Pedro Santana Lopes: Difference between revisions

Pedro Santana Lopes
GCC
Pedro Santana Lopes GCC
	Santana Lopes in 2005
Prime Minister of Portugal
	In office; 17 July 2004 – 12 March 2005
President	Jorge Sampaio
Preceded by	José Manuel Barroso
Succeeded by	José Sócrates
Mayor of Figueira da Foz
	Incumbent
	Assumed office ; 17 October 2021
Preceded by	Carlos Monteiro
	In office; 14 December 1998 – 16 December 2001
Preceded by	Aguiar de Carvalho
Succeeded by	António Duarte Silva
Chair of Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa
	In office; 14 September 2011 – 20 October 2017
Preceded by	Rui Cunha
Succeeded by	Edmundo Martinho
Mayor of Lisbon
	In office; 14 March 2005 – 28 October 2005
Preceded by	Carmona Rodrigues
Succeeded by	Carmona Rodrigues
	In office; 23 January 2002 – 17 July 2004
Preceded by	João Soares
Succeeded by	Carmona Rodrigues
President of the Social Democratic Party
	In office; 30 June 2004 – 10 April 2005
Secretary-General	Miguel Relvas
Preceded by	José Manuel Barroso
Succeeded by	Luís Marques Mendes
Secretary of State for Culture
	In office; 9 January 1990 – 30 December 1994
Prime Minister	Aníbal Cavaco Silva
Preceded by	Teresa Gouveia
Succeeded by	Manuel Frexes
Secretary of State for the Presidency of the Council of Ministers
	In office; 6 November 1985 – 17 August 1987
Prime Minister	Aníbal Cavaco Silva
Preceded by	Alfredo Barroso
Succeeded by	Luís Marques Mendes
President of Sporting CP
	In office; 2 June 1995 – 11 April 1996
Preceded by	Sousa Cintra
Succeeded by	José Roquette
Member of the Assembly of the Republic
	In office; 29 October 2005 – 14 October 2009
Constituency	Lisbon
	In office; 17 December 2001 – 22 January 2002
Constituency	Lisbon
	In office; 5 October 1980 – 30 September 1995
Constituency	Lisbon
Member of the European Parliament
	In office; 14 September 1987 – 24 July 1989
Constituency	Portugal
Personal details
Born	29 June 1956 (age 68); Lisbon, Portugal
Political party	Independent (2021–present)
Other political; affiliations	Social Democratic (1976–2018); Alliance (2018–2021)
Spouse(s)	Maria Isabel Marques Dias (m. 1979, divorced); Maria Teresa de Arriaga (m. 1983, divorced)
Children	5
Relatives	Kaúlza de Arriaga (former father-in-law); Manuela Ferreira Leite (cousin)
Alma mater	University of Lisbon
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Pedro Miguel de Santana Lopes GCC (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpeðɾu sɐ̃ˈtɐnɐ ˈlɔpɨʃ]; born 29 June 1956) is a Portuguese lawyer and politician, who is the current Mayor of Figueira da Foz. He most notably served as prime minister of Portugal from 2004 to 2005.

Background and early life

Pedro Santana Lopes was born in Campo Grande, Lisbon, to Aníbal Luís Lopes (b. Lisbon, São Sebastião da Pedreira, 17 February 1933), a company administrator whose maternal grandfather's maternal grandfather was a relative of João Brandão,^[1] and wife (m. Lisbon, São Sebastião da Pedreira, 27 February 1954) Maria Ivone Risques Pereira de Santana (Lisbon, São Sebastião da Pedreira, 3 May 1931 – Lisbon, 23 March 1999), a half-great-great-great-niece of the 2nd Baron of Brissos.

He graduated as a Licentiate in law from the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon, where he was the leader of the Student Union, becoming a lawyer.

Political career

He joined the Social Democratic Party (PSD) in 1976. There he started his career as a deputy to the Assembly of the Republic.

In 1979, he became a legal advisor to Prime Minister Francisco Sá Carneiro, and has identified himself as a follower of his for all his political life.

In 1986, he became the assistant state secretary to Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva, an office he left the next year to lead to PSD list to the European Parliament, where he remained for two years of his five-year-term.

In 1990, Cavaco Silva appointed him to the government post of Secretary of State for Culture. He left the office in 1994, in disagreement with Cavaco, and returned to law practice. In the 1997 local elections, he ran successfully to become mayor of Figueira da Foz. He decided not to seek a second term there, and instead ran for mayor of Lisbon in the 2001 local elections, defeating the incumbent João Soares and becoming one of the biggest surprises of the electoral night.

Prime minister

When José Manuel Durão Barroso resigned in July 2004 to take up the presidency of the European Commission, Santana Lopes became the president of PSD. At the time, his party had a coalition government with the CDS - People's Party, which held a parliamentary majority, and therefore he was nominated prime minister of the XVI Constitutional Government. His term as mayor of Lisbon was automatically suspended, with his deputy Carmona Rodrigues taking over his duties.

The leadership of Santana Lopes was marked by a number of inherited economic and political problems. When his party took power, after the 2002 legislative elections, the country's economy was in a poor state, with a rising government-spending deficit, partially because of policies focused on public expenditure by the previous governments (led by António Guterres of the Socialist Party) and the early 2000s recession. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, "Portugal became the first country to breach the EU's 'excessive deficit' rule with a budget deficit of 4.4% of GDP in 2001, well above the 3% of GDP ceiling set by the EU's Stability and Growth Pact."^[2] The situation inherited by Santana Lopes was a little better, as the previous government led by Barroso had been able to comply with European Union directives regarding the deficit by selling state assets.

Santana Lopes himself failed to gain a reputation as a competent prime minister.^{[citation needed]} His unusual rise to power, as Barroso's successor rather than by election, contributed to these difficulties, despite his nomination being entirely constitutional.

The short career of Santana Lopes as prime minister began with some members of government being shuffled between departments on the same afternoon as the government was being inaugurated. His minister of Defence Paulo Portas looked surprised during the ceremony when he was announced as the Minister for National Defence and Sea Affairs. Portas' look of surprise when the name of his office was announced was broadcast live on television.

Santana Lopes' period in office was also marked by chaos in the allocation of teachers to schools^{[citation needed]} (more than a month after classes officially started, and resulting from alleged incompetence of the IT provider (designated during the previous Government); the problem was swiftly solved by another small provider), and by claims of pressure exerted on the press, including arranging for the replacement of the information director of the public television channel RTP, and pressing private television channel TVI to tone down the criticism of him by a political commentator, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa,^{[citation needed]} a former leader of his own party, who consequently left the channel.

Santana Lopes' demise as head of government was sealed on 30 November 2004 when President Jorge Sampaio, a member of the opposing party, announced that he was calling an early Parliament election for February 2005, from which a new government would be formed, after Henrique Chaves, a Santana loyalist, resigned after four days as Minister for Sport, claiming that he lacked "loyalty and truth".^[1]

Santana Lopes formally tendered his resignation on 11 December, and his government assumed just a caretaker role until the election. He went on to be defeated in the 2005 legislative elections which was won by the Socialist Party led by José Sócrates. Santana resigned as party leader two days later, although he still briefly assumed the informal position of leader of the opposition, until the election of Luís Marques Mendes as new party leader.

Subsequent career and activities

Despite his defeat in the 2005 legislative elections, Santana Lopes retained his seat at the Assembly of the Republic. He would also resume his functions as mayor of Lisbon, which had been suspended since he took office as prime minister. However, he decided not to seek another term on the 2005 local elections, being succeeded by his deputy, Carmona Rodrigues, who had also replaced him during his premiership. In October 2007, after the election of Luís Filipe Menezes as leader of the Social Democratic Party, he was invited to lead the PSD Parliamentary Group, a position he held until Menezes' resignation in June 2008.

On the 2009 local elections, Santana Lopes ran again for mayor of Lisbon, supported by his party and by the CDS - People's Party, the Earth Party and the People's Monarchist Party. This coalition was, however, unable to prevent the Socialist Party, led by António Costa, to achieve a big victory. Santana Lopes assumed the position of leader of the opposition in the municipality.^[3]

In September 2011, Santana Lopes was nominated by Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho to assume leadership of Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa, a charity that runs Portugal's national lottery. In March 2016, the new prime minister, António Costa, nominated Santana Lopes for a new term.

In October 2017, Santana Lopes announced the intention to run again for the leadership of the Social Democratic Party.^[4] He resigned leadership of Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa in order to do so, but was defeated by Rui Rio. After the party election, both Rio and Santana tried to cooperate on several levels,^[5] an effort which was not successful from Santana's point of view.^[6] He grew increasingly disgruntled with the course of action imposed by Rui Rio, and in June 2018 announced he would be ending his 42 years of party membership and would seek to create a new political party.^[7]^[8]

Alliance (2018–2021)

On 18 August 2018, it was revealed the new party headed and co-founded^[9] by Santana Lopes was to be called Alliance (Portuguese: Aliança).^[10] The party submitted the legally required paperwork to the Constitutional Court and was officially registered on 23 October.

Immediately after the official registration, the party started working on the campaign for the 2019 European Parliament election. Santana Lopes had already said, even before the party was registered, that he would not be running in the election, and that its top candidate would be announced in the near future.^[11] On 2 December 2018, the party formally announced Paulo de Almeida Sande, a professor of European affairs and advisor of the President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, as its top candidate. While being generally considered to have a profound knowledge of European issues, Paulo Sande lacked recognition next to the general public, and relied heavily on Santana's personal popularity to engage with supporters and potential voters.^[12] In March 2019, Santana Lopes said that the party's objective would be to elect at least one MEP, with three being a good result.^[13] Paulo Sande fared well in the televised debates, but the party suffered a heavy blow to its campaign on 15 May 2019, when Santana and Sande were involved in a car crash on the A1 motorway. They were heading to a campaign rally in Cascais after an event in Coimbra when, between Soure and Pombal, Santana fell asleep and lost control of the vehicle, a Lexus GS rented in name of his law firm. The car slid slowly to the left, hitting the central reservation barrier and veering abruptly to the right, crashing out of the road and tumbling several times before coming to a standstill in an overturned position. No other vehicles were involved in the accident, but other drivers witnessed it and alerted the emergency services. Paulo Sande was able to get out of the wrecked car by his own means; he tried to help Santana but was unable to release him. Santana Lopes would only be removed from the wreckage by the emergency services, and was transported by helicopter to Coimbra hospital, to where Sande was also taken on an ambulance.^[14] The accident was reported by several media outlets, which prompted Alliance to immediately suspend its campaign.^[15] Paulo Sande suffered only minor injuries and was discharged from the hospital a few hours later, while Santana spent the night in observation, being discharged on the next day after several exams revealed no significant lesions; he was, however, told by doctors to rest for some days in order to ensure a full recovery.^[16] This meant that, with little more than a week to the election day, Paulo Sande was largely left to campaign alone, although Santana appeared on a video three days before the election to urge people to vote.^[17] The party obtained 1,86% of the vote and elected no MEPs.

Next on the schedule were the 2019 legislative elections. The party made a campaign of clear opposition to the incumbent government led by António Costa. Santana Lopes said that Alliance hoped to elect two to three MPs in Lisbon district, and eventually some more in Porto and Braga districts; he also stressed that his party would never support a government of the Socialist Party even in the event of a hung parliament.^[18] Santana's predictions for the election were based at the party's results in the European elections. During a campaign event in Lisbon, he told that Alliance obtained 3% in the district at the European elections, and that the same result would allow the party to elect two MPs in the legislative vote.^[19] This line of thought proved to be flawed as the party performed considerably worse, obtaining only 0,77% of the vote on national level and electing no MPs. Even on Lisbon district, where is easier for a small party to elect a MP, the party scored 1,27% of the vote, considerably lower than the 3% anticipated by Santana. On the election night, he admitted for the first time that he could relinquish party leadership.^[20]

Without further national elections in the near future, and with all the objectives unachieved, Santana Lopes suspended his executive functions as Alliance's leader on 15 May 2020, and announced a period of reorganisation of the party.^[21] On 28 August 2020, it was announced that he would not seek re-election as party leader at the next congress,^[22] where he was succeeded by Paulo Bento.^[23] On 25 January 2021, Alliance announced that Santana Lopes had sent a request for his party membership to be terminated. He considered that Alliance could only have a future without him, citing the fact that many people still link him to the Social Democratic Party as the main reason.^[24]

Independent politician and return to Figueira da Foz

After Santana's announcement that he was leaving Alliance leadership, rumours started circulating that he could be preparing a return to the Social Democratic Party. In October 2020, at least one media outlet reported that its leader, Rui Rio, wanted Santana Lopes to be the party candidate for mayor of Sintra;^[25] in March 2021, it was reported that he had declined to be the party candidate for mayor of Torres Vedras.^[26] His return to the Social Democratic Party was ruled out when it became known, in late March 2021, that he was seeking to create a citizen's group in order to run for mayor of Figueira da Foz, a position he held between 1998 and 2001.^[27] His candidacy, leading a list called Figueira The First (Portuguese: Figueira a Primeira), was confirmed in May^[28] and generated significant interest, with opinion polls giving him real chances of winning. The candidate of the Social Democratic Party, Pedro Machado, launched on 10 August a legal action to invalidate Santana's candidacy due to alleged irregularities in its submission,^[29]^[30] which was rejected by the local court three days later.^[31]^[32]

Figueira a Primeira would effectively become the winner, obtaining 40,39% and four councillors, against 38,39% for the Socialist Party, also with four councillors. The Social Democratic Party scored 10,83%, electing only one councillor. Under Portuguese law, the top candidate of the most voted list automatically becomes the mayor, but Santana will have to negotiate with other political groups in order to implement his agenda, since he didn't won a majority. He nevertheless considered the result "an extraordinary accomplishment".^[33]^[34]

Santana Lopes took office as mayor of Figueira da Foz on 17 October 2021. On his inauguration speech, he announced to have reached a deal with the University of Coimbra to build a campus on Figueira da Foz, dedicated to marine economy and sciences.^[35] The campus opened on 20 December 2022.^[36]

On 20 April 2023, and without explicitly assuming a candidacy, Santana Lopes entertained the possibility of being a candidate for President of Portugal on the next election, saying that he saw no one better qualified than himself.^[37] However, he placed himself definitely out of the race on 19 October 2023, few days after the outbreak of the Israel–Hamas war, citing the current state of world affairs as the main reason.^[38]

On 21 January 2024, Pedro Santana Lopes attended a convention of the Democratic Alliance, a coalition led by the Social Democratic Party in order to contest the 2024 legislative election. He made a speech praising Luís Montenegro, who reportedly felt moved while listening it.^[39]^[40] Since Santana formally remains an independent, his presence in the event again fuels speculation about his possible return to his former party.

Outside politics

After resigning as Secretary of State for Culture, Santana Lopes successfully ran for president of Sporting CP.^[41] Despite being in office for less than a year, the club won the 1994–1995 Taça de Portugal in football under his leadership.

Electoral history

European Parliament election, 1987

Ballot: 19 July 1987
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	Seats
	PSD	Pedro Santana Lopes	2,111,828	37.5	10
	PS	Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo	1,267,672	22.5	6
	CDS	Lucas Pires	868,718	15.4	4
	CDU	Ângelo Veloso	648,700	11.5	3
	PRD	Medeiros Ferreira	250,158	4.4	1
	PPM	Miguel Esteves Cardoso	155,990	2.8	0
	Other parties		193,869	3.4	0
Blank/Invalid ballots			142,715	2.5	–
Turnout			5,639,650	72.42	24
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições^[42]

PSD leadership election, 1995

Ballot: 19 February 1995
Candidate		Votes	%
	Fernando Nogueira	532	51.6
	José Manuel Durão Barroso	499	48.4
	Pedro Santana Lopes	withdrew
Turnout		1,031
Source: Resultados^[43]^[44]

Figueira da Foz City Council election, 1997

Ballot: 14 December 1997
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	Seats	+/−
	PSD	Pedro Santana Lopes	22,133	59.9	6	+2
	PS	Carlos Beja	11,227	30.5	3	–2
	CDU	–	1,580	4.3	0	±0
	CDS–PP	–	523	1.4	0	±0
	PCTP/MRPP	–	204	0.6	0	±0
Blank/Invalid ballots			1,248	3.4	–	–
Turnout			36,965	65.45	9	±0
Source: Autárquicas 1997^[45]^[46]

PSD leadership election, 2000

Ballot: 27 February 2000
Candidate		Votes	%
	José Manuel Durão Barroso	469	50.3
	Pedro Santana Lopes	313	33.6
	Luís Marques Mendes	150	16.1
Turnout		932
Source: Congresso PSD^[47]

Lisbon City Council election, 2001

Ballot: 16 December 2001
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	Seats	+/−
	PSD/PPM	Pedro Santana Lopes	131,094	42.1	8	+1
	PS/CDU	João Soares	129,368	41.5	8	–2
	CDS–PP	Paulo Portas	23,637	7.6	1	±0
	BE	Miguel Portas	11,899	3.8	0	new
	Other parties		5,766	1.9	0	±0
Blank/Invalid ballots			9,718	3.1	–	–
Turnout			311,482	54.83	17	±0
Source: Autárquicas 2001^[48]

PSD leadership election, 2004

Ballot: 1 July 2004
Candidate		Votes	%
	Pedro Santana Lopes	98	97.0
Against		3	3.0
Turnout		101
Source: Resultados^[49]

Legislative election, 2005

Ballot: 20 February 2005
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	Seats	+/−
	PS	José Sócrates	2,588,312	45.0	121	+25
	PSD	Pedro Santana Lopes	1,653,425	28.8	75	–30
	CDU	Jerónimo de Sousa	433,369	7.5	14	+2
	CDS–PP	Paulo Portas	416,415	7.3	12	–2
	BE	Francisco Louçã	364,971	6.4	8	+5
	Other parties		122,127	2.1	0	±0
Blank/Invalid ballots			169,052	2.9	–	–
Turnout			5,747,834	64.26	230	±0
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições^[50]

PSD leadership election, 2008

Ballot: 31 May 2008
Candidate		Votes	%
	Manuela Ferreira Leite	17,278	37.9
	Pedro Passos Coelho	14,160	31.1
	Pedro Santana Lopes	13,495	29.6
	Patinha Antão	308	0.7
Blank/Invalid ballots		351	0.8
Turnout		45,592	59.13
Source: Resultados^[51]

Lisbon City Council election, 2009

Ballot: 11 October 2009
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	Seats	+/−
	PS	António Costa	123,372	44.0	9	+3
	PSD/CDS–PP/MPT/PPM	Pedro Santana Lopes	108,457	38.7	7	+4
	CDU	Ruben de Carvalho	22,623	8.1	1	–1
	BE	Luís Fazenda	12,795	4.6	0	–1
	Other parties		5,911	2.1	0	±0
Blank/Invalid ballots			7,152	2.5	–	–
Turnout			280,310	53.43	17	±0
Source: Autárquicas 2009^[52]

PSD leadership election, 2018

Ballot: 13 January 2018
Candidate		Votes	%
	Rui Rio	22,728	54.2
	Pedro Santana Lopes	19,244	45.8
Blank/Invalid ballots		683	–
Turnout		42,655	60.34
Source: Resultados^[53]

Legislative election, 2019

Ballot: 6 October 2019
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	Seats	+/−
	PS	António Costa	1,903,687	36.3	108	+22
	PSD	Rui Rio	1,454,283	27.8	79	–10
	BE	Catarina Martins	498,549	9.5	19	±0
	CDU	Jerónimo de Sousa	332,018	6.3	12	–5
	CDS–PP	Assunção Cristas	221,094	4.2	5	–13
	PAN	André Silva	173,931	3.3	4	+3
	Chega	André Ventura	67,502	1.3	1	new
	IL	Carlos Guimarães Pinto	67,443	1.3	1	new
	Livre	Collective leadership	56,940	1.1	1	+1
	Alliance	Pedro Santana Lopes	40,175	0.8	0	new
	Other parties		166,987	3.2	0	±0
Blank/Invalid ballots			254,875	4.9	–	–
Turnout			5,237,484	48.60	230	±0
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições^[54]

Figueira da Foz City Council election, 2021

Ballot: 26 September 2021
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	Seats	+/−
	Ind.	Pedro Santana Lopes	12,528	40.4	4	new
	PS	Carlos Monteiro	11,909	38.4	4	–2
	PSD	Pedro Machado	3,358	10.8	1	–2
	CDU	Bernardo dos Reis	831	2.7	0	±0
	BE	Rui Miguel da Silva	637	2.1	0	±0
	CDS–PP	Miguel Chaves	361	1.2	0	±0
Blank/Invalid ballots			1,395	4.5	–	–
Turnout			31,019	56.48	9	±0
Source: Autárquicas 2021^[55]

Honours

National

Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (19 January 2010)^[56]

Foreign

Austria: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (11 November 2004)^[56]
Brazil: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Southern Cross (28 August 1991 and 31 December 2003)^[56]
Hungary: Grand Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit (27 October 2002)^[56]
Morocco: Grand Cordon of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (20 February 1995)^[56]

Bibliography

Co-author with José Manuel Durão Barroso: Sistema de Governo e Sistema Partidário, Livraria Bertrand, 1980
Portugal e a Europa: Que Futuro?, 1989
Os Sistemas de Governos Mistos e o actual Sistema Português, Difel Editorial, 2001
'Figueira, a Minha História, 2005
Palavras Escritas, Elo, 2005
Percepções e Realidade, Alêtheia Editores, 2006
A Cidade é de todos, Livros d'Hoje, 2009
Pecado Original, D. Quixote, 2013

Footnotes

^ Raízes e Memórias, Associação Portuguesa de Genealogia, Lisboa
^ Economist Intelligence Unit, 11 January 2005
^ "Santana Lopes fica na Câmara de Lisboa como vereador". dn.pt/ (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
^ Paul Ames (12 January 2018), Thomson and Thompson battle for control of Portuguese right Politico Europe.
^ "Rui Rio e Santana Lopes chegam a acordo para listas de unidade". cmjornal.pt (in Portuguese). Correio da Manhã. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
^ "Santana Lopes em rota de colisão com Rui Rio". publico.pt (in Portuguese). Público. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
^ "Santana Lopes corta relação com o PSD e pode fundar novo partido". publico.pt (in Portuguese). Público. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
^ "Santana Lopes abandona PSD e prepara-se para formar um novo partido". cmjornal.pt (in Portuguese). Correio da Manhã. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
^ "Santana Lopes deixa Aliança, partido que fundou em 2018". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 17 April 2024.
^ ""Aliança". O novo partido de Santana Lopes já tem nome e começa a ganhar forma". observador.pt (in Portuguese). Observador. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
^ "Santana Lopes confirma: não será candidato às europeias". expresso.pt (in Portuguese). Expresso. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Sande é assessor de Marcelo e será cabeça de lista de Santana Lopes às europeias". jornaldenegocios.pt (in Portuguese). Jornal de Negócios. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Europeias: Santana Lopes diz que "boa vitória" será eleger três deputados". jornaldenegocios.pt (in Portuguese). Jornal de Negócios. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Europeias: Santana Lopes ficou encarcerado no carro após aparatoso acidente". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Aliança suspende campanha. Santana Lopes e Paulo Sande sofrem acidente de carro". eco.sapo.pt (in Portuguese). Eco. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Santana Lopes já teve alta". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Na primeira aparição depois do acidente, numa mensagem em vídeo, Santana Lopes apelou ao voto". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Observador. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Santana Lopes: "Espero eleger em Lisboa dois ou três deputados"". jornaleconomico.sapo.pt (in Portuguese). O Jornal Económico. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Santana Lopes otimista na eleição de dois deputados". tsf.pt (in Portuguese). TSF. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Santana admite deixar liderança da Aliança". sicnoticias.pt (in Portuguese). SIC Notícias. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Santana pediu dispensa de funções executivas no Aliança". sol.sapo.pt (in Portuguese). Nascer do Sol. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Santana Lopes abandona liderança da Aliança". jn.pt (in Portuguese). Jornal de Notícias. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Paulo Bento substitui Santana Lopes à frente da Aliança". publico.pt (in Portuguese). Público. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Santana Lopes deixa Aliança, partido que fundou em 2018". publico.pt (in Portuguese). Público. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Rio quer Santana candidato a Sintra". sol.sapo.pt (in Portuguese). Nascer do Sol. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Nove combates autárquicos. Santana recusou liderar lista do PSD em Torres Vedras". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Autárquicas: Pedro Santana Lopes avança para a Figueira da Foz". jornalterrasdesico.pt (in Portuguese). Terras de Sicó. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Santana Lopes é candidato à Câmara Municipal da Figueira da Foz". fozaominuto.com (in Portuguese). Foz ao Minuto. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "PSD impugna em tribunal candidatura de Santana Lopes à Figueira da Foz". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "PSD pede impugnação da candidatura de Pedro Santana Lopes à Câmara da Figueira da Foz". rtp.pt (in Portuguese). RTP. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Tribunal rejeita argumentos do PSD para impugnar candidatura de Santana Lopes". tsf.pt (in Portuguese). TSF. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Tribunal recusa impugnar candidatura de Santana Lopes na Figueira da Foz". jn.pt (in Portuguese). Jornal de Notícias. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Pedro Santana Lopes reage a "vitória extraordinária" na Figueira da Foz". rtp.pt (in Portuguese). RTP. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ ""Proeza sem igual". Santana Lopes canta vitória na Figueira da Foz". jn.pt (in Portuguese). Jornal de Notícias. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^ "Santana Lopes anuncia polo da Universidade de Coimbra para breve". asbeiras.pt (in Portuguese). Diário As Beiras. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
^ "Campus universitário da Figueira da Foz abre com curso sobre turismo costeiro". asbeiras.pt (in Portuguese). Diário As Beiras. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
^ "Santana candidato à Presidência? "Não vejo ninguém com melhor currículo do que eu"". publico.pt (in Portuguese). Público. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
^ "Santana afasta-se da corrida a Belém: "Nunca disse que era candidato"". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
^ "Santana Lopes junta-se de surpresa à convenção da AD". jn.pt (in Portuguese). Jornal de Notícias. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
^ "Luís Montenegro emociona-se com discurso de Santana Lopes durante convenção da AD". sicnoticias.pt (in Portuguese). SIC Notícias. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
^ "Sporting Clube de Portugal". Archived from the original on 17 July 2009.
^ "Mapa Oficial" (PDF). Diário da República. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
^ "XVII Congresso do PSD", RTP, 19 February 1995. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
^ "Os congressos quentes do PSD no poder ", Público, 23 March 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
^ "Diário da República Mapa Oficial" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. 2 March 1998. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
^ "Autárquicas 1997: Campanha na Figueira da Foz". RTP. 3 December 1997. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
^ "Um Partido Tripartido". Público. 28 February 2000. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
^ "Diário da República Mapa Oficial" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. 27 March 2002. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
^ "Santana Lopes eleito Presidente do PSD promete continuar projecto de governo". Jornal de Negócios. 2 July 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
^ "Resultados AR 2005 Rectificação" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
^ Congressos e Eleições Diretas PPD/PSD, Social Democratic Party, retrieved 10 October 2022
^ "Autárquicas 2009". SGMAI. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
^ "PSD Congressos e eleições directas". PSD. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
^ "Mapa Oficial Resultados Legislativas 2019" (PDF). CNE. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
^ "Histórico de resultados Eleitorais". Marktest. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Cidadãos Nacionais Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas". Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved 28 January 2017.

Political offices
Preceded by José Manuel Barroso	Prime Minister of Portugal 2004–2005	Succeeded by José Sócrates

[1] Raízes e Memórias, Associação Portuguesa de Genealogia, Lisboa

[2] Economist Intelligence Unit, 11 January 2005

[3] "Santana Lopes fica na Câmara de Lisboa como vereador". dn.pt/ (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. Retrieved 19 August 2018.

[4] Paul Ames (12 January 2018), Thomson and Thompson battle for control of Portuguese right Politico Europe.

[5] "Rui Rio e Santana Lopes chegam a acordo para listas de unidade". cmjornal.pt (in Portuguese). Correio da Manhã. Retrieved 19 August 2018.

[6] "Santana Lopes em rota de colisão com Rui Rio". publico.pt (in Portuguese). Público. Retrieved 19 August 2018.

[7] "Santana Lopes corta relação com o PSD e pode fundar novo partido". publico.pt (in Portuguese). Público. Retrieved 19 August 2018.

[8] "Santana Lopes abandona PSD e prepara-se para formar um novo partido". cmjornal.pt (in Portuguese). Correio da Manhã. Retrieved 19 August 2018.

[9] "Santana Lopes deixa Aliança, partido que fundou em 2018". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 17 April 2024.

[10] ""Aliança". O novo partido de Santana Lopes já tem nome e começa a ganhar forma". observador.pt (in Portuguese). Observador. Retrieved 19 August 2018.

[11] "Santana Lopes confirma: não será candidato às europeias". expresso.pt (in Portuguese). Expresso. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[12] "Sande é assessor de Marcelo e será cabeça de lista de Santana Lopes às europeias". jornaldenegocios.pt (in Portuguese). Jornal de Negócios. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[13] "Europeias: Santana Lopes diz que "boa vitória" será eleger três deputados". jornaldenegocios.pt (in Portuguese). Jornal de Negócios. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[14] "Europeias: Santana Lopes ficou encarcerado no carro após aparatoso acidente". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[15] "Aliança suspende campanha. Santana Lopes e Paulo Sande sofrem acidente de carro". eco.sapo.pt (in Portuguese). Eco. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[16] "Santana Lopes já teve alta". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[17] "Na primeira aparição depois do acidente, numa mensagem em vídeo, Santana Lopes apelou ao voto". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Observador. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[18] "Santana Lopes: "Espero eleger em Lisboa dois ou três deputados"". jornaleconomico.sapo.pt (in Portuguese). O Jornal Económico. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[19] "Santana Lopes otimista na eleição de dois deputados". tsf.pt (in Portuguese). TSF. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[20] "Santana admite deixar liderança da Aliança". sicnoticias.pt (in Portuguese). SIC Notícias. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[21] "Santana pediu dispensa de funções executivas no Aliança". sol.sapo.pt (in Portuguese). Nascer do Sol. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[22] "Santana Lopes abandona liderança da Aliança". jn.pt (in Portuguese). Jornal de Notícias. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[23] "Paulo Bento substitui Santana Lopes à frente da Aliança". publico.pt (in Portuguese). Público. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[24] "Santana Lopes deixa Aliança, partido que fundou em 2018". publico.pt (in Portuguese). Público. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[25] "Rio quer Santana candidato a Sintra". sol.sapo.pt (in Portuguese). Nascer do Sol. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[26] "Nove combates autárquicos. Santana recusou liderar lista do PSD em Torres Vedras". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[27] "Autárquicas: Pedro Santana Lopes avança para a Figueira da Foz". jornalterrasdesico.pt (in Portuguese). Terras de Sicó. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[28] "Santana Lopes é candidato à Câmara Municipal da Figueira da Foz". fozaominuto.com (in Portuguese). Foz ao Minuto. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[29] "PSD impugna em tribunal candidatura de Santana Lopes à Figueira da Foz". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[30] "PSD pede impugnação da candidatura de Pedro Santana Lopes à Câmara da Figueira da Foz". rtp.pt (in Portuguese). RTP. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[31] "Tribunal rejeita argumentos do PSD para impugnar candidatura de Santana Lopes". tsf.pt (in Portuguese). TSF. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[32] "Tribunal recusa impugnar candidatura de Santana Lopes na Figueira da Foz". jn.pt (in Portuguese). Jornal de Notícias. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[33] "Pedro Santana Lopes reage a "vitória extraordinária" na Figueira da Foz". rtp.pt (in Portuguese). RTP. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[34] ""Proeza sem igual". Santana Lopes canta vitória na Figueira da Foz". jn.pt (in Portuguese). Jornal de Notícias. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

[35] "Santana Lopes anuncia polo da Universidade de Coimbra para breve". asbeiras.pt (in Portuguese). Diário As Beiras. Retrieved 24 October 2023.

[36] "Campus universitário da Figueira da Foz abre com curso sobre turismo costeiro". asbeiras.pt (in Portuguese). Diário As Beiras. Retrieved 24 October 2023.

[37] "Santana candidato à Presidência? "Não vejo ninguém com melhor currículo do que eu"". publico.pt (in Portuguese). Público. Retrieved 24 October 2023.

[38] "Santana afasta-se da corrida a Belém: "Nunca disse que era candidato"". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. Retrieved 24 October 2023.

[39] "Santana Lopes junta-se de surpresa à convenção da AD". jn.pt (in Portuguese). Jornal de Notícias. Retrieved 23 January 2023.

[40] "Luís Montenegro emociona-se com discurso de Santana Lopes durante convenção da AD". sicnoticias.pt (in Portuguese). SIC Notícias. Retrieved 23 January 2023.

[41] "Sporting Clube de Portugal". Archived from the original on 17 July 2009.

[42] "Mapa Oficial" (PDF). Diário da República. Retrieved 5 August 2024.

[43] "XVII Congresso do PSD", RTP, 19 February 1995. Retrieved 6 June 2022.

[44] "Os congressos quentes do PSD no poder ", Público, 23 March 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2022.

[45] "Diário da República Mapa Oficial" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. 2 March 1998. Retrieved 4 August 2024.

[46] "Autárquicas 1997: Campanha na Figueira da Foz". RTP. 3 December 1997. Retrieved 4 August 2024.

[47] "Um Partido Tripartido". Público. 28 February 2000. Retrieved 5 August 2024.

[48] "Diário da República Mapa Oficial" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. 27 March 2002. Retrieved 4 August 2024.

[49] "Santana Lopes eleito Presidente do PSD promete continuar projecto de governo". Jornal de Negócios. 2 July 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2024.

[50] "Resultados AR 2005 Rectificação" (PDF). Comissão Nacional de Eleições. Retrieved 5 August 2024.

[51] Congressos e Eleições Diretas PPD/PSD, Social Democratic Party, retrieved 10 October 2022

[52] "Autárquicas 2009". SGMAI. Retrieved 5 August 2024.

[53] "PSD Congressos e eleições directas". PSD. Retrieved 5 August 2024.

[54] "Mapa Oficial Resultados Legislativas 2019" (PDF). CNE. Retrieved 5 August 2024.

[55] "Histórico de resultados Eleitorais". Marktest. Retrieved 5 August 2024.

[OrdHonPor-56] "Cidadãos Nacionais Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas". Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved 28 January 2017.

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v t e Prime ministers of Portugal
First Republic (1910–1926)	Braga Pinheiro Chagas (1st) Vasconcelos Leite Costa (1st) Machado (1st) Azevedo Coutinho Pimenta de Castro Constitutional Junta Pinheiro Chagas (2nd) J. Castro Costa (2nd) Almeida Costa (3rd) Pais Canto e Castro Tamagnini Barbosa Relvas Leite Pereira (1st) Sá Cardoso (1st) Fernandes Costa Sá Cardoso (2nd) Leite Pereira (2nd) Baptista Ramos Preto Silva (1st) Granjo (1st) A. Castro (1st) Pinto Machado (2nd) Barros Queirós Granjo (2nd) Coelho Maia Pinto Cunha Leal Silva (2nd) Ginestal Machado A. Castro (2nd) Rodrigues Gaspar Domingues dos Santos Guimarães Silva (3rd) Leite Pereira (3rd) Silva (4th)
Second Republic (1933–1974)	Mendes Cabeçadas Gomes da Costa Carmona Freitas Ivens Ferraz Oliveira Oliveira Salazar Caetano
Third Republic (1974–present)	National Salvation Junta Palma Carlos Gonçalves Pinheiro de Azevedo Almeida e Costa Soares (1st) Nobre da Costa Mota Pinto Pintasilgo Sá Carneiro Freitas do Amaral Pinto Balsemão Soares (2nd) Cavaco Silva Guterres Durão Barroso Santana Lopes Sócrates Passos Coelho Costa Montenegro

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