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{{Short description|The failure of a horse to jump an obstacle}}
{{Unreferenced|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}

[[Image:Complet-cysoing-cso-004.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A horse running out to the left to avoid jumping the obstacle.]]
[[Image:Complet-cysoing-cso-004.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A horse running out to the left to avoid jumping the obstacle.]]
In [[equestrianism|horse riding]], a '''refusal''' is the failure of a horse to jump a fence to which he/she is presented. This includes any stop in forward motion. A '''runout''' occurs when the horse quickly slides past or "ducks out" of a fence instead of jumping it, without stopping forward motion.
'''Refusal''' or '''runout''' in [[equestrianism|horse riding]] is the failure of a [[Race horse|horse]] to jump a [[Horse jumping|fence]] to which it is presented. This includes any stop in forward motion. A runout occurs when the horse quickly moves sideways to go around the fence instead of jumping it, without stopping forward motion.<ref name="Phoenix">{{Cite web|title=Avoiding Refusals & Runouts with Jessica Phoenix|url=https://horsesport.com/magazine/training/avoiding-refusals-runouts-with-jessica-phoenix/|access-date=13 February 2022|website=Horse Sport|date=26 June 2013 |language=en-CA}}</ref>


==Problems==
==Problems==
Refusals and runouts are counted against riders in jumping competitions. In [[show jumping]] and the stadium phase of eventing, a refusal is worth four penalty points. In the cross-country phase of [[eventing]], a refusal counts as 20 penalty points.
Refusals and runouts are counted against riders in jumping competitions. In [[show jumping]] and the stadium phase of eventing, a refusal is worth four penalty points. In the cross-country phase of [[eventing]], a refusal counts as 20 penalty points.<ref name="Phoenix"/>


Refusals also have the potential to unseat the rider, which may result in rider injury, such as that of [[Christopher Reeve#Injury|Christopher Reeve]]. Refusals also present the possibility that the horse may crash into the obstacle. In extreme cases, however, it may be best for a horse to refuse rather than jump a fence which he cannot clear, as he might land on the fence, fall on landing, or flip over.
Refusals also have the potential to unseat the rider, which may result in rider injury. Refusals also present the possibility that the horse may crash into the obstacle. In extreme cases, however, it may be best for a horse to refuse rather than jump a fence which he cannot clear, as he might land on the fence, fall on landing, or flip over.<ref name="Hale2004"/>


==Reasons==
==Reasons==
Line 13: Line 13:


'''Rider-based reasons'''
'''Rider-based reasons'''
* Poor take-off distance, usually due to rider error, which would make it unsafe to jump
* Poor take-off distance, usually due to rider error, which would make it unsafe to jump.<ref name="Hale2004">{{Cite magazine |last=Hale |first=Cindy |date=13 September 2004 |title=Stop Jumping Refusals |url=https://www.horseillustrated.com/english-horse-training-stop-jumping-refusals-16333 |magazine=Horse Illustrated |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Horse does not have enough power ([[impulsion]]) to safely clear the obstacle, again usually due to rider error
* The horse does not have enough power ([[impulsion]]) to safely clear the obstacle, again usually due to rider error.<ref name="Hale2004"/>
* Horse has repeatedly been hit in the mouth or back due to a poor [[jumping position]] of the rider, and now associates jumping with pain
* The horse has repeatedly been hit in the mouth or back due to a poor [[jumping position]] of the rider, and now associates jumping with pain.<ref name="Hale2014"/>
* Rider is unsure of jumping the fence, and his or her feelings are transmitted to the horse
* The rider is unsure of jumping the fence, and his or her feelings are transferred to the horse.<ref name="Hale2014">{{Cite magazine |last=Hale |first=Cindy |date=29 December 2014 |title=Get Over That Jump |url=https://www.horseillustrated.com/english-horse-training-get-over-that-jump |magazine=Horse Illustrated |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Habit: the horse has learned that it can refuse without consequence, and does so to get out of work
* Habit: the horse has learned that it can refuse without consequence, and does so to get out of work.<ref name="Hale2004"/>
* A solid, colorful, or otherwise different fence may scare the horse
* A solid, colorful, or otherwise different fence may scare the horse.<ref name="Hale2004"/>
* Horse is "sour," or has been over-jumped and has begun to hate the work
* Horse is "sour," or has been over-jumped and has begun to hate the work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=How to Correct a Sour Horse |url=https://www.equinavia.com/how-to-correct-a-sour-horse |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=Equinavia}}</ref>


'''Physical problems'''
'''Physical problems'''
* Back pain, or general soreness<ref name="Dyson2016">{{Cite web |last=Dyson |first=Sue |date=2016 |title=Lameness and Performance in the Sport Horse: Show Jumping |url=https://aaep.org/horsehealth/lameness-and-performance-sport-horse-show-jumping |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=AAEP}}</ref>
* Back pain, or general soreness
* Dental problems<ref>{{Cite news |last=Buskirk |first=Tracy Van |title=As Easy As Falling off A Horse … All About The Least Favorite Part of Riding |language=en-US |work=The Newtown Bee |location=Newtown, Connecticut |url=https://www.newtownbee.com/12122021/as-easy-as-falling-off-a-horse-all-about-the-least-favorite-part-of-riding/ |access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref>
* Dental problems
* Lameness issues, arthritis<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwab |first=Paul |date=1 December 2011 |title=Hock Health: The Care and Keeping of This Important Joint |url=https://www.nwhorsesource.com/hock-health/ |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=NW Horse Source |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Lameness issues, arthritis
* The horse is physically unable to jump the obstacle, due to [[equine conformation|conformational]] issues, insufficient conditioning, or lack of ability.
* The horse is physically unable to jump the obstacle, due to [[equine conformation|conformational]] issues, insufficient conditioning, or lack of ability.<ref name="Hale2014"/>

⚫
If a horse has begun to refuse frequently when before it was willing, a veterinary exam can be performed to rule out pain. When pain is ruled out as a factor, rider error is a very common cause for refusals; poor riding may place the horse in a position so that he physically would find it extremely difficult to clear the obstacle (such as too far or too close to the jump). Additionally, riders who do not release over the fence, preventing the horse from stretching down, will hit the horse in the mouth with the bit and cause pain. If this happens frequently, the horse will associate the pain with the jumping effort itself, and may begin to refuse. Horses that have begun to refuse due to rider error often require retraining.<ref name="Hale2004"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McBride |first1=Sebastian D |last2=Mills |first2=Daniel S |date=2012 |title=Psychological factors affecting equine performance |journal=BMC Veterinary Research |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=180 |doi=10.1186/1746-6148-8-180 |issn=1746-6148 |pmc=3514365 |pmid=23016987 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


⚫
If a horse is physically unable to jump a fence of a certain size or height, even with the best riding, pushing a horse may result in physical harm to the animal or cause an accident involving both horse and rider.<ref name="Hale2014"/>
⚫
If a horse has begun to refuse frequently when before it was willing, a veterinary exam can be performed to rule out pain. When pain is ruled out as a factor, rider error is a very common cause for refusals; poor riding may place the horse in a position so that he physically would find it extremely difficult to clear the obstacle (such as too far or too close to the jump). Additionally, riders who do not release over the fence, preventing the horse from stretching down, will hit the horse in the mouth with the bit and cause pain. If this happens frequently, the horse will associate the pain with the jumping effort itself, and may begin to refuse. Horses that have begun to refuse due to rider error often require retraining.


== References ==
⚫
If a horse is physically unable to jump a fence of a certain size or height, even with the best riding, pushing a horse may result in physical harm to the animal or cause an accident involving both horse and rider.
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Hunt seat]]
[[Category:Hunt seat]]

Revision as of 01:48, 9 August 2024

A horse running out to the left to avoid jumping the obstacle.

Refusal or runout in horse riding is the failure of a horse to jump a fence to which it is presented. This includes any stop in forward motion. A runout occurs when the horse quickly moves sideways to go around the fence instead of jumping it, without stopping forward motion.[1]

Problems

Refusals and runouts are counted against riders in jumping competitions. In show jumping and the stadium phase of eventing, a refusal is worth four penalty points. In the cross-country phase of eventing, a refusal counts as 20 penalty points.[1]

Refusals also have the potential to unseat the rider, which may result in rider injury. Refusals also present the possibility that the horse may crash into the obstacle. In extreme cases, however, it may be best for a horse to refuse rather than jump a fence which he cannot clear, as he might land on the fence, fall on landing, or flip over.[2]

Reasons

There are several reasons for refusals, and therefore a rider must try to identify the problem before reprimanding the horse for his disobedience.

Rider-based reasons

  • Poor take-off distance, usually due to rider error, which would make it unsafe to jump.[2]
  • The horse does not have enough power (impulsion) to safely clear the obstacle, again usually due to rider error.[2]
  • The horse has repeatedly been hit in the mouth or back due to a poor jumping position of the rider, and now associates jumping with pain.[3]
  • The rider is unsure of jumping the fence, and his or her feelings are transferred to the horse.[3]
  • Habit: the horse has learned that it can refuse without consequence, and does so to get out of work.[2]
  • A solid, colorful, or otherwise different fence may scare the horse.[2]
  • Horse is "sour," or has been over-jumped and has begun to hate the work.[4]

Physical problems

  • Back pain, or general soreness[5]
  • Dental problems[6]
  • Lameness issues, arthritis[7]
  • The horse is physically unable to jump the obstacle, due to conformational issues, insufficient conditioning, or lack of ability.[3]

If a horse has begun to refuse frequently when before it was willing, a veterinary exam can be performed to rule out pain. When pain is ruled out as a factor, rider error is a very common cause for refusals; poor riding may place the horse in a position so that he physically would find it extremely difficult to clear the obstacle (such as too far or too close to the jump). Additionally, riders who do not release over the fence, preventing the horse from stretching down, will hit the horse in the mouth with the bit and cause pain. If this happens frequently, the horse will associate the pain with the jumping effort itself, and may begin to refuse. Horses that have begun to refuse due to rider error often require retraining.[2][8]

If a horse is physically unable to jump a fence of a certain size or height, even with the best riding, pushing a horse may result in physical harm to the animal or cause an accident involving both horse and rider.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b "Avoiding Refusals & Runouts with Jessica Phoenix". Horse Sport. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Hale, Cindy (13 September 2004). "Stop Jumping Refusals". Horse Illustrated.
  3. ^ a b c d Hale, Cindy (29 December 2014). "Get Over That Jump". Horse Illustrated.
  4. ^ "How to Correct a Sour Horse". Equinavia. 10 August 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  5. ^ Dyson, Sue (2016). "Lameness and Performance in the Sport Horse: Show Jumping". AAEP. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  6. ^ Buskirk, Tracy Van. "As Easy As Falling off A Horse … All About The Least Favorite Part of Riding". The Newtown Bee. Newtown, Connecticut. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  7. ^ Schwab, Paul (1 December 2011). "Hock Health: The Care and Keeping of This Important Joint". NW Horse Source. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  8. ^ McBride, Sebastian D; Mills, Daniel S (2012). "Psychological factors affecting equine performance". BMC Veterinary Research. 8 (1): 180. doi:10.1186/1746-6148-8-180. ISSN 1746-6148. PMC 3514365. PMID 23016987.
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