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Micromeritics is the science and technology of small particles pioneered by Joseph M. DallaValle.^[1] It is thus the study of the fundamental and derived properties of individual as well as a collection of particles. The knowledge and control of the size of particles has importance in pharmacy and materials science. The size, and hence the surface area of a particle, can be related to the physical, chemical and pharmacological properties of drugs. Clinically, the particle size of a drug can affect its release from dosage forms that are administered orally, parenterally, rectally and topically. The successful formulation of suspensions, emulsions and tablets; both physical stability and pharmacological response also depends on the particle size achieved in the product.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Origin

The term was coined by Joseph Marius DallaValle in his book Micromeritics: The Technology of Fine Particles (1948).^[1] It was derived from the Greek words Greek: μικρο, romanized: micro meaning "small" and Greek: μέρος, romanized: méros meaning "part".^[6] The size range which he covered in the book was from 10⁻¹ to 10⁵ micrometers. Anything smaller than this but bigger than a molecule was referred to at the time as a colloid but is now often referred to as a nanoparticle. Applications included soil physics, mineral physics, chemical engineering, geology, and hydrology. Characteristics discussed included particle size and shape, packing, electrical, optical, chemical and surface science.

Applications

Release and dissolution

Particle size and surface area influence the release of a drug from a dosage form that is administered orally, rectally, parenterally, and topically. Higher surface area brings about intimate contact of the drug with the dissolution fluids in vivo and increases the drug solubility and dissolution.

Absorption and drug action

Particle size and surface area influence the drug absorption and subsequently the therapeutic action. The higher the dissolution, the faster the absorption and hence the quicker and greater the drug action.

Physical stability

Micromeritic properties of a particle, i.e. the particle size in a formulation, influence the physical stability of the suspensions and emulsions. The smaller the size of the particle, the better the physical stability of the dosage form owing to the Brownian motion of the particles in the dispersion.

Dose uniformity

Good flow properties of granules and powders are important in the manufacturing of tablets and capsules. The distribution of particles should be uniform in terms of number and weight. Very small particle size causes attraction, which in turn destabilises the suspension by coagulating.

References

^ ^a ^b Valle, Joseph Marius Dalla; DallaValle, Joseph Marius (1948). Micromeritics: The Technology of Fine Particles. Pitman Publishing Corporation. ISBN 9780598902719. OCLC 1016195333.
^ Brittain, H. G. (1995). Physical characterization of pharmaceutical solids. Vol. 08. New York: M. Dekker. pp. 963–73. doi:10.1023/a:1015888520352. ISBN 0-8247-9372-2. PMID 1924166. S2CID 38179603. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^ Carstensen, Jens Thurø (1993). Pharmaceutical principles of solid dosage forms. Lancaster, Pa: Technomic Pub. p. 211. ISBN 0-87762-955-2.
^ Martin, Alfred N.; Patrick J Sinko (2006). Martin's physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences: physical chemical and biopharmaceutical principles in the pharmaceutical sciences. Phila: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 533–560. ISBN 0-7817-5027-X.
^ Orr, Clyde; Webb, Paul W. (1997). Analytical methods in fine particle technology. Norcross, Ga: Micromeritics Instrument Corp. ISBN 0-9656783-0-X.
^ "Definition of MICROMERITICS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2023-01-15.

[DallaValle1948-1] Valle, Joseph Marius Dalla; DallaValle, Joseph Marius (1948). Micromeritics: The Technology of Fine Particles. Pitman Publishing Corporation. ISBN 9780598902719. OCLC 1016195333.

[Brittain1995-2] Brittain, H. G. (1995). Physical characterization of pharmaceutical solids. Vol. 08. New York: M. Dekker. pp. 963–73. doi:10.1023/a:1015888520352. ISBN 0-8247-9372-2. PMID 1924166. S2CID 38179603. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

[isbn0-87762-955-2-3] Carstensen, Jens Thurø (1993). Pharmaceutical principles of solid dosage forms. Lancaster, Pa: Technomic Pub. p. 211. ISBN 0-87762-955-2.

[isbn0-7817-5027-X-4] Martin, Alfred N.; Patrick J Sinko (2006). Martin's physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences: physical chemical and biopharmaceutical principles in the pharmaceutical sciences. Phila: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 533–560. ISBN 0-7817-5027-X.

[isbn096567830x-5] Orr, Clyde; Webb, Paul W. (1997). Analytical methods in fine particle technology. Norcross, Ga: Micromeritics Instrument Corp. ISBN 0-9656783-0-X.

[6] "Definition of MICROMERITICS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2023-01-15.

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+{{Short description|Science and technology of small particles}}{{Merge to|Nanoparticle|date=August 2024|discuss=Talk:Nanoparticle#Redirect of Micromeritics}}
-{{Cleanup|date=September 2007}}
-'''Micromeritics''' is the science and technology of small particles. The knowledge and control of the size of particles is of importance in [[pharmacy]] and [[materials science]]. The size, and hence the [[surface area]] of a [[wiktionary:Particle|particle]], can be related to the physical, chemical and [[pharmacologic]] properties of drugs. Clinically, the [[wiktionary:Particle|particle]] size of a [[drug]] can affect its release from [[dosage forms]] that are administered orally, [[parenterally]], rectally and [[topically]]. The successful [[formulation]] of [[suspensions]], [[emulsions]] and [[Tablet (pharmacy)|tablets]]; both physical [[Chemical stability|stability]] and [[pharmacologic]] response also depends on the particle size achieved in the product.<ref name=Brittain1995>{{cite book |author=Brittain, H. G. |title=Physical characterization of pharmaceutical solids |publisher=M. Dekker |location=New York |year=1995 |page=254 |isbn=0-8247-9372-2}}</ref><ref name="isbn0-87762-955-2">{{cite book |author=Carstensen, Jens Thurø |title=Pharmaceutical principles of solid dosage forms |publisher=Technomic Pub |location=Lancaster, Pa |year=1993 |page=211 |isbn=0-87762-955-2}}</ref><ref name="isbn0-7817-5027-X">{{cite book |author=Martin, Alfred N.; Patrick J Sinko |title=Martin's physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences: physical chemical and biopharmaceutical principles in the pharmaceutical sciences |publisher=Lippincott Williams and Wilkins |location=Phila |year=2006 |pages=533–560 |isbn=0-7817-5027-X}}</ref><ref name="isbn096567830x">{{cite book |author=Orr, Clyde| coauthors = Webb, Paul W. |title=Analytical methods in fine particle technology |publisher=Micromeritics Instrument Corp |location=Norcross, Ga |year=1997 |isbn=0-9656783-0-X |url=http://micromeritics.com/Library.aspx}}</ref>
+'''Micromeritics''' is the science and technology of small particles pioneered by Joseph M. DallaValle.<ref name="DallaValle1948" /> It is thus the study of the fundamental and derived properties of individual as well as a collection of particles. The knowledge and control of the size of particles has importance in [[pharmacy]] and [[materials science]]. The size, and hence the [[surface area]] of a [[particle]], can be related to the physical, chemical and [[pharmacological]] properties of drugs. Clinically, the [[wikt:particle#English|particle]] size of a [[drug]] can affect its release from [[dosage forms]] that are administered orally, [[parenterally]], rectally and [[topically]]. The successful [[formulation]] of [[suspensions]], [[emulsions]] and [[Tablet (pharmacy)|tablets]]; both physical [[Chemical stability|stability]] and pharmacological response also depends on the particle size achieved in the product.<ref name=Brittain1995>{{cite book |author=Brittain, H. G. |title=Physical characterization of pharmaceutical solids |journal=Pharmaceutical Research |publisher=M. Dekker |location=New York |year=1995 |volume=08 |issue=8 |pages=963–73 |doi=10.1023/a:1015888520352 |pmid=1924166 |isbn=0-8247-9372-2|s2cid=38179603 }}</ref><ref name="isbn0-87762-955-2">{{cite book |author=Carstensen, Jens Thurø |title=Pharmaceutical principles of solid dosage forms |url=https://archive.org/details/pharmaceuticalpr0000cars |url-access=registration |publisher=Technomic Pub |location=Lancaster, Pa |year=1993 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pharmaceuticalpr0000cars/page/211 211] |isbn=0-87762-955-2}}</ref><ref name="isbn0-7817-5027-X">{{cite book |author1=Martin, Alfred N. |author2=Patrick J Sinko |title=Martin's physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences: physical chemical and biopharmaceutical principles in the pharmaceutical sciences |publisher=Lippincott Williams and Wilkins |location=Phila |year=2006 |pages=533–560 |isbn=0-7817-5027-X}}</ref><ref name="isbn096567830x">{{cite book |author=Orr, Clyde|author2=Webb, Paul W. |title=Analytical methods in fine particle technology |publisher=Micromeritics Instrument Corp |location=Norcross, Ga |year=1997 |isbn=0-9656783-0-X |url=http://micromeritics.com/Library.aspx}}</ref>
 ==Origin==
-The term was created by [[J. M. DallaValle]] in his book ''Micromeritics: the technology of fine particles''. It was derived from the Greek word for small and part. The size range which he covered in the book was from 10<sup>−1</sup> to 10<sup>5</sup> [[micrometers]]. Anything smaller than this but bigger than a [[molecule]] were referred to at the time as [[colloids]] but are now often referred to as [[nanoparticles]]. Applications included [[soil physics]], [[mineral|mineral physics]], [[chemical engineering]], [[geology]], and [[hydrology]]. Characteristics discussed included [[particle size]] and shape, [[sphere packing|packing]], [[electrical]], [[Rayleigh scattering|optical]], [[Surface to volume ratio#Physical chemistry|chemical]] and [[surface science
+The term was coined by Joseph Marius DallaValle in his book ''Micromeritics: The Technology of Fine Particles'' (1948).<ref name="DallaValle1948">{{Cite book |last1=Valle |first1=Joseph Marius Dalla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQAhAAAAMAAJ |title=Micromeritics: The Technology of Fine Particles |last2=DallaValle |first2=Joseph Marius |date=1948 |oclc=1016195333 |publisher=Pitman Publishing Corporation |isbn=9780598902719}}</ref> It was derived from the Greek words {{lang-el|μικρο|micro}} meaning "small" and {{lang-el|μέρος|méros}} meaning "part".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of MICROMERITICS |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/micromeritics#:~:text=etymology,ics |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> The size range which he covered in the book was from 10<sup>−1</sup> to 10<sup>5</sup> [[micrometers]]. Anything smaller than this but bigger than a [[molecule]] was referred to at the time as a [[colloid]] but is now often referred to as a [[nanoparticle]]. Applications included [[soil physics]], [[mineral|mineral physics]], [[chemical engineering]], [[geology]], and [[hydrology]]. Characteristics discussed included [[particle size]] and shape, [[sphere packing|packing]], [[electrical]], [[Rayleigh scattering|optical]], [[Surface to volume ratio#Physical chemistry|chemical]] and [[surface science]].
 ==Applications==
 ===Release and dissolution===
-Particle size and surface area influence the release of a drug from a dosage form that is administered [[mouth|orally]], rectally [[parenterally]] and [[topically]]. Higher surface area brings about intimate contact of the drug with the [[dissolution (chemistry)|dissolution]] [[fluids]] [[in vivo]] and increases the [[drug]] [[solubility]] and dissolution.
+Particle size and surface area influence the release of a drug from a dosage form that is administered [[mouth|orally]], rectally, [[parenterally]], and [[topically]]. Higher surface area brings about intimate contact of the drug with the [[dissolution (chemistry)|dissolution]] [[fluids]] [[in vivo]] and increases the [[drug]] [[solubility]] and dissolution.
 ===Absorption and drug action===
-[[Particle size]] and [[surface area]] influence the [[drug]] [[absorption (pharmacokinetics)|absorption]] and subsequently the [[therapeutic]] action. Higher the dissolution, faster the absorption and hence quicker and greater the [[drug]] action.
+[[Particle size]] and [[surface area]] influence the [[drug]] [[absorption (pharmacokinetics)|absorption]] and subsequently the [[therapeutic]] action. The higher the dissolution, the faster the absorption and hence the quicker and greater the [[drug]] action.
 ===Physical stability===
-Micromeritic properties of a [[wiktionary:Particle|particle]], i.e. the [[particle size]] in a [[formulation]], influence the physical stability of the [[suspensions]] and [[emulsions]]. Smaller the size of the [[wiktionary:Particle|particle]], better the physical stability of the [[dosage form]] owing to the [[Brownian motion]] of the particles in the [[dispersion (chemistry)|dispersion]].
+Micromeritic properties of a [[wiktionary:Particle|particle]], i.e. the [[particle size]] in a [[formulation]], influence the physical stability of the [[suspensions]] and [[emulsions]]. The smaller the size of the [[wiktionary:Particle|particle]], the better the physical stability of the [[dosage form]] owing to the [[Brownian motion]] of the particles in the [[dispersion (chemistry)|dispersion]].
 ===Dose uniformity===
-Good flow properties of [[:wikt:granule|granules]] and [[Powder (substance)|powders]] are important in the [[manufacturing]] of [[Tablet (pharmacy)|tablets]] and [[Capsule (pharmacy)|capsules]]. The distribution of particles should be uniform in terms of number and [[weight]].
+Good flow properties of [[:wikt:granule|granules]] and [[Powder (substance)|powders]] are important in the [[manufacturing]] of [[Tablet (pharmacy)|tablets]] and [[Capsule (pharmacy)|capsules]]. The distribution of particles should be uniform in terms of number and [[weight]]. Very small particle size causes attraction, which in turn destabilises the suspension by coagulating.
-Very Small sized particle cause attrection which in turn destabilise the suspension by coagulating.
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
+{{Branches of chemistry}}
 [[Category:Materials science]]
 [[Category:Physical chemistry]]
-[[it:Micromeritica]]
-[[pt:Micromerítica]]
-[[th:อนุภาคศาสตร์]]

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