Battle of Rajmahal: Difference between revisions

Battle of Rajmahal
	Part of Mughal invasion of Bengal
Date	12 July 1576
Location	Rajmahal, Bengal Sultanate (present-day Jharkhand, India)
Result	Mughal Victory
Belligerents
Bengal Sultanate	Mughal Empire
Commanders and leaders
Daud Khan †; Junaid Khan †; Ismail Khan ; Kalapahad †; Qutlu Khan †	Akbar ; Muzaffar Khan; Jahan Khan ; Todar Mal
Strength
50,000	150,000 (during the first assault) ; 5000 cavalry reinforcement
Casualties and losses
47,000	Unknown

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The Battle of Rajmahal (Bengali: রাজমহলের যুদ্ধ) took place between the Mughal Empire and the Karrani Dynasty that ruled the Sultanate of Bengal in the 16th century. The battle resulted in a decisive victory for the Mughals. During the battle, the last Sultan of Bengal, Daud Khan Karrani, was captured and later executed by the Mughals.

Background

The battle of Rajmahal introduced the Mughal regime in Bengal. After the death of the last sultan of Hussain Shahi dynasty Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah in 1538, the liberated sultanate of Bengal reached its end. Despite occupying the capital city of Gaur, Humayun, the second emperor of the Mughal Empire, was able to hold the control for only a short period of time. The founder of the Sur Dynasty, Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun in the Battle of Chausa and took control over Bengal. Later, the Karrani dynasty emerged in Bengal. The last ruler of the Karranis, Sultan Daud Khan Karrani refused to hail Akbar and clashed with the Mughals. Daud Khan was defeated by the Mughal general Munim Khan at the Battle of Tukaroi.

On April 12, 1575, the Treaty of Katak concluded the malevolence between the two parties. Consequently, Daud Khan failed to hold control over Bengal and Bihar. Only the rights of Orissa were left to him. The treaty however did not go on for long. Isa Khan, the chief of the Baro-Bhuians, expelled the Mughal Navy from Bengal. After the death of the Mughal general Munim Khan, Daud Khan started a campaign to conquer the lost territory. He was able to conquer North and West Bengal.^[4]

Battle

Akbar sent his general Khan-i-Jahan Husain Quli Beg to conquer Bengal from Daud Khan. Daud Khan's generals were Kalapahar, Junaid and Qutlu Khan. Khan gathered about three thousand troops at Teliagarhi.^[5]

The Afghans fought with the Mughals at Teliagarhi. In the battle, the Mughals captured Teliagarhi. The Mughals then proceeded towards Rajmahal. Rajmahal was under siege for about four months by the Mughal general Husain Quli Beg. As an additional aid to the Mughals, Muzaffar Khan Turbati, the ruler of Bihar, came forward with five thousand cavalry and supplies by sea. Although the Mughals were ahead in terms of strength, they fell into climatic problems.

Then the battle took place between the combined forces of the Mughals and the Karranis in Rajmahal on 12 July 1576. Daud Khan, Junaid, Kalapahar and Qutlu Khan led the middle, left, right and front of the army respectively.^[4]

Aftermath

The Karranis were defeated in this battle. Daud Khan was captured and killed. With the fall of the Karrani dynasty, the Bengal Sultanate came to an end and Bengal became a subah or province of the Mughal Empire.^[6] However, under the leadership of Isa Khan, the Baro-Bhuyans continued to resist the Mughals. ^[7] As a result, the Mughals could not get full control over Bengal until Isa Khan's death in 1599.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b Richards, John F. (1996). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
^ ^a ^b Bengal District Gazetteers Santal Parganas. Concept Publishing Company. 1914. pp. 26–.
^ Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004). Bangladesh: Past and Present. APH Publishing. p. 63. ISBN 978-81-7648-469-5. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Rajmahal, The battle of". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
^ Ambashthya, Brahmadeva Prasad (1984). "Non-Persian Sources on Indian Medieval History". Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli: 72. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
^ Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P–Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 837. ISBN 978-0-313-33539-6. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
^ Karim, Abdul (1992). "History of Bengal: From the fall of Daud Karrani, 1576 to the death of Jahangir, 1627". Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
^ Bhattasali, Nalini Kanta. Bengal Chiefs' Struggle. p. 12. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2023.

[Richards1996-1] Richards, John F. (1996). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2016.

[gazetteer-2] Bengal District Gazetteers Santal Parganas. Concept Publishing Company. 1914. pp. 26–.

[3] Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004). Bangladesh: Past and Present. APH Publishing. p. 63. ISBN 978-81-7648-469-5. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2016.

[Banglapedia-4] "Rajmahal, The battle of". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.

[5] Ambashthya, Brahmadeva Prasad (1984). "Non-Persian Sources on Indian Medieval History". Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli: 72. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2022.

[6] Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P–Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 837. ISBN 978-0-313-33539-6. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2022.

[7] Karim, Abdul (1992). "History of Bengal: From the fall of Daud Karrani, 1576 to the death of Jahangir, 1627". Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2022.

[8] Bhattasali, Nalini Kanta. Bengal Chiefs' Struggle. p. 12. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2023.

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@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 | partof            = [[Mughal invasion of Bengal]]
 | campaign          =
-| date              = 12 July 1576<ref name="Richards1996">{{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |date=1996 |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA33 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=33 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2}}</ref>
+| date              = 12 July 1576<ref name="Richards1996">{{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |date=1996 |title=The Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA33 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=33 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |access-date=17 October 2016 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206162333/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
 | place             = [[Rajmahal]], [[Bengal Sultanate]] (present-day [[Jharkhand]], [[India]])
-| result            = Mughal victory
+| result            = [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] Victory
-| combatant1        = {{flagicon image|Bengal_Sultanate_Flag.gif}} [[Bengal Sultanate]]
+| combatant1        = [[Bengal Sultanate]]
-| combatant2        = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
+| combatant2        = [[Mughal Empire]]
-| commander1        = {{flagicon image|Bengal_Sultanate_Flag.gif}} '''[[Daud Khan Karrani]]'''{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Bengal_Sultanate_Flag.gif}} Junaid Karrani{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Bengal_Sultanate_Flag.gif}}Ismail Khan Lodhi<br>{{flagicon image|Bengal_Sultanate_Flag.gif}}[[Kalapahad]]{{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|Bengal_Sultanate_Flag.gif}} Khan Jahan{{KIA}}<ref
+| commander1        = '''[[Daud Khan Karrani|Daud Khan]]'''{{KIA}}<br>Junaid Khan{{KIA}}<br>[[Ismail Khan Lodhi|Ismail Khan]] <br>[[Kalapahad]]{{KIA}}<br>Qutlu Khan{{KIA}}<ref
 name="gazetteer">{{cite book |title=Bengal District Gazetteers Santal Parganas |year=1914 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdyjG9DYVLsC&pg=PA26 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |pages=26–}}</ref>
-| commander2        = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} '''[[Akbar]]''' <br> {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Muzaffar Khan Turbati <br> {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Khan Jahan<ref name="Richards1996"/> <br> {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Raja Todar Mal]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Salahuddin |year=2004 |title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA63 |publisher=APH Publishing |page=63 |isbn=978-81-7648-469-5}}</ref>
+| commander2        = '''[[Akbar]]''' <br> Muzaffar Khan<br>[[Khan Jahan I |Jahan Khan]]<ref name="Richards1996"/> <br> [[Todar Mal]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Salahuddin |year=2004 |title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA63 |publisher=APH Publishing |page=63 |isbn=978-81-7648-469-5 |access-date=17 October 2016 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206162445/https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
+| strength1         = 50,000<ref name="gazetteer"/>
-| strength1         = {{flagicon image|Bengal_Sultanate_Flag.gif}} 50,000<ref name="gazetteer">{{cite book |title=Bengal District Gazetteers Santal Parganas |year=1914 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdyjG9DYVLsC&pg=PA26 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |pages=26–}}</ref>
-| strength2         = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} 150,000 (during the first assault) <br> 5000 [[cavalry]] reinforcement<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rajmahal,_The_battle_of|title=Rajmahal, The battle of|work=banglapedia.org}}</ref>
+| strength2         = 150,000 (during the first assault) <br> 5000 [[cavalry]] reinforcement<ref name="Banglapedia" />
-| casualties1       = {{flagicon image|Bengal_Sultanate_Flag.gif}} Heavy
+| casualties1       = 47,000
-| casualties2       = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Unknown|
+| casualties2       = Unknown|
 }}
+{{Bengal Sultanate}}
-The '''Battle of Rajmahal''' was a battle that took place between the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Karrani Dynasty]] that ruled the [[Bengal Sultanate|Sultanate of Bengal]] in the 16th century. The battle resulted in a decisive victory for the Mughals. During the battle, the last Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]], [[Daud Khan Karrani]], was captured and later executed by the Mughals.
+The '''Battle of Rajmahal''' ({{lang-bn|রাজমহলের যুদ্ধ}}) took place between the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Karrani Dynasty]] that ruled the [[Bengal Sultanate|Sultanate of Bengal]] in the 16th century. The battle resulted in a decisive victory for the Mughals. During the battle, the last Sultan of [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]], [[Daud Khan Karrani]], was captured and later executed by the Mughals.
 == Background ==
 The battle of Rajmahal introduced the Mughal regime in Bengal. After the death of the last sultan of [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]] [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]] in 1538, the liberated sultanate of Bengal reached its end. Despite occupying the capital city of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]], [[Humayun]], the [[Mughal emperors|second emperor]] of the Mughal Empire, was able to hold the control for only a short period of time. The founder of the [[Sur Empire|Sur Dynasty]], [[Sher Shah Suri]] defeated Humayun in the [[Battle of Chausa]] and took control over Bengal. Later, the Karrani dynasty emerged in Bengal. The last ruler of the Karranis, Sultan [[Daud Khan Karrani]] refused to hail [[Akbar]] and clashed with the Mughals. Daud Khan was defeated by the Mughal general [[Munim Khan]] at the [[Battle of Tukaroi]].
-On April 12, 1575, the Treaty of Katak concluded the malevolence between the two parties. Consequently, [[Daud Khan Karrani|Daud Khan]] failed to hold control over [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]]. Only the rights of [[Odisha|Orissa]] were left to him. The treaty however did not go on for long. Isa Khan, the chief of the [[Baro-Bhuyan|Baro-Bhuians]], expelled the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Navy]] from Bengal. After the death of the Mughal general Munim Khan, Daud Khan started a campaign to conquer the lost territory. He was able to conquer North and West Bengal. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rajmahal,_The_battle_of|title=Rajmahal, The battle of|work=banglapedia.org}}</ref>
+On April 12, 1575, the Treaty of Katak concluded the malevolence between the two parties. Consequently, [[Daud Khan Karrani|Daud Khan]] failed to hold control over [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]]. Only the rights of [[Odisha|Orissa]] were left to him. The treaty however did not go on for long. Isa Khan, the chief of the [[Baro-Bhuyan|Baro-Bhuians]], expelled the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Navy]] from Bengal. After the death of the Mughal general Munim Khan, Daud Khan started a campaign to conquer the lost territory. He was able to conquer North and West Bengal.<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rajmahal,_The_battle_of|title=Rajmahal, The battle of|work=Banglapedia|access-date=1 February 2015|archive-date=1 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701131434/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rajmahal,_The_battle_of|url-status=live}}</ref>
 == Battle ==
-King Akbar sent his general [https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Husain%20Quli%20Beg Khan-i-Jahan Husain Quli Beg] to conquer Bengal from Daud Khan.  Daud Khan's generals were [[Kalapahad|Kalapahar]], Junaid and Qutlu Khan. Khan gathered about three thousand troops at [[Teliagarhi]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ambashthya |first1=Brahmadeva Prasad |title=Non-Persian Sources on Indian Medieval History |journal=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli |date=1984 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jkhAAAAMAAJ&q=Battle+of+Rajmahal |access-date=April 18, 2022}}</ref>
+Akbar sent his general [[Khan Jahan I|Khan-i-Jahan Husain Quli Beg]] to conquer Bengal from Daud Khan.  Daud Khan's generals were [[Kalapahad|Kalapahar]], Junaid and Qutlu Khan. Khan gathered about three thousand troops at [[Teliagarhi]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ambashthya |first1=Brahmadeva Prasad |title=Non-Persian Sources on Indian Medieval History |journal=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli |date=1984 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jkhAAAAMAAJ&q=Battle+of+Rajmahal |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206162334/https://books.google.com/books?id=2jkhAAAAMAAJ&q=Battle+of+Rajmahal |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The Afghans fought with the Mughals at Teliagarhi. In the battle, the Mughals captured Teliagarhi. The Mughals then proceeded towards [[Rajmahal]]. Rajmahal was under siege for about four months by the Mughal general Husain Quli Beg. As an additional aid to the Mughals, [https://www.rct.uk/collection/1005038-g/portrait-of-muzafar-khan Muzaffar Khan Turbati], the ruler of Bihar, came forward with five thousand [[Cavalry|cavalry]] and supplies by sea. Although the Mughals were ahead in terms of strength, they fell into climatic problems.
+The Afghans fought with the Mughals at Teliagarhi. In the battle, the Mughals captured Teliagarhi. The Mughals then proceeded towards [[Rajmahal]]. Rajmahal was under siege for about four months by the Mughal general Husain Quli Beg. As an additional aid to the Mughals, [https://www.rct.uk/collection/1005038-g/portrait-of-muzafar-khan Muzaffar Khan Turbati], the ruler of Bihar, came forward with five thousand [[cavalry]] and supplies by sea. Although the Mughals were ahead in terms of strength, they fell into climatic problems.
-Then the battle took place between the combined forces of the Mughals and the Karranis in Rajmahal on 12 July 1576. Daud Khan, Junaid, Kalapahar and Qutlu Khan led the middle, left, right and front of the army respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rajmahal,_The_battle_of|title=Rajmahal, The battle of|work=banglapedia.org}}</ref>
+Then the battle took place between the combined forces of the Mughals and the Karranis in Rajmahal on 12 July 1576. Daud Khan, Junaid, Kalapahar and Qutlu Khan led the middle, left, right and front of the army respectively.<ref name="Banglapedia" />
 == Aftermath ==
-The Karranis were defeated in this battle. Daud Khan was captured and killed. With the fall of the Karrani dynasty, the Bengal Sultanate came to an end and Bengal became a [[subah]] or province of the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaques |first1=Tony |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-33539-6 |page=837 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC&dq=Battle+of+Rajmahal&pg=PA837 |access-date=April 18, 2022}}</ref> However, under the leadership of Isa Khan, the Baro-Bhuyans continued to resist the Mughals. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karim |first1=Abdul |title=History of Bengal: From the fall of Daud Karrani, 1576 to the death of Jahangir, 1627 |journal=Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi |date=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzluAAAAMAAJ&q=bibliogroup:%22History+of+Bengal:+Mughal+Period%22 |access-date=April 20, 2022}}</ref> As a result, the Mughals could not get full control over Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhattasali |first1=Nalini Kanta |title=Bengal Chiefs' Struggle |page=12 |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Bengal-chiefs-struggle-independence-Jahangir/dp/B0008ABLBO}}</ref>
+The Karranis were defeated in this battle. Daud Khan was captured and killed. With the fall of the Karrani dynasty, the Bengal Sultanate came to an end and Bengal became a [[subah]] or province of the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaques |first1=Tony |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P–Z |date=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-33539-6 |page=837 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC&dq=Battle+of+Rajmahal&pg=PA837 |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206162450/https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC&dq=Battle+of+Rajmahal&pg=PA837 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, under the leadership of [[Isa Khan]], the [[Baro-Bhuyan|Baro-Bhuyans]] continued to resist the Mughals. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karim |first1=Abdul |title=History of Bengal: From the fall of Daud Karrani, 1576 to the death of Jahangir, 1627 |journal=Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi |date=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzluAAAAMAAJ&q=bibliogroup:%22History+of+Bengal:+Mughal+Period%22 |access-date=April 20, 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206162446/https://books.google.com/books?id=jzluAAAAMAAJ&q=bibliogroup:%22History+of+Bengal:+Mughal+Period%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, the Mughals could not get full control over Bengal until Isa Khan's death in 1599.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhattasali |first1=Nalini Kanta |title=Bengal Chiefs' Struggle |page=12 |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Bengal-chiefs-struggle-independence-Jahangir/dp/B0008ABLBO |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501101736/https://www.amazon.co.uk/Bengal-chiefs-struggle-independence-Jahangir/dp/B0008ABLBO |url-status=live }}</ref>
 == See also ==
@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 {{reflist}}
+[[Category:Bengal Subah]]
 [[Category:Conflicts in 1576|Raj Mahal]]
 [[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Rajmahal 1576]]
-[[Category:Battles involving Bengal|Rajmahal 1576]]
+[[Category:Battles involving the Bengal Sultanate|Rajmahal 1576]]
-[[Category:History of Bangladesh]]
+[[Category:1570s in India]]
-[[Category:History of Bengal]]
+[[Category:1576 in Asia]]
-[[Category:1576 in the Mughal Empire]]
+[[Category:16th century in the Mughal Empire]]
-[[Category:Military history of the Bengal Sultanate]]
-{{battle-stub}}
-{{Bangladesh-hist-stub}}
-{{India-hist-stub}}