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| leader1_name = [[Victor I, Duke of Ratibor]]
| leader1_name = [[Victor I, Duke of Ratibor]]
| split = [[Prussian Conservative Party]]
| split = [[Prussian Conservative Party]]
| foundation = {{start date|1867}}
| foundation = {{start date|28 July 1866}}
| dissolution = {{end date|1918}}
| dissolution = {{end date|13 December 1918}}
| successor = [[German National People's Party|DNVP]] <small>(right-wing factions)</small><br>[[German People's Party|DVP]] <small>(moderate factions)</small>
| successor = [[German National People's Party|DNVP]] <small>(right-wing factions)</small><br>[[German People's Party|DVP]] <small>(moderate factions)</small>
| headquarters = [[Berlin]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]
| headquarters = [[Berlin]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]
Line 15: Line 15:
| ideology = <!-- It is the ideology of the time when the party existed. Do not change the political position of "Liberal conservatism" and "Progressive conservatism".-->[[Liberal conservatism]]<br/>[[Progressive conservatism]]<br/>[[Conservatism#Conservative Protestantism|Political Protestantism]]<br/>[[East Elbia]] [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalism]]<br/>[[German nationalism]]<br/>[[Agrarianism]]
| ideology = <!-- It is the ideology of the time when the party existed. Do not change the political position of "Liberal conservatism" and "Progressive conservatism".-->[[Liberal conservatism]]<br/>[[Progressive conservatism]]<br/>[[Conservatism#Conservative Protestantism|Political Protestantism]]<br/>[[East Elbia]] [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalism]]<br/>[[German nationalism]]<br/>[[Agrarianism]]
| position = <!-- It is the political position of the time when the party existed. Do not change the political position of "Centre to centre-right".-->[[Centrism|Centre]] to [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]]
| position = <!-- It is the political position of the time when the party existed. Do not change the political position of "Centre to centre-right".-->[[Centrism|Centre]] to [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]]
| colors = {{color box|{{party color|Free Conservative Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Yellow]]
| colors = {{color box|{{party color|Free Conservative Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Blue|Sky blue]]
| country = Germany
| country = Germany
}}
}}
The '''Free Conservative Party''' ({{lang-de|Freikonservative Partei}}, '''FKP''') was a [[Liberal conservatism|liberal-conservative]]<ref name="libcon1">{{cite book|editor=Philip G. Dwyer |title=Modern Prussian History: 1830-1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGvJAwAAQBAJ&dq=liberal+conservative+Freikonservative+Partei&pg=PA93 |quote= The liberal conservatism of the parliamentary group around Bethmann—Hollweg would later appear in the FreiKonservative Partei. |date=2014 |page=93 |publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781317887003 }}</ref><ref name="libcon2">{{cite book|editor=Marco E.L. Guidi, Massimo M. Augello |title=Economists in Parliament in the Liberal Age: (1848–1920) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgwkDwAAQBAJ&dq=FK:+Freikonservative+Partei+(Liberal+Conservative+Party);+FrVp:+Freisinnige+Volkspartei+(Liberal+People%27s+Party);+K:+Konservative+Partei+(Conservative+Party);+Linke+(Left);+Linkes+Zentrum+(Left+Centre);&pg=PT195 |quote= ... FK: Freikonservative Partei (Liberal Conservative Party); FrVp: Freisinnige Volkspartei (Liberal People's Party); K: Konservative Partei (Conservative Party); Linke (Left); Linkes Zentrum (Left Centre); ... |date=2014 |page=93 |publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781351941778 }}</ref> [[political party]] in [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and the [[German Empire]] which emerged from the [[Conservative Party (Prussia)|Prussian Conservative Party]] in the [[Preußischer Landtag|Prussian Landtag]] in 1866. In the federal elections to the [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]] parliament from 1871, it ran as the '''German Reich Party''' ({{lang-de|Deutsche Reichspartei}}, '''DRP'''). DRP was classified as [[Centrism|centrist]] or [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] by political standards at the time, and it also put forward the slogan "[[Progressive conservatism|conservative progress]]".<ref name="progress">{{cite book|editor=Ido de Haan, Matthijs Lok |title=The Politics of Moderation in Modern European History |quote= Conservative centrists even adopted positivist ideas of progress. For example, the Prussian Free Conservative Party (Freikonservative Partei) launched the slogan of 'conservative progress' in 1867 and, in the same year, ... |date=2019 |page=121 |publisher=Springer Nature}}</ref>
The '''Free Conservative Party''' ({{lang-de|Freikonservative Partei}}, '''FKP''') was a [[Liberal conservatism|liberal-conservative]]<ref name="libcon1">{{cite book|editor=Philip G. Dwyer |title=Modern Prussian History: 1830-1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGvJAwAAQBAJ&dq=liberal+conservative+Freikonservative+Partei&pg=PA93 |quote= The liberal conservatism of the parliamentary group around Bethmann—Hollweg would later appear in the FreiKonservative Partei. |date=2014 |page=93 |publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781317887003 }}</ref><ref name="libcon2">{{cite book|editor=Marco E.L. Guidi, Massimo M. Augello |title=Economists in Parliament in the Liberal Age: (1848–1920) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgwkDwAAQBAJ&dq=FK:+Freikonservative+Partei+(Liberal+Conservative+Party);+FrVp:+Freisinnige+Volkspartei+(Liberal+People%27s+Party);+K:+Konservative+Partei+(Conservative+Party);+Linke+(Left);+Linkes+Zentrum+(Left+Centre);&pg=PT195 |quote= ... FK: Freikonservative Partei (Liberal Conservative Party); FrVp: Freisinnige Volkspartei (Liberal People's Party); K: Konservative Partei (Conservative Party); Linke (Left); Linkes Zentrum (Left Centre); ... |date=2014 |page=93 |publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781351941778 }}</ref> [[political party]] in [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and the [[German Empire]] which emerged from the [[Conservative Party (Prussia)|Prussian Conservative Party]] in the [[Preußischer Landtag|Prussian Landtag]] in 1866. In the federal elections to the [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]] parliament from 1871, it ran as the '''German Reich Party''' ({{lang-de|Deutsche Reichspartei}}, '''DRP'''). DRP was classified as [[Centrism|centrist]] or [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] by political standards at the time, and it also put forward the slogan "[[Progressive conservatism|conservative progress]]".<ref name="progress">{{cite book|editor=Ido de Haan, Matthijs Lok |title=The Politics of Moderation in Modern European History |quote= Conservative centrists even adopted positivist ideas of progress. For example, the Prussian Free Conservative Party (Freikonservative Partei) launched the slogan of 'conservative progress' in 1867 and, in the same year, ... |date=2019 |page=121 |publisher=Springer Nature}}</ref>


The Free Conservative Association achieved party status in 1867, comprising [[German nobility|German noble]]s and East Elbian [[Junker]]s (land owners) like Duke [[Victor I, Duke of Ratibor|Victor of Ratibor]], [[Adolf von Arnim-Boitzenburg]], [[Eduard Georg von Bethusy-Huc]], [[Wilhelm von Kardorff]] and [[Karl Rudolf Friedenthal]], [[Octavio von Zedlitz-Neukirch]], [[Karl von Gamp-Massaunen]], [[Christian Kraft zu Hohenlohe-Öhringen]], [[Hermann, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]], [[Hugo zu Hohenlohe-Öhringen]] [[business magnate|industrialists]] and government officials like [[Johann Viktor Bredt]], [[Hermann von Hatzfeldt]], [[Hermann von Dechend]], [[Friedrich Alfred Krupp]], [[Eduard Puricelli]], [[Carl Ferdinand von Stumm-Halberg]], Prince [[Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky|Karl Max von Lichnowsky]], diplomats [[Herbert von Bismarck]] and [[Willibald von Dirksen]], [[Wilko Levin von Wintzingerode]] or generals [[Hans Hartwig von Beseler]] and [[Eduard von Liebert]], jurists [[Heinrich von Achenbach]], [[Otto Arendt]], [[Karl Heinrich von Boetticher]], [[Robert Hue de Grais]], [[Heinrich Triepel]] and scholars like [[Hans Delbrück]], [[Adolf Grabowsky]] and [[Otto Hoetzsch]].
The Free Conservative Association achieved party status in 1867, comprising [[German nobility|German noble]]s and East Elbian [[Junker]]s (land owners) like Duke [[Victor I, Duke of Ratibor|Victor of Ratibor]], [[Wilhelm von Kardorff]], [[Karl Rudolf Friedenthal]], [[Hermann, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]], and [[Hugo zu Hohenlohe-Öhringen]] industrialists and government officials like [[Johann Viktor Bredt]], Prince [[Hermann von Hatzfeldt]], [[Hermann von Dechend]], [[Friedrich Alfred Krupp]], [[Eduard Puricelli]], Prince [[Karl Max, Prince Lichnowsky|Karl Max von Lichnowsky]], and [[Theodor Heinrich Engelbrecht]], diplomat [[Herbert von Bismarck]], generals [[Hans Hartwig von Beseler]] and [[Eduard von Liebert]], jurists [[Karl Heinrich von Boetticher]] and [[Heinrich Triepel]] and scholars like [[Hans Delbrück]], [[Adolf Grabowsky]] and [[Otto Hoetzsch]].


It was distinguished from the [[German Conservative Party]] established in 1876 by its unqualified support of [[Unification of Germany|German unification]] and was seen as the political party which beside the [[National Liberal Party (Germany)|National Liberals]] was closest in views to those of [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]] [[Otto von Bismarck]], including his [[Anti-Socialist Laws]] and ''[[Kulturkampf]]'' policies. The party was generally dominated by [[Conservatism in Germany|conservative]] [[industrialist]]s and while it opposed [[political liberalism]] it also tended to support [[free trade]] and the [[Industrialization|development of industry]]. Upon the accession of Emperor [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] in 1888, the party backed his [[German Naval Laws|naval]] policies and the formation of the [[German colonial empire]], approaching towards the [[German nationalist]] [[Pan-German League]] pressure group while [[centrist]]s like [[Adolf Grabowsky]] did not prevail.
It was distinguished from the [[German Conservative Party]] established in 1876 by its unqualified support of [[Unification of Germany|German unification]] and was seen as the political party which beside the [[National Liberal Party (Germany)|National Liberals]] was closest in views to those of [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]] [[Otto von Bismarck]], including his [[Anti-Socialist Laws]] and ''[[Kulturkampf]]'' policies. The party was generally dominated by [[Conservatism in Germany|conservative]] [[industrialist]]s and while it opposed [[political liberalism]] it also tended to support [[free trade]] and the [[Industrialization|development of industry]]. Upon the accession of Emperor [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] in 1888, the party backed his [[German Naval Laws|naval]] policies and the formation of the [[German colonial empire]], approaching towards the [[German nationalist]] [[Pan-German League]] pressure group while [[centrist]]s like [[Adolf Grabowsky]] did not prevail.


The party disbanded in November 1918 following the end of the [[House of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern monarchy]] and the [[German Revolution of 1918–19|German Revolution]]. Several members had supported the formation of the [[German Fatherland Party]] in 1917, now most of its constituency turned to the newly established [[German National People's Party]] while some also joined the [[National liberalism|national liberal]] [[German People's Party]].
The party disbanded in December 1918 following the end of the [[House of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern monarchy]] and the [[German Revolution of 1918–19|German Revolution]]. Several members had supported the formation of the [[German Fatherland Party]] in 1917, now most of its constituency turned to the newly established [[German National People's Party]] while some also joined the [[National liberalism|national liberal]] [[German People's Party]].

== Election results ==

{| class=wikitable
|+ Reichstag
! rowspan="2"| Date
! colspan="3"| Votes
! colspan="2"| Seats
! rowspan="2"| Position
! rowspan="2"| Size
|-
! No.
! %
! ± pp
! No.
! ±
|-
! [[February 1867 North German federal election|February 1867]]
| 348,537
| 9.33
| ''New''
| {{composition bar|39|297|{{party color|Free Conservative Party}}}}
| ''New''
| {{no2|Opposition}}
| align="center"| 4th
|-
! [[August 1867 North German federal election|August 1867]]
| 205,792
| 8.95
| {{decrease}} 0.38
| {{composition bar|36|297|{{party color|Free Conservative Party}}}}
| {{decrease}} 3
| {{no2|Opposition}}
| {{increase}} 4th
|-
! [[1871 German federal election|1871]]
| 343,098
| 8.83
| {{decrease}} 0.12
| {{composition bar|37|382|{{party color|Free Conservative Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
| {{Extra-parliamentary}}
| {{decrease}} 5th
|-
! [[1874 German federal election|1874]]
| 388,840
| 7.49
| {{decrease}} 1.34
| {{composition bar|32|397|{{party color|Free Conservative Party}}}}
| {{decrease}} 5
| {{Extra-parliamentary}}
| {{increase}} 4th
|-
! [[1877 German federal election|1877]]
| 424,228
| 7.85
| {{increase}} 0.36
| {{composition bar|38|397|{{party color|Free Conservative Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 6
| {{Extra-parliamentary}}
| {{decrease}} 5th
|-
! [[1878 German federal election|1878]]
| 785,631
| 13.64
| {{increase}} 5.79
| {{composition bar|57|397|{{party color|Free Conservative Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 19
| {{Extra-parliamentary}}
| {{increase}} 3th
|-
! [[1881 German federal election|1881]]
| 382,149
| 7.50
| {{decrease}} 6.14
| {{composition bar|27|397|{{party color|Free Conservative Party}}}}
| {{decrease}} 30
| {{Extra-parliamentary}}
| {{decrease}} 6th
|-
! [[1884 German federal election|1884]]
| 387,637
| 6.85
| {{decrease}} 0.65
| {{composition bar|28|397|{{party color|Free Conservative Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
| {{Extra-parliamentary}}
| {{steady}} 6th
|-
! [[1887 German federal election|1887]]
| 736,389
| 9.77
| {{increase}} 2.92
| {{composition bar|41|397|{{party color|Free Conservative Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 13
| {{Extra-parliamentary}}
| {{steady}} 6th
|-
! [[1890 German federal election|1890]]
| 461,307
| 6.38
| {{decrease}} 3.39
| {{composition bar|19|397|{{party color|Free Conservative Party}}}}
| {{decrease}} 22
| {{Extra-parliamentary}}
| {{steady}} 6th
|-
! [[1893 German federal election|1893]]
| 437,972
| 5.71
| {{decrease}} 0.67
| {{composition bar|28|397|{{party color|Free Conservative Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 9
| {{Extra-parliamentary}}
| {{steady}} 6th
|-
! [[1898 German federal election|1898]]
| 337,601
| 4.35
| {{decrease}} 1.36
| {{composition bar|22|397|{{party color|Free Conservative Party}}}}
| {{decrease}} 6
| {{Extra-parliamentary}}
| {{steady}} 6th
|-
! [[1903 German federal election|1903]]
| 336,617
| 3.54
| {{decrease}} 0.81
| {{composition bar|21|397|{{party color|Free Conservative Party}}}}
| {{decrease}} 1
| {{Extra-parliamentary}}
| {{steady}} 6th
|-
! [[1907 German federal election|1907]]
| 471,863
| 4.19
| {{increase}} 0.65
| {{composition bar|24|397|{{party color|Free Conservative Party}}}}
| {{increase}} 3
| {{Extra-parliamentary}}
| {{steady}} 6th
|-
! [[1912 German federal election|1912]]
| 396,948
| 3.25
| {{decrease}} 0.94
| {{composition bar|14|397|{{party color|Free Conservative Party}}}}
| {{decrease}} 10
| {{Extra-parliamentary}}
| {{steady}} 6th
|}


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 40: Line 192:
[[Category:Christian political parties in Germany]]
[[Category:Christian political parties in Germany]]
[[Category:Conservative parties in Germany]]
[[Category:Conservative parties in Germany]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Germany]]
[[Category:Political parties of Prussia]]
[[Category:German nationalist political parties]]
[[Category:German nationalist political parties]]
[[Category:Liberal conservative parties in Germany]]
[[Category:Liberal conservative parties in Germany]]

Revision as of 12:46, 10 August 2024

This article is about the party that existed in Imperial Germany. For the post-war party, see Deutsche Reichspartei.
Free Conservative Party
Freikonservative Partei
Historic leaderVictor I, Duke of Ratibor
Founded28 July 1866 (28 July 1866)
Dissolved13 December 1918 (13 December 1918)
Split fromPrussian Conservative Party
Succeeded byDNVP (right-wing factions)
DVP (moderate factions)
HeadquartersBerlin, Prussia
NewspaperDie Post
IdeologyLiberal conservatism
Progressive conservatism
Political Protestantism
East Elbia regionalism
German nationalism
Agrarianism
Political positionCentre to centre-right
Colors  Sky blue

The Free Conservative Party (German: Freikonservative Partei, FKP) was a liberal-conservative[1][2] political party in Prussia and the German Empire which emerged from the Prussian Conservative Party in the Prussian Landtag in 1866. In the federal elections to the Reichstag parliament from 1871, it ran as the German Reich Party (German: Deutsche Reichspartei, DRP). DRP was classified as centrist or centre-right by political standards at the time, and it also put forward the slogan "conservative progress".[3]

The Free Conservative Association achieved party status in 1867, comprising German nobles and East Elbian Junkers (land owners) like Duke Victor of Ratibor, Wilhelm von Kardorff, Karl Rudolf Friedenthal, Hermann, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, and Hugo zu Hohenlohe-Öhringen industrialists and government officials like Johann Viktor Bredt, Prince Hermann von Hatzfeldt, Hermann von Dechend, Friedrich Alfred Krupp, Eduard Puricelli, Prince Karl Max von Lichnowsky, and Theodor Heinrich Engelbrecht, diplomat Herbert von Bismarck, generals Hans Hartwig von Beseler and Eduard von Liebert, jurists Karl Heinrich von Boetticher and Heinrich Triepel and scholars like Hans Delbrück, Adolf Grabowsky and Otto Hoetzsch.

It was distinguished from the German Conservative Party established in 1876 by its unqualified support of German unification and was seen as the political party which beside the National Liberals was closest in views to those of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, including his Anti-Socialist Laws and Kulturkampf policies. The party was generally dominated by conservative industrialists and while it opposed political liberalism it also tended to support free trade and the development of industry. Upon the accession of Emperor Wilhelm II in 1888, the party backed his naval policies and the formation of the German colonial empire, approaching towards the German nationalist Pan-German League pressure group while centrists like Adolf Grabowsky did not prevail.

The party disbanded in December 1918 following the end of the Hohenzollern monarchy and the German Revolution. Several members had supported the formation of the German Fatherland Party in 1917, now most of its constituency turned to the newly established German National People's Party while some also joined the national liberal German People's Party.

Election results

Reichstag
Date Votes Seats Position Size
No. % ± pp No. ±
February 1867 348,537 9.33 New
39 / 297
 New Opposition 4th
August 1867 205,792 8.95 Decrease 0.38
36 / 297
 Decrease 3 Opposition Increase 4th
1871 343,098 8.83 Decrease 0.12
37 / 382
 Increase 1 Extra-parliamentary Decrease 5th
1874 388,840 7.49 Decrease 1.34
32 / 397
 Decrease 5 Extra-parliamentary Increase 4th
1877 424,228 7.85 Increase 0.36
38 / 397
 Increase 6 Extra-parliamentary Decrease 5th
1878 785,631 13.64 Increase 5.79
57 / 397
 Increase 19 Extra-parliamentary Increase 3th
1881 382,149 7.50 Decrease 6.14
27 / 397
 Decrease 30 Extra-parliamentary Decrease 6th
1884 387,637 6.85 Decrease 0.65
28 / 397
 Increase 1 Extra-parliamentary Steady 6th
1887 736,389 9.77 Increase 2.92
41 / 397
 Increase 13 Extra-parliamentary Steady 6th
1890 461,307 6.38 Decrease 3.39
19 / 397
 Decrease 22 Extra-parliamentary Steady 6th
1893 437,972 5.71 Decrease 0.67
28 / 397
 Increase 9 Extra-parliamentary Steady 6th
1898 337,601 4.35 Decrease 1.36
22 / 397
 Decrease 6 Extra-parliamentary Steady 6th
1903 336,617 3.54 Decrease 0.81
21 / 397
 Decrease 1 Extra-parliamentary Steady 6th
1907 471,863 4.19 Increase 0.65
24 / 397
 Increase 3 Extra-parliamentary Steady 6th
1912 396,948 3.25 Decrease 0.94
14 / 397
 Decrease 10 Extra-parliamentary Steady 6th

See also

References

  1. ^ Philip G. Dwyer, ed. (2014). Modern Prussian History: 1830-1947. Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 9781317887003. The liberal conservatism of the parliamentary group around Bethmann—Hollweg would later appear in the FreiKonservative Partei.
  2. ^ Marco E.L. Guidi, Massimo M. Augello, ed. (2014). Economists in Parliament in the Liberal Age: (1848–1920). Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 9781351941778. ... FK: Freikonservative Partei (Liberal Conservative Party); FrVp: Freisinnige Volkspartei (Liberal People's Party); K: Konservative Partei (Conservative Party); Linke (Left); Linkes Zentrum (Left Centre); ...
  3. ^ Ido de Haan, Matthijs Lok, ed. (2019). The Politics of Moderation in Modern European History. Springer Nature. p. 121. Conservative centrists even adopted positivist ideas of progress. For example, the Prussian Free Conservative Party (Freikonservative Partei) launched the slogan of 'conservative progress' in 1867 and, in the same year, ...
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