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Coordinates: 2°2′59″N 45°15′44″E / 2.04972°N 45.26222°E / 2.04972; 45.26222
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| area_magnitude =
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 370
| area_total_km2 = 370
| population_as_of = 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somalia: Subdivision and cities |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/somalia/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=www.citypopulation.de |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425194524/https://citypopulation.de/en/somalia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2014
| population_note =
| population_note =
| population_total = 1,650,227<ref name="PESS" />
| population_total = 2,330,700
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| utc_offset = +3
| utc_offset = +3
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| area_code =
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017)
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017)
| blank_info_sec2 = 0.657<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br/>{{color|#600|medium}} · [[List of regions of Somalia by Human Development Index|1st]]
| blank_info_sec2 = 0.657<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|url-status=live}}</ref><br/>{{color|#600|medium}} · [[List of regions of Somalia by Human Development Index|1st]]
| website =
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}}
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'''Banaadir''' ({{lang-so|Banaadir}}, {{lang-ar|بنادر}}, {{lang-it|Benadir}}) is an administrative region (''[[Administrative divisions of Somalia|gobol]]'') in southeastern [[Somalia]].<ref name="Cwfsom">{{cite web|title=Somalia|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|location=Langley, Virginia|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/|access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref> It covers the same area as the city of [[Mogadishu]], which serves as the capital. It is bordered to the northwest by the Shabelle river, and to the southeast by the Indian Ocean.<ref>Eno, Omar A., Mohamed A. Eno, and Dan Van Lehman. "Defining the problem in Somalia: perspectives from the southern minorities." Journal of the Anglo-Somali Society 47 (2010): 19-30.</ref> Although by far the smallest administrative region in Somalia, it has the largest population, estimated at 1,650,227 (including 369,288 [[internally displaced persons]]) in 2014.<ref name="PESS">{{cite web|title=Population Estimation Survey 2014 for the 18 Pre-War Regions of Somalia|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf|access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref>
'''Banaadir''' ({{lang-so|Banaadir}}, {{lang-ar|بنادر}}, {{lang-it|Benadir}}) is an administrative region (''[[Administrative divisions of Somalia|gobol]]'') in southeastern [[Somalia]].<ref name="Cwfsom">{{cite web|title=Somalia|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|location=Langley, Virginia|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/|access-date=23 March 2015|archive-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701070127/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It covers the same area as the city of [[Mogadishu]], which serves as the capital. It is the only region in the country not belonging to any of the [[States and regions of Somalia|five states]]. It is bordered to the northwest by the Shabelle river, and to the southeast by the Indian Ocean.<ref>Eno, Omar A., Mohamed A. Eno, and Dan Van Lehman. "Defining the problem in Somalia: perspectives from the southern minorities." Journal of the Anglo-Somali Society 47 (2010): 19-30.</ref> Although by far the smallest administrative region in Somalia, it has the largest population, estimated at 1,650,227 (including 369,288 [[internally displaced persons]]) in 2014.<ref name="PESS">{{cite web|title=Population Estimation Survey 2014 for the 18 Pre-War Regions of Somalia|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203150/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>


The territorial extent and scope of the term ''Benaadir'' has varied in definition throughout its history, with medieval usage extending Benaadir to huge swaths of coast adjacent to Mogadishu stretching as far as hundreds of miles. The early modern period which extended the meaning of ''Benaadir'' to the interior midway towards the [[Hirshabelle]] region, to the contemporary period wherein sometimes the nonstandard misnomer of usage being interchangeable with the city of Mogadishu. This Banaadir municipality is bordered to the north by [[Hirshabelle]] and to the southwest by [[South West State of Somalia|South West]], and is the only Somali ''gobol'' (administrative region) which is both a municipality and a ''gobol'' known as a region.
The territorial extent and scope of the term ''Benaadir'' has varied in definition throughout its history, with medieval usage extending Benaadir to huge swaths of coast adjacent to Mogadishu stretching as far as hundreds of miles, from [[Hobyo]] in the north. The early modern period which extended the meaning of ''Benaadir'' to the interior midway towards the [[Hirshabelle]] region, to the contemporary period wherein sometimes the nonstandard misnomer of usage being interchangeable with the city of Mogadishu. This Banaadir municipality is bordered to the north by [[Hirshabelle]] and to the southwest by [[South West State of Somalia|South West]], and is the only Somali ''gobol'' (administrative region) which is both a municipality and a ''gobol'' known as a region.


==Overview==
==Overview==
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The Banaadir region is bordered by the [[Middle Shebelle]] (Shabeellaha Dhexe) and [[Lower Shebelle]] (Shabeellaha Hoose), as well as the Indian Ocean.
The Banaadir region is bordered by the [[Middle Shebelle]] (Shabeellaha Dhexe) and [[Lower Shebelle]] (Shabeellaha Hoose), as well as the Indian Ocean.


"Benaadir" is derived from the [[Somali language|Somali]] ''banaadir'', which means "coast", in reference to the southern Somali coastal cities [[Mogadishu]], [[Merka]] and [[Barawa]]. The place name reflects the region's medieval position as a key trade center with [[Persia]], [[Arabian peninsula]] and the Swahili coast.<ref name="Aths">{{cite book|last1=Njoku|first1=Raphael Chijioke|title=The History of Somalia|date=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0313378577|page=69|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C|access-date=14 September 2014}}</ref>
"Benaadir" is derived from the [[Somali language|Somali]] ''banaadir'', which means "coast", in reference to the southern Somali coastal cities [[Mogadishu]], [[Merka]] and [[Barawa]]. The place name reflects the region's medieval position as a key trade center with [[Persia]], [[Arabian Peninsula]] and the Swahili coast.<ref name="Aths">{{cite book|last1=Njoku|first1=Raphael Chijioke|title=The History of Somalia|date=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0313378577|page=69|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C|access-date=14 September 2014|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175752/https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C|url-status=live}}</ref>


The name derives from the [[Persian language|Persian]] bandar meaning ‘port’ or ‘harbour’.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001/acref-9780191882913;jsessionid=21AB7474EB0B7530E98406BEF99B2D9D |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names |date=2019-10-24 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-188291-3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001}}</ref>
The name derives from the [[Persian language|Persian]] bandar meaning ‘port’ or ‘harbour’.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001/acref-9780191882913;jsessionid=21AB7474EB0B7530E98406BEF99B2D9D |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names |date=2019-10-24 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-188291-3 |language=en-US |doi=10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001 |access-date=15 March 2023 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522133514/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001/acref-9780191882913;jsessionid=21AB7474EB0B7530E98406BEF99B2D9D |url-status=live }}</ref>


Its capital is Mogadishu, known locally as Xamar (pronounced: Hamar), although the administrative region itself is coextensive with the city. Benaadir is much smaller than the historical region of Benadir, which covers most of the country's central and southern seaboard opposite the [[Indian Ocean]] and up to the [[Juba River]], including Mogadishu.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}
Its capital is Mogadishu, known locally as Xamar (pronounced: Hamar), although the administrative region itself is coextensive with the city. Benaadir is much smaller than the historical region of Benadir, which covered most of the country's central and southern seaboard opposite the [[Indian Ocean]] and up to the [[Juba River]], including Mogadishu.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCKiAJnmolAC&dq=benadiri+kismayo&pg=PA202 |title=Le missioni cattoliche rivista quindicinale |date=1891 |language=it}}</ref>


Thabit M. Abdi was appointed mayor of Mogadishu and governor of Banaadir in 2017, succeeding Yusuf Hussein Jimale who held that post since November 2015.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2017/Apr/141440/thabit_abdi_named_as_the_new_mayor_of_mogadishu.aspx | title=Thabit Abdi named as the new Mayor of Mogadishu | date=6 April 2017 | publisher=Hiiraan Online | access-date=11 July 2019 }}</ref>
Thabit M. Abdi was appointed mayor of Mogadishu and governor of Banaadir in 2017, succeeding Yusuf Hussein Jimale who held that post since November 2015.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2017/Apr/141440/thabit_abdi_named_as_the_new_mayor_of_mogadishu.aspx | title=Thabit Abdi named as the new Mayor of Mogadishu | date=6 April 2017 | publisher=Hiiraan Online | access-date=11 July 2019 | archive-date=25 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725132913/https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2017/apr/141440/thabit_abdi_named_as_the_new_mayor_of_mogadishu.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref>


==History==
==History==
===Political===
===Political===
Tradition and old records assert that southern Somalia, including the Mogadishu area, was inhabited by [[Benadiri people|benadiri's]] centuries<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&q=Oman+suzerainty+mogadishu&pg=PA18 |title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa |date=1999 |publisher=James Currey Publishers |isbn=978-0-85255-280-3 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-06 |archive-date=2022-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329041023/https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&q=Oman+suzerainty+mogadishu&pg=PA18 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was during the [[early modern period]] considered the wealthiest city on the [[East Africa]]n coast, as well as the center of a thriving [[textile]] industry.<ref>Horn and Crescent Cultural Change and Traditional Islam on the East African Coast, by Randall L. Pouwels – Notes to Pages 37–40</ref> In the 17th century, Mogadishu and parts of southern Somalia fell under the [[Hiraab Imamate]] and in the 19th century came under the [[Geledi Sultanate]]'s sphere of influence.
Tradition and old records assert that southern Somalia, including the Mogadishu area, was inhabited by [[Benadiri people|Benadiris]] for centuries<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&q=Oman+suzerainty+mogadishu&pg=PA18 |title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa |date=1999 |publisher=James Currey Publishers |isbn=978-0-85255-280-3 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-06 |archive-date=2022-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329041023/https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&q=Oman+suzerainty+mogadishu&pg=PA18 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was during the [[early modern period]] considered the wealthiest city on the [[East Africa]]n coast, as well as the center of a thriving [[textile]] industry.<ref>Horn and Crescent Cultural Change and Traditional Islam on the East African Coast, by Randall L. Pouwels – Notes to Pages 37–40</ref> In the 17th century, Mogadishu and parts of southern Somalia fell under the [[Hiraab Imamate]] and in the 19th century came under the [[Geledi Sultanate]]'s sphere of influence.


After the Somali Republic became independent in 1960, Mogadishu became known and promoted as the ''White Pearl of the Indian Ocean''. After the ousting of the [[Siad Barre]] regime in 1991 and the ensuing [[Somali Civil War]], various militias fought for control of the city, later to be replaced by the [[Islamic Courts Union]] in the mid-2000s. The ICU thereafter splintered into more radical groups, notably the [[al-Shabaab (militant group)|al-Shabaab]], which fought the [[Transitional Federal Government]] (2004–2012) and its [[African Union Mission to Somalia]] allies. With a change in administration in late 2010, government troops and their military partners had succeeded in forcing out Al-Shabaab by August 2011. Mogadishu has then subsequently experienced a period of intense reconstruction.
After the Somali Republic became independent in 1960, Mogadishu became known and promoted as the ''White Pearl of the Indian Ocean''. After the ousting of the [[Siad Barre]] regime in 1991 and the ensuing [[Somali Civil War]], various militias fought for control of the city, later to be replaced by the [[Islamic Courts Union]] in the mid-2000s. The ICU thereafter splintered into more radical groups, notably the [[al-Shabaab (militant group)|al-Shabaab]], which fought the [[Transitional Federal Government]] (2004–2012) and its [[African Union Mission to Somalia]] allies. With a change in administration in late 2010, government troops and their military partners had succeeded in forcing out Al-Shabaab by August 2011. Mogadishu has then subsequently experienced a period of intense reconstruction.
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==Districts==
==Districts==


The Banaadir region consists of seventeen districts.<ref name="Stados">[http://www.statoids.com/yso.html Districts of Somalia]</ref> Warta Nabada District was previously known as Wardhigley District until it was officially renamed in 2012.<ref>[https://archive.today/20140425081906/http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2012/04/10/newsbrief-04 Somali president renames Mogadishu district to foster peace], SabahiOnline.com, 10 April 2012. Accessed on 23 October 2016.</ref> Kahda District was formed in 2013 and is still absent from most maps.<ref>See: [http://www.internews.org/somali-voices-radio-program-connects-families-fosters-dialogue-tough-issues "Somali Voices" Radio Program Connects Families, Fosters Dialogue on Tough Issues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416022717/http://internews.org/somali-voices-radio-program-connects-families-fosters-dialogue-tough-issues |date=2016-04-16 }}, Internews, 27 February 2014. Accessed on 7 October 2015.</ref>
The Banaadir region consists of seventeen districts.<ref name="Stados">{{Cite web |url=http://www.statoids.com/yso.html |title=Districts of Somalia |access-date=21 August 2011 |archive-date=18 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218080018/http://www.statoids.com/yso.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Warta Nabada District was previously known as Wardhigley District until it was officially renamed in 2012.<ref>[https://archive.today/20140425081906/http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2012/04/10/newsbrief-04 Somali president renames Mogadishu district to foster peace], SabahiOnline.com, 10 April 2012. Accessed on 23 October 2016.</ref> Kahda District was formed in 2013 and is still absent from most maps.<ref>See: [http://www.internews.org/somali-voices-radio-program-connects-families-fosters-dialogue-tough-issues "Somali Voices" Radio Program Connects Families, Fosters Dialogue on Tough Issues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416022717/http://internews.org/somali-voices-radio-program-connects-families-fosters-dialogue-tough-issues |date=2016-04-16 }}, Internews, 27 February 2014. Accessed on 7 October 2015.</ref>


*[[Abdiaziz District]]
*[[Abdiaziz District]]
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*[[Warta Nabada District]]
*[[Warta Nabada District]]
*[[Yaqshid District]]
*[[Yaqshid District]]

==See also==
*[[Mogadishu]]
*[[Somalia]]
*[[Hiraab Imamate]]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 14:36, 15 August 2024

Banadir
Banaadir
Muqdisho
Mogadishu street scene
Mogadishu street scene
Flag of Banadir
Flag
Coat of arms of Banadir
Coat of arms
Location in Somalia
Location in Somalia
Coordinates: 2°2′59″N 45°15′44″E / 2.04972°N 45.26222°E / 2.04972; 45.26222
CountrySomalia
CapitalMogadishu
Government
 • TypeFederal
 • GovernorYusuf Hussein Jimaale
Area
 • Total370 km2 (140 sq mi)
Population
 (2019[1])
 • Total2,330,700
 • Density6,300/km2 (16,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)
HDI (2017)0.657[2]
medium · 1st

Banaadir (Somali: Banaadir, Arabic: بنادر, Italian: Benadir) is an administrative region (gobol) in southeastern Somalia.[3] It covers the same area as the city of Mogadishu, which serves as the capital. It is the only region in the country not belonging to any of the five states. It is bordered to the northwest by the Shabelle river, and to the southeast by the Indian Ocean.[4] Although by far the smallest administrative region in Somalia, it has the largest population, estimated at 1,650,227 (including 369,288 internally displaced persons) in 2014.[5]

The territorial extent and scope of the term Benaadir has varied in definition throughout its history, with medieval usage extending Benaadir to huge swaths of coast adjacent to Mogadishu stretching as far as hundreds of miles, from Hobyo in the north. The early modern period which extended the meaning of Benaadir to the interior midway towards the Hirshabelle region, to the contemporary period wherein sometimes the nonstandard misnomer of usage being interchangeable with the city of Mogadishu. This Banaadir municipality is bordered to the north by Hirshabelle and to the southwest by South West, and is the only Somali gobol (administrative region) which is both a municipality and a gobol known as a region.

Overview

The Banaadir region is bordered by the Middle Shebelle (Shabeellaha Dhexe) and Lower Shebelle (Shabeellaha Hoose), as well as the Indian Ocean.

"Benaadir" is derived from the Somali banaadir, which means "coast", in reference to the southern Somali coastal cities Mogadishu, Merka and Barawa. The place name reflects the region's medieval position as a key trade center with Persia, Arabian Peninsula and the Swahili coast.[6]

The name derives from the Persian bandar meaning ‘port’ or ‘harbour’.[7]

Its capital is Mogadishu, known locally as Xamar (pronounced: Hamar), although the administrative region itself is coextensive with the city. Benaadir is much smaller than the historical region of Benadir, which covered most of the country's central and southern seaboard opposite the Indian Ocean and up to the Juba River, including Mogadishu.[8]

Thabit M. Abdi was appointed mayor of Mogadishu and governor of Banaadir in 2017, succeeding Yusuf Hussein Jimale who held that post since November 2015.[9]

History

Political

Tradition and old records assert that southern Somalia, including the Mogadishu area, was inhabited by Benadiris for centuries[10] and was during the early modern period considered the wealthiest city on the East African coast, as well as the center of a thriving textile industry.[11] In the 17th century, Mogadishu and parts of southern Somalia fell under the Hiraab Imamate and in the 19th century came under the Geledi Sultanate's sphere of influence.

After the Somali Republic became independent in 1960, Mogadishu became known and promoted as the White Pearl of the Indian Ocean. After the ousting of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 and the ensuing Somali Civil War, various militias fought for control of the city, later to be replaced by the Islamic Courts Union in the mid-2000s. The ICU thereafter splintered into more radical groups, notably the al-Shabaab, which fought the Transitional Federal Government (2004–2012) and its African Union Mission to Somalia allies. With a change in administration in late 2010, government troops and their military partners had succeeded in forcing out Al-Shabaab by August 2011. Mogadishu has then subsequently experienced a period of intense reconstruction.

Population

The 1,650,227 (as of 2014) residents of Benaadir are 50.7% female and come from 303,021 households.[5] It has the highest percentage of residents who are internally displaced persons among the regions of Somalia, because of its relative safety, economic opportunities and availability of resources.[5]

Districts

The Banaadir region consists of seventeen districts.[12] Warta Nabada District was previously known as Wardhigley District until it was officially renamed in 2012.[13] Kahda District was formed in 2013 and is still absent from most maps.[14]

References

  1. ^ "Somalia: Subdivision and cities". www.citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  2. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  3. ^ "Somalia". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  4. ^ Eno, Omar A., Mohamed A. Eno, and Dan Van Lehman. "Defining the problem in Somalia: perspectives from the southern minorities." Journal of the Anglo-Somali Society 47 (2010): 19-30.
  5. ^ a b c "Population Estimation Survey 2014 for the 18 Pre-War Regions of Somalia" (PDF). United Nations Population Fund. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  6. ^ Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013). The History of Somalia. ABC-CLIO. p. 69. ISBN 978-0313378577. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  7. ^ Everett-Heath, John (24 October 2019). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780191882913.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-188291-3. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  8. ^ Le missioni cattoliche rivista quindicinale (in Italian). 1891.
  9. ^ "Thabit Abdi named as the new Mayor of Mogadishu". Hiiraan Online. 6 April 2017. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  10. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. James Currey Publishers. ISBN 978-0-85255-280-3. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  11. ^ Horn and Crescent Cultural Change and Traditional Islam on the East African Coast, by Randall L. Pouwels – Notes to Pages 37–40
  12. ^ "Districts of Somalia". Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  13. ^ Somali president renames Mogadishu district to foster peace, SabahiOnline.com, 10 April 2012. Accessed on 23 October 2016.
  14. ^ See: "Somali Voices" Radio Program Connects Families, Fosters Dialogue on Tough Issues Archived 2016-04-16 at the Wayback Machine, Internews, 27 February 2014. Accessed on 7 October 2015.
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