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{{Redirect|Stanley Wright|3=Stanley Wright (politician)}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2016}}
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[[File:Stan Wright (track coach).jpg|thumb|Stan Wright]]
[[File:Stan Wright (track coach).jpg|thumb|Stan Wright]]
'''Stan Wright''' (August 1, 1921 – November 8, 1998) was the first [[African-American]] head coach of a United States [[track and field]] team. A noted college and national track coach and administrator over a forty-year period, he coached many Olympians and world record holders, for which, in 1993, he was rewarded with membership in the [[National Track and Field Hall of Fame|USA National Track and Field Hall of Fame]].<ref name="ustafhof">[http://www.usatf.org/halloffame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=190 Stan Wright]. United States Track and Field, Hall of Fame</ref> He achieved notoriety in 1972 as the man held responsible for the two American favourites for the [[100 meters]] title, [[Eddie Hart (athlete)|Eddie Hart]] and [[Rey Robinson]], missing their [[Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres|quarter-final races]]. He was later exonerated in an official report to the [[United States Olympic Committee]].
'''Stanley Vandorne Wright''' (August 11, 1921 – November 6, 1998) was the first [[African-American]] head coach of a United States [[track and field]] team. A noted college and national track coach and administrator over a forty-year period, he coached many Olympians and world record holders, for which, in 1993, he was rewarded with membership in the [[National Track and Field Hall of Fame|USA National Track and Field Hall of Fame]].<ref name="ustafhof">[http://www.usatf.org/halloffame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=190 Stan Wright]. United States Track and Field, Hall of Fame</ref> He achieved notoriety in 1972 as the man held responsible for the two American favourites for the [[100 meters]] title, [[Eddie Hart (athlete)|Eddie Hart]] and [[Rey Robinson]], missing their [[Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres|quarter-final races]]. He was later exonerated in an official report to the [[United States Olympic Committee]].


== College coaching career==
==College coaching career==
⚫
Born August 11, 1921 in [[Englewood, New Jersey]],<ref name="nyobit"/> Wright graduated from [[Springfield College (Massachusetts)|Springfield College in Massachusetts]] in 1949.<ref name="tsuhof">[http://www.oocities.org/tsusports/wright.html TSU Tiger Athletics Hall of Fame: Class of 1976: Stanley Wright, Track and Field Coach (1951–1967)]. oocities.org.</ref>


Wright was a track coach for 26 years at [[Texas Southern University]], acting as Head Track Coach between 1950 and 1967. Here he coached four Olympians, including the winner of the 100 meters at the 1968 Olympics, [[Jim Hines]].<ref name="latimes">Harvey, Randy (November 29, 1993) [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-11-29-sp-62198-story.html The Fall Guy: At Least Stan Wright gets to the Hall of Fame on Time]. ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref> Jim Hines, from [[Oakland, California]] had deliberately chosen to study at Texas Southern because it had the best track and field team in the country.<ref>Duncanson, p. 161</ref>
⚫
Born August 1, 1921 in [[Englewood, New Jersey]],<ref name="nyobit"/> Wright graduated from [[Springfield College (Massachusetts)|Springfield College in Massachusetts]] in 1949.<ref name="tsuhof">[http://www.oocities.org/tsusports/wright.html TSU Tiger Athletics Hall of Fame: Class of 1976: Stanley Wright, Track and Field Coach (1951–1967)]. oocities.org.</ref>


Wright was a track coach for 26 years at [[Texas Southern University]], acting as Head Track Coach between 1950 and 1967. Here he coached four Olympians, including the winner of the 100 meters at the 1968 Olympics, [[Jim Hines]].<ref name="latimes">Harvey, Randy (November 29, 1993) [http://articles.latimes.com/1993-11-29/sports/sp-62198_1_stan-wright The Fall Guy: At Least Stan Wright gets to the Hall of Fame on Time]. ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref> Jim Hines, from [[Oakland, California]] had deliberately chosen to study at Texas Southern because it had the best track and field team in the country.<ref>Duncanson, p. 161</ref>
He was later head track coach at [[Western Illinois University]], between 1967 and 1969, and [[California State University, Sacramento]], between 1969 and 1979. He acted as Athletics Director for [[Fairleigh Dickinson University]] between 1979 and 1985.<ref name="usabhm">Lee, Jimson (February 1, 2010) [http://speedendurance.com/2010/02/01/usa-black-history-month-stan-wright-track-coach/ USA Black History Month – Stan Wright, Track Coach]. speedendurance.com. Retrieved February 10, 2012.</ref>


⚫
==National coaching career==
He was later head track coach at [[Western Illinois University]], between 1967 and 1969, and [[California State University, Sacramento]], between 1969 and 1979. He acted as Athletics Director for [[Fairleigh Dickinson University|Fairleigh Dickinson College]] between 1979 and 1985.<ref name="usabhm">Lee, Jimson (February 1, 2010) [http://speedendurance.com/2010/02/01/usa-black-history-month-stan-wright-track-coach/ USA Black History Month – Stan Wright, Track Coach]. speedendurance.com. Retrieved February 10, 2012.</ref>
⚫
In 1966, he was appointed head coach for the USA track and field teams for dual athletics meets against Poland and the USSR that occurred a week apart in Los Angeles. This is notable because he was the first [[Black American]] to be awarded this honour<ref name="nyobit">Litsky, Frank (November 8, 1998) [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/08/sports/stan-wright-a-us-olympic-track-coach-is-dead-at-78.html Stan Wright, a U.S. Olympic Track Coach, Is Dead at 78]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved February 10, 2012.</ref>

⚫
== National coaching career ==

⚫
In 1966, he was appointed Head Coach for the USA track and field teams for dual athletics meets against Poland and the USSR that occurred a week apart in Los Angeles. This is notable because he was the first [[Black American]] to be awarded this honour<ref name="nyobit">Litsky, Frank (November 8, 1998) [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/08/sports/stan-wright-a-us-olympic-track-coach-is-dead-at-78.html Stan Wright, a U.S. Olympic Track Coach, Is Dead at 78]. ''New York Times''. Retrieved February 10, 2012.</ref>


In 1968 and 1972, he was the Assistant Sprints Coach for the United States Olympic Team.<ref name="usabhm" />
In 1968 and 1972, he was the Assistant Sprints Coach for the United States Olympic Team.<ref name="usabhm" />
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In recognition of his years as a highly respected coach and administrator, he received the accolade in 1993 of becoming an inductee into the United States Track and Field Hall of Fame.<ref name="latimes" /><ref name="usabhm" />
In recognition of his years as a highly respected coach and administrator, he received the accolade in 1993 of becoming an inductee into the United States Track and Field Hall of Fame.<ref name="latimes" /><ref name="usabhm" />


== 1972 controversy ==
==1972 controversy==

On the morning of August 31, 1972, all the three American representatives – [[Eddie Hart (athlete)|Eddie Hart]], [[Rey Robinson]] and [[Robert Taylor (sprinter born 1948)|Robert Taylor]] – in the 100 meters at the [[1972 Summer Olympics|1972 Munich Olympics]] qualified for the quarter-final round to be held later that day.
On the morning of August 31, 1972, all the three American representatives – [[Eddie Hart (athlete)|Eddie Hart]], [[Rey Robinson]] and [[Robert Taylor (sprinter born 1948)|Robert Taylor]] – in the 100 meters at the [[1972 Summer Olympics|1972 Munich Olympics]] qualified for the quarter-final round to be held later that day.


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The 4 × 100 meters sprint relay team coached by Wright (with Hart on the final leg) later would win the gold medal,<ref>[http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=18&sp=ATH Results for the 1972 Summer Olympics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503191806/http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=18&sp=ATH |date=May 3, 2012 }}. databaseolympics.com</ref> but it was a "bittersweet ending" to the Olympics for all concerned.<ref name="usabhm" />
The 4 × 100 meters sprint relay team coached by Wright (with Hart on the final leg) later would win the gold medal,<ref>[http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=18&sp=ATH Results for the 1972 Summer Olympics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503191806/http://www.databaseolympics.com/games/gamessport.htm?g=18&sp=ATH |date=May 3, 2012 }}. databaseolympics.com</ref> but it was a "bittersweet ending" to the Olympics for all concerned.<ref name="usabhm" />


Wright claimed he was given an old schedule that showed the quarter-finals as not starting before 7 pm,<ref name="nyobit" /> and had had this fact confirmed by Olympic officials.<ref name="usabhm" /> An investigation for the [[United States Olympic Committee]] later cleared Wright of any blame but not before much opprobrium was heaped on him.<ref name="apse" /><ref>Duncanson, p. 178</ref> The report lays the blame on the late amendment to the schedule by the [[IAAF|International Amateur Athletics Federation]] (IAAF) not being conveyed effectively to the responsible coaches. That it was a more general misunderstanding is given credence by the fact that Borzov later admitted that he nearly missed his quarter-final,<ref name=d176/> and that [[Lee Evans (athlete)|Lee Evans]], a fellow American athlete, who was in the stadium and who had realised what was happening with the schedule, sprinted back to the Olympic Village in a desperate attempt to try to warn the three sprinters of the impending calamity.<ref name="usabhm" />
Wright claimed he was given an old schedule that showed the quarter-finals as not starting before 7 pm,<ref name="nyobit" /> and had had this fact confirmed by Olympic officials.<ref name="usabhm" /> [[Track and Field News]] had published the correct schedule in its Olympic preview issue. An investigation for the [[United States Olympic Committee]] later cleared Wright, but not before much opprobrium was heaped on him.<ref name="apse" /><ref>Duncanson, p. 178</ref> The report lays the blame on the late amendment to the schedule by the [[IAAF|International Amateur Athletics Federation]] (IAAF) not being conveyed effectively to the responsible coaches. That it was a more general misunderstanding is given credence by the fact that Borzov later admitted that he nearly missed his quarter-final,<ref name=d176/> and that [[Lee Evans (athlete)|Lee Evans]], a fellow American athlete, who was in the stadium and who had realised what was happening with the schedule, sprinted back to the Olympic Village in a desperate attempt to try to warn the three sprinters of the impending calamity.<ref name="usabhm" />


[[John Smith (sprinter)|John Smith]] (American athlete in 1972 and later [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] Assistant Coach) has stated that it meant for Wright that 'his career was never the same after that".<ref name="latimes" /> and that "if everybody is going to blast Stan, well, the whole staff should apologize to the whole team for not making sure Stan knew the right time."<ref>Putnam, Pat (September 11, 1972) [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1086524/3/index.htm "Saved By A Very Fast Wottle"]. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved September 17, 2012.</ref>
[[John Smith (sprinter)|John Smith]] (American athlete in 1972 and later [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] Assistant Coach) has stated that it meant for Wright that 'his career was never the same after that".<ref name="latimes" /> and that "if everybody is going to blast Stan, well, the whole staff should apologize to the whole team for not making sure Stan knew the right time."<ref>Putnam, Pat (September 11, 1972) [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1086524/3/index.htm "Saved By A Very Fast Wottle"]. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved September 17, 2012.</ref>
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Wright was made to feel the scapegoat,<ref>Duncanson, p. 177</ref> particularly after a television interview with [[Howard Cosell]] on ABC television after the Olympics that many felt, including Wright, was more an excoriation and less an interview.<ref>Kane, Martin (September 11, 1972) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130823014959/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1086496/index.htm Scorecard]. Sports Illustrated.</ref><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1873&dat=19730524&id=6vEpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nNEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2768,2902717 Cosell interview caused 'Anguish', coach charges]. ''Daytona Beach Morning Journal''. May 24, 1973. Retrieved February 12, 2012.</ref> Wright has been quoted as stating ”In the interview, I took the responsibility, but not as an admission of incompetence or negligence on my part. I took the responsibility to get the athletes off the hook because it wasn’t their responsibility and they didn’t act irresponsibly.”.<ref name="usabhm" />
Wright was made to feel the scapegoat,<ref>Duncanson, p. 177</ref> particularly after a television interview with [[Howard Cosell]] on ABC television after the Olympics that many felt, including Wright, was more an excoriation and less an interview.<ref>Kane, Martin (September 11, 1972) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130823014959/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1086496/index.htm Scorecard]. Sports Illustrated.</ref><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1873&dat=19730524&id=6vEpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nNEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2768,2902717 Cosell interview caused 'Anguish', coach charges]. ''Daytona Beach Morning Journal''. May 24, 1973. Retrieved February 12, 2012.</ref> Wright has been quoted as stating ”In the interview, I took the responsibility, but not as an admission of incompetence or negligence on my part. I took the responsibility to get the athletes off the hook because it wasn’t their responsibility and they didn’t act irresponsibly.”.<ref name="usabhm" />


The irony of the controversy is that Wright nearly did not make the trip to Munich. He is reported as having been upset at being overlooked by the AAU as the Head Coach for the track and field team, and so no longer wanted to be a part of the Olympics coaching team. ([[Bill Bowerman]] of the [[University of Oregon]] was appointed instead.) However, when he was assured he would be a shoo-in as Head Coach in 1976, he did agree to be the Sprint Coach in 1972.<ref name="latimes" />
Wright nearly did not make the trip to Munich. He is reported as having been upset at being overlooked by the AAU as the head coach for the track and field team, and so no longer wanted to be a part of the Olympics coaching team. ([[Bill Bowerman]] of the [[University of Oregon]] was appointed instead.) However, when he was assured he would be a shoo-in as head coach in 1976, he did agree to be the sprint coach in 1972.<ref name="latimes" />

⚫
== Personal life ==


⚫
==Personal life==
Wright served in the military. On leaving, he trained first as a coach at [[Springfield College (Massachusetts)|Springfield College]], then earned a master's degree in education at [[Columbia University]]'s Teachers College. On graduation, Wright could not find work in the north of the United States so had to move south for a coaching job.<ref>[http://www.la84foundation.org/10ap/SportsLetter-16-4/SLhome.html#stINT Interview with George Wright]. ''The Amateur Athletic Foundations SportsLetter''. Vol. 16, No. 4 – SL.</ref>
Wright served in the [[United States Army Air Forces]] from November 1945 to January 1947.<ref>"Index Record for Stanley Wright (1921) Veterans Affairs Beneficiary Identification Records Locator Subsystem Death File", ''[[Fold3]] by Ancestry.com website''. Retrieved February 28, 2022. Enlistment Date is listed as "14 Nov 1945" and Release Date is listed as "14 Jan 1947".</ref> On leaving, he trained first as a coach at [[Springfield College (Massachusetts)|Springfield College]], then earned a master's degree in education at [[Teachers College, Columbia University]]. On graduation, Wright could not find work in the north of the United States so had to move south for a coaching job.<ref>[http://www.la84foundation.org/10ap/SportsLetter-16-4/SLhome.html#stINT Interview with George Wright]. ''The Amateur Athletic Foundations SportsLetter''. Volume 16, Number 4 – SL.</ref>


After retirement, he remained active despite a stroke and multiple heart by-pass surgery.<ref name="latimes" /> He died in 1998, following a long illness,<ref name="nyobit" /> two days after that of his cousin, Larry Ellis, who had been Head Coach of the 1984 United States Olympic Team and the former President of USA Track and Field Organisation.<ref name="nyobit" />
After retirement, he remained active despite a stroke and multiple heart by-pass surgery.<ref name="latimes" /> He died in Harris, Texas on November 6, 1998 following a long illness,<ref name="nyobit" /> two days after the death of his cousin, Larry Ellis, who had been head coach of the 1984 United States Olympic Team and the former president of USA Track and Field Organisation.<ref name="nyobit" />


==References==
==References==
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==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* Duncanson, Neil (2011), ''The Fastest Men on Earth'', Andre Deutsch, {{ISBN|0233003363}}.
*Duncanson, Neil (2011), ''The Fastest Men on Earth'', Andre Deutsch, {{ISBN|0233003363}}.
* Wright, George, 'Stan Wright – Track Coach: Forty Years in the "Good Old Boy Network" – The Story of an African-American Pioneer', Pacifica Sports Research Publications, 2005.
*Wright, George, 'Stan Wright – Track Coach: Forty Years in the "Good Old Boy Network" – The Story of an African-American Pioneer', Pacifica Sports Research Publications, 2005.


{{Footer USA Track & Field 1968 Summer Olympics}}
{{Footer USA Track & Field 1968 Summer Olympics}}
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[[Category:People from Englewood, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People from Englewood, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bergen County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bergen County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American people]]
[[Category:Teachers College, Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:United States Army Air Forces soldiers]]
[[Category:Western Illinois Leathernecks track and field]]

Revision as of 23:31, 13 August 2024

"Stanley Wright" redirects here. For other uses, see Stanley Wright (politician).

Stan Wright

Stanley Vandorne Wright (August 11, 1921 – November 6, 1998) was the first African-American head coach of a United States track and field team. A noted college and national track coach and administrator over a forty-year period, he coached many Olympians and world record holders, for which, in 1993, he was rewarded with membership in the USA National Track and Field Hall of Fame.[1] He achieved notoriety in 1972 as the man held responsible for the two American favourites for the 100 meters title, Eddie Hart and Rey Robinson, missing their quarter-final races. He was later exonerated in an official report to the United States Olympic Committee.

College coaching career

Born August 11, 1921 in Englewood, New Jersey,[2] Wright graduated from Springfield College in Massachusetts in 1949.[3]

Wright was a track coach for 26 years at Texas Southern University, acting as Head Track Coach between 1950 and 1967. Here he coached four Olympians, including the winner of the 100 meters at the 1968 Olympics, Jim Hines.[4] Jim Hines, from Oakland, California had deliberately chosen to study at Texas Southern because it had the best track and field team in the country.[5]

He was later head track coach at Western Illinois University, between 1967 and 1969, and California State University, Sacramento, between 1969 and 1979. He acted as Athletics Director for Fairleigh Dickinson University between 1979 and 1985.[6]

National coaching career

In 1966, he was appointed head coach for the USA track and field teams for dual athletics meets against Poland and the USSR that occurred a week apart in Los Angeles. This is notable because he was the first Black American to be awarded this honour[2]

In 1968 and 1972, he was the Assistant Sprints Coach for the United States Olympic Team.[6]

Wright took on many senior administrative roles within sport: he was a member of the United States Olympic Committee and took financial roles with The Athletics Congress (the predecessor of United States Track and Field organisation).[1]

In recognition of his years as a highly respected coach and administrator, he received the accolade in 1993 of becoming an inductee into the United States Track and Field Hall of Fame.[4][6]

1972 controversy

On the morning of August 31, 1972, all the three American representatives – Eddie Hart, Rey Robinson and Robert Taylor – in the 100 meters at the 1972 Munich Olympics qualified for the quarter-final round to be held later that day.

Walking through the Olympic Village at 4:17 pm, Hart saw 100 meters races being shown on a TV monitor in the ABC-TV studios. It soon became shockingly clear that these were live images of the quarter-finals that the 3 athletes were meant to run in, and that his name had 'N/A' – Not Available – against it.[7] A mad dash to the Olympic Stadium in an ABC-TV car resulted in two of three, Hart and Robinson, arriving too late for their quarter-finals, and the third, Taylor, arriving only seconds before his, so enabling him to run, but totally unprepared. An appeal by the United States team failed and the eliminations of Hart and Robinson stood.[8]

Valeriy Borzov went on to win the Olympic 100 meters title with Taylor second. It remains a subject of intense debate as to how the result would have been affected if Hart and Robinson had run in the final. They held the two fastest times that year going into the Olympics and finished first and second at the Olympic Trials, ahead of Taylor.

The 4 × 100 meters sprint relay team coached by Wright (with Hart on the final leg) later would win the gold medal,[9] but it was a "bittersweet ending" to the Olympics for all concerned.[6]

Wright claimed he was given an old schedule that showed the quarter-finals as not starting before 7 pm,[2] and had had this fact confirmed by Olympic officials.[6] Track and Field News had published the correct schedule in its Olympic preview issue. An investigation for the United States Olympic Committee later cleared Wright, but not before much opprobrium was heaped on him.[7][10] The report lays the blame on the late amendment to the schedule by the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF) not being conveyed effectively to the responsible coaches. That it was a more general misunderstanding is given credence by the fact that Borzov later admitted that he nearly missed his quarter-final,[8] and that Lee Evans, a fellow American athlete, who was in the stadium and who had realised what was happening with the schedule, sprinted back to the Olympic Village in a desperate attempt to try to warn the three sprinters of the impending calamity.[6]

John Smith (American athlete in 1972 and later UCLA Assistant Coach) has stated that it meant for Wright that 'his career was never the same after that".[4] and that "if everybody is going to blast Stan, well, the whole staff should apologize to the whole team for not making sure Stan knew the right time."[11]

Wright was made to feel the scapegoat,[12] particularly after a television interview with Howard Cosell on ABC television after the Olympics that many felt, including Wright, was more an excoriation and less an interview.[13][14] Wright has been quoted as stating ”In the interview, I took the responsibility, but not as an admission of incompetence or negligence on my part. I took the responsibility to get the athletes off the hook because it wasn’t their responsibility and they didn’t act irresponsibly.”.[6]

Wright nearly did not make the trip to Munich. He is reported as having been upset at being overlooked by the AAU as the head coach for the track and field team, and so no longer wanted to be a part of the Olympics coaching team. (Bill Bowerman of the University of Oregon was appointed instead.) However, when he was assured he would be a shoo-in as head coach in 1976, he did agree to be the sprint coach in 1972.[4]

Personal life

Wright served in the United States Army Air Forces from November 1945 to January 1947.[15] On leaving, he trained first as a coach at Springfield College, then earned a master's degree in education at Teachers College, Columbia University. On graduation, Wright could not find work in the north of the United States so had to move south for a coaching job.[16]

After retirement, he remained active despite a stroke and multiple heart by-pass surgery.[4] He died in Harris, Texas on November 6, 1998 following a long illness,[2] two days after the death of his cousin, Larry Ellis, who had been head coach of the 1984 United States Olympic Team and the former president of USA Track and Field Organisation.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b Stan Wright. United States Track and Field, Hall of Fame
  2. ^ a b c d e Litsky, Frank (November 8, 1998) Stan Wright, a U.S. Olympic Track Coach, Is Dead at 78. The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
  3. ^ TSU Tiger Athletics Hall of Fame: Class of 1976: Stanley Wright, Track and Field Coach (1951–1967). oocities.org.
  4. ^ a b c d e Harvey, Randy (November 29, 1993) The Fall Guy: At Least Stan Wright gets to the Hall of Fame on Time. Los Angeles Times.
  5. ^ Duncanson, p. 161
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Lee, Jimson (February 1, 2010) USA Black History Month – Stan Wright, Track Coach. speedendurance.com. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
  7. ^ a b Pugmire, Lance (2002) Robinson finally gets past his pain. LA Times. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
  8. ^ a b Duncanson, p. 176
  9. ^ Results for the 1972 Summer Olympics Archived May 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. databaseolympics.com
  10. ^ Duncanson, p. 178
  11. ^ Putnam, Pat (September 11, 1972) "Saved By A Very Fast Wottle". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
  12. ^ Duncanson, p. 177
  13. ^ Kane, Martin (September 11, 1972) Scorecard. Sports Illustrated.
  14. ^ Cosell interview caused 'Anguish', coach charges. Daytona Beach Morning Journal. May 24, 1973. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
  15. ^ "Index Record for Stanley Wright (1921) Veterans Affairs Beneficiary Identification Records Locator Subsystem Death File", Fold3 by Ancestry.com website. Retrieved February 28, 2022. Enlistment Date is listed as "14 Nov 1945" and Release Date is listed as "14 Jan 1947".
  16. ^ Interview with George Wright. The Amateur Athletic Foundations SportsLetter. Volume 16, Number 4 – SL.

Bibliography

  • Duncanson, Neil (2011), The Fastest Men on Earth, Andre Deutsch, ISBN 0233003363.
  • Wright, George, 'Stan Wright – Track Coach: Forty Years in the "Good Old Boy Network" – The Story of an African-American Pioneer', Pacifica Sports Research Publications, 2005.
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