIMRM, p. 342
  10. ^ CIMRM, p. 346
  11. ^ Joan E. Barclay Lloyd, "The building history of the medieval church of S. Clemente in Rome" The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 45.3 (September 1986), pp. 197-223.
  12. ^ 10th-century frescoes discussed in Osborne 1981, and mid-8th-century fragmentary frescos discussed in John Osborne, "Early Medieval Painting in San Clemente, Rome: The Madonna and Child in the Niche" Gesta 20.2 (1981:299-310).
  13. ^ Lourdaux, W. (1984), The Bible and Medieval Culture, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 30–31, ISBN 90-6186-089-X
  14. ^ a b Lila Yawn, "Clement’s New Clothes. The Destruction of Old S. Clemente in Rome, the Eleventh-Century Frescoes, and the Cult of (Anti)Pope Clement III," Reti Medievali Rivista, 13/1 (Apr. 2012), pp. 175-208..
  15. ^ V. Forcella, Inscrizioni delle chese e d' altre edifici di Roma, dal secolo XI fino al secolo XVI Volume IV (Roma: Fratelli Bencini, 1874), p. 509, no. 1259: antiquissimam hanc ecclesiam quae pene sola aevi damnis invicta priscarum urbis basilicarum formam adhuc servat....
  16. ^ John Gilmartin, "The Paintings Commissioned by Pope Clement XI for the Basilica of San Clemente in Rome" The Burlington Magazine 116 No. 855 (June 1974, pp. 304-312) p 304.
  17. ^ V. Forcella, Inscrizioni delle chese e d' altre edifici di Roma, dal secolo XI fino al secolo XVI Volume IV (Roma: Fratelli Bencini, 1874), pp. 499-511.
  18. ^ "Basilica San Clemente Roma". www.basilicasanclemente.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008.
  19. ^ Coogan, Tim Pat (2002). Wherever Green is Worn. London: Hutchinson. p. 86. ISBN 0-09-995850-3.
  20. ^ Rudolf Hüls (1977). Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130 (in German). Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-3-484-80071-7.
  21. ^ Hüls, pp. 160-161.
  22. ^ Hüls, pp. 161-162.
  23. ^ Hüls, pp. 162-163.
  24. ^ "San Clemente (Cardinal Titular Church) [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org.

Bibliography

  • Mullooly, Joseph (2007), Saint Clement: Pope and Martyr and His Basilica in Rome, Reprint from 1st edition in 1873, Kessinger Publishing, LLC, ISBN 978-0-548-77854-8
  • Leonard E Boyle; Eileen M C Kane; Federico Guidobaldi; Luke Dempsey, San Clemente miscellany / 2, Art and archaeology (Romae : apud S. Clementem, 1978).
  • Joan Barclay Lloyd, The Medieval Church and Canonry of S. Clemente in Rome (Rome: San Clemente, 1989) [San Clemente miscellany, 3].
  • Federico Guidobaldi; Claudia Barsanti; Alessandra Guiglia Guidobaldi, San Clemente (Romae : San Clemente, 1992).
  • Papandrea, James L. (8 October 2012), Rome: A Pilgrim's Guide to the Eternal City, Cascade Books, ISBN 978-1-61097-268-0.
  • John Melville-Jones; "The Location of the Trajanic Mint at Rome", The Numismatic Chronicle Vol. 175, 2015, 137–45.

Media related to San Clemente (Rome) at Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by
Santi Celso e Giuliano 		Landmarks of Rome
San Clemente al Laterano 		Succeeded by
Santi Cosma e Damiano
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