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{{Infobox Airline
{{Infobox Airline
|airline= Manchukuo National Airways <br />満州航空株式会社<br />Manshū kōkū kabushikigaisha<br />hángkōng zhūshì huìshè
| airline = Manchuria Aviation Company <br />滿洲航空株式會社<br />Mǎnzhōu Hángkōng Zhūshì Huìshè<br />Manshū Kōkū Kabushiki-gaisha
|logo= Manchukuo Air Transport Company Roundel.svg
| logo = Manchuria Aviation Company logo 1940.png
|logo_size=159px
| logo_size = 159px
|fleet_size=
| fleet_size =
|destinations=Domestic, [[Empire of Japan]], [[Germany]]
| destinations = Domestic, [[Empire of Japan]]
|IATA=RH
| IATA = RH
|ICAO=N/A
| ICAO = N/A
|callsign=?
| callsign = ?
| parent = [[Government of Manchukuo]]<br>[[South Manchuria Railway]]<br>[[Sumitomo Group]]
|founded={{start date|1931|09|26}}<br />[[Liaoning|Fengtian]], [[Manchukuo]]
| founded = {{start date|1931|09|26}}<br />[[Liaoning|Fengtian]], [[Manchukuo]]
|ceased= {{end date|1945|08|}}
| ceased = {{end date|1945|08|}}
|headquarters=[[Shenyang|Mukden]], [[Manchukuo]]
| headquarters = [[Shenyang|Mukden]], [[Manchukuo]]
|key_people=
| key_people =
|hubs=[[Changchun|Hsinking]]
| hubs = [[Changchun|Xinjing]]<br>[[Harbin]]
|focus_cities=[[Shenyang|Mukden]]
| focus_cities = [[Shenyang|Mukden]]
}}
}}
{{nihongo|'''Manchukuo National Airways'''|満州航空株式会社|Manshū kōkū kabushikigaisha or MKKK; hángkōng zhūshì huìshè}} was the name of the [[national airline]] of [[Manchukuo]]. It is sometimes referred to as '''Manchukuo Air Transport Company'''.
[[File:Roundel of Manchukuo (1932–1945) – Manchukuo Air Transport Company.svg|thumb|right|100px|Manchukuo Air Transport Company roundel.]]
'''Manchuria Aviation Company'''<ref>Francis Clifford Jones: ''Manchuria since 1931''. Royal Institute of International Affairs, London 1949, S. 120.</ref><ref>Philip S. Jowett: ''Rays of the Rising Sun. Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45. Volume 1: China & Manchukuo.'' Helion & Company Ltd., Solihull 2004, {{ISBN|1-874622-21-3}}, S. 90.</ref><ref>Togo Sheba (Hrsg.): ''The Manchoukou Year Book 1941.'' The Manchoukou Year Book Co., Hsinking 1941.</ref> ([[Traditional Chinese characters|traditional Chinese]]/[[Kyūjitai]]: 滿洲航空株式會社; [[Simplified Chinese characters|simplified Chinese]]: 满州航空株式会社; [[Shinjitai]]: 満州航空株式会社; {{CJKV|p=Mǎnzhōu Hángkōng Zhūshì Huìshè|w=Man<sup>3</sup>-chou<sup>1</sup> Hang<sup>2</sup>-k'ung<sup>1</sup> Chu<sup>1</sup>-shih<sup>4</sup> Hui<sup>4</sup>-she<sup>4</sup>}} [[Japanese language|Japanese]] [[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]]: ''Manshū Kōkū Kabushiki-gaisha, "MKKK"'')
was the [[national airline]] of [[Manchukuo]].


Manchukuo National Airways was established on 26 September 1931 in [[Liaoning|Fengtian]] by order of the Japanese [[Kwantung Army]], out of the Manchurian branch office of [[Japan Air Transport]], the forerunner of [[Imperial Japanese Airways]]. It officially adopted the name Manchukuo National Airways on the proclamation of the “independence” of Manchukuo. Major [[shareholder]]s were the Manchukuo government, the [[South Manchurian Railway Company]] and the [[Sumitomo]] ''[[zaibatsu]]''.
Manchuria Aviation Company was established on 26 September 1931 in [[Liaoning|Fengtian]] by order of the Japanese [[Kwantung Army]], out of the Manchurian branch office of [[Japan Air Transport]], the forerunner of [[Imperial Japanese Airways]]. It officially adopted the name Manchuria Aviation Company on the proclamation of the independence of Manchukuo. Major [[shareholder]]s were the Manchukuo government, the [[South Manchurian Railway Company]] and the [[Sumitomo]] ''[[zaibatsu]]''.


From the beginning, the Manchukuo National Airways was a [[paramilitary]] airline, whose primary purpose was to provide transport and logistical support for the military, and for the [[airmail|transport of mail]]. Civilian passengers were carried and [[charter airline|charter operations]] undertaken on a lower priority.
From the beginning, the Manchuria Aviation Company was a [[paramilitary]] airline, whose primary purpose was to provide transport and logistical support for the military, and for the [[airmail|transport of mail]]. Civilian passengers were carried and [[charter airline|charter operations]] undertaken on a lower priority.


In 1936, an "Independent Volunteer Battalion" of the MKKK consisting of 13 aircraft fought on the side of the [[Inner Mongolian Army]] against [[Kuomintang]]-held [[Suiyuan]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Jowett|2005|pp=90.}}</ref>
In 1936, an "Independent Volunteer Battalion" of the MKKK consisting of 13 aircraft fought on the side of the [[Inner Mongolian Army]] against [[Kuomintang]]-held [[Suiyuan]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Jowett|2005|pp=90.}}</ref>


The airline had a "[[Airline hub|hub]]" in [[Hsinking]] and was linked by regular flight routes from [[Harbin]], [[Jiamusi|Shamussi]] (Kiamusze), [[Jilin City|Kirin]], [[Shenyang|Mukden]], [[Andong (province)|Antung]], [[Jinzhou|Chinchow]], [[Chengde]], [[Qiqihar|Tsitsihar]], [[Hailar District|Hailar]], and the [[Kwantung Leased Territory]] and [[Korea]] areas, for connections with [[Imperial Japanese Airways]] (Dai Nippon Koku KK) to Japan itself or foreign routes. A long distance route between Hsinking and [[Berlin]] was also pioneered in 1938.
The airline had a "[[Airline hub|hub]]" in [[Changchun|Xinjing]] and was linked by regular flight routes from [[Harbin]], [[Jiamusi|Shamussi]] (Jiamusi), [[Jilin City|Jilin]], [[Shenyang|Mukden]], [[Andong (province)|Andong]], [[Jinzhou]], [[Chengde]], [[Qiqihar]], [[Hailar District|Hailar]], and the [[Kwantung Leased Territory]] and [[Korea]] areas, for connections with [[Imperial Japanese Airways]] (Dai Nippon Koku KK) to Japan itself or foreign routes.

In May 1937, MAC established a subsidiary, ''Kokusai Koku'', to open a long-distance route between Hsinking and [[Berlin]] using two German [[Heinkel He 116]] aircraft, in bilateral partnership with [[Lufthansa]]. The route was planned to operate through Central Asia with stops in Xinjiang, Kabul, Baghdad, and Rhodes. However, the outbreak of war with China made the route unfeasible. The He 116s, named ''Nogi'' and ''Togo'', were ultimately used on the Hsinking-Tokyo route.
[[File:Manchukuo Airlines Tag.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Manchukuo Airlines luggage tag advertising the Ju-86]]
[[File:Manchukuo Airlines Tag.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Manchukuo Airlines luggage tag advertising the Ju-86]]
[[File:Hsinking Airport.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Hsinking Airport]]
[[File:Hsinking Airport.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Xinjing Airport]]
The repair shops of the MKKK produced copies of the [[Fokker Super Universal]] ([[Nakajima Ki-6]]) and the [[De Havilland Puss Moth|De Havilland DH.80]] "Pussmoth"
The repair shops of the MKKK produced copies of the [[Fokker Super Universal]] ([[Nakajima Ki-6]]) and the [[De Havilland Puss Moth|De Havilland DH.80]] "Pussmoth."


The Manchukuo National Airways ceased operations in August 1945 during the [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria]], however wartime fuel and equipment shortages had previously curtailed its operations considerably. Remaining aircraft, goods and equipment were confiscated, to the benefit of the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Communist Chinese]], after the conflict.
The Manchuria Aviation Company ceased operations in August 1945 during the [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria]]. However, wartime fuel and equipment shortages had previously curtailed its operations considerably. Remaining aircraft, goods and equipment were confiscated, to the benefit of the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Chinese Communist Party]], after the conflict.


==Fleet==
==Fleet==
* 30x [[Manshū Hayabusa|Manshū MT-1 Hayabusa]] airliner
* 30x [[Manshū Hayabusa|Manshū MT-1 ''Hayabusa'']] airliner
* 27x [[de Havilland Puss Moth|de Havilland DH.80]] "Pussmoth"
* 27x [[de Havilland Puss Moth|de Havilland DH.80]] ''Pussmoth''
* 15x [[Messerschmitt Bf 108]]A/B "Taifun" liaison aircraft
* 15x [[Messerschmitt Bf 108]]A/B ''Taifun'' liaison aircraft
* 12x [[Nakajima Ki-34]] "Thora" transports
* 12x [[Nakajima Ki-34|Nakajima AT-2]] ''Thora'' transports
* 10x [[Mitsubishi Ki-57]] "Topsy" transports
* 10x [[Mitsubishi Ki-57|Mitsubishi MC-20]] ''Topsy'' transports
* 10x [[Junkers Ju 86|Junkers Ju 86Z-1]] transports/bombers
* 10x [[Junkers Ju 86|Junkers Ju 86Z-1]] transports/bombers
* 10x [[Junkers Ju 86|Junkers Ju 86Z-2]] transports/bombers
* 10x [[Junkers Ju 86|Junkers Ju 86Z-2]] transports/bombers
* 2x [[Heinkel He 116|Heinkel He 116A]] communications planes
* 2x [[Heinkel He 116|Heinkel He 116A]] communications planes
* 2x [[Fokker F.VII|Fokker F.VIIb-3m/M]] transports
* 2x [[Fokker F.VII|Fokker F.VIIb-3m/M]] transports
* 1x [[Tachikawa Ki-54]] "Hickory" transport
* 1x [[Tachikawa Ki-54]] ''Hickory'' transport
* 1x [[de Havilland Leopard Moth|de Havilland DH.85]] "Leopardmoth"
* 1x [[de Havilland Leopard Moth|de Havilland DH.85]] ''Leopardmoth''
* 1x [[General Aviation GA-43]] transport
* 1x [[General Aviation GA-43]] transport
* ?x [[Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra|Tachikawa Type LO]] "Thelma" transport (license build Lockheed Model 14-38 Super Electra)
* ?x [[Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra|Tachikawa Type LO]] ''Thelma'' transport (license build Lockheed Model 14-38 Super Electra)
* ?x [[Airspeed Envoy]] (license build Mitsubishi Type Hinazuru transport)
* ?x [[Airspeed Envoy]] (license build Mitsubishi Type Hinazuru transport)
* ?x [[Nakajima Ki-6|Manshū Super Universal]] (license built Fokker Super Universal)
* ?x [[Nakajima Ki-6|Manshū Super Universal]] (license built Fokker Super Universal)
* ?x [[Nakajima Ki-34|Nakajima AT-2]] airliner
* ?x [[Kawasaki Ki-56]] ''Thalia'' transport
* ?x [[Kawasaki Ki-56]] transport
* ?x [[Kokusai Ki-59]] transport
* ?x [[Kokusai Ki-59]] transport

{{Aviation lists}}
==Accidents and incidents==
* On June 20, 1941, [[Mitsubishi Ki-57|Mitsubishi MC-20]] (registration M-604) crashed in the [[Sea of Japan]], killing all 18 on board.


==References==
==References==
;Notes
;Notes
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}

;Bibliography
;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* Jowett, Philip. ''Rays of the Rising Sun, Volume 1: Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45, China and Manchukuo''. Helion and Company Ltd., 2005. ISBN 1-874622-21-3.
* {{cite book |last1=Jowett |first1=Philip S. |title=Rays of the rising sun, Volume 1: Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45, China and Manchukuo |date=2005 |publisher=Helion & Company Ltd |location=Solihull |isbn=1-874622-21-3}}
* Mikesh, Richard C. and Shorzoe Abe. ''Japanese Aircraft, 1910-1941''. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990. ISBN 0=85177=840=2.
* Mikesh, Richard C. and Shorzoe Abe. ''Japanese Aircraft, 1910-1941''. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990. {{ISBN|0-85177-840-2}}.
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{Authority control}}
⚫
[[Category:Defunct airlines of Manchukuo]]
[[Category:Manchukuo]]
[[Category:Defunct airlines of China]]
⚫
[[Category:Companies in Manchukuo]]
[[Category:Kwantung Army]]
[[Category:1945 disestablishments in China]]
[[Category:Chinese companies established in 1931]]
[[Category:Transport companies disestablished in 1945]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1931]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 1945]]

Latest revision as of 05:51, 14 August 2024

Manchuria Aviation Company
滿洲航空株式會社
Mǎnzhōu Hángkōng Zhūshì Huìshè
Manshū Kōkū Kabushiki-gaisha
IATA ICAO Call sign
RH N/A ?
FoundedSeptember 26, 1931 (1931-09-26)
Fengtian, Manchukuo
Ceased operationsAugust 1945 (1945-08)
HubsXinjing
Harbin
Focus citiesMukden
DestinationsDomestic, Empire of Japan
Parent companyGovernment of Manchukuo
South Manchuria Railway
Sumitomo Group
HeadquartersMukden, Manchukuo
Manchukuo Air Transport Company roundel.

Manchuria Aviation Company[1][2][3] (traditional Chinese/Kyūjitai: 滿洲航空株式會社; simplified Chinese: 满州航空株式会社; Shinjitai: 満州航空株式会社; Hanyu Pinyin: Mǎnzhōu Hángkōng Zhūshì Huìshè; Wade–Giles: Man3-chou1 Hang2-k'ung1 Chu1-shih4 Hui4-she4 Japanese Hepburn: Manshū Kōkū Kabushiki-gaisha, "MKKK") was the national airline of Manchukuo.

Manchuria Aviation Company was established on 26 September 1931 in Fengtian by order of the Japanese Kwantung Army, out of the Manchurian branch office of Japan Air Transport, the forerunner of Imperial Japanese Airways. It officially adopted the name Manchuria Aviation Company on the proclamation of the independence of Manchukuo. Major shareholders were the Manchukuo government, the South Manchurian Railway Company and the Sumitomo zaibatsu.

From the beginning, the Manchuria Aviation Company was a paramilitary airline, whose primary purpose was to provide transport and logistical support for the military, and for the transport of mail. Civilian passengers were carried and charter operations undertaken on a lower priority.

In 1936, an "Independent Volunteer Battalion" of the MKKK consisting of 13 aircraft fought on the side of the Inner Mongolian Army against Kuomintang-held Suiyuan.[4]

The airline had a "hub" in Xinjing and was linked by regular flight routes from Harbin, Shamussi (Jiamusi), Jilin, Mukden, Andong, Jinzhou, Chengde, Qiqihar, Hailar, and the Kwantung Leased Territory and Korea areas, for connections with Imperial Japanese Airways (Dai Nippon Koku KK) to Japan itself or foreign routes.

In May 1937, MAC established a subsidiary, Kokusai Koku, to open a long-distance route between Hsinking and Berlin using two German Heinkel He 116 aircraft, in bilateral partnership with Lufthansa. The route was planned to operate through Central Asia with stops in Xinjiang, Kabul, Baghdad, and Rhodes. However, the outbreak of war with China made the route unfeasible. The He 116s, named Nogi and Togo, were ultimately used on the Hsinking-Tokyo route.

Manchukuo Airlines luggage tag advertising the Ju-86
Xinjing Airport

The repair shops of the MKKK produced copies of the Fokker Super Universal (Nakajima Ki-6) and the De Havilland DH.80 "Pussmoth."

The Manchuria Aviation Company ceased operations in August 1945 during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. However, wartime fuel and equipment shortages had previously curtailed its operations considerably. Remaining aircraft, goods and equipment were confiscated, to the benefit of the Soviet Union and Chinese Communist Party, after the conflict.

Fleet

[edit]

Accidents and incidents

[edit]

References

[edit]
Notes
  1. ^ Francis Clifford Jones: Manchuria since 1931. Royal Institute of International Affairs, London 1949, S. 120.
  2. ^ Philip S. Jowett: Rays of the Rising Sun. Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45. Volume 1: China & Manchukuo. Helion & Company Ltd., Solihull 2004, ISBN 1-874622-21-3, S. 90.
  3. ^ Togo Sheba (Hrsg.): The Manchoukou Year Book 1941. The Manchoukou Year Book Co., Hsinking 1941.
  4. ^ Jowett 2005, pp. 90.
Bibliography
  • Jowett, Philip S. (2005). Rays of the rising sun, Volume 1: Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45, China and Manchukuo. Solihull: Helion & Company Ltd. ISBN 1-874622-21-3.
  • Mikesh, Richard C. and Shorzoe Abe. Japanese Aircraft, 1910-1941. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990. ISBN 0-85177-840-2.
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