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{{Personality disorders sidebar}}
{{Short description|Personality disorder involving depression}}{{Personality disorders sidebar}}
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'''Depressive personality disorder''' (also known as [[Depression (mood)|melancholic]] personality disorder) is a controversial [[psychiatric diagnosis]] that denotes a [[personality disorder]] with [[depression (mood)|depressive]] features.


⚫
'''Depressive personality disorder''' (also known as '''[[Depression (mood)|melancholic]] personality disorder''') is a [[psychiatric diagnosis]] that denotes a [[personality disorder]] with [[depression (mood)|depressive]] features.
Originally included in the [[American Psychiatric Association]]'s [[DSM-II]], depressive personality disorder was removed from the [[DSM-III]] and [[DSM-III-R]].<ref name="Millon 2006">Millon, T. (2006). Personality subtypes. Retrieved from http://millon.net/taxonomy/summary.htm</ref> Recently, it has been reconsidered for reinstatement as a diagnosis. Depressive personality disorder is currently described in Appendix B in the [[DSM-IV-TR]] as worthy of further study. Although no longer listed as a personality disorder, the diagnosis is included under the section “[[personality disorder not otherwise specified]]”.


Originally included in the [[American Psychiatric Association|American Psychiatric Association's]] [[DSM-II]]{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}, depressive personality disorder was removed from the [[DSM-III]] and [[DSM-III-R]].<ref name="Millon 2006">Millon, T. (2006). Personality subtypes. Retrieved from http://millon.net/taxonomy/summary.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055645/http://millon.net/taxonomy/summary.htm |date=2013-10-23 }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2024}} The latest description of depressive personality disorder is described in Appendix B in the [[DSM-IV-TR]]. Although no longer listed as a personality disorder in the [[DSM-5]], the diagnosis of subclinical [[Personality disorder not otherwise specified|Other Specified Personality Disorder and Unspecified Personality Disorder]] can be used to classify an equivalent of depressive personality disorder.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/830807378 |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. |date=2013 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |others=American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force |isbn=978-0-89042-554-1 |edition=5th |location=Arlington, VA |oclc=830807378}}</ref> In the DSM-5, it has been reconsidered for reinstatement as a diagnosis in an alternative approach to personality disorders in the form of "general criteria for personality disorder" which primarily assesses "impairments in personality functioning".<ref name=":0" />
⚫
While depressive personality disorder shares some similarities with [[mood disorders]] such as [[dysthymia]], it also shares many similarities with [[personality disorder]]s including [[avoidant personality disorder]]. Some researchers argue that depressive personality disorder is sufficiently distinct from these other conditions so as to warrant a separate diagnosis.

⚫
While depressive personality disorder shares some similarities with [[mood disorders]] such as [[dysthymia]], it also shares many similarities with other [[personality disorder]]s including [[avoidant personality disorder]]. Some researchers argue that depressive personality disorder is sufficiently distinct from these other conditions so as to warrant a separate diagnosis.


==Characteristics==
==Characteristics==
⚫
The DSM-IV defines depressive personality disorder as "a pervasive pattern of depressive cognitions and behaviors beginning by early adulthood and occurring in a variety of contexts." Depressive personality disorder occurs independently of major depressive episodes, making it a distinct diagnosis not included in the definition of either major depressive episodes or dysthymic disorder.<ref name="DSM4">{{cite book |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |edition=4th |year=1994 |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]]}}</ref>{{rp|732}}
{{refimprove section|talk=y|date=September 2012}}


Five or more of the following criteria must be present:
⚫
The DSM-IV defines depressive personality disorder as "a pervasive pattern of depressive cognitions and behaviors beginning by early adulthood and occurring in a variety of contexts."<ref name="Millon 2006"/> Depressive personality disorder occurs before, during, and after major depressive episodes, making it a distinct diagnosis not included in the definition of either major depressive episodes or dysthymic disorder. Specifically, five or more of the following must be present most days for at least two years in order for a diagnosis of depressive personality disorder to be made:
*Usual [[Mood (psychology)|mood]] is dominated by dejection, gloominess, cheerlessness, joylessness and unhappiness
*usual [[Mood (psychology)|mood]] is dominated by dejection, gloominess, cheerlessness, joylessness and unhappiness
*[[Self-concept]] centres on beliefs of inadequacy, worthlessness and low [[self-esteem]]
*[[self-concept]] centres on beliefs of inadequacy, worthlessness and low [[self-esteem]]
*Is [[criticism|critical]], [[blaming]] and derogatory towards the self
*is [[criticism|critical]], [[blaming]] and derogatory towards self
*Is brooding and given to [[worry]]
*is brooding and given to [[worry]]
*Is negativistic, critical and judgmental toward others
*is negativistic, critical and judgmental toward others
*Is [[pessimistic]]
*is [[pessimistic]]
*Is prone to feeling [[guilt (emotion)|guilty]] or [[remorseful]]<ref name="Millon 2006" />
*is prone to feeling [[guilt (emotion)|guilty]] or [[remorseful]]<ref name="DSM4"/>{{rp|733}}


⚫
Studies in 2000-2002 have found more of a correlation between depressive personality disorder and [[dysthymia]] than a comparable group of people without depressive personality disorder.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ryder |first1=Andrew G. |last2=Bagby |first2=R. Michael |last3=Schuller |first3=Deborah R. |date=17 June 2002 |title=The Overlap Of Depressive Personality Disorder and Dysthymia: A Categorical Problem With a Dimensional Solution |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10673220216230 |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=337–352 |doi=10.1080/10673220216230 |pmid=12485980 |s2cid=8825180 |issn=1067-3229}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 11097962| year = 2000| last1 = Kwon| first1 = J. S.| title = Three-year follow-up of women with the sole diagnosis of depressive personality disorder: Subsequent development of dysthymia and major depression| journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry| volume = 157| issue = 12| pages = 1966–72| last2 = Kim| first2 = Y. M.| last3 = Chang| first3 = C. G.| last4 = Park| first4 = B. J.| last5 = Kim| first5 = L| last6 = Yoon| first6 = D. J.| last7 = Han| first7 = W. S.| last8 = Lee| first8 = H. J.| last9 = Lyoo| first9 = I. K.| doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.157.12.1966}}</ref>
People with depressive personality disorder have a generally gloomy outlook on life, themselves, the past and the future. They are plagued by issues developing and maintaining relationships. In addition, studies have found that people with depressive personality disorder are more likely to seek psychotherapy than people with Axis I depression spectrums diagnoses.


⚫
==Millon's subtypes==
⚫
Recent studies have concluded that people with depressive personality disorder are at a greater risk of developing dysthymic disorder than a comparable group of people without depressive personality disorder.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 11097962| year = 2000| author1 = Kwon| first1 = J. S.| title = Three-year follow-up of women with the sole diagnosis of depressive personality disorder: Subsequent development of dysthymia and major depression| journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry| volume = 157| issue = 12| pages = 1966–72| last2 = Kim| first2 = Y. M.| last3 = Chang| first3 = C. G.| last4 = Park| first4 = B. J.| last5 = Kim| first5 = L| last6 = Yoon| first6 = D. J.| last7 = Han| first7 = W. S.| last8 = Lee| first8 = H. J.| last9 = Lyoo| first9 = I. K.| doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.157.12.1966}}</ref> These findings lead to the fact that depressive personality disorder is a potential precursor to dysthymia or other depression spectrum diagnoses. If included in the DSM-V, depressive personality disorder would be included as a warning sign for potential development of more severe depressive episodes.
⚫
[[Theodore Millon]] identified five subtypes of depression.<ref name="Millon 2006"/><ref>Millon, Theodore, Personality Disorders in Modern Life, 2004</ref> Any individual depressive may exhibit none, or one or more of the following:

Researchers at [[McLean Hospital]] in Massachusetts looked at the comorbidity of depressive personality disorder and a variety of other disorders. It was found that subjects with depressive personality disorder were more likely than the subjects without depressive personality disorder to currently have major depression and an eating disorder. Subjects with and without depressive personality disorder were statistically equally likely to have any of the other disorders examined.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Axis I Disorders in Subjects With and Without Depressive Personality Disorder {{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
⚫
|-
! !! colspan="2" | Present (N=30) !! colspan="2" | Absent (N=24) !!
|-
! Disorder !! N !! % !! N !! % !! pa{{clarify|date=September 2012}}
|-
| Major Depression || colspan="5" |
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | Current || 12 || 40% || 7 || 29% || 0.57
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | Lifetime || 25 || 83% || 17 || 71% || 0.33
|-
| Bipolar Disorder || colspan="5" |
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | Current || 2 || 7% || 2 || 8% || 1.00
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | Lifetime || 2 || 7% || 4 || 17% || 0.39
|-
| Dysthymia || colspan="5" |
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | All Types || 11 || 37% || 8 || 33% || 1.00
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | Primary early onset || 5 || 17% || 5 || 21% || 0.74
|-
| Any mood disorder || colspan="5" |
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | Current || 20 || 67% || 14 || 58% || 0.58
|-
| style="padding-left: 2em;" | Lifetime || 28 || 93% || 22 || 92% || 1.00
|-
| Substance use disorders (lifetime) || 11 || 37% || 7 || 29% || 0.77
|-
| Anxiety disorders (lifetime) || 15 || 50% || 11 || 46% || 0.79
|-
| Somatoform disorders (lifetime) || 2 || 7% || 1 || 4% || 1.00
|-
| Eating disorders (lifetime) || 7 || 23% || 1 || 4% || 0.06
|}

⚫
==Millon’s subtypes==
⚫
[[Theodore Millon]] identified five subtypes of depression.<ref name="Millon 2006"/><ref>Millon, Theodore, Personality Disorders in Modern Life, 2004</ref>
Any individual depressive may exhibit none, or one or more of the following:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 76: Line 32:
| '''Ill-humored depressive'''
| '''Ill-humored depressive'''
| Including [[passive-aggressive personality disorder|negativistic]] features
| Including [[passive-aggressive personality disorder|negativistic]] features
| Patients in this subtype are often hypochondriacal, cantankerous and irritable, and guilt-ridden and self-condemning. In general, ill-humored depressives are down on themselves and think the worst of everything.
| Patients in this subtype are often hypochondriacal, cantankerous and irritable, and guilt-ridden and self-condemning. In general, ill-humored depressives are down on themselves and think the worst of everything.
|-
⚫
| '''Voguish depressive'''
⚫
| Including [[Histrionic personality disorder|histrionic]], [[narcissistic personality disorder|narcissistic]] features
| Voguish depressives see unhappiness as a popular and stylish mode of social disenchantment, personal depression as self-glorifying, and suffering as ennobling. The attention from friends, family, and doctors is seen as a positive aspect of the voguish depressive’s condition.
|-
|-
| '''Self-derogating depressive'''
| '''Self-derogating depressive'''
| Including [[dependent personality disorder|dependent]] features
| Including [[dependent personality disorder|dependent]] features
| Patients who fall under this subtype are self-deriding, discrediting, odious, dishonorable, and disparage themselves for weaknesses and shortcomings. These patients blame themselves for not being good enough.
| Patients who fall under this subtype are self-deriding, discrediting, odious, dishonorable, and disparage themselves for weaknesses and shortcomings. These patients blame themselves for not being good enough.
|-
|-
| '''Morbid depressive'''
| '''Morbid depressive'''
| Including [[schizoid personality disorder|schizoid]], [[self-defeating personality disorder|masochistic]] features
| Including [[schizoid personality disorder|schizoid]] and [[self-defeating personality disorder|masochistic]] features
| Morbid depressives experience profound dejection and gloom, are highly lugubrious, and often feel drained and oppressed.
| Morbid depressives experience profound dejection and gloom, are highly lugubrious, and often feel drained and oppressed.
|-
|-
| '''Restive depressive'''
| '''Restive depressive'''
| Including [[borderline personality disorder|borderline]], [[avoidant personality disorder|avoidant]] features
| Including [[avoidant personality disorder|avoidant]] features
| Patients who fall under this subtype are consistently unsettled, agitated, wrought in despair, and perturbed. This is the subtype most likely to commit suicide in order to avoid all the despair in life.<ref name="Millon 2006"/>
| Patients who fall under this subtype are consistently unsettled, agitated, wrought in despair, and perturbed. This is the subtype most likely to commit suicide in order to avoid all the despair in life.<ref name="Millon 2006"/>
⚫
|-
⚫
| '''Voguish depressive'''
⚫
| Including [[histrionic personality disorder|histrionic]] and [[narcissistic personality disorder|narcissistic]] features
| Patients who fall under this subtype embrace their suffering as ennobling. They view their personal depression as self-glorifying and dignifying; their unhappiness as a stylish expression of social disenchantment.
|}
|}
Not all patients with a depressive disorder fall into a subtype. These subtypes are multidimensional in that patients usually experience multiple subtypes, instead of being limited to fitting into one subtype category. Currently, this set of subtypes is associated with melancholic personality disorders. All depression spectrum personality disorders are melancholic and can be looked at in terms of these subtypes.
Not all patients with a depressive disorder fall into a subtype. These subtypes are multidimensional in that patients usually experience multiple subtypes, instead of being limited to fitting into one subtype category. Currently, this set of subtypes is associated with melancholic personality disorders. All depression spectrum personality disorders are melancholic and can be looked at in terms of these subtypes.


==DSM-5==
==DSM-5==


===Similarities to dysthymic disorder===
===Similarities to dysthymic disorder===
Much of the controversy surrounding the potential inclusion of depressive personality disorder in the DSM-5 stems from its apparent similarities to [[dysthymic disorder]], a diagnosis already included in the DSM-IV. Dysthymic disorder is characterized by a variety of depressive symptoms, such as [[hypersomnia]] or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor appetite, or difficulty making decisions, for over two years, with symptoms never numerous or severe enough to qualify as [[major depressive disorder]]. Patients with dysthymic disorder may experience social withdrawal, pessimism, and feelings of inadequacy at higher rates than other depression spectrum patients. Early-onset dysthymia is the diagnosis most closely related to depressive personality disorder.<ref>University of Michigan Psychology Department, . (2006, January 20). Dysthymic disorder. Retrieved from http://www.med.umich.edu/depression/dysthymia.htm</ref>
Much of the controversy surrounding the potential inclusion of depressive personality disorder in the DSM-5 stems from its apparent similarities to [[dysthymic disorder]], a diagnosis already included in the DSM-IV. Dysthymic disorder is characterized by a variety of depressive symptoms, such as [[hypersomnia]] or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor appetite, or difficulty making decisions, for over two years, with symptoms never numerous or severe enough to qualify as [[major depressive disorder]]. Patients with dysthymic disorder may experience social withdrawal, pessimism, and feelings of inadequacy at higher rates than other depression spectrum patients. Early-onset dysthymia is the diagnosis most closely related to depressive personality disorder.<ref>University of Michigan Psychology Department, . (2006, January 20). Dysthymic disorder. Retrieved from http://www.med.umich.edu/depression/dysthymia.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227035720/http://www.med.umich.edu/depression/dysthymia.htm |date=2010-02-27 }}</ref>


The key difference between dysthymic disorder and depressive personality disorder is the focus of the symptoms used to diagnose. Dysthymic disorder is diagnosed by looking at the [[somatic senses]], the more tangible senses. Depressive personality disorder is diagnosed by looking at the [[cognitive]] and intrapsychic symptoms. The symptoms of dysthymic disorder and depressive personality disorder may look similar at first glance, but the way these symptoms are considered distinguish the two diagnoses.
The key difference between dysthymic disorder and depressive personality disorder is the focus of the symptoms used to diagnose. Dysthymic disorder is diagnosed by looking at the [[somatic senses]], the more tangible senses. Depressive personality disorder is diagnosed by looking at the [[cognitive]] and intrapsychic symptoms. The symptoms of dysthymic disorder and depressive personality disorder may look similar at first glance, but the way these symptoms are considered distinguish the two diagnoses.


===Comorbidity with Other Disorders===
===Comorbidity with other disorders===
Many researchers believe that depressive personality disorder is so highly comorbid with other depressive disorders, manic-depressive episodes and dysthymic disorder, that it is redundant to include it as a distinct diagnosis. Recent studies however, have found that dysthymic disorder and depressive personality disorder are not as comorbid as previously thought. It was found that almost two thirds of the test subjects with depressive personality disorder did not have dysthymic disorder, and 83% did not have early-onset dysthymia.<ref name="Millon 2006"/>
Many researchers believe that depressive personality disorder is so highly comorbid with other depressive disorders, manic-depressive episodes and dysthymic disorder, that it is redundant to include it as a distinct diagnosis. Recent studies however, have found that dysthymic disorder and depressive personality disorder are not as comorbid as previously thought. It was found that almost two thirds of the test subjects with depressive personality disorder did not have dysthymic disorder, and 83% did not have early-onset dysthymia.<ref name="Millon 2006"/>


The comorbidity with Axis I depressive disorders is not as high as had been assumed. An experiment conducted by American psychologists showed that depressive personality disorder shows a high comorbidity rate with major depression experienced at some point in a lifetime and with any mood disorders experienced at any point in a lifetime. A high comorbidity rate with these disorders is expected of many diagnoses. As for the extremely high comorbidity rate with mood disorders, it has been found that essentially all mood disorders are comorbid with at least one other, especially when looking at a lifetime sample size.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Nemeroff C.B. | year = 2002 | title = Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders: the rule, not the expception? | url = | journal = American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 159 | issue = 1| page = 3 | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.3}}</ref>
The comorbidity with Axis I depressive disorders is not as high as had been assumed. An experiment conducted by American psychologists showed that depressive personality disorder shows a high comorbidity rate with major depression experienced at some point in a lifetime and with any mood disorders experienced at any point in a lifetime. A high comorbidity rate with these disorders is expected of many diagnoses. As for the extremely high comorbidity rate with mood disorders, it has been found that essentially all mood disorders are comorbid with at least one other, especially when looking at a lifetime sample size.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Nemeroff C.B. | year = 2002 | title = Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders: the rule, not the expception? | journal = American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 159 | issue = 1| pages = 3–4 | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.3| pmid = 11772680 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 118: Line 74:
{{DSM_personality_disorders}}
{{DSM_personality_disorders}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Depressive Personality Disorder}}
[[Category:Personality disorders]]
[[Category:Personality disorders]]
[[Category:Mood disorders]]
[[Category:Mood disorders]]
[[Category:Psychopathology]]
[[Category:Psychiatric diagnosis]]

Revision as of 15:28, 11 August 2024

Personality disorders
Cluster A (odd)
Cluster B (dramatic)
Cluster C (anxious)
Not otherwise specified
Depressive
Others

Depressive personality disorder (also known as melancholic personality disorder) is a psychiatric diagnosis that denotes a personality disorder with depressive features.

Originally included in the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-II[citation needed], depressive personality disorder was removed from the DSM-III and DSM-III-R.[1][failed verification] The latest description of depressive personality disorder is described in Appendix B in the DSM-IV-TR. Although no longer listed as a personality disorder in the DSM-5, the diagnosis of subclinical Other Specified Personality Disorder and Unspecified Personality Disorder can be used to classify an equivalent of depressive personality disorder.[2] In the DSM-5, it has been reconsidered for reinstatement as a diagnosis in an alternative approach to personality disorders in the form of "general criteria for personality disorder" which primarily assesses "impairments in personality functioning".[2]

While depressive personality disorder shares some similarities with mood disorders such as dysthymia, it also shares many similarities with other personality disorders including avoidant personality disorder. Some researchers argue that depressive personality disorder is sufficiently distinct from these other conditions so as to warrant a separate diagnosis.

Characteristics

The DSM-IV defines depressive personality disorder as "a pervasive pattern of depressive cognitions and behaviors beginning by early adulthood and occurring in a variety of contexts." Depressive personality disorder occurs independently of major depressive episodes, making it a distinct diagnosis not included in the definition of either major depressive episodes or dysthymic disorder.[3]: 732 

Five or more of the following criteria must be present:

Studies in 2000-2002 have found more of a correlation between depressive personality disorder and dysthymia than a comparable group of people without depressive personality disorder.[4][5]

Millon's subtypes

Theodore Millon identified five subtypes of depression.[1][6] Any individual depressive may exhibit none, or one or more of the following:

Subtype Description Personality traits
Ill-humored depressive Including negativistic features Patients in this subtype are often hypochondriacal, cantankerous and irritable, and guilt-ridden and self-condemning. In general, ill-humored depressives are down on themselves and think the worst of everything.
Self-derogating depressive Including dependent features Patients who fall under this subtype are self-deriding, discrediting, odious, dishonorable, and disparage themselves for weaknesses and shortcomings. These patients blame themselves for not being good enough.
Morbid depressive Including schizoid and masochistic features Morbid depressives experience profound dejection and gloom, are highly lugubrious, and often feel drained and oppressed.
Restive depressive Including avoidant features Patients who fall under this subtype are consistently unsettled, agitated, wrought in despair, and perturbed. This is the subtype most likely to commit suicide in order to avoid all the despair in life.[1]
Voguish depressive Including histrionic and narcissistic features Patients who fall under this subtype embrace their suffering as ennobling. They view their personal depression as self-glorifying and dignifying; their unhappiness as a stylish expression of social disenchantment.

Not all patients with a depressive disorder fall into a subtype. These subtypes are multidimensional in that patients usually experience multiple subtypes, instead of being limited to fitting into one subtype category. Currently, this set of subtypes is associated with melancholic personality disorders. All depression spectrum personality disorders are melancholic and can be looked at in terms of these subtypes.

DSM-5

Similarities to dysthymic disorder

Much of the controversy surrounding the potential inclusion of depressive personality disorder in the DSM-5 stems from its apparent similarities to dysthymic disorder, a diagnosis already included in the DSM-IV. Dysthymic disorder is characterized by a variety of depressive symptoms, such as hypersomnia or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor appetite, or difficulty making decisions, for over two years, with symptoms never numerous or severe enough to qualify as major depressive disorder. Patients with dysthymic disorder may experience social withdrawal, pessimism, and feelings of inadequacy at higher rates than other depression spectrum patients. Early-onset dysthymia is the diagnosis most closely related to depressive personality disorder.[7]

The key difference between dysthymic disorder and depressive personality disorder is the focus of the symptoms used to diagnose. Dysthymic disorder is diagnosed by looking at the somatic senses, the more tangible senses. Depressive personality disorder is diagnosed by looking at the cognitive and intrapsychic symptoms. The symptoms of dysthymic disorder and depressive personality disorder may look similar at first glance, but the way these symptoms are considered distinguish the two diagnoses.

Comorbidity with other disorders

Many researchers believe that depressive personality disorder is so highly comorbid with other depressive disorders, manic-depressive episodes and dysthymic disorder, that it is redundant to include it as a distinct diagnosis. Recent studies however, have found that dysthymic disorder and depressive personality disorder are not as comorbid as previously thought. It was found that almost two thirds of the test subjects with depressive personality disorder did not have dysthymic disorder, and 83% did not have early-onset dysthymia.[1]

The comorbidity with Axis I depressive disorders is not as high as had been assumed. An experiment conducted by American psychologists showed that depressive personality disorder shows a high comorbidity rate with major depression experienced at some point in a lifetime and with any mood disorders experienced at any point in a lifetime. A high comorbidity rate with these disorders is expected of many diagnoses. As for the extremely high comorbidity rate with mood disorders, it has been found that essentially all mood disorders are comorbid with at least one other, especially when looking at a lifetime sample size.[8]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Millon, T. (2006). Personality subtypes. Retrieved from http://millon.net/taxonomy/summary.htm Archived 2013-10-23 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ a b Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1. OCLC 830807378.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. ^ a b Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. 1994.
  4. ^ Ryder, Andrew G.; Bagby, R. Michael; Schuller, Deborah R. (17 June 2002). "The Overlap Of Depressive Personality Disorder and Dysthymia: A Categorical Problem With a Dimensional Solution". Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 10 (6): 337–352. doi:10.1080/10673220216230. ISSN 1067-3229. PMID 12485980. S2CID 8825180.
  5. ^ Kwon, J. S.; Kim, Y. M.; Chang, C. G.; Park, B. J.; Kim, L; Yoon, D. J.; Han, W. S.; Lee, H. J.; Lyoo, I. K. (2000). "Three-year follow-up of women with the sole diagnosis of depressive personality disorder: Subsequent development of dysthymia and major depression". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 157 (12): 1966–72. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.12.1966. PMID 11097962.
  6. ^ Millon, Theodore, Personality Disorders in Modern Life, 2004
  7. ^ University of Michigan Psychology Department, . (2006, January 20). Dysthymic disorder. Retrieved from http://www.med.umich.edu/depression/dysthymia.htm Archived 2010-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Nemeroff C.B. (2002). "Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders: the rule, not the expception?". American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (1): 3–4. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.3. PMID 11772680.

Further reading

  • Finnerty, Todd (2009). Depressive Personality Disorder: Understanding Current Trends in Research and Practice. Columbus, OH: WorldWideMentalHealth.com.
  • Huprich, Steven K. (2009). What Should Become of Depressive Personality Disorder in DSM-V? Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 17:1,41-59.
  • Millon, Theodore; Davis; Roger; Millon, Carrie (1997). MCMI-III Manual, 2nd edition. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Depressive_personality_disorder&oldid=1239790552"