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The Napoleon complex, also known as Napoleon syndrome and short-man syndrome, is a purported condition normally attributed to people of short stature, with overly aggressive or domineering social behavior. It implies that such behavior is to compensate for the subject's physical or social shortcomings. Both commonly and in psychology, the Napoleon complex is regarded as a derogatory social stereotype.^[1] The Napoleon complex is named after Napoleon Bonaparte, the first Emperor of the French, who was estimated to have been 5' 2" tall (in pre–metric system French measures), which equals around 1.67 meters, or just under 5' 6" in imperial measure.^[2] He was of average height among all men in France, but was much shorter than the elite soldiers, aristocrats and high officials that he met with.

Etymology

The Napoleon complex is named after French military officer and statesman Napoleon. Cultural depictions of Napoleon often depict him as compensating for his supposedly short height by seeking power and glory via military conquests. This view was fostered in large part by British political cartoonists, who repeatedly depicted Napoleon as short to mock both him and his expansionist ambitions; he was so angered by these cartoons that Napoleon once unsuccessfully attempted to convince the British government to suppress them on his behalf.^[3] He is estimated to have been 5' 2" tall (in pre–metric system French measures), which equals around 1.67 meters, or just under 5' 6" in imperial measure.^[2] This was slightly below the period's average adult male height, depending on the source chosen.^[4]^[5] Other historians assert that he was 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 metres) because he was measured on Saint Helena 28 years after the French adopted the metric system.^[6] Napoleon was often seen with his Imperial Guard, which contributed to the perception of his being short because the Imperial Guards were tall men selected for their height.

Other names for the purported condition include Napoleonic complex, Napoleon syndrome and short man syndrome.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[6]

Research

Affirmative

Abraham Buunk, a professor at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, found evidence of the Napoleon complex. Researchers at the university found that men who were 1.63 metres (5 ft 4 in) were 50% more likely to show signs of jealousy than men who were 1.98 metres (6 ft 6 in).^[7]

In 2018, evolutionary psychologist Mark van Vugt and his team at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam found evidence for the Napoleon complex in human males. Men of short stature behaved more (indirectly) aggressively in interactions with taller men. Their evolutionary psychology hypothesis argues that in competitive situations when males, human or nonhuman, receive cues that they are physically outcompeted, the Napoleon complex psychology kicks in: physically weaker males should adopt alternative behavioral strategies to level the playing field, including showing indirect aggression and coalition building.^[10]

Negative

In 2007, a study by the University of Central Lancashire concluded that the Napoleon complex is a myth. The study discovered that short men were less likely to lose their temper than men of average height. The experiment involved subjects dueling each other with sticks, with one subject deliberately rapping the other's knuckles. Heart monitors revealed that the taller men were more likely to lose their tempers and hit back. University of Central Lancashire lecturer Mike Eslea commented that "when people see a short man being aggressive, they are likely to think it is due to his size, simply because that attribute is obvious and grabs their attention".^[9]

The Wessex Growth Study is a community-based longitudinal study conducted in the UK that monitored the psychological development of children from school entry to adulthood. The study was controlled for potential effects of gender and socioeconomic status, and found that "no significant differences in personality functioning or aspects of daily living were found which could be attributable to height";^[11] this functioning included generalizations associated with the Napoleon complex, such as risk-taking behaviours.^[12]

In popular culture

Several politicians have been accused of having a Napoleon complex, such as Joseph Stalin, who was 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m) (according to 1902 police records) and Joseph Goebbels, who was 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m).^[13]

Singer-songwriter Mariah Carey referenced the Napoleon complex in her 2009 song "Obsessed", accusing someone of being "all fired up with [their] Napoleon complex". The song is believed by some to be a response to rapper Eminem, who had made disparaging remarks about Carey in multiple previous songs.^[14]

In the manga Fullmetal Alchemist and its various adaptations, protagonist Edward Elric is shown to have a Napoleon complex. Edward is noticeably short for his age (particularly compared to his younger brother Alphonse, who is a living suit of armor), is extremely sensitive about his short height and has a hair-trigger temper, and is frequently enraged and occasionally driven to violence whenever someone mentions that he's short, even innocently.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Sandberg, David E.; Linda D. Voss (September 2002). "The psychosocial consequences of short stature: a review of the evidence". Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 16 (3): 449–63. doi:10.1053/beem.2002.0211. PMID 12464228.
^ ^a ^b "Was Napoleon Short? Origins of the 'Napoleon Complex'". 25 July 2023.
^ "Greatest cartooning coup of all time: The Brit who convinced everyone Napoleon was short". National Post. 28 April 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^ David A. Bell, Napoleon: A Concise Biography (Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 18.
^ "An Anthropometric History of Early-Modern France". Faculty of Economics; CESifo. 12 December 2003. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
^ ^a ^b Owen Connelly (2006). Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 7. ISBN 9780742553187.
^ ^a ^b Fleming, Nic (13 March 2008). "Short man syndrome is not just a tall story". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
^ Morrison, Richard (10 October 2005). "Heart of the Fifties generation beats once again". The Times. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Short men 'not more aggressive'". BBC News. 28 March 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
^ Knapen, J. E., Blaker, N. M., Van Vugt, M. (2018). The Napoleon Complex: When Shorter Men Take More. Psychological science, 0956797618772822. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618772822
^ Ulph, F.; Betts, P; Mulligan, J; Stratford, R. J. (January 2004). "Personality functioning: the influence of stature". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 89 (1): 17–21. doi:10.1136/adc.2002.010694. PMC 1755926. PMID 14709494.
^ Lipman, Terri H.; Linda D. Voss (May–June 2005). "Personality Functioning: The Influence of Stature". MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing. 30 (3): 218. doi:10.1097/00005721-200505000-00019.
^ "Solving the Napoleon Complex: Are Short Men More Aggressive Than Taller Ones?". 5 April 2007.
^ Kreps, Daniel (16 June 2009). "Mariah Carey Fires Back at Eminem in New Single "Obsessed"". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 9 June 2022.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Theorized stereotypical inferiority complex normally attributed to people of short stature}}
+{{Short description|Purported type of inferiority complex}}
 {{distinguish|Napoleonist syndrome}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
-[[Image:Evacuation of Malta.jpg|thumb|British propaganda of the time promoted the idea that Napoleon was short.]]
+[[Image:Evacuation of Malta.jpg|thumb|A British [[political cartoon]] depicting Napoleon as short]]
-The '''Napoleon complex''', also known as '''Napoleon syndrome''' and '''short man syndrome''', is a purported condition normally attributed to people of [[short stature]], with overly aggressive or domineering social behavior. It implies that such behavior is to compensate for the subject's physical or social shortcomings. Both commonly, and in psychology, the Napoleon complex is regarded as a derogatory [[social stereotype]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sandberg|first=David E.|author2=Linda D. Voss|date=September 2002|title=The psychosocial consequences of short stature: a review of the evidence|journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=16|issue=3|pages=449–63|doi=10.1053/beem.2002.0211|pmid=12464228}}</ref> The Napoleon complex is named after [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], the first [[Emperor of the French]], who was estimated to have been 5' 2" tall (in pre–metric system French measures), which equals around 1.67 meters, or just under 5' 6" in [[imperial measure]].<ref>https://www.history.com/news/napoleon-complex-short</ref> He was of average height among all  men in France, but was much shorter than the elite soldiers, aristocrats and high officials that he met with.
+The '''Napoleon complex''', also known as '''Napoleon syndrome''' and '''short-man syndrome''', is a purported condition normally attributed to people of [[short stature]], with overly aggressive or domineering social behavior. It implies that such behavior is to compensate for the subject's physical or social shortcomings. Both commonly and in psychology, the Napoleon complex is regarded as a derogatory [[social stereotype]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sandberg|first=David E.|author2=Linda D. Voss|date=September 2002|title=The psychosocial consequences of short stature: a review of the evidence|journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=16|issue=3|pages=449–63|doi=10.1053/beem.2002.0211|pmid=12464228}}</ref> The Napoleon complex is named after [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], the first [[Emperor of the French]], who was estimated to have been 5' 2" tall (in pre–metric system French measures), which equals around 1.67 meters, or just under 5' 6" in [[imperial measure]].<ref name="history.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.history.com/news/napoleon-complex-short | title=Was Napoleon Short? Origins of the 'Napoleon Complex' | date=25 July 2023 }}</ref> He was of average height among all  men in France, but was much shorter than the elite soldiers, aristocrats and high officials that he met with.
 == Etymology ==
-The Napoleon complex is named after [[Napoleon]], the first [[Emperor of the French]]. [[Cultural depictions of Napoleon#Napoleon's height|Common folklore]] supposes that Napoleon compensated for his lack of height by seeking power, war, and conquest. This view was fostered and encouraged by the British, who waged a propaganda campaign to diminish their enemy in print and art, during his life and after his death. In 1803, he was mocked in British newspapers as a short-tempered small man.<ref name="nationalpostBoney">{{cite web
+The Napoleon complex is named after French military officer and statesman [[Napoleon]]. [[Cultural depictions of Napoleon]] often depict him as compensating for his supposedly short height by seeking power and glory via military conquests. This view was fostered in large part by British [[political cartoon]]ists, who repeatedly depicted Napoleon as short to mock both him and his expansionist ambitions; he was so angered by these cartoons that Napoleon once unsuccessfully attempted to convince the British government to suppress them on his behalf.<ref name="nationalpostBoney">{{cite web
 | url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/greatest-cartooning-coup-of-all-time-the-brit-who-convinced-everyone-napoleon-was-short
 | title=Greatest cartooning coup of all time: The Brit who convinced everyone Napoleon was short
 | date=28 April 2016
 | publisher=[[National Post]]
-| access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref> He is estimated to have been 5' 2" tall (in pre–metric system French measures), which equals around 1.67 meters, or just under 5' 6" in [[imperial measure]].<ref>https://www.history.com/news/napoleon-complex-short</ref> This was slightly below the period's average adult male height, depending on the source chosen.<ref>David A. Bell, ''Napoleon: A Concise Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 18.</ref><ref name="franceHistoryKomlos">{{cite web
+| access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref> He is estimated to have been 5' 2" tall (in pre–metric system French measures), which equals around 1.67 meters, or just under 5' 6" in [[imperial measure]].<ref name="history.com"/> This was slightly below the period's average adult male height, depending on the source chosen.<ref>David A. Bell, ''Napoleon: A Concise Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 18.</ref><ref name="franceHistoryKomlos">{{cite web
 | url= https://ssrn.com/abstract=464061
 | title= An Anthropometric History of Early-Modern France
 | date=12 Dec 2003
 | publisher=[[Faculty of Economics; CESifo]]
-| access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> Other historians assert that he was {{convert|5|ft|7|in|m|abbr=off}} because he was measured on a British island 28 years after the French adopted the metric system.<ref name="Owen Connelly 2006 7">{{cite book|author=Owen Connelly|title=Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Pzu7_QhfU8C&pg=PA7|year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=7|isbn=9780742553187}}</ref> Napoleon was often seen with his [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)|Imperial Guard]], which contributed to the perception of his being short because the Imperial Guards were tall men selected for their height. Other names for the purported condition include ''' Napoleonic complex''', '''Napoleon syndrome''' and '''short man syndrome'''.<ref name="telegraph-3336044">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/earthnews/3336044/Short-man-syndrome-is-not-just-a-tall-story.html|title=Short man syndrome is not just a tall story|last=Fleming|first=Nic|date=13 March 2008|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="times-1069-1816456">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,1069-1816456,00.html|title=Heart of the Fifties generation beats once again|last=Morrison|first=Richard|date=10 October 2005|work=The Times|access-date=17 January 2008}}</ref><ref name="BBC_2007_03_28">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6501633.stm|title=Short men 'not more aggressive'|date=28 March 2007|work=BBC News|access-date=17 January 2008}}</ref><ref name="Owen Connelly 2006 7"/>
+| access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> Other historians assert that he was {{convert|5|ft|7|in|m|abbr=off}} because he was measured on [[Saint Helena]] 28 years after the French adopted the metric system.<ref name="Owen Connelly 2006 7">{{cite book|author=Owen Connelly|title=Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Pzu7_QhfU8C&pg=PA7|year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=7|isbn=9780742553187}}</ref> Napoleon was often seen with his [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)|Imperial Guard]], which contributed to the perception of his being short because the Imperial Guards were tall men selected for their height.
+Other names for the purported condition include ''' Napoleonic complex''', '''Napoleon syndrome''' and '''short man syndrome'''.<ref name="telegraph-3336044">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/earthnews/3336044/Short-man-syndrome-is-not-just-a-tall-story.html|title=Short man syndrome is not just a tall story|last=Fleming|first=Nic|date=13 March 2008|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="times-1069-1816456">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,1069-1816456,00.html|title=Heart of the Fifties generation beats once again|last=Morrison|first=Richard|date=10 October 2005|work=The Times|access-date=17 January 2008}}</ref><ref name="BBC_2007_03_28">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6501633.stm|title=Short men 'not more aggressive'|date=28 March 2007|work=BBC News|access-date=17 January 2008}}</ref><ref name="Owen Connelly 2006 7"/>
 ==Research==
+=== Affirmative ===
-In 2007, a study by the [[University of Central Lancashire]] concluded that the Napoleon complex is a myth, described in terms of the theory that shorter men are more aggressive to dominate those who are taller than they are. The study discovered that short men were less likely to lose their temper than men of average height. The experiment involved subjects dueling each other with sticks, with one subject deliberately rapping the other's knuckles. Heart monitors revealed that the taller men were more likely to lose their tempers and hit back. University of Central Lancashire lecturer Mike Eslea commented that "when people see a short man being aggressive, they are likely to think it is due to his size, simply because that attribute is obvious and grabs their attention".<ref name="BBC_2007_03_28" />
+Abraham Buunk, a professor at the [[University of Groningen]] in the Netherlands, found evidence of the Napoleon complex. Researchers at the university found that men who were {{convert|1.63|m|ftin}} were 50% more likely to show signs of jealousy than men who were {{convert|1.98|m|ftin}}.<ref name="telegraph-3336044"/>
+In 2018, [[evolutionary psychologist]] [[Mark van Vugt]] and his team at the [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]] found evidence for the Napoleon complex in human males. Men of short stature behaved more (indirectly) aggressively in interactions with taller men. Their [[evolutionary psychology]] hypothesis argues that in competitive situations when males, human or nonhuman, receive cues that they are physically outcompeted, the Napoleon complex psychology kicks in: physically weaker males should adopt alternative behavioral strategies to level the playing field, including showing indirect [[aggression]] and coalition building.<ref>Knapen, J. E., Blaker, N. M., Van Vugt, M. (2018). The Napoleon Complex: When Shorter Men Take More. Psychological science, 0956797618772822. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618772822</ref>
-The Wessex Growth Study is a community-based [[longitudinal study]] conducted in the UK that monitored the psychological development of children from school entry to adulthood. The study was [[Scientific control|control]]led for potential effects of [[gender]] and [[socioeconomic status]], and found that "no significant differences in personality functioning or aspects of daily living were found which could be attributable to height";<ref>{{cite journal
- | last = Ulph
+=== Negative ===
- | first = F. |author2=Betts, P |author3=Mulligan, J |author4=Stratford, R. J.
+In 2007, a study by the [[University of Central Lancashire]] concluded that the Napoleon complex is a myth. The study discovered that short men were less likely to lose their temper than men of average height. The experiment involved subjects dueling each other with sticks, with one subject deliberately rapping the other's knuckles. Heart monitors revealed that the taller men were more likely to lose their tempers and hit back. University of Central Lancashire lecturer Mike Eslea commented that "when people see a short man being aggressive, they are likely to think it is due to his size, simply because that attribute is obvious and grabs their attention".<ref name="BBC_2007_03_28" />
- |date=January 2004
- | title = Personality functioning: the influence of stature
+The Wessex Growth Study is a community-based [[longitudinal study]] conducted in the UK that monitored the psychological development of children from school entry to adulthood. The study was [[Scientific control|control]]led for potential effects of [[gender]] and [[socioeconomic status]], and found that "no significant differences in personality functioning or aspects of daily living were found which could be attributable to height";<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ulph | first = F. |author2=Betts, P |author3=Mulligan, J |author4=Stratford, R. J. |date=January 2004 | title = Personality functioning: the influence of stature | journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood | volume = 89 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–21 | doi = 10.1136/adc.2002.010694 | pmid = 14709494 | pmc = 1755926 }}</ref> this functioning included generalizations associated with the Napoleon complex, such as risk-taking behaviours.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lipman | first = Terri H. |author2=Linda D. Voss |date=May–June 2005 | title = Personality Functioning: The Influence of Stature | journal = MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 218 | doi = 10.1097/00005721-200505000-00019 }}</ref>
- | journal = Archives of Disease in Childhood
- | volume = 89
- | issue = 1
- | pages = 17–21
- | doi = 10.1136/adc.2002.010694
- | pmid = 14709494
- | pmc = 1755926
- }}</ref> this functioning included generalizations associated with the Napoleon complex, such as risk-taking behaviours.<ref>{{cite journal
- | last = Lipman
- | first = Terri H.
- |author2=Linda D. Voss
- |date=May–June 2005
- | title = Personality Functioning: The Influence of Stature
- | journal = MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing
- | volume = 30
- | issue = 3
- | pages = 218
- | doi = 10.1097/00005721-200505000-00019
- }}</ref>
 == In popular culture ==
-Several politicians have been accused of having a Napoleon complex, such as [[Joseph Stalin]], who was 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m) (according to 1902 police records) and [[Joseph Goebbels]], who was 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m).<ref> https://news.softpedia.com/news/Solving-the-Napoleon-Complex-Are-Short-Men-More-Aggressive-Than-Taller-Ones-51292.shtml</ref>
+Several politicians have been accused of having a Napoleon complex, such as [[Joseph Stalin]], who was 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m) (according to 1902 police records) and [[Joseph Goebbels]], who was 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/Solving-the-Napoleon-Complex-Are-Short-Men-More-Aggressive-Than-Taller-Ones-51292.shtml | title=Solving the Napoleon Complex: Are Short Men More Aggressive Than Taller Ones? | date=5 April 2007 }}</ref>
-Singer-songwriter [[Mariah Carey]] referenced the Napoleon complex in her 2009 song "[[Obsessed (Mariah Carey song)|Obsessed]]", accusing someone of being "all fired up with [their] Napoleon complex". The song is believed by some to be a response to rapper [[Eminem]], who had made disparaging remarks about Carey in multiple previous songs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kreps |first=Daniel |date=2009-06-16 |title=Mariah Carey Fires Back at Eminem in New Single "Obsessed" |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/mariah-carey-fires-back-at-eminem-in-new-single-obsessed-68649/ |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref>
+Singer-songwriter [[Mariah Carey]] referenced the Napoleon complex in her 2009 song "[[Obsessed (Mariah Carey song)|Obsessed]]", accusing someone of being "all fired up with [their] Napoleon complex". The song is believed by some to be a response to rapper [[Eminem]], who had made disparaging remarks about Carey in multiple previous songs.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kreps |first=Daniel |date=2009-06-16 |title=Mariah Carey Fires Back at Eminem in New Single "Obsessed" |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/mariah-carey-fires-back-at-eminem-in-new-single-obsessed-68649/ |access-date=2022-06-09 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref>
-In the manga ''[[Fullmetal Alchemist]]'' and its various adaptations, protagonist Edward Elric is shown to have a Napoleon complex. Edward is noticeably short for his age (particularly compared to his younger brother Alphonse, who is a living suit of armor), is extremely sensitive about his short height and has a hair-trigger temper, and is frequently enraged and occasionally even driven to violence whenever someone mentions that he's short, even innocently.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}
+In the manga ''[[Fullmetal Alchemist]]'' and its various adaptations, protagonist Edward Elric is shown to have a Napoleon complex. Edward is noticeably short for his age (particularly compared to his younger brother Alphonse, who is a living suit of armor), is extremely sensitive about his short height and has a hair-trigger temper, and is frequently enraged and occasionally driven to violence whenever someone mentions that he's short, even innocently.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}
 ==See also==
@@ Line 66: / Line 51: @@
 ==Further reading==
 * Blakemore, Erin. "Was Napoleon even short? Inside the history of discrimination against short men: He was a French dictator—the original short king. Napoleon's supposedly short stature made him the mockery of Europe and inspired a stigma that persists today." ''National Geographic'' Nov 22, 2023 [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/napoleon-complex-height-discrimination-men-history  online]
 * Hopper, Tristin. "Why people think Napoleon was really short (even though he wasn't): A short-tempered, child-sized Napoleon soon became the accepted standard for caricatures of the Frenchman" ''National Post'' (July 13, 2023)   [https://nationalpost.com/news/world/napoleon-height online]
+* Just, Winfried, and  Molly R. Morris. "The Napoleon complex—Why smaller males pick fights" ''Evolutionary ecology'', Vol. 17, No. 5–6 (Sept. 2003), pp.&nbsp;509–522.
+* McIlvenna, Una. "Was Napoleon Short? Origins of the ‘Napoleon Complex’: A prominent cartoonist's mocking depiction of the French emperor managed to stick through the centuries" ''History''  Nov 13, 2019  [https://www.history.com/news/napoleon-complex-short  online]
-* Just, Winfried, and  Molly R. Morris. "The Napoleon complex—Why smaller males pick fights" ''Evolutionary ecology'', Vol. 17, No. 5–6 (Sept. 2003), pp. 509–522.
+* van Ginneken, J. "Height & Posture" in ''The Profile of Political Leaders'' ( Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2016) pp 19–37 . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29476-6_2
-* McIlvenna, Una. "Was Napoleon Short? Origins of the ‘Napoleon Complex’: A prominent cartoonist's mocking depiction of the French emperor managed to stick through the centuries" ''History''  Nov 13, 2019  [https://www.history.com/news/napoleon-complex-short  online]]
-* van Ginneken, J. "Height & Posture" in ''The Profile of Political Leaders'' ( Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2016) pp 19-37 . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29476-6_2
 {{Napoleon}}

v t e Napoleon
Napoleonic era timeline First French Empire
Family	Wives: Joséphine de Beauharnais Marie Louise Children: Charles Léon Alexandre Walewski Napoleon II Father: Carlo Maria Buonaparte Mother: Letizia Ramolino Brothers: Joseph Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Louis Bonaparte Jérôme Bonaparte Sisters: Caroline Bonaparte Pauline Bonaparte Elisa Bonaparte
Life and career	Stay in Auxonne [fr] Coup of 18 Brumaire Consulate Assassination attempts Constitutions 1799 1802 1804 1815 Napoleonic Wars Coronation Sale of Louisiana Planned invasion of the United Kingdom Holland Mesures usuelles Looting of art Tactics Weaponry and warfare 1st abdication 1st exile Route Napoléon 2nd abdication 2nd exile [fr] Death [fr] mask
Battles and wars	French Revolutionary Wars Siege of Toulon French Revolution 13 Vendémiaire Battle of Lodi Battle of Bassano Battle of Rivoli French campaign in Egypt and Syria Battle of the Pyramids Siege of Jaffa Battle of Marengo War of the Third Coalition Battle of Austerlitz War of the Fourth Coalition Battle of Eylau War of the Fifth Coalition Battle of Eckmühl French invasion of Russia Battle of Borodino War of the Sixth Coalition Battle of Leipzig Battle of Vauchamps Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube Hundred Days Battle of Ligny Battle of Waterloo
Views	Catholic Church Concordat of 1801 Tiara Jewish people Grand Sanhedrin Infamous Decree Protestants Organic Articles Slavery Law of 20 May 1802 Saint-Domingue expedition Women [fr]
Homes and honours	Arc de Triomphe Column of the Grande Armée Equestrian statue Palace of Fontainebleau Les Invalides Longwood House Maison Bonaparte Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker Milan Rue de la Victoire Warsaw monument
Legacy and memory	Bank of France Bonapartism Cultural depictions Napoleon complex "China is a sleeping giant" quote German Romanticism Napoleonic Code Propaganda Tomb Retour des cendres Penis Studies Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)
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