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The banking sector of Ethiopia composed of the central bank, the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) and the state owned Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE), along with other thirty private banks. By 2020, the NBE planned to increase the minimum capital for banks to operate to 2 billion birr ($90 million) and instructed all commercial banks to increase their capital. Foreign banks did not allow to provide service in Ethiopia, instead use medium term as the government of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed pursued wide economic reforms.^[1]

Currently, Ethiopia has allowed foreign banks to provide liaison service for their country of origins; Chinese, German, Kenyan, Turkish and South African banks opened their respective liaison banks in Addis Ababa.^[1]

History

Ethiopian Empire

Modern banking institution in Ethiopia was first introduced by the reign of Emperor Menelik II in 1905, where the Bank of Abyssinia was formed by concession between British representative of the National Bank of Egypt. Since its formal establishment on 16 February 1906, it was under the management of National Bank of Egypt in accordance of concession agreed upon.^[2]^[3] In 1963, a new banking law allows split into the National and Commercial Bank of Ethiopia. The law included other commercial banks to operate, including foreign banks operated 51% owned by Ethiopians. The biggest of these was the Addis Ababa Bank, owned by 40% owned by British owned Grindlays Bank, and had 26 branches by 1975. There were also two commercial banks: the Banco did Roma and the Banco did Napoli, which had eight branches and one branch respectively in 1975.^[4]

Besides commercial banks, the government established a developmental bank which was owned 100% by the government. The Agricultural and Industrial Development Bank (AIDB) was formed in 1970, taking over two earlier development banks: the Development Bank of Ethiopia and the Ethiopian Investment Corporation which was established in 1963 as the Investment Bank of Ethiopia. AADB was a government owned bank providing both medium- and long term loans to agricultural and industrial sectors.^[5]^[6] The Housing and Savings Bank was created in 1975 out of merger between two earlier housing finance institutions created in 1962 and 1965, one of them granted from the United States government.^[7]

Derg

Under the military junta Derg leadership, the entire economy falls into the government control, declaring a socialist policy towards the economy of Ethiopia.^[8]^[9] Private sector commercial banks were limited in existence; nationalized and concentrated into the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE).^[10]^[11]

Banks with large customers shifted into public enterprises, and forced to lend to the government for developmental plans. Meanwhile, money supply grew in real terms and as a proportion of GDP. Based on central bank planning policy, the CBE willingly obliged to lend to public enterprises according to the government instruction. During the Ethiopian Civil War, the profitable public enterprises reduced due to worsened foreign exchange shortages, and bankruptcy issues. They soon recovered as foreign exchange became more readily available. The lending to private sector, which was varying between 30% and 40% of loans and advance between 1981 and 1993, was equally straightforward, without foreign exchange; potential borrowers were not creditable and foreign exchange allocation is ideally profitable.^[12]

Commercial Bank of Ethiopia branches and offices in June 1994
Year	Branches	Year	Branches	Year	Branches
1975	2	1982	5	1989	3
1976	2	1983	4	1990	0
1977	5	1984	4	1991	0
1978	6	1985	3	1992	4
1979	6	1986	2	1993	1
1980	11	1987	6	1994	3
1981	3	1988	1	Total	71

FDRE

Following the defeat of the Derg in 1991, the ruling coalition Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) reversed the Derg regime, proposing more liberal policies. As such, the 1994 Monetary and Banking Proclamation established the National Bank of Ethiopia as the only judicial entity, independent from the government, under Proclamation No. 83/1994 and the Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business No. 84/1994 for investment in the banking sector.^[2]

Shortly after proclamation, Awash International Bank was established in 1994 by 486 shareholders and by 1998 its capital reached up to 50 million ETB. Dashen Bank was established on 20 September 1995 as a share company with capital 50 million ETB. Wegagen, Nib International Bank, and Cooperative Bank of Oromia Bank ensued.^[2]

Traditional institutions

Well-known social institutions in Ethiopia include Eder and Equb. Eder is a long-term association of people that warrants supportive aid to a member community with insurance.^[13] Equb is temporary and permanent, rotating savings and credit association that helps for funeral insurance where community members elect their leaders, contribute resources either in kind or in cash and support the mourning member.^[14]

References

^ ^a ^b "Ethiopia - Banking Systems | Privacy Shield". www.privacyshield.gov. Retrieved 2022-09-29.
^ ^a ^b ^c "History of Banking". National Bank. Retrieved 2022-09-29.
^ Schaefer, Charles (1992). "The Politics of Banking: The Bank of Abyssinia, 1905-1931". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 25 (2): 361–389. doi:10.2307/219391. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 219391.
^ "Assessment Of Customer Satisfaction In Banking Services". 29 September 2022.
^ Brownbridge, Martin; Harvey (M.A.), Charles; Gockel, Augustine Fritz (1998). Banking in Africa: The Impact of Financial Sector Reform Since Independence. Africa World Press. ISBN 978-0-86543-693-0.
^ "View of Banking Sector Reform In Ethiopia". thejournalofbusiness.org. Retrieved 2022-09-29.
^ Brownbridge, Martin; Harvey (M.A.), Charles; Gockel, Augustine Fritz (1998). Banking in Africa: The Impact of Financial Sector Reform Since Independence. Africa World Press. ISBN 978-0-86543-693-0.
^ Markakis, John (May 1981). "The military state and Ethiopia's path to 'socialism'". Review of African Political Economy. 8 (21): 7–25. doi:10.1080/03056248108703464. ISSN 0305-6244.
^ "WIDER Research Paper 2006-112 The Structure" (PDF). 29 September 2022.
^ "and post-reform period with a special focus on bank" (PDF). EconStor.
^ Addison, Tony; Geda, Alemayehu (2003-02-13), "Ethiopia's New Financial Sector and its Regulation", From Conflict to Recovery in Africa, Oxford University Press, pp. 171–186, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261031.003.0011, ISBN 978-0-19-926103-1, retrieved 2022-09-29
^ "banking reform in ethiopia - Institute of Development Studies" (PDF). 29 September 2022.
^ Seifu, Alemayehu (1968). "Eder in Abbis Ababa: a sociological study". Ethiopia Observer. 12 (1): 8–18.
^ Emana, Bezabih (2009-02-01). "Working Paper No. 9 - Cooperatives: a path to economic and social empowerment in Ethiopia". www.ilo.org. Retrieved 2022-09-30.

[:0-1] "Ethiopia - Banking Systems | Privacy Shield". www.privacyshield.gov. Retrieved 2022-09-29.

[:1-2] "History of Banking". National Bank. Retrieved 2022-09-29.

[3] Schaefer, Charles (1992). "The Politics of Banking: The Bank of Abyssinia, 1905-1931". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 25 (2): 361–389. doi:10.2307/219391. ISSN 0361-7882. JSTOR 219391.

[4] "Assessment Of Customer Satisfaction In Banking Services". 29 September 2022.

[5] Brownbridge, Martin; Harvey (M.A.), Charles; Gockel, Augustine Fritz (1998). Banking in Africa: The Impact of Financial Sector Reform Since Independence. Africa World Press. ISBN 978-0-86543-693-0.

[6] "View of Banking Sector Reform In Ethiopia". thejournalofbusiness.org. Retrieved 2022-09-29.

[7] Brownbridge, Martin; Harvey (M.A.), Charles; Gockel, Augustine Fritz (1998). Banking in Africa: The Impact of Financial Sector Reform Since Independence. Africa World Press. ISBN 978-0-86543-693-0.

[8] Markakis, John (May 1981). "The military state and Ethiopia's path to 'socialism'". Review of African Political Economy. 8 (21): 7–25. doi:10.1080/03056248108703464. ISSN 0305-6244.

[9] "WIDER Research Paper 2006-112 The Structure" (PDF). 29 September 2022.

[10] "and post-reform period with a special focus on bank" (PDF). EconStor.

[11] Addison, Tony; Geda, Alemayehu (2003-02-13), "Ethiopia's New Financial Sector and its Regulation", From Conflict to Recovery in Africa, Oxford University Press, pp. 171–186, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261031.003.0011, ISBN 978-0-19-926103-1, retrieved 2022-09-29

[12] "banking reform in ethiopia - Institute of Development Studies" (PDF). 29 September 2022.

[13] Seifu, Alemayehu (1968). "Eder in Abbis Ababa: a sociological study". Ethiopia Observer. 12 (1): 8–18.

[14] Emana, Bezabih (2009-02-01). "Working Paper No. 9 - Cooperatives: a path to economic and social empowerment in Ethiopia". www.ilo.org. Retrieved 2022-09-30.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The banking sector of Ethiopia composed of the central bank, the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE), which is state owned and sixteen private banks. By 2020, the NBE planned to increase the minimum capital for banks to operate to 2 billion birr ($90 million) and instructed all commercial banks to increase their capital. Foreign banks did not allowed to provide service in Ethiopia, instead use medium term as the government of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed pursues wide economic reforms.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia - Banking Systems {{!}} Privacy Shield |url=https://www.privacyshield.gov/article?id=Ethiopia-Banking-Systems |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.privacyshield.gov |language=en}}</ref>
+The '''banking sector of [[Ethiopia]]''' composed of the central bank, the [[National Bank of Ethiopia]] (NBE) and the state owned [[Development Bank of Ethiopia]] (DBE), along with other [[List of banks in Ethiopia|thirty]] [[Private banking|private banks]]. By 2020, the NBE planned to increase the minimum capital for banks to operate to 2 billion birr ($90 million) and instructed all commercial banks to increase their capital. Foreign banks did not allow to provide service in Ethiopia, instead use medium term as the government of [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|Prime Minister]] [[Abiy Ahmed]] pursued wide economic reforms.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia - Banking Systems {{!}} Privacy Shield |url=https://www.privacyshield.gov/article?id=Ethiopia-Banking-Systems |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.privacyshield.gov |language=en}}</ref>
+[[File:Ethiopian Commercial Bank Addis Abeba.jpg|thumb|Former headquarter of the [[Commercial Bank of Ethiopia]] in [[Addis Ababa]]]]
-Currently, Ethiopia has allowed foreign banks to provide liaison service for their country of origins; Chinese, German, Kenyan, Turkish and South African banks opened their respective liaison banks in Addis Ababa.<ref name=":0" />
+Currently, Ethiopia has allowed foreign banks to provide liaison service for their country of origins; [[China|Chinese]], [[Germany|German]], [[Kenya]]n, [[Turkey|Turkish]] and [[South Africa]]n banks opened their respective liaison banks in [[Addis Ababa]].<ref name=":0" />
 ==History==
 ===Ethiopian Empire===
+[[File:ETH-BIB-Bank of Ethiopia, Addis Abeba-Abessinienflug 1934-LBS MH02-22-0994.tif|thumb|The first bank [[Bank of Abyssinia]] was opened in 1905 after concession with the [[National Bank of Egypt]]]]
-In 1963, a new banking law allows split into the National and Commercial Bank of Ethiopia. The law included other commercial banks to operate, including foreign banks operated 51% owned by Ethiopians. The biggest of these was the Addis Ababa Bank, owned by 40% owned by British owned Grindlays Bank, and had 26 branches by 1975. There were also two commercial banks: the Banco did Roma and the Banco did Napoli, which had eight branches and one branch respectively in 1975.
+Modern banking institution in Ethiopia was first introduced by the reign of [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Emperor]] [[Menelik II]] in 1905, where the [[Bank of Abyssinia]] was formed by concession between British representative of the [[National Bank of Egypt]]. Since its formal establishment on 16 February 1906, it was under the management of National Bank of Egypt in accordance of concession agreed upon.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=History of Banking |url=https://nbe.gov.et/history-of-banking/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=National Bank |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schaefer |first=Charles |date=1992 |title=The Politics of Banking: The Bank of Abyssinia, 1905-1931 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/219391 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=361–389 |doi=10.2307/219391 |jstor=219391 |issn=0361-7882}}</ref> In 1963, a new banking law allows split into the National and [[Commercial Bank of Ethiopia]]. The law included other commercial banks to operate, including foreign banks operated 51% owned by Ethiopians. The biggest of these was the Addis Ababa Bank, owned by 40% owned by British owned Grindlays Bank, and had 26 branches by 1975. There were also two commercial banks: the Banco did Roma and the Banco did Napoli, which had eight branches and one branch respectively in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2022 |title=Assessment Of Customer Satisfaction In Banking Services |url=https://www.ejbmr.org/index.php/ejbmr/article/download/169/94/583}}</ref>
+Besides commercial banks, the government established a developmental bank which was owned 100% by the government. The Agricultural and Industrial Development Bank (AIDB) was formed in 1970, taking over two earlier development banks: the [[Development Bank of Ethiopia]] and the Ethiopian Investment Corporation which was established in 1963 as the Investment Bank of Ethiopia. AADB was a government owned bank providing both medium- and long term loans to agricultural and industrial sectors.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Brownbridge |first1=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi7vd9XXw7wC&dq=The+Agricultural+and+Industrial+Development+Bank+(AIDB)+was+formed+in+1970,+taking+over+two+earlier+development+banks:+the+Development+Bank+of+Ethiopia+and+the+Ethiopian+Investment+Corporation+which+was+established+in+1963+as+the+Investment+Bank+of+Ethiopia.&pg=PA37 |title=Banking in Africa: The Impact of Financial Sector Reform Since Independence |last2=Harvey (M.A.) |first2=Charles |last3=Gockel |first3=Augustine Fritz |date=1998 |publisher=Africa World Press |isbn=978-0-86543-693-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=View of Banking Sector Reform In Ethiopia |url=https://thejournalofbusiness.org/index.php/site/article/view/1332/728 |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=thejournalofbusiness.org |language=en-US}}</ref>  The Housing and Savings Bank was created in 1975 out of merger between two earlier housing finance institutions created in 1962 and 1965, one of them granted from the United States government.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Brownbridge |first1=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oi7vd9XXw7wC&dq=The+Housing+and+Savings+Bank+was+created+in+1975+out+of+merger+between+two+earlier+housing+finance+institutions+created+in+1962+and+1965,+one+of+them+granted+from+the+United+States+government.&pg=PA37 |title=Banking in Africa: The Impact of Financial Sector Reform Since Independence |last2=Harvey (M.A.) |first2=Charles |last3=Gockel |first3=Augustine Fritz |date=1998 |publisher=Africa World Press |isbn=978-0-86543-693-0 |language=en}}</ref>
-Besides of commerical bank, the government established developmental bank which was owned 100% by the government.  The Agricultural and Industrial Development Bank (AIDB) was formed in 1970, taking over two earlier development banks: the Development Bank of Ethiopia and the Ethiopian Investment Corporation which was established in 1963 as the Investment Bank of Ethiopia. AADB was a government owned bank providing both medium and long term loans to agricultural and industrial sectors.  The Housing and Savings Bank was created in 1975 out of merger between two earlier housing finance institutions created in 1962 and 1965, one of them granted from the United States government.
 ===Derg===
-Under the military junta Derg leadership, the entire economy fall into the government control, declaring a socialist policy towards the economy of Ethiopia.  Private sector commercial banks were limited in existence; nationalized and concentrated into the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE).
+Under the military junta [[Derg]] leadership, the entire economy falls into the government control, declaring a [[Socialism|socialist]] policy towards the [[economy of Ethiopia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Markakis |first=John |date=May 1981 |title=The military state and Ethiopia's path to 'socialism' |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03056248108703464 |journal=Review of African Political Economy |language=en |volume=8 |issue=21 |pages=7–25 |doi=10.1080/03056248108703464 |issn=0305-6244}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2022 |title=WIDER Research Paper 2006-112 The Structure |url=https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/rp2006-112.pdf}}</ref> [[Private sector]] commercial banks were limited in existence; nationalized and concentrated into the [[Commercial Bank of Ethiopia]] (CBE).<ref>{{Cite web |title=and post-reform period with a special focus on bank |url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/63428/1/521376130.pdf |website=EconStor}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Addison |first1=Tony |title=Ethiopia's New Financial Sector and its Regulation |date=2003-02-13 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261031.003.0011 |work=From Conflict to Recovery in Africa |pages=171–186 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2022-09-29 |last2=Geda |first2=Alemayehu|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261031.003.0011 |isbn=978-0-19-926103-1 }}</ref>
-Banks with large customers shifted into public enterprises, and forced to lend the government for developmental plans. Meanwhile, money supply grew in real terms and as a proportion of GDP. Based on central bank planning policy, the CBE willingly obliged to lend to public enterprises according to the government instruction. During the Ethiopian Civil War, the profitable public enterprises reduced due to worsened foreign exchange shortages, and bankruptcy issues. They soon recovered as foreign exchange became more readily available. The lending to private sector, which was varying between 30% and 40% of loans and advance between 1981 and 1993, was equally straightforward, without foreign exchange; potential borrowers were not creditable and foreign exchange allocation is ideally profitable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2022 |title=banking reform in ethiopia - Institute of Development Studies |url=https://www.ids.ac.uk/download.php?file=files/Wp37.pdf}}</ref>
+Banks with large customers shifted into [[State-owned enterprise|public enterprises]], and forced to lend to the government for developmental plans. Meanwhile, money supply grew in real terms and as a proportion of GDP. Based on central bank planning policy, the CBE willingly obliged to lend to public enterprises according to the government instruction. During the [[Ethiopian Civil War]], the profitable public enterprises reduced due to worsened foreign exchange shortages, and bankruptcy issues. They soon recovered as foreign exchange became more readily available. The lending to private sector, which was varying between 30% and 40% of loans and advance between 1981 and 1993, was equally straightforward, without [[Foreign exchange market|foreign exchange]]; potential borrowers were not creditable and foreign exchange allocation is ideally profitable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2022 |title=banking reform in ethiopia - Institute of Development Studies |url=https://www.ids.ac.uk/download.php?file=files/Wp37.pdf}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+Commercial Bank of Ethiopia branches and offices in June 1994
@@ Line 70: / Line 72: @@
 |71
 |}
+===FDRE===
+Following the [[Fall of the Derg|defeat of the Derg]] in 1991, the ruling coalition [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] (EPRDF) reversed the Derg regime, proposing more [[Liberalism|liberal]] policies. As such, the 1994 Monetary and Banking Proclamation established the [[National Bank of Ethiopia]] as the only judicial entity, independent from the government, under Proclamation No. 83/1994 and the Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business No. 84/1994 for investment in the banking sector.<ref name=":1" />
+Shortly after proclamation, [[Awash International Bank]] was established in 1994 by 486 shareholders and by 1998 its capital reached up to 50 million [[Ethiopian birr|ETB]]. Dashen Bank was established on 20 September 1995 as a share company with capital 50 million ETB. [[Wegagen Bank|Wegagen]], [[Nib International Bank]], and [[Cooperative Bank of Oromia]] Bank ensued.<ref name=":1" />
+==Traditional institutions==
+{{Main article|Eder (finance)|Equb}}
+Well-known [[social institution]]s in Ethiopia include [[Eder (finance)|Eder]] and [[Equb]]. Eder is a long-term association of people  that warrants supportive aid to a member community with insurance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seifu |first=Alemayehu |date=1968 |title=Eder in Abbis Ababa: a sociological study |url=https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=19170590X#:~:text=Eder%20is%20a%20voluntary%20association,burial%20and%20other%20community%20concerns. |journal=Ethiopia Observer |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=8–18}}</ref> Equb is temporary and permanent, [[rotating savings and credit association]] that helps for funeral insurance where community members elect their leaders, contribute resources either in kind or in [[cash]] and support the mourning member.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emana |first=Bezabih |date=2009-02-01 |title=Working Paper No. 9 - Cooperatives: a path to economic and social empowerment in Ethiopia |url=http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/cooperatives/publications/WCMS_672876/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=www.ilo.org |language=en}}</ref>
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
+[[Category:Economy of Ethiopia]]
+[[Category:Banking in Ethiopia]]