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{{Short description|Military wing of the group Kurdistan Workers' Party}}
{{Distinguish|People's Defense Force (disambiguation){{!}}People's Defense Force}}
{{Other uses|People's Defense Force (disambiguation){{!}}People's Defense Force}}
{{Expand Turkish|date=January 2018}}
{{Expand Turkish|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox militant organization
{{Infobox militant organization
|name=People's Defence Forces<br /><small>Hêzên Parastina Gel (HPG)</small>
| name = People's Defence Forces<br>{{small|Hêzên Parastina Gel (HPG)}}
|logo=Flag of Hêzên Parastina Gel.svg
| logo = Flag of Hêzên Parastina Gel.svg
|caption=Flag of the HPG
| caption = Flag of the HPG
|foundation=January 2000
| foundation = January 2000
|dates=2000–present
| dates = 2000–present
|leader={{Plainlist|
| leader = {{Plainlist|
* [[Abdullah Öcalan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2013/07/structural-leadership-changes-pkk-turkey-kurds.html|title=PKK Changes Leadership|last=Can|first=Eyüp|author-link=Eyüp Can (journalist)|others=(trans. Timur Göksel)|date=14 July 2013|publisher=Al-Monitor|access-date=5 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011522/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2013/07/structural-leadership-changes-pkk-turkey-kurds.html|archive-date=22 February 2014}} Originally published as ''[http://www.radikal.com.tr/yazarlar/eyup_can/karayilani_kim_niye_gonderdi-1141297 Karayılan'ı kim niye gönderdi?]'' in ''[[Radikal]]'', 11 July 2013.</ref>
* [[Abdullah Öcalan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2013/07/structural-leadership-changes-pkk-turkey-kurds.html|title=PKK Changes Leadership|last=Can|first=Eyüp|author-link=Eyüp Can (journalist)|others=(trans. Timur Göksel)|date=14 July 2013|publisher=Al-Monitor|access-date=5 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011522/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2013/07/structural-leadership-changes-pkk-turkey-kurds.html|archive-date=22 February 2014}} Originally published as ''[http://www.radikal.com.tr/yazarlar/eyup_can/karayilani_kim_niye_gonderdi-1141297 Karayılan'ı kim niye gönderdi?]'' in ''[[Radikal]]'', 11 July 2013.</ref>
* [[Murat Karayilan]]<ref name=tahiri>Tahiri, Hussein. ''The Structure of Kurdish Society and the Struggle for a Kurdish State.'' Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publications 2007. pp 232 ff</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2007/11/07/siyaset/siy01.html|title=Kenan Evren: 'Kürtçeye ağır yasak koyduk ama hataydı'|agency=[[Milliyet]]|date=7 November 2007|access-date=30 July 2008|first=Fikret|last=Bila|language=tr|quote=Şimdi İmralı'dan PKK'yı yönetiyor. Cezaevinden avukatları kanalıyla.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=1 September 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/535312.stm|title=Ojalan: Which way now?|date=21 November 2000}}</ref>}}
* [[Murat Karayilan]]<ref name=tahiri>Tahiri, Hussein. ''The Structure of Kurdish Society and the Struggle for a Kurdish State.'' Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publications 2007. pp 232 ff</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2007/11/07/siyaset/siy01.html|title=Kenan Evren: 'Kürtçeye ağır yasak koyduk ama hataydı'|agency=[[Milliyet]]|date=7 November 2007|access-date=30 July 2008|first=Fikret|last=Bila|language=tr|quote=Şimdi İmralı'dan PKK'yı yönetiyor. Cezaevinden avukatları kanalıyla.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=1 September 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/535312.stm|title=Ojalan: Which way now?|date=21 November 2000}}</ref>}}
| allegiance = {{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party.svg}} [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]]
|motives=Cultural and political rights for the [[Kurds in Turkey|Kurdish population in Turkey]].<ref>{{Cite news|work=Guardian|access-date=1 August 2008|url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,3604,1482808,00.html|title=Radical firebrand who led bloody nationalist war| date=13 May 2005|first=Michael|last=Howard|location=London}}</ref>
| motives = Cultural and political rights for the [[Kurds in Turkey|Kurdish population in Turkey]].<ref>{{Cite news|work=Guardian|access-date=1 August 2008|url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,3604,1482808,00.html|title=Radical firebrand who led bloody nationalist war| date=13 May 2005|first=Michael|last=Howard|location=London}}</ref>
|area=[[Turkey]]<br />[[Iraq]]<br />[[Syria]]
| area = [[Turkey]]<br />[[Iraq]]<br />[[Syria]]
|ideology=[[Kurdish nationalism]]<br />[[Democratic confederalism]]<br />[[Communalism (political philosophy)|Communalism]]
| ideology = [[Democratic confederalism]]<br />[[Communalism (political philosophy)|Communalism]]
|attacks=[[2011 Hakkâri attack]]
| attacks = [[2011 Hakkâri attack]]
|status=[[AANES–Islamist conflict]]<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/war-against-isis-pkk-commander-tasked-with-the-defence-of-syrian-kurds-claims-we-will-save-kobani-9854818.html|title=War against Isis: PKK commander tasked with the defence of Syrian Kurds claims 'we will save Kobani'|work=The Independent|access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="kurdishquestion.com">{{cite web|url=http://kurdishquestion.com/index.php/kurdistan/south-kurdistan/breaking-hpg-operation-in-sinjar-20-isis-dead/375-breaking-hpg-operation-in-sinjar-20-isis-dead.html|title=BREAKING: HPG operation in Sinjar; 20 ISIS dead|access-date=25 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626121920/http://kurdishquestion.com/index.php/kurdistan/south-kurdistan/breaking-hpg-operation-in-sinjar-20-isis-dead/375-breaking-hpg-operation-in-sinjar-20-isis-dead.html|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><br><br>Ongoing war with Turkey, after ceasefire ended.
| status = [[Rojava–Islamist conflict]]<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/war-against-isis-pkk-commander-tasked-with-the-defence-of-syrian-kurds-claims-we-will-save-kobani-9854818.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/war-against-isis-pkk-commander-tasked-with-the-defence-of-syrian-kurds-claims-we-will-save-kobani-9854818.html |archive-date=2022-05-25 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=War against Isis: PKK commander tasked with the defence of Syrian Kurds claims 'we will save Kobani'|work=The Independent|access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="kurdishquestion.com">{{cite web|url=http://kurdishquestion.com/index.php/kurdistan/south-kurdistan/breaking-hpg-operation-in-sinjar-20-isis-dead/375-breaking-hpg-operation-in-sinjar-20-isis-dead.html|title=BREAKING: HPG operation in Sinjar; 20 ISIS dead|access-date=25 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626121920/http://kurdishquestion.com/index.php/kurdistan/south-kurdistan/breaking-hpg-operation-in-sinjar-20-isis-dead/375-breaking-hpg-operation-in-sinjar-20-isis-dead.html|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>[[Kurdistan Region–PKK conflict]]<br>Ongoing war with Turkey, after ceasefire ended
|size=Over 40,000 active fighters (2015 Turkish claim)<ref name="Sabah">{{cite web |url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/galeri/turkiye/iste-pkkli-hainlerin-il-il-dagilimi/85 |title=The PKK In Numbers |access-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709004831/http://www.sabah.com.tr/galeri/turkiye/iste-pkkli-hainlerin-il-il-dagilimi/85 |archive-date=2016-07-09 |url-status=dead }}{}, 28 December 2015</ref>
| size = Over 40,000 active fighters (2015 Turkish claim)<ref name="Sabah">{{cite web |url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/galeri/turkiye/iste-pkkli-hainlerin-il-il-dagilimi/85 |title=The PKK In Numbers |access-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709004831/http://www.sabah.com.tr/galeri/turkiye/iste-pkkli-hainlerin-il-il-dagilimi/85 |archive-date=2016-07-09 |url-status=dead }}{}, 28 December 2015</ref>
|website={{URL|http://hezenparastin.info/}}|predecessor=Peoples Liberation Army of Kurdistan|opponents=[[Turkey]]<br />[[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]}}
| predecessor = Peoples Liberation Army of Kurdistan
| opponents = [[Turkey]]<br />[[Islamic State]]
| designated_as_terror_group_by = {{flag|Australia}}<ref name="kurdistanworkerspartypkk2">{{cite web |last=Department |first=Attorney-General's |title=Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) |url=https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/listedterroristorganisations/pages/kurdistanworkerspartypkk.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708015825/https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/listedterroristorganisations/pages/kurdistanworkerspartypkk.aspx |archive-date=8 July 2018 |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=nationalsecurity.gov.au}}</ref><br>{{flag|United Kingdom}}<ref name="homeoffice2">{{cite web |title=Proscribed terrorist groups |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2 |access-date=2 March 2020 |work=[[Home Office]]}}</ref>
}}


The '''People's Defence Forces''' ({{lang-ku|Hêzên Parastina Gel}}, '''HPG''') is the military wing of the group [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK). During the 7th Congress of the PKK in January 2000, the HPG replaced the former military wing of the PKK, the [[Peoples Liberation Army of Kurdistan|People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan]] (''Artêşa Rizgariya Gelê Kurdistan'', ARGK). The replacement was intended to demonstrate the search for a peaceful solution of the [[Kurdish-Turkish conflict]], after the capture of [[Abdullah Öcalan]] in 1999.<ref name=":22">{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Paul|title=The PKK|date=2015|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=9781783600373|location=London|pages=19–20}}</ref> The HPG played an active in the [[2013–2015 PKK–Turkey peace process|peace negotiations]] between the Turkish Government and the PKK in 2013, as it hosted a delegation consisting of several politicians from the [[Peace and Democracy Party]] (BDP) and members of the [[Human Rights Association (Turkey)|Turkish Human Rights Association]] (IHD) and agreed to release soldiers of the Turkish army as well as a Turkish politician, who they held captive.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-29|title=Delegation on its way to meet Turkish prisoners held by PKK -FLASH {{!}} …|url=http://archive.today/xL8nj|access-date=2020-10-18|website=archive.is}}</ref> In 2014, the HPG was involved in the fight against the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIS) in [[Sinjar Mountains|Sinjar]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hawramy|first=Fazel|title=Commander who defended Mount Shingal's Yezidis killed in Turkish strike: PKK|url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/turkey/11102020|access-date=2020-10-12|website=www.rudaw.net}}</ref>
The '''People's Defence Forces''' ({{lang-ku|Hêzên Parastina Gel}}, '''HPG''') is the military wing of the group [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK). During the 7th Congress of the PKK in January 2000, the HPG replaced the former military wing of the PKK, the People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan (''Artêşa Rizgariya Gelê Kurdistan'', ARGK). The replacement was intended to demonstrate the search for a peaceful solution of the [[Kurdish-Turkish conflict]], after the capture of [[Abdullah Öcalan]] in 1999.<ref name=":22">{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Paul|title=The PKK|date=2015|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=9781783600373|location=London|pages=19–20}}</ref> The HPG played an active role in the [[2013–2015 PKK–Turkey peace process|peace negotiations]] between the Turkish Government and the PKK in 2013, as it hosted a delegation consisting of several politicians from the [[Peace and Democracy Party]] (BDP) and members of the [[Human Rights Association (Turkey)|Turkish Human Rights Association]] (IHD) and agreed to release soldiers of the Turkish army as well as a Turkish politician, who they held captive.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-29|title=Delegation on its way to meet Turkish prisoners held by PKK -FLASH {{!}} …|url=http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/delegation-on-its-way-to-meet-turkish-prisoners-held-by-pkk-flash.htm|access-date=2020-10-18|website=archive.is|archive-date=2013-06-29|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629052020/http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/delegation-on-its-way-to-meet-turkish-prisoners-held-by-pkk-flash.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, the HPG was involved in the fight against the [[Islamic State]] (ISIS) in [[Sinjar Mountains|Sinjar]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hawramy|first=Fazel|title=Commander who defended Mount Shingal's Yezidis killed in Turkish strike: PKK|url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/turkey/11102020|access-date=2020-10-12|website=www.rudaw.net}}</ref>


As far as can be judged from the publications, one of the basic HPG factions is called "Karela Forces" (or "Al-Karila Forces") and this name mainly mentioned in Arabic texts regarding HPG actions in northern Iraq and Turkey (in Arabic texts, this name is often used as an alternative name for People's Defence Forces in general.)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-03|title=The Karela forces carry out new operations and eliminate 4 Turkish occupation soldiers|url=https://ronahi.tv/ar/قوات-الكريلا-تنفذ-عمليات-جديدة-وتقضي-ع/|access-date=2021-02-19|website=www.ronahi.tv}}</ref>
As far as can be judged from the publications, one of the basic HPG factions is called "Karela Forces" or "Al-Karila Forces" ({{Lang-ar|قوات الكاريلا|translit=Quwwat al-Karila}}) meaning "[[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]]" and this name is mainly mentioned in Arabic texts regarding HPG actions. In Arabic texts, and later among its members and supporters, Karila or Gerîla has become an alternative name for People's Defence Forces in general.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-03|title=The Karela forces carry out new operations and eliminate 4 Turkish occupation soldiers|url=https://ronahi.tv/ar/قوات-الكريلا-تنفذ-عمليات-جديدة-وتقضي-ع/|access-date=2021-02-19|website=www.ronahi.tv}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1984, the PKK declared they chose the ''method of "people's revolution"'' developed by [[Mao Zedong]], and then started to apply guerrilla warfare methods in [[Kurdistan]].

During this period, the organization declared ''a "long-term people's war"'' and established an organization called the [[Kurdistan Liberation Forces]] (Kurdish: ''Hêzên Rizgarîya Kurdistanê'', HRK), describing as ''"Armed Propaganda''". On August 15, 1984, the ''"July 14 Armed Propaganda Unit"'' under the command of [[Mahsum Korkmaz]] carried out the first armed attacks of the organization in [[Eruh]] and [[Şemdinli]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 August 2017 |archive-date=17 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817035442/http://www.sonsayfa.com/Haberler/Gundem/1984-yilinda-Eruhta-ne-oldu-121631.html |title=1984 yılında Eruh'ta ne oldu? |url=http://www.sonsayfa.com/Haberler/Gundem/1984-yilinda-Eruhta-ne-oldu-121631.html |url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated from Turkish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

At the 3rd congress of the PKK held in [[Lebanon]] on October 25, 1986, the HRK, which was based on propaganda, was abolished and a new militia called the "Kurdistan People's Liberation Army" was established, which was based on powerful armed attacks. This structure carried out attacks between 1991 and 1993.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 August 2017 |archive-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828145029/http://www.ozgur-gundem.com/haber/80950/15-agustos-1984-saat-21-00in-oykusu |title=15 Ağustos 1984, saat 21.00’ın öyküsü |url=http://www.ozgur-gundem.com/haber/80950/15-agustos-1984-saat-21-00in-oykusu |url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated from Turkish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>Bal, İhsan ve Özkan, Emre. [http://www.usak.org.tr/dosyalar/dergi/z6UFq2LoFkdiuzBbZSt9qHMi7u4Ke2.pdf ''PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kürdistan-Kürdistan İşçi Partisi) Terör Örgütü Kronolojisi (1976 – 2006)''] {{Web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120152936/http://www.usak.org.tr/dosyalar/dergi/z6UFq2LoFkdiuzBbZSt9qHMi7u4Ke2.pdf}}, Uluslararası Stratejik Araştırmalar Kurumu.</ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Anti-ISIL factions in Turkey]]
[[Category:Anti-ISIL factions in Turkey]]
[[Category:Kurdistan Workers' Party]]
[[Category:Kurdistan Workers' Party]]
[[Category:Left-wing militant groups in Turkey]]
[[Category:Military wings of socialist parties]]
[[Category:Military wings of political parties]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist in Asia]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]]
[[Category:Rebel groups in Turkey]]

Latest revision as of 21:56, 16 August 2024

For other uses, see People's Defense Force.
People's Defence Forces
Hêzên Parastina Gel (HPG)
Leader
FoundationJanuary 2000
Dates of operation2000–present
Allegiance Kurdistan Workers' Party
MotivesCultural and political rights for the Kurdish population in Turkey.[5]
Active regionsTurkey
Iraq
Syria
IdeologyDemocratic confederalism
Communalism
Notable attacks2011 Hakkâri attack
StatusRojava–Islamist conflict[6][7]
Kurdistan Region–PKK conflict
Ongoing war with Turkey, after ceasefire ended
SizeOver 40,000 active fighters (2015 Turkish claim)[8]
OpponentsTurkey
Islamic State
Designated as a terrorist group by Australia[9]
 United Kingdom[10]
Preceded by
Peoples Liberation Army of Kurdistan

The People's Defence Forces (Kurdish: Hêzên Parastina Gel, HPG) is the military wing of the group Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). During the 7th Congress of the PKK in January 2000, the HPG replaced the former military wing of the PKK, the People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan (Artêşa Rizgariya Gelê Kurdistan, ARGK). The replacement was intended to demonstrate the search for a peaceful solution of the Kurdish-Turkish conflict, after the capture of Abdullah Öcalan in 1999.[11] The HPG played an active role in the peace negotiations between the Turkish Government and the PKK in 2013, as it hosted a delegation consisting of several politicians from the Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) and members of the Turkish Human Rights Association (IHD) and agreed to release soldiers of the Turkish army as well as a Turkish politician, who they held captive.[12] In 2014, the HPG was involved in the fight against the Islamic State (ISIS) in Sinjar.[13]

As far as can be judged from the publications, one of the basic HPG factions is called "Karela Forces" or "Al-Karila Forces" (Arabic: قوات الكاريلا, romanized: Quwwat al-Karila) meaning "guerrilla" and this name is mainly mentioned in Arabic texts regarding HPG actions. In Arabic texts, and later among its members and supporters, Karila or Gerîla has become an alternative name for People's Defence Forces in general.[14]

History

[edit]

In 1984, the PKK declared they chose the method of "people's revolution" developed by Mao Zedong, and then started to apply guerrilla warfare methods in Kurdistan.

During this period, the organization declared a "long-term people's war" and established an organization called the Kurdistan Liberation Forces (Kurdish: Hêzên Rizgarîya Kurdistanê, HRK), describing as "Armed Propaganda". On August 15, 1984, the "July 14 Armed Propaganda Unit" under the command of Mahsum Korkmaz carried out the first armed attacks of the organization in Eruh and Şemdinli.[15]

At the 3rd congress of the PKK held in Lebanon on October 25, 1986, the HRK, which was based on propaganda, was abolished and a new militia called the "Kurdistan People's Liberation Army" was established, which was based on powerful armed attacks. This structure carried out attacks between 1991 and 1993.[16][17]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Can, Eyüp (14 July 2013). "PKK Changes Leadership". (trans. Timur Göksel). Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014. Originally published as Karayılan'ı kim niye gönderdi? in Radikal, 11 July 2013.
  2. ^ Tahiri, Hussein. The Structure of Kurdish Society and the Struggle for a Kurdish State. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publications 2007. pp 232 ff
  3. ^ Bila, Fikret (7 November 2007). "Kenan Evren: 'Kürtçeye ağır yasak koyduk ama hataydı'" (in Turkish). Milliyet. Retrieved 30 July 2008. Şimdi İmralı'dan PKK'yı yönetiyor. Cezaevinden avukatları kanalıyla.
  4. ^ "Ojalan: Which way now?". BBC News. 21 November 2000. Retrieved 1 September 2007.
  5. ^ Howard, Michael (13 May 2005). "Radical firebrand who led bloody nationalist war". Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
  6. ^ "War against Isis: PKK commander tasked with the defence of Syrian Kurds claims 'we will save Kobani'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  7. ^ "BREAKING: HPG operation in Sinjar; 20 ISIS dead". Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  8. ^ "The PKK In Numbers". Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2016-01-05.{}, 28 December 2015
  9. ^ Department, Attorney-General's. "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". nationalsecurity.gov.au. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  10. ^ "Proscribed terrorist groups". Home Office. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  11. ^ White, Paul (2015). The PKK. London: Zed Books. pp. 19–20. ISBN 9781783600373.
  12. ^ "Delegation on its way to meet Turkish prisoners held by PKK -FLASH | …". archive.is. 2013-06-29. Archived from the original on 2013-06-29. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  13. ^ Hawramy, Fazel. "Commander who defended Mount Shingal's Yezidis killed in Turkish strike: PKK". www.rudaw.net. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
  14. ^ "The Karela forces carry out new operations and eliminate 4 Turkish occupation soldiers". www.ronahi.tv. 2019-07-03. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  15. ^ "1984 yılında Eruh'ta ne oldu?". Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  16. ^ "15 Ağustos 1984, saat 21.00'ın öyküsü". Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  17. ^ Bal, İhsan ve Özkan, Emre. PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kürdistan-Kürdistan İşçi Partisi) Terör Örgütü Kronolojisi (1976 – 2006) Archived 2016-01-20 at the Wayback Machine, Uluslararası Stratejik Araştırmalar Kurumu.
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