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{{Infobox Airline
{{Infobox Airline
|airline= Manchuria Aviation Company <br />滿洲航空株式會社<br />Mǎnzhōu Hángkōng Zhūshì Huìshè<br />Manshū Kōkū Kabushiki-gaisha
| airline = Manchuria Aviation Company <br />滿洲航空株式會社<br />Mǎnzhōu Hángkōng Zhūshì Huìshè<br />Manshū Kōkū Kabushiki-gaisha
|logo= Manchuria Aviation Company logo 1940.png
| logo = Manchuria Aviation Company logo 1940.png
|logo_size=159px
| logo_size = 159px
|fleet_size=
| fleet_size =
|destinations=Domestic, [[Empire of Japan]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]
| destinations = Domestic, [[Empire of Japan]]
| IATA = RH
⚫
| ICAO = N/A
|IATA=RH
⚫
| callsign = ?
⚫
|ICAO=N/A
⚫
| parent = [[Government of Manchukuo]]<br>[[South Manchuria Railway]]<br>[[Sumitomo Group]]
⚫
|callsign=?
⚫
| founded = {{start date|1931|09|26}}<br />[[Liaoning|Fengtian]], [[Manchukuo]]
⚫
|parent=[[Government of Manchukuo]]<br>[[South Manchuria Railway]]<br>[[Sumitomo Group]]
⚫
| ceased = {{end date|1945|08|}}
⚫
|founded={{start date|1931|09|26}}<br />[[Liaoning|Fengtian]], [[Manchukuo]]
⚫
| headquarters = [[Shenyang|Mukden]], [[Manchukuo]]
⚫
|ceased= {{end date|1945|08|}}
⚫
| key_people =
⚫
|headquarters=[[Shenyang|Mukden]], [[Manchukuo]]
⚫
| hubs = [[Changchun|Xinjing]]<br>[[Harbin]]
⚫
|key_people=
⚫
| focus_cities = [[Shenyang|Mukden]]
⚫
|hubs=[[Changchun|Hsinking]]<br>[[Harbin]]
⚫
|focus_cities=[[Shenyang|Mukden]]
}}
}}
[[File:Manchukuo Air Transport Company Roundel.svg|thumb|right|100px|Manchukuo Air Transport Company roundel.]]
[[File:Roundel of Manchukuo (1932–1945) – Manchukuo Air Transport Company.svg|thumb|right|100px|Manchukuo Air Transport Company roundel.]]
'''Manchuria Aviation Company'''<ref>Francis Clifford Jones: ''Manchuria since 1931''. Royal Institute of International Affairs, London 1949, S. 120.</ref><ref>Philip S. Jowett: ''Rays of the Rising Sun. Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45. Volume 1: China & Manchukuo.'' Helion & Company Ltd., Solihull 2004, {{ISBN|1-874622-21-3}}, S. 90.</ref><ref>Togo Sheba (Hrsg.): ''The Manchoukou Year Book 1941.'' The Manchoukou Year Book Co., Hsinking 1941.</ref>([[Traditional Chinese characters|traditional Chinese]]/[[Kyūjitai]]: 滿洲航空株式會社; [[Simplified Chinese characters|simplified Chinese]]: 满州航空株式会社; [[Shinjitai]]: 満州航空株式会社; {{CJKV|p=Mǎnzhōu Hángkōng Zhūshì Huìshè|w=Man<sup>3</sup>-chou<sup>1</sup> Hang<sup>2</sup>-k'ung<sup>1</sup> Chu<sup>1</sup>-shih<sup>4</sup> Hui<sup>4</sup>-she<sup>4</sup>}} [[Japanese language|Japanese]] [[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]]: ''Manshū Kōkū Kabushiki-gaisha, "MKKK"'')
'''Manchuria Aviation Company'''<ref>Francis Clifford Jones: ''Manchuria since 1931''. Royal Institute of International Affairs, London 1949, S. 120.</ref><ref>Philip S. Jowett: ''Rays of the Rising Sun. Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45. Volume 1: China & Manchukuo.'' Helion & Company Ltd., Solihull 2004, {{ISBN|1-874622-21-3}}, S. 90.</ref><ref>Togo Sheba (Hrsg.): ''The Manchoukou Year Book 1941.'' The Manchoukou Year Book Co., Hsinking 1941.</ref> ([[Traditional Chinese characters|traditional Chinese]]/[[Kyūjitai]]: 滿洲航空株式會社; [[Simplified Chinese characters|simplified Chinese]]: 满州航空株式会社; [[Shinjitai]]: 満州航空株式会社; {{CJKV|p=Mǎnzhōu Hángkōng Zhūshì Huìshè|w=Man<sup>3</sup>-chou<sup>1</sup> Hang<sup>2</sup>-k'ung<sup>1</sup> Chu<sup>1</sup>-shih<sup>4</sup> Hui<sup>4</sup>-she<sup>4</sup>}} [[Japanese language|Japanese]] [[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]]: ''Manshū Kōkū Kabushiki-gaisha, "MKKK"'')
was the [[national airline]] of [[Manchukuo]].
was the [[national airline]] of [[Manchukuo]].


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In 1936, an "Independent Volunteer Battalion" of the MKKK consisting of 13 aircraft fought on the side of the [[Inner Mongolian Army]] against [[Kuomintang]]-held [[Suiyuan]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Jowett|2005|pp=90.}}</ref>
In 1936, an "Independent Volunteer Battalion" of the MKKK consisting of 13 aircraft fought on the side of the [[Inner Mongolian Army]] against [[Kuomintang]]-held [[Suiyuan]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Jowett|2005|pp=90.}}</ref>


The airline had a "[[Airline hub|hub]]" in [[Hsinking]] and was linked by regular flight routes from [[Harbin]], [[Jiamusi|Shamussi]] (Kiamusze), [[Jilin City|Kirin]], [[Shenyang|Mukden]], [[Andong (province)|Antung]], [[Jinzhou|Chinchow]], [[Chengde]], [[Qiqihar|Tsitsihar]], [[Hailar District|Hailar]], and the [[Kwantung Leased Territory]] and [[Korea]] areas, for connections with [[Imperial Japanese Airways]] (Dai Nippon Koku KK) to Japan itself or foreign routes. A long distance route between Hsinking and [[Berlin]] was also pioneered in 1938.
The airline had a "[[Airline hub|hub]]" in [[Changchun|Xinjing]] and was linked by regular flight routes from [[Harbin]], [[Jiamusi|Shamussi]] (Jiamusi), [[Jilin City|Jilin]], [[Shenyang|Mukden]], [[Andong (province)|Andong]], [[Jinzhou]], [[Chengde]], [[Qiqihar]], [[Hailar District|Hailar]], and the [[Kwantung Leased Territory]] and [[Korea]] areas, for connections with [[Imperial Japanese Airways]] (Dai Nippon Koku KK) to Japan itself or foreign routes.

In May 1937, MAC established a subsidiary, ''Kokusai Koku'', to open a long-distance route between Hsinking and [[Berlin]] using two German [[Heinkel He 116]] aircraft, in bilateral partnership with [[Lufthansa]]. The route was planned to operate through Central Asia with stops in Xinjiang, Kabul, Baghdad, and Rhodes. However, the outbreak of war with China made the route unfeasible. The He 116s, named ''Nogi'' and ''Togo'', were ultimately used on the Hsinking-Tokyo route.
[[File:Manchukuo Airlines Tag.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Manchukuo Airlines luggage tag advertising the Ju-86]]
[[File:Manchukuo Airlines Tag.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Manchukuo Airlines luggage tag advertising the Ju-86]]
[[File:Hsinking Airport.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Hsinking Airport]]
[[File:Hsinking Airport.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Xinjing Airport]]
The repair shops of the MKKK produced copies of the [[Fokker Super Universal]] ([[Nakajima Ki-6]]) and the [[De Havilland Puss Moth|De Havilland DH.80]] "Pussmoth"
The repair shops of the MKKK produced copies of the [[Fokker Super Universal]] ([[Nakajima Ki-6]]) and the [[De Havilland Puss Moth|De Havilland DH.80]] "Pussmoth."


The Manchuria Aviation Company ceased operations in August 1945 during the [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria]]. However, wartime fuel and equipment shortages had previously curtailed its operations considerably. Remaining aircraft, goods and equipment were confiscated, to the benefit of the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Chinese Communist Party]], after the conflict.
The Manchuria Aviation Company ceased operations in August 1945 during the [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria]]. However, wartime fuel and equipment shortages had previously curtailed its operations considerably. Remaining aircraft, goods and equipment were confiscated, to the benefit of the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Chinese Communist Party]], after the conflict.
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==References==
==References==
;Notes
;Notes
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}

;Bibliography
;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* Jowett, Philip. ''Rays of the Rising Sun, Volume 1: Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45, China and Manchukuo''. Helion and Company Ltd., 2005. {{ISBN|1-874622-21-3}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Jowett |first1=Philip S. |title=Rays of the rising sun, Volume 1: Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45, China and Manchukuo |date=2005 |publisher=Helion & Company Ltd |location=Solihull |isbn=1-874622-21-3}}
* Mikesh, Richard C. and Shorzoe Abe. ''Japanese Aircraft, 1910-1941''. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990. {{ISBN|0-85177-840-2}}.
* Mikesh, Richard C. and Shorzoe Abe. ''Japanese Aircraft, 1910-1941''. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990. {{ISBN|0-85177-840-2}}.
{{refend}}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Defunct airlines of China]]
[[Category:Defunct airlines of China]]

Latest revision as of 05:51, 14 August 2024

Manchuria Aviation Company
滿洲航空株式會社
Mǎnzhōu Hángkōng Zhūshì Huìshè
Manshū Kōkū Kabushiki-gaisha
IATA ICAO Callsign
RH N/A ?
FoundedSeptember 26, 1931 (1931-09-26)
Fengtian, Manchukuo
Ceased operationsAugust 1945 (1945-08)
HubsXinjing
Harbin
Focus citiesMukden
DestinationsDomestic, Empire of Japan
Parent companyGovernment of Manchukuo
South Manchuria Railway
Sumitomo Group
HeadquartersMukden, Manchukuo
Manchukuo Air Transport Company roundel.

Manchuria Aviation Company[1][2][3] (traditional Chinese/Kyūjitai: 滿洲航空株式會社; simplified Chinese: 满州航空株式会社; Shinjitai: 満州航空株式会社; Hanyu Pinyin: Mǎnzhōu Hángkōng Zhūshì Huìshè; Wade–Giles: Man3-chou1 Hang2-k'ung1 Chu1-shih4 Hui4-she4 Japanese Hepburn: Manshū Kōkū Kabushiki-gaisha, "MKKK") was the national airline of Manchukuo.

Manchuria Aviation Company was established on 26 September 1931 in Fengtian by order of the Japanese Kwantung Army, out of the Manchurian branch office of Japan Air Transport, the forerunner of Imperial Japanese Airways. It officially adopted the name Manchuria Aviation Company on the proclamation of the independence of Manchukuo. Major shareholders were the Manchukuo government, the South Manchurian Railway Company and the Sumitomo zaibatsu.

From the beginning, the Manchuria Aviation Company was a paramilitary airline, whose primary purpose was to provide transport and logistical support for the military, and for the transport of mail. Civilian passengers were carried and charter operations undertaken on a lower priority.

In 1936, an "Independent Volunteer Battalion" of the MKKK consisting of 13 aircraft fought on the side of the Inner Mongolian Army against Kuomintang-held Suiyuan.[4]

The airline had a "hub" in Xinjing and was linked by regular flight routes from Harbin, Shamussi (Jiamusi), Jilin, Mukden, Andong, Jinzhou, Chengde, Qiqihar, Hailar, and the Kwantung Leased Territory and Korea areas, for connections with Imperial Japanese Airways (Dai Nippon Koku KK) to Japan itself or foreign routes.

In May 1937, MAC established a subsidiary, Kokusai Koku, to open a long-distance route between Hsinking and Berlin using two German Heinkel He 116 aircraft, in bilateral partnership with Lufthansa. The route was planned to operate through Central Asia with stops in Xinjiang, Kabul, Baghdad, and Rhodes. However, the outbreak of war with China made the route unfeasible. The He 116s, named Nogi and Togo, were ultimately used on the Hsinking-Tokyo route.

Manchukuo Airlines luggage tag advertising the Ju-86
Xinjing Airport

The repair shops of the MKKK produced copies of the Fokker Super Universal (Nakajima Ki-6) and the De Havilland DH.80 "Pussmoth."

The Manchuria Aviation Company ceased operations in August 1945 during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. However, wartime fuel and equipment shortages had previously curtailed its operations considerably. Remaining aircraft, goods and equipment were confiscated, to the benefit of the Soviet Union and Chinese Communist Party, after the conflict.

Fleet

[edit]

Accidents and incidents

[edit]

References

[edit]
Notes
  1. ^ Francis Clifford Jones: Manchuria since 1931. Royal Institute of International Affairs, London 1949, S. 120.
  2. ^ Philip S. Jowett: Rays of the Rising Sun. Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45. Volume 1: China & Manchukuo. Helion & Company Ltd., Solihull 2004, ISBN 1-874622-21-3, S. 90.
  3. ^ Togo Sheba (Hrsg.): The Manchoukou Year Book 1941. The Manchoukou Year Book Co., Hsinking 1941.
  4. ^ Jowett 2005, pp. 90.
Bibliography
  • Jowett, Philip S. (2005). Rays of the rising sun, Volume 1: Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45, China and Manchukuo. Solihull: Helion & Company Ltd. ISBN 1-874622-21-3.
  • Mikesh, Richard C. and Shorzoe Abe. Japanese Aircraft, 1910-1941. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990. ISBN 0-85177-840-2.
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