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{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{Short description|Bird species}}
{{redirect|Emerald dove|other species and the emerald dove genus|Chalcophaps}}
{{Redirect|Emerald dove|other species and the emerald dove genus|Chalcophaps}}
{{Speciesbox
{{speciesbox
| name = Common emerald dove
| name = Common emerald dove
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{Cite iucn | author = BirdLife International | title = ''Chalcophaps indica'' | volume = 2016 | page = e.T22725538A94895385 | date = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725538A94895385.en }}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Chalcophaps indica'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22725538A94895385 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725538A94895385.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Chalcophaps indica -a pair in captivity-8a.jpg
| image = Asian Emerald Dove 0A2A7379.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_caption =
| genus = Chalcophaps
| genus = Chalcophaps
Line 16: Line 16:
}}
}}


The '''common emerald dove''', '''Asian emerald dove''', or '''grey-capped emerald dove''' (''Chalcophaps indica'') is a [[Columbidae|pigeon]] which is a widespread resident breeding bird in the tropical and sub-tropical parts of the [[Indian Subcontinent]] and east through [[Myanmar]], [[Vietnam]], [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], the [[Philippines]], [[Taiwan]], the [[Sakishima Islands]] of [[Japan]] and [[Indonesia]]. The dove is also known by the names of '''green dove''' and '''green-winged pigeon'''. The common emerald dove is the state bird of the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The [[Pacific emerald dove]] and [[Stephan's emerald dove]] were both considered conspecific.
The '''emerald dove''' or '''common emerald dove''' ('''''Chalcophaps indica'''''), also called '''Asian emerald dove''' and '''grey-capped emerald dove''', is a widespread resident breeding [[Columbidae|pigeon]] native to the tropical and subtropical parts of the [[Indian Subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. The dove is also known by the names of '''green dove''' and '''green-winged pigeon'''. The common emerald dove is the state bird of the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The [[Pacific emerald dove]] and [[Stephan's emerald dove]] were both considered [[conspecific]].


== Description ==
==Taxonomy==
In 1743, the English naturalist [[George Edwards (naturalist)|George Edwards]] included a picture and a description of the common emerald dove in his ''A Natural History of Uncommon Birds''. He used the English name "Green Wing'd Dove". His drawing was made from a live bird at the home a merchant in [[Rotherhithe]] near London. Edwards was told that the dove had come from the [[East Indies]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1743 | title=A Natural History of Uncommon Birds | place=London | publisher=Printed for the author, at the College of Physicians | page=14, Plate 14 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50240534 }}</ref> When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] updated his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' for the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]], he placed the common emerald dove with all the other pigeons in the [[genus]] ''[[Columba (genus)|Columba]]''. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the [[binomial name]] ''Columba indica'' and cited Edwards's work.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume= 1 | edition=10th | page=164 | publisher=Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727071 }}</ref> The [[specific epithet]] ''indica'' is Latin for "Indian" and is used by Linnaeus to denote the [[East Indies]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=204 }}</ref> The species is now placed in the genus ''[[Chalcophaps]]'' that was introduced by the English ornithologist [[John Gould]] in 1843.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gould | first=John | author-link=John Gould | year=1843 | title=The Birds of Australia | publisher=self published | place=London | volume= 5 | at=Plate 62 and text | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48401179 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=2020 | title=Pigeons | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pigeons/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=18 March 2020 }}</ref>
This is a common species in [[rainforest]] and similar dense wet [[woodland]]s, [[farm]]s, [[garden]]s, [[mangrove]]s and [[coast]]al [[Heath (habitat)|heaths]]. It builds a scant stick [[Bird nest|nest]] in a [[tree]] up to five metres and lays two cream-coloured [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s.


Six [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
⚫
Its flight is fast and direct, with the regular beats and an occasional sharp flick of the [[wing]]s which are characteristic of pigeons in general. It often flies low between the patches of dense forest it prefers, but when disturbed will frequently walk away rather than [[flight|fly]]. They are particularly good weavers when flying through [[forest]]s. When flying they expose a buff underwing and a chestnut colour of their flight [[feather]]s.
* ''C. i. indica'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) – India to south China, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesian and west Papuan islands
⚫
* ''C. i. robinsoni'' [[E. C. Stuart Baker|Baker, ECS]], 1928 – Sri Lanka
⚫
* ''C. i. maxima'' [[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1931 – [[Andaman Islands]]
* ''C. i. augusta'' [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1855 – [[Nicobar Islands]]
⚫
* ''C. i. natalis'' [[Joseph Jackson Lister (naturalist)|Lister]], 1889 – [[Christmas Island]] (Indian Ocean)
⚫
* ''C. i. minima'' Hartert, 1931 – [[Numfor]], [[Biak]] and [[Mios Num]] islands (off north New Guinea)


== Description ==
The common emerald dove is a stocky, medium-sized pigeon, typically 23 to 28 centimetres (10 to 11.2&nbsp;inches) in length. The back and wings are bright emerald green. The flight [[feather]]s and tail are blackish, and broad black and white bars show on the lower back in flight. The head and underparts are dark vinous pink (in ''chrysochlora'', more brown in ''longirostris''), fading to greyish on the lower belly. The eyes are dark brown, the bill bright red and legs and feet rufous.
[[File:Common Emerald Dove.jpg|thumb|Male emerald dove]]

[[File:Common Emerald Dove.jpg|left|thumb|Male emerald dove]]
[[File:Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica indica).jpg|thumb|Emerald dove in Sime Forest, Singapore]]
The common emerald dove is a stocky, medium-sized pigeon, typically {{cvt|23-27|cm}} in length.<ref name=hbw>{{cite web | last1=Baptista | first1=L.F. | last2=Trail | first2=P.W. | last3=Horblit | first3=H.M. | last4=Kirwan | first4=G.M. | last5=Garcia | first5=E.F.J. | last6=Boesman | first6=P. | year=2020 | title=Grey-capped Emerald Dove (''Chalcophaps indica'') | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=https://www.hbw.com/node/54186 | access-date=18 March 2020 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> The back and wings are bright emerald green. The flight [[feather]]s and tail are blackish, and broad black and white bars show on the lower back in flight. The head and underparts are dark vinous pink, fading to greyish on the lower belly. The eyes are dark brown, the bill bright red and legs and feet rufous.
[[Image:Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica indica).jpg|left|thumb|nominate subspecies]]
[[File:Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica indica) - Flickr - Lip Kee (1).jpg|left|thumb|another of the nominate subspecies]]
The male has a white patch on the edge of the shoulders and a grey crown, which the female lacks. Females will tend to have a browner complexion with a grey mark on the shoulder. Immature birds resemble females but have brown scallops on their body and wing plumage.
The male has a white patch on the edge of the shoulders and a grey crown, which the female lacks. Females will tend to have a browner complexion with a grey mark on the shoulder. Immature birds resemble females but have brown scallops on their body and wing plumage.


== Distribution and habitat ==
⚫
Emerald doves usually occur singly, pairs or in small groups. They are quite terrestrial, often searching for fallen [[fruit]] on the ground and spending little time in trees except when roosting. They eat [[seed]]s and [[fruit]]s of a wide variety of [[plant]]s and are generally tame and approachable.
This is a common species in [[tropical forest]]s and similar dense wet [[woodland]]s, [[farm]]s and [[mangrove]]s.<ref name=hbw/><ref name=rasmussen>{{ cite book | last1=Rasmussen | first1=Pamela C. | author1-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | last2=Anderton | first2=John C. | year=2012 | title=Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide | volume= 2 | edition=2nd | publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions | place=Washington D.C. and Barcelona | isbn=978-84-96553-87-3 | pages=211–212 }}</ref> It builds a scant stick [[Bird nest|nest]] in a [[tree]] up to five metres and lays two cream-coloured [[bird egg|egg]]s.


== Behaviour and ecology ==
⚫
The call is a low soft moaning cooing consisting of about six to seven coos starting quietly and rising. They also call a nasal "hoo-hoo-hoon". Males perform a bobbing dance during [[courtship]].
⚫
Emerald doves usually occur singly, pairs or in small groups.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nicolls |first1=Martina |title=Common Emerald Dove |url=https://similarbutdifferentanimals.com/2019/04/27/common-emerald-dove/ |website=SIMILAR BUT DIFFERENT IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM |date=27 April 2019}}</ref> They are quite terrestrial, often searching for fallen [[fruit]] on the ground and spending little time in trees except when roosting. They eat [[seed]]s and [[fruit]]s of a wide variety of [[plant]]s and are generally tame and approachable. They are usually found foraging in small groups or pairs. If there's a resource-rich area, small groups will maintain a territory.


⚫
Their flight is fast and direct, with the regular beats and an occasional sharp flick of the [[wing]]s which are characteristic of pigeons in general. They often fly low between patches of dense forest, but when disturbed, they will frequently walk away rather than [[flight|fly]]. They are particularly good weavers when flying through [[forest]]s. When flying, they expose a buff underwing and a chestnut colour of their flight [[feather]]s.
== Subspecies ==
[[File:Asian Emerald Dove.jpg|thumb|left|In flight at [[Chitwan National Park]], [[Nepal]].]]
The common emerald dove has six subspecies:
⚫
The call is a low soft moaning cooing consisting of about six to seven coos, starting quietly and rising. They also call a nasal "hoo-hoo-hoon". Males perform a bobbing dance during [[courtship display|courtship]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Jennifer Brown (author)|Jennifer Brown]] |title=Husbandry Guidelines For the Emeralld Dove Chalcophaps indica |publisher=[[Western Sydney Institute of TAFE]] |date=September 21, 2010 |edition= |language=en |issue=2}}</ref>
* ''C. i. indica'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small> - [[southeast Asia]]
⚫
* ''C. i. robinsoni'' <small>[[E. C. Stuart Baker|Baker]], 1928</small> - [[Sri Lanka]]
⚫
* ''C. i. maxima'' <small>[[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1931</small> - [[Andaman Islands]]
* ''C. i. augusta'' <small>[[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1855</small> - [[Nicobar Islands]]. This is '''[[Augusta Bonaparte Gabrielli|Princess Gabrielli's dove]]'''<ref>Bo Beolens, Michael Watkins and Michael Grayson. The eponym dictionary of birds. Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 2014</ref>.
⚫
* ''C. i. natalis'' <small>[[Joseph Jackson Lister (naturalist)|Lister]], 1889</small> - [[Christmas Island]]. This is the '''[[Christmas emerald dove]]'''.
⚫
* ''C. i. minima'' <small>[[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1931</small> - [[Numfor]], [[Biak]] and [[Mios Num]] Islands


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}<!-- FieldianaZool106:58. Forktail13:17,14:78,16:147. -->
* Grimmett, ''Birds of India'', Inskipp and Inskipp, {{ISBN|0-691-04910-6}}
* Grimmett, ''Birds of India'', Inskipp and Inskipp, {{ISBN|0-691-04910-6}}


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{{Commons category|Chalcophaps indica}}
{{Commons category|Chalcophaps indica}}
{{Wikispecies|Chalcophaps indica}}
{{Wikispecies|Chalcophaps indica}}
* [https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Chalcophaps-indica Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the common emerald dove]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q795565}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q795565}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:dove, emerald, common}}
[[Category:Chalcophaps|common emerald dove]]
[[Category:Chalcophaps|common emerald dove]]
[[Category:Birds of South China]]
[[Category:Birds of Indomalaya]]
[[Category:Birds of South Asia]]
[[Category:Birds of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Birds of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|common emerald dove]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|common emerald dove]]
[[Category:Birds of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|common emerald dove]]

Latest revision as of 05:33, 13 August 2024

"Emerald dove" redirects here. For other species and the emerald dove genus, see Chalcophaps.

Common emerald dove
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Columbiformes
Family: Columbidae
Genus: Chalcophaps
Species:
C. indica
Binomial name
Chalcophaps indica
Subspecies

See text

Synonyms

Columba indica Linnaeus, 1758

The emerald dove or common emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica), also called Asian emerald dove and grey-capped emerald dove, is a widespread resident breeding pigeon native to the tropical and subtropical parts of the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The dove is also known by the names of green dove and green-winged pigeon. The common emerald dove is the state bird of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The Pacific emerald dove and Stephan's emerald dove were both considered conspecific.

Taxonomy

[edit]

In 1743, the English naturalist George Edwards included a picture and a description of the common emerald dove in his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "Green Wing'd Dove". His drawing was made from a live bird at the home a merchant in Rotherhithe near London. Edwards was told that the dove had come from the East Indies.[2] When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he placed the common emerald dove with all the other pigeons in the genus Columba. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Columba indica and cited Edwards's work.[3] The specific epithet indica is Latin for "Indian" and is used by Linnaeus to denote the East Indies.[4] The species is now placed in the genus Chalcophaps that was introduced by the English ornithologist John Gould in 1843.[5][6]

Six subspecies are recognised:[6]

Description

[edit]
Male emerald dove
Emerald dove in Sime Forest, Singapore

The common emerald dove is a stocky, medium-sized pigeon, typically 23–27 cm (9.1–10.6 in) in length.[7] The back and wings are bright emerald green. The flight feathers and tail are blackish, and broad black and white bars show on the lower back in flight. The head and underparts are dark vinous pink, fading to greyish on the lower belly. The eyes are dark brown, the bill bright red and legs and feet rufous. The male has a white patch on the edge of the shoulders and a grey crown, which the female lacks. Females will tend to have a browner complexion with a grey mark on the shoulder. Immature birds resemble females but have brown scallops on their body and wing plumage.

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

This is a common species in tropical forests and similar dense wet woodlands, farms and mangroves.[7][8] It builds a scant stick nest in a tree up to five metres and lays two cream-coloured eggs.

Behaviour and ecology

[edit]

Emerald doves usually occur singly, pairs or in small groups.[9] They are quite terrestrial, often searching for fallen fruit on the ground and spending little time in trees except when roosting. They eat seeds and fruits of a wide variety of plants and are generally tame and approachable. They are usually found foraging in small groups or pairs. If there's a resource-rich area, small groups will maintain a territory.

Their flight is fast and direct, with the regular beats and an occasional sharp flick of the wings which are characteristic of pigeons in general. They often fly low between patches of dense forest, but when disturbed, they will frequently walk away rather than fly. They are particularly good weavers when flying through forests. When flying, they expose a buff underwing and a chestnut colour of their flight feathers.

In flight at Chitwan National Park, Nepal.

The call is a low soft moaning cooing consisting of about six to seven coos, starting quietly and rising. They also call a nasal "hoo-hoo-hoon". Males perform a bobbing dance during courtship.[10]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Chalcophaps indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22725538A94895385. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725538A94895385.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Edwards, George (1743). A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. London: Printed for the author, at the College of Physicians. p. 14, Plate 14.
  3. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 164.
  4. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  5. ^ Gould, John (1843). The Birds of Australia. Vol. 5. London: self published. Plate 62 and text.
  6. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Pigeons". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  7. ^ a b Baptista, L.F.; Trail, P.W.; Horblit, H.M.; Kirwan, G.M.; Garcia, E.F.J.; Boesman, P. (2020). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Grey-capped Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  8. ^ Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Anderton, John C. (2012). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Washington D.C. and Barcelona: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and Lynx Edicions. pp. 211–212. ISBN 978-84-96553-87-3.
  9. ^ Nicolls, Martina (27 April 2019). "Common Emerald Dove". SIMILAR BUT DIFFERENT IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
  10. ^ Jennifer Brown (September 21, 2010). Husbandry Guidelines For the Emeralld Dove Chalcophaps indica. Western Sydney Institute of TAFE.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chalcophaps indica.
Wikispecies has information related to Chalcophaps indica.
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