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{{Short description|A family of mammals belonging to even-toed ungulates}}
{{Short description|Family of mammals belonging to even-toed ungulates}}
{{taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Chattian|Recent}}
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Miocene|Holocene}}
| image = Siberian Musk Deer.jpg
| image = Zwerghirsch-Micromeryx-Skelett.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Moschus moschiferus]]''
| image_caption = Skeleton of ''[[Micromeryx]]'', a typical moschid from the [[Miocene]] epoch
| image2 = Zwerghirsch-Micromeryx-Rekonstruktion.jpg
| image2 = Siberian Musk Deer.jpg
| image2_caption = Restoration of ''Micromeryx'', a typical moschid
| image2_caption = ''Moschus moschiferus'', the extant [[Siberian musk deer]]
| display_parents = 2
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| taxon = Moschidae
⚫
| authority = [[John Edward Gray|J. E. Gray]], 1821
| classis = [[Mammalia]]
| ordo = [[Artiodactyla]]
| type_genus = ''[[Musk deer|Moschus]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
⚫
| infraordo = [[Pecora]]
| superfamilia = [[Draft:Cervoidea|Cervoidea]]
| familia = '''Moschidae'''
⚫
| authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1821
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision = See [[#Taxonomy|text]]
| subdivision = See [[#Taxonomy|text]]
}}
}}


'''Moschidae''' is a family of [[pecora]]n [[even-toed ungulates]], characterized by long 'saber teeth' instead of horns, antlers or [[ossicones]], modest size (''Moschus'' only reaches {{convert|37|lb|abbr=on}}; other taxa were even smaller) and a lack of facial glands.<ref>University of Michigan Museum of Zoology - [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Moschus.html#Moschus Animal Diversity Web - Moschus (musk deer) Classification]</ref> The fossil record of the family extends back to the late [[Oligocene]], around 28 million years ago. The group was abundant across Eurasia and North America during the Miocene, but afterwards declined to only the extant genus ''[[Musk deer|Moschus]]'' by the early Pleistocene.
'''Moschidae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[pecora]]n [[even-toed ungulates]], containing the [[musk deer]] (''Moschus'') and its extinct relatives. They are characterized by long 'saber teeth' instead of horns, antlers or [[ossicones]], modest size (''Moschus'' only reaches {{convert|37|lb|abbr=on}}; other [[taxa]] were even smaller) and a lack of facial glands.<ref>University of Michigan Museum of Zoology - [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Moschus.html#Moschus Animal Diversity Web - Moschus (musk deer) Classification]</ref> While various Oligocene and Miocene pecorans were previously assigned to this family, recent studies find that most should be assigned to their own clades, although further research would need to confirm these traits. As a result, ''[[Micromeryx]]'', ''[[Hispanomeryx]]'', and ''Moschus'' are the only undisputed moschid members, making them known from at least 18 Ma.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mennecart|first1=Bastien|last2=Aiglstorfer|first2=Manuel|last3=Göhlich|first3=Ursula B.|last4=Daxner-Höck|first4=Gudrun|year=2019|title=On the oldest Mongolian moschids (Mammalia, Ruminantia) and the early moschid evolution|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica|number=22.2.53|doi=10.26879/959|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aiglstorfer|first1=Manuela|last2=Wang|first2=Shi-Qi|last3=Cheng|first3=Jie|last4=Xing|first4=Luda|last5=Fu|first5=Jiao|last6=Mennecart|first6=Bastien|year=2023|title=Miocene Moschidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia) from the Linxia Basin (China) connect Europe and Asia and show an early evolutionary diversity of a today monogeneric family|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=619|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111531}}</ref> The group was abundant across [[Eurasia]] and [[North America]] during the [[Miocene]], but afterwards declined to only the extant genus ''Moschus'' by the early [[Pleistocene]].

==Taxonomy and classification==
Until the early 21st century, it was believed that the musk deer (family Moschidae) were an adjacent, [[sister taxon|sister]]-group to the 'true' deer of the family [[Deer|Cervidae]] ([[Reindeer|caribou]], [[moose]], [[elk]], and roughly 40-50 other species); however, a 2003 [[phylogenetic]] study by Alexandre Hassanin (of the [[National Museum of Natural History (France)|National Museum of Natural History, France]]) and co., based on [[mitochondria]]l and [[nucleus (biology)|nuclear]] analyses, revealed that Moschidae and [[Bovidae]] ([[antelope]], [[cattle]], [[Capra (genus)|goats]], [[Ovis|sheep]]), together, form a sister-[[clade]] to Cervidae. According to the study, the Cervidae [[genetic divergence|diverged]] from the Bovidae-Moschidae clade roughly 27-28 million years ago.<ref name="Hassanin2003">{{cite journal | last1=Hassanin | first1=A. | last2=Douzery | first2=E. J. P. | title=Molecular and morphological phylogenies of Ruminantia and the alternative position of the Moschidae | journal=Systematic Biology | date=2003 | volume=52 | issue=2 | pages=206–28 | doi=10.1080/10635150390192726 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10760976 | pmid=12746147| doi-access=free }}</ref> The following [[cladogram]] is based on this 2003 study:<ref name="Hassanin2003"/>

{{Clade | style=font-size: 100%; line-height:100%
| label1=[[Ruminantia]]
| 1={{clade
| label1=[[Tragulina]]
| 1=[[Tragulidae]] [[File:Tragulus napu - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|50 px]]
⚫
| label2=[[Pecora]]
| 2={{clade
| 1=[[Antilocapridae]] [[File:Antilocapra white background.jpg|50 px]]
| 2=[[Giraffidae]] [[File:Giraffa camelopardalis Brockhaus white background.jpg|50 px]]
| 3={{clade
| 1=[[Cervidae]] [[File:The deer of all lands (1898) Hangul white background.png|50 px]]
| 2={{clade
| 1=[[Bovidae]] [[File:Birds and nature (1901) (14562088237) white background.jpg |50px]]
| 2='''Moschidae''' [[File:Moschus chrysogaster white background.jpg|50 px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}


==Taxonomy==
After Prothero (2007)<ref>Prothero, 2007 (p. 221-226)</ref>
After Prothero (2007)<ref>Prothero, 2007 (p. 221-226)</ref>


Family '''Moschidae'''
Family '''Moschidae'''
{{Columns-list|colwidth=18em|
{{Columns-list|colwidth=18em|
* ''[[Hydropotopsis]]''{{extinct}}
* ''[[Micromeryx]]''{{extinct}}
** ''Hydropotopsis lemanensis''
** ''Micromeryx styriacus''
⚫
** ''Micromeryx flourensianus''
⚫
** ''Micromeryx''? ''eiselei'' - this species is a proposed member of genus ''Micromeryx''<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Manuela|last1=Aiglstorfer|first2=Loïc|last2=Costeur|first3=Bastien|last3=Mennecart|first4=Elmar P. J.|last4=Heizmann|title=''Micromeryx''? ''eiselei''A new moschid species from Steinheim am Albuch, Germany, and the first comprehensive description of moschid cranial material from the Miocene of Central Europe|journal=PLOS ONE|date=16 October 2017|volume=12|issue=10|pages=e0185679|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0185679|pmid=29036194|pmc=5642927|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1285679A|doi-access=free}}</ref>
⚫
* '''''[[Musk deer|Moschus]]'''''
⚫
** ''[[Moschus moschiferus]]''
⚫
** ''[[Moschus anhuiensis]]''
⚫
** ''[[Moschus berezovskii]]''
⚫
** ''[[Moschus fuscus]]''
⚫
** ''[[Moschus chrysogaster]]''
⚫
** ''[[Moschus cupreus]]''
⚫
** ''[[Moschus leucogaster]]''
* ''[[Hispanomeryx]]''{{extinct}}
* ''[[Hispanomeryx]]''{{extinct}}
** ''Hispanomeryx aragonensis''
** ''Hispanomeryx aragonensis''
Line 32: Line 61:
** ''Hispanomeryx duriensis''
** ''Hispanomeryx duriensis''
** ''Hispanomeryx andrewsi''
** ''Hispanomeryx andrewsi''
* ''[[Oriomeryx]]''{{extinct}}
* ''[[Hydropotopsis]]'' (?){{extinct}}
** ''Hydropotopsis lemanensis''
⚫
* ''[[Oriomeryx]]'' (?){{extinct}}
** ''Oriomeryx major''
** ''Oriomeryx major''
** ''Oriomeryx willii''
** ''Oriomeryx willii''
* ''[[Friburgomeryx]]''{{extinct}}
* ''[[Friburgomeryx]]'' (?){{extinct}}
** ''Friburgomeryx wallenriedensis''
** ''Friburgomeryx wallenriedensis''
* ''[[Bedenomeryx]]''{{extinct}}
* ''[[Bedenomeryx]]'' (?){{extinct}}
** ''Bedenomeryx truyolsi''
** ''Bedenomeryx truyolsi''
** ''Bedenomeryx milloquensis''
** ''Bedenomeryx milloquensis''
** ''Bedenomeryx paulhiacensis''
** ''Bedenomeryx paulhiacensis''
* Subfamily '''[[Dremotheriinae]]'''{{extinct}}
* Subfamily '''[[Blastomerycinae]]''' (?){{extinct}}
** ''[[Pomelomeryx]]''
*** ''Pomelomeryx boulangeri''
*** ''Pomelomeryx gracilis''
** ''[[Dremotherium]]''
*** ''Dremotherium cetinensis''
*** ''Dremotherium guthi''
*** ''Dremotherium quercyi''
*** ''Dremotherium feignouxi''
* Subfamily '''[[Blastomerycinae]]'''{{extinct}}
** ''[[Pseudoblastomeryx]]''
** ''[[Pseudoblastomeryx]]''
*** ''Pseudoblastomeryx advena''
*** ''Pseudoblastomeryx advena''
Line 65: Line 87:
** ''[[Blastomeryx]]''{{extinct}}
** ''[[Blastomeryx]]''{{extinct}}
*** ''Blastomeryx gemmifer''
*** ''Blastomeryx gemmifer''
* Subfamily '''[[Moschinae]]'''
⚫
** ''[[Micromeryx]]''{{extinct}}
*** ''Micromeryx styriacus''
⚫
*** ''Micromeryx flourensianus''
⚫
*** ''Micromeryx''? ''eiselei'' - this species is a proposed member of genus ''Micromeryx''<ref>{{cite journal|first=Manuela|last=Aiglstorfer|first2=Loïc|last2=Costeur|first3=Bastien|last3=Mennecart|first4=Elmar P. J.|last4=Heizmann|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0185679 |title=''Micromeryx''? ''eiselei''A new moschid species from Steinheim am Albuch, Germany, and the first comprehensive description of moschid cranial material from the Miocene of Central Europe|journal=PLOS One|date=16 October 2017|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0185679|doi-access=free}}</ref>
⚫
** '''''[[Musk deer|Moschus]]'''''
⚫
*** ''[[Moschus moschiferus]]''
⚫
*** ''[[Moschus anhuiensis]]''
⚫
*** ''[[Moschus berezovskii]]''
⚫
*** ''[[Moschus fuscus]]''
⚫
*** ''[[Moschus chrysogaster]]''
⚫
*** ''[[Moschus cupreus]]''
⚫
*** ''[[Moschus leucogaster]]''
}}
}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Commons}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Commons|Moschidae}}
{{Artiodactyla|R.}}
{{Artiodactyla|R.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q229084}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q229084}}


[[Category:Bovoidea]]
[[Category:Mammal families]]
[[Category:Mammal families]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]
[[Category:Even-toed ungulates]]
[[Category:Musk deer]]




Latest revision as of 07:40, 16 August 2024

Moschidae
Temporal range: Miocene–Holocene
Skeleton of Micromeryx, a typical moschid from the Miocene epoch
Moschus moschiferus, the extant Siberian musk deer
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Pecora
Superfamily: Bovoidea
Family: Moschidae
J. E. Gray, 1821
Type genus
Moschus
Linnaeus, 1758
Genera

See text

Moschidae is a family of pecoran even-toed ungulates, containing the musk deer (Moschus) and its extinct relatives. They are characterized by long 'saber teeth' instead of horns, antlers or ossicones, modest size (Moschus only reaches 37 lb (17 kg); other taxa were even smaller) and a lack of facial glands.[1] While various Oligocene and Miocene pecorans were previously assigned to this family, recent studies find that most should be assigned to their own clades, although further research would need to confirm these traits. As a result, Micromeryx, Hispanomeryx, and Moschus are the only undisputed moschid members, making them known from at least 18 Ma.[2][3] The group was abundant across Eurasia and North America during the Miocene, but afterwards declined to only the extant genus Moschus by the early Pleistocene.

Taxonomy and classification

[edit]

Until the early 21st century, it was believed that the musk deer (family Moschidae) were an adjacent, sister-group to the 'true' deer of the family Cervidae (caribou, moose, elk, and roughly 40-50 other species); however, a 2003 phylogenetic study by Alexandre Hassanin (of the National Museum of Natural History, France) and co., based on mitochondrial and nuclear analyses, revealed that Moschidae and Bovidae (antelope, cattle, goats, sheep), together, form a sister-clade to Cervidae. According to the study, the Cervidae diverged from the Bovidae-Moschidae clade roughly 27-28 million years ago.[4] The following cladogram is based on this 2003 study:[4]

Ruminantia

After Prothero (2007)[5]

Family Moschidae

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moschidae.
  1. ^ University of Michigan Museum of Zoology - Animal Diversity Web - Moschus (musk deer) Classification
  2. ^ Mennecart, Bastien; Aiglstorfer, Manuel; Göhlich, Ursula B.; Daxner-Höck, Gudrun (2019). "On the oldest Mongolian moschids (Mammalia, Ruminantia) and the early moschid evolution". Palaeontologia Electronica (22.2.53). doi:10.26879/959.
  3. ^ Aiglstorfer, Manuela; Wang, Shi-Qi; Cheng, Jie; Xing, Luda; Fu, Jiao; Mennecart, Bastien (2023). "Miocene Moschidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia) from the Linxia Basin (China) connect Europe and Asia and show an early evolutionary diversity of a today monogeneric family". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 619. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111531.
  4. ^ a b Hassanin, A.; Douzery, E. J. P. (2003). "Molecular and morphological phylogenies of Ruminantia and the alternative position of the Moschidae". Systematic Biology. 52 (2): 206–28. doi:10.1080/10635150390192726. PMID 12746147.
  5. ^ Prothero, 2007 (p. 221-226)
  6. ^ Aiglstorfer, Manuela; Costeur, Loïc; Mennecart, Bastien; Heizmann, Elmar P. J. (16 October 2017). "Micromeryx? eiseleiA new moschid species from Steinheim am Albuch, Germany, and the first comprehensive description of moschid cranial material from the Miocene of Central Europe". PLOS ONE. 12 (10): e0185679. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1285679A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185679. PMC 5642927. PMID 29036194.


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