Cinema of New Zealand: Difference between revisions

Cinema of New Zealand
Cinema of New Zealand
No. of screens	411 (2010)
Produced feature films (2011)
Fictional	19
Animated	1
Documentary	5
Number of admissions (2010)
Total	15,300,000
• Per capita	3.6 (2010)
Gross box office (2012)
Total	$145 million
National films	$3.19 million (2.20%)

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 19:32, 7 August 2024

New Zealand cinema can refer to films made by New Zealand-based production companies in New Zealand. However, it may also refer to films made about New Zealand by filmmakers from other countries. Due to the comparatively small size of its film industry, New Zealand produces many films that are co-financed by overseas companies.

The history of cinema in New Zealand is almost as long as the medium itself. The first public screening of a motion picture took place in 1896. A documentary made in 1900 is the oldest surviving New Zealand film, while the first feature film made in New Zealand premiered in 1914. A small-scale industry developed between the 1920s and the 1960s, but it was not until the 1970s that locally made films began to attract significant audiences.

From the 1990s onward, New Zealand-made films have increasingly achieved international success, including both those with local funding and themes, and those with additional foreign cooperation, such as Avatar and The Lord of the Rings trilogy.

Defining New Zealand film

In October 1978, the New Zealand Film Commission was formalised by Parliament under the Third National Government.

Under Section 17 of the New Zealand Film Commission Act 1978, the functions of the commission are to:^[5]

Encourage and assist in the making, promotion, distribution and exhibition of films
Encourage and promote cohesion with NZ film industry
Encourage and promote maintenance of films in archives

With this Act, the New Zealand film industry became more stabilised. Section 18 of the Act, entitled "Content of Films", defines what makes "a New Zealand film". To qualify, a film must have "significant New Zealand content", judged by taking into account the following:^[5]

The subject of the film (settings, characters, source material, etc.)
The locations at which the film was made
The nationalities or places of residence of:
- the authors, scriptwriters, composers, producers, directors, actors, technicians, editors, etc.
- the owners of any company, partnership, or joint venture involved in making the film
- the copyright holders
The sources from which the money is derived
The ownership and whereabouts of the equipment and technical facilities

These defining aspects have in recent years caused debate on whether films like The Frighteners and The Lord of the Rings qualify as New Zealand films. The impact of the New Zealand Film Commission upon the industry was significant in getting films made, coming to a definition of NZ Film, and helping establish a screen industry in New Zealand.^[buzzword]

Most New Zealand films are made by independent filmmakers, often on a low budget and with sponsorship from public funding sources. Few New Zealand-made films have been specifically commissioned for the international market by international film distributors.

Recently, international film companies have become more aware of the skills of New Zealand filmmakers, and have increasingly used the country as a shooting location and also somewhere to finish production of their feature films.

Private funding for New Zealand films has often been in short supply, although for a period in the early 1980s, tax breaks resulted in a short term production boom.^[6] Some New Zealand directors and actors have been ignored in large part by their own country, despite success overseas, and often had to work in the US, Australia, and the UK as a result.

History

Early film: 1890s–1920s

The first public screening of a motion picture in New Zealand took place on 13 October 1896 at the Opera House in Auckland. The screening—which was in fact a demonstration of Thomas Edison's kinetograph^[7]—was part of a show presented by Charles Godfrey's Vaudeville Company.^[8] The first screening of a colour film—one using a colour process, not just a colourised black-and-white film—was on 24 December 1911 in Auckland. The film was shown simultaneously at the Globe Picture Theatre in Queen Street and the Kings Theatre on Upper Pitt Street (now the Mercury Theatre^[9]).

The first filmmaker in New Zealand was Alfred Henry Whitehouse, who made ten films between 1898 and mid-1900. The oldest surviving New Zealand film is Whitehouse's The Departure of the Second Contingent for the Boer War (1900).

The first feature film made in New Zealand is arguably Hinemoa. It premiered on 17 August 1914 at the Lyric Theatre, Auckland.^[10]^[11]

New Zealand's oldest surviving cinema is in Roxburgh in Central Otago, which opened in the town's Athenæum Hall on 11 December 1897.^[12] The editors of the local newspaper, the Mount Benger Mail, wrote in the issue of 10 December: "We would draw the attention of the public to the Salon Cinématographe entertainment in the Athenæum Hall to-morrow evening. This is an opportunity which should not be missed of witnessing life scenes."^[12]

Purpose-built cinemas were built from 1910 onwards, with the first being Wellington's The Kings, built in 1910. Another example is the Mayfair Theatre in Dunedin, built in 1913.^[13]^[14] The oildest surviving purpose-built cinema in New Zealand — and in the Southern Hemisphere — is the Victoria Theatre in Devonport, Auckland, built in 1912.^[15]

The classical era: 1920s–1960s

New Zealand's was a small-scale film industry between the 1920s and 1960s. In the 1920s and 1930s, Rudall Hayward made a number of feature films on New Zealand themes. Rewi's Last Stand was probably his best, but little of this 1925 film survives. The film was remade with sound in 1940.^[16]^[17] Independent filmmaker John O'Shea was active from 1940 to 1970 making New Zealand cinema; his company Pacific Films produced numerous short films as well as the three New Zealand feature films made in that period: Broken Barrier (1952) with Roger Mirams; Runaway (1964); and Don't Let It Get You (1966).^[18]

However, most New Zealand-made films of the period were documentaries. The National Film Unit was a government-funded producer of short films, documentaries, and publicity material. This is New Zealand, a short film made for the World Expo in 1970, was extremely popular there and subsequently screened in New Zealand cinemas, garnering considerable acclaim. It used three separate projectors to create a wide-screen image. The film was restored in 2006 and shown at the 2007 New Zealand International Film Festivals.^[19]

Establishment of the New Zealand Film Commission: 1970s–1980s

In 1978, the New Zealand Film Commission was established. Its aim was to encourage and promote the national film industry, and a number of film projects have been funded by the commission.^[20]

One of the first New Zealand films to attract large-scale audiences at home was Sleeping Dogs, directed by Roger Donaldson in 1977.^[21] The film, a dark, political action thriller that portrays the reaction of one man to the formation of a totalitarian government and the ensuing guerrilla war, introduced Sam Neill as a leading actor.^[21] The imagery of large-scale civil conflict and government repression would be realised only a few years later when the 1981 Springbok Tour caused nationwide protests and clashes with police.^[22]

Sleeping Dogs is also notable as the first full-length 35mm feature film made entirely by a New Zealand production crew.^[23] Before then, films such as 1973's Rangi's Catch had been shot in New Zealand, where they were set, but were produced and directed by foreign crews.^[23]

1981 saw the release of the road film Goodbye Pork Pie, which made NZ$1.5 million.^[24] Director Geoff Murphy was lured away by Hollywood, but he made two other key New Zealand films: Utu (1983), about the land wars of the 1860s, and a nuclear-apocalypse science-fiction story, The Quiet Earth (1985).^[25] Bruno Lawrence, who appeared in both films, became a star.^[26]

Melanie Read was the first woman to write and direct a New Zealand feature film with the 1984 thriller Trial Run.^[27] In 1987 Barry Barclay's film Ngati, screenplay by Tama Poata and starring veteran actor Wi Kuki Kaa, was released to critical acclaim and some box-office success. Ngati is recognised as the first feature film to be written and directed by a person of Māori descent.^[28]

Merata Mita was the first Māori woman to write and direct a dramatic feature film, when she directed Mauri in 1988.^[29] An accomplished documentary film-maker, Mita made landmark documentaries including Bastion Point: Day 507 (1980), about the occupation of land there, and Patu! (1983), a film about the controversial and violent anti-apartheid protests during the 1981 Springboks rugby tour from South Africa.^[30]

The late 1980s saw the reinvention of the New Zealand short film, beginning with Alison Maclean's Kitchen Sink.^[31] Instead of trying to be short features focused on dialogue and character, the new shorts tried instead to "push the envelope" in terms of visual design and cinematic grammar.^[31] An explosion of visually rich and compelling works emerged that seemed to have more in common with European art-house cinema than Hollywood.^[32]

Key examples of these are: The Lounge Bar (The Front Lawn), Kitchen Sink (Alison Maclean), A Little Death (Simon Perkins; Paul Swadel), Stroke (Christine Jeffs), La Vie en Rose (Anna Reeves), A Game With No Rules (Scott Reynolds), Eau de la vie (Simon Baré), O Tamaiti (The Children) (Sima Urale) which won the Silver Lion Best Short Film at the Venice Film Festival,^[33] and Two Cars, One Night (Taika Waititi), which was nominated for the Best Short Film Oscar.^[34]

International breakthrough: 1990–2000

The early 1990s saw New Zealand film gain international recognition, most obviously with Jane Campion's The Piano (1993), which won three Academy Awards. Peter Jackson's Heavenly Creatures (1994) and Lee Tamahori's Once Were Warriors also received international acclaim and high grosses in a number of countries.^{[citation needed]} The Piano and Heavenly Creatures showed an increasing tendency for New Zealand films to be partially or completely funded by overseas production companies, and star non-local actors (for example, Holly Hunter and Harvey Keitel in The Piano, and Kate Winslet in Heavenly Creatures). This did not stop the migration of New Zealanders to the United States: Tamahori, Melanie Lynskey of Heavenly Creatures and Canadian-born Piano star Anna Paquin are now all primarily based in America.

A notable exception to the migration tendency is Peter Jackson, who continued to make films in New Zealand. Jackson's career began with low-budget comedies such as Bad Taste (1987) and Meet the Feebles (1989). He was eventually noticed by Hollywood, and in the 2000s directed The Lord of the Rings series. Although made with mainly foreign funding (helped by a tax break from the New Zealand government) and featuring a primarily international cast, Jackson filmed the films in New Zealand, using a largely local production crew, helping create an enormous skill base in the New Zealand film industry.^{[citation needed]}

This has led to a number of prominent Hollywood films being made in New Zealand, with major international productions not only filming there but also using the country's various post-production facilities and special effects companies. Among these films are The Last Samurai and The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.^{[citation needed]} While the funding for these movies has come largely from the United States, the trend has helped New Zealand film studios and filmmakers develop skills and improve facilities.^{[citation needed]}

Image shows rolling green hills with dwellings built in to them. These formed the town of "Hobbiton" in the Lord of the Rings films. These and other sets were constructed near the town of Matamata, in the Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island. — A farm near the town of Matamata in the Waikato stood in for Hobbiton in the *Lord of the Rings* series.

However, some industry figures^[who?] claim that having large international productions employ New Zealand crews has its downside. One New Zealand filmmaker recently complained that it has become difficult to employ cameramen on a low-budget New Zealand film, as cameramen are now used to large wages.^[35] Other filmmakers^[who?] find that the opposite is true, and argue that the greater number of local professionals may have driven wages down from the relative heights of the 1980s.

2001–present

In early 21st century, the amount of local content has significantly increased, with Whale Rider (2002) becoming the second-highest-grossing North American independent film of 2003 and third-highest worldwide, earning $40.1 million.^[36] Other notable films include In My Father's Den (2004) and The World's Fastest Indian (2005). Both films did well at the New Zealand box office, with the latter beating Once Were Warriors to become the highest-grossing New Zealand film at the domestic box office, earning over NZ$6.5 million; a record beaten by Boy in 2010.

Sam Neill and Judy Rymer's documentary Cinema of Unease was made in 1995.

The latter part of the first decade of the new century saw the expansion of Peter Jackson's filmmaking empire, with the producer-director optioning the rights to The Lovely Bones, Halo, The Dam Busters and the fantasy series Temeraire. Major productions such as Avatar and the 2007 blockbuster The Water Horse used Jackson's Wellington studios and the services of the special-effects company Weta Digital.^[37] US-based video game company Unity Software bought Weta Digital for $1.63bn in 2021.^[37]

Eagle vs Shark (2007) was director Taika Waititi's first feature film, starring Jemaine Clement and Loren Horsley. The film earned over US$1 million at the box office.^[38] Waititi's film Boy, released in 2010, topped the box office receipts for the opening week, earning more on its opening day than any previous locally made film,^[39] becoming the highest-grossing New Zealand film of all time.^[40] In 2014 the mockumentary What We Do in the Shadows, directed by Waititi and Clement, was released to substantial critical acclaim.^[41] Two years later, Waititi released Hunt for the Wilderpeople, starring Sam Neill and Julian Dennison, a film that became the new highest-grossing opening weekend box office New Zealand film on home soil, beating the record set by Boy six years prior.^[42]

New Zealand is grappling with the effect of international streaming platforms in the New Zealand market. In 2023 the New Zealand's screen producers' guild, SPADA pointed out international streamers currently 'pay no tax in New Zealand, face no regulation, and use broadband infrastructure partially funded by our Government while at the same time impact local broadcasting viewership and advertising revenue'. Regulating this would be in-line with many other countries.^[43]

New Zealand Film Archive

The New Zealand Film Archive was founded and incorporated on 9 March 1981. Film enthusiast, critic and historian Jonathan Dennis (1953–2002) was a driving force behind the archive, and became its first director. The archive was set up to preserve and restore significant New Zealand film and television images. It now holds a collection of much of early New Zealand cinema film and holds public screenings of its collection.^{[citation needed]}

Much of the early cinema film made in New Zealand has been lost, as it was printed on nitrate, which is unstable. In 1992, when film enthusiasts and the New Zealand Film Archive realised how much of New Zealand's film heritage was being lost, they mounted the Last Film Search and found 7,000 significant films, both in New Zealand and around the world.^[44]

Highest-grossing films shot in New Zealand

Highest-grossing films shot in New Zealand
Rank	Title	Year of release	Director	Filming location	Worldwide gross (US$)^[45]
1	Avatar	2009	James Cameron	Wellington	$2,787,965,087
2	The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King	2003	Peter Jackson	New Zealand-wide	$1,119,929,521
3	The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey	2012	Peter Jackson	New Zealand-wide	$1,021,103,568
5	The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug	2013	Peter Jackson	New Zealand-wide	$958,366,855
4	The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies	2014	Peter Jackson	New Zealand-wide	$956,019,788
6	The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers	2002	Peter Jackson	New Zealand-wide	$926,047,111
7	The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring	2001	Peter Jackson	New Zealand-wide	$871,530,324
8	King Kong	2005	Peter Jackson	Wellington and Auckland	$550,517,357
9	The Last Samurai	2003	Edward Zwick	Taranaki Region	$456,758,981
10	The Adventures of Tintin: Secret of the Unicorn	2011	Steven Spielberg	Wellington	$373,993,951

Personalities

Martin Campbell
BAFTA winner; director of Casino Royale
Jane Campion
Academy and Palme d'Or winner for The Piano
Keisha Castle-Hughes
Academy Award nominee for Whale Rider
Jemaine Clement
What We Do in the Shadows actor and director
Russell Crowe
Academy Award winner for Gladiator
Rhys Darby
actor, Flight of the Conchords, Hunt for the Wilderpeople
Peter Jackson
Academy Award-winner, director of The Lord of the Rings
Lucy Lawless
star of Xena: Warrior Princess
Melanie Lynskey
actress, star of Heavenly Creatures, Two and a Half Men and Yellowjackets
Bret McKenzie
Grammy Award and Academy Award-winner for The Muppets
Sam Neill
Emmy and Golden Globe nominee, star of Jurassic Park
Andrew Niccol
BAFTA winner, director of Gattaca
Anna Paquin
Academy Award winner for The Piano, star of True Blood
Karl Urban
actor, star of Dredd and The Boys
Taika Waititi
Academy Award winner, director of Thor: Ragnarok and Hunt for the Wilderpeople

Other notable feature directors

Name	Notable works	Notes
Andrew Adamson	Shrek & Shrek 2, The Narnia film series	Academy Award-winner
Niki Caro	Whale Rider, North Country	BAFTA- winner
Roger Donaldson	The Bounty, Dante's Peak, Cocktail, The World's Fastest Indian, The Recruit	Golden Palm-nominee
Ellory Elkayem	Eight Legged Freaks
Ian Mune	Came a Hot Friday, What Becomes of the Broken Hearted?	Notable also as actor and screenwriter
Geoff Murphy	Goodbye Pork Pie, Young Guns II
Melanie Rodriga	Teesh and Trude	Nominated for three AACTA Awards
Robert Sarkies	Scarfies, Out of the Blue, Two Little Boys
Lee Tamahori	The Edge, Die Another Day, Along Came a Spider, Once Were Warriors
Vincent Ward	River Queen, What Dreams May Come	Two-time Golden Palm nominee

Other notable actors

Name	Notable works	Notes
Marton Csokas	The Lord of the Rings, Kingdom of Heaven, Romulus, My Father
Cliff Curtis	Sunshine, Collateral Damage, Once Were Warriors, Whale Rider, Fear the Walking Dead
Alan Dale	Ugly Betty, The O.C., LOST	SAG nominee
Daniel Gillies	Spider-Man 2 & Spider-Man 3
Martin Henderson	The Ring, Flyboys, Torque, Off the Map
Manu Bennett	Spartacus, The Hobbit (film series), Arrow
Wi Kuki Kaa	Ngati, Utu, The Bounty
Bruno Lawrence	Smash Palace, Race for the Yankee Zephyr, Utu, The Quiet Earth, The Rainbow Warrior
Melanie Lynskey	Flags of Our Fathers, Two and a Half Men, Heavenly Creatures
Temuera Morrison	Once Were Warriors, Speed 2: Cruise Control, Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones
Jessica Rose	I Know Who Killed Me, lonelygirl15	Gained fame on YouTube
Antony Starr	The Boys, Banshee

References

^ ^a ^b "A trip to the flicks: watching cinema admission prices in the CPI". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
^ "Table 1: Feature Film Production - Genre/Method of Shooting". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
^ "Cinema - Admissions per capita". Screen Australia. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
^ "Market Study - New Zealand" (PDF). German Films. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b "New Zealand Film Commission Act 1978 No 61 (as at 1 July 2013) -- New Zealand Legislation Online". Parliamentary Counsel Office. 1 July 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
^ Dunleavy, Trisha; Joyce, Hester (8 January 2012). New Zealand Film and Television: Institution, Industry and Cultural Change. Intellect Books. ISBN 978-1-84150-609-8.
^ Sowry, Clive (1993). "Whitehouse, Alfred Henry". www.teara.govt.nz. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
^ MIC - Film pioneers Archived 14 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ "K Road | Mercury Theatre". www.kroad.com. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
^ "Tracking Shots: Close Ups on NZ Film History: Hinemoa". New Zealand Film Archive. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
^ "THE CINEMA IN NZ IS ONE HUNDRED YEARS OLD". KiWiphile FILE - the News Aerogramme of New Zealand. VIII (8): 4. June 1996. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Be just and fear not". Mount Benger Mail. 10 December 1897. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
^ "Theatres, cinemas and halls". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
^ "History | Mayfair Theatre, Dunedin". www.mayfairtheatre.co.nz. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
^ "Victoria Theatre," cinematreasures.org. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
^ "Rudall Hayward". NZ On Screen. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
^ "The Last Stand". Ngā Taonga. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
^ Reid, John (2020). "O'Shea, John Dempsey - Biography". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography | Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
^ "This is New Zealand redux". www.hughmacfilm.co.nz. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
^ Jackson, Peter; Court, David (June 2010). Review of the New Zealand Film Commission (PDF) (Report). p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
^ ^a ^b "Sleeping Dogs (1977)". Cinema Aotearoa. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
^ "Sleeping Dogs". Moria.co.nz. Moria. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ ^a ^b Martin, Helen; Edwards, Sam (1997). New Zealand Film 1912-1996. Auckland: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019-558336-1.
^ Nicolaidi, Mike (March 1986). New Zealand (Report). Cinema Papers. p. 8.
^ "Geoff Murphy Filmography". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
^ "Bruno Lawrence". Internet Movie Database. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
^ "Credits - Trial Run - Film - NZ On Screen". www.nzonscreen.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ "Ngati - Film - NZ On Screen". www.nzonscreen.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ "Merata Mita | WIFT Auckland". Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
^ "Merata Mita - NZ On Screen". www.nzonscreen.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Kitchen Sink: Data..." pov.imv.au.dk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ "Folksonomy | Planet Magazine: Don't Skimp on the Short Ends!". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2012. Paul Shannon, 1995
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 July 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Queensland Art Gallery, Contemporary Pacific Art Collection
^ "Two Cars, One Night - Short Film - NZ On Screen". www.nzonscreen.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ "Breaking News, World News & Multimedia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ "Whale Rider (2003) - Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^ ^a ^b Mark Sweney (10 November 2021). "Peter Jackson sells special effects studio Weta Digital for $1.63bn". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
^ "Eagle Vs. Shark (2007)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
^ McDonald, Greer (29 March 2010). "Boy a hit at Kiwi box office". Stuff.co.nz. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
^ "Wellington director's feature to be the highest-grossing NZ production". Scoop. 22 May 2010. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
^ Taylor, Drew (14 March 2014). "SXSW Review: Vampire Comedy 'What We Do in the Shadows' Draws Blood". Indiewire. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
^ "Hunt for the Wilderpeople breaks Kiwi box office records". Stuff.co.nz. 4 April 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^ "Culture 101 Arts News: November 19 2023". RNZ. 19 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
^ "The Last Film Search - BNZ Heritage". www.bnzheritage.co.nz. BNZ Heritage. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2018.

External links

[cine_nz-1] "A trip to the flicks: watching cinema admission prices in the CPI". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.

[production_uis-2] "Table 1: Feature Film Production - Genre/Method of Shooting". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.

[cine_aussie-3] "Cinema - Admissions per capita". Screen Australia. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.

[ger_films-4] "Market Study - New Zealand" (PDF). German Films. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.

[NZFCA1978-5] "New Zealand Film Commission Act 1978 No 61 (as at 1 July 2013) -- New Zealand Legislation Online". Parliamentary Counsel Office. 1 July 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.

[6] Dunleavy, Trisha; Joyce, Hester (8 January 2012). New Zealand Film and Television: Institution, Industry and Cultural Change. Intellect Books. ISBN 978-1-84150-609-8.

[7] Sowry, Clive (1993). "Whitehouse, Alfred Henry". www.teara.govt.nz. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.

[8] MIC - Film pioneers Archived 14 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine

[9] "K Road | Mercury Theatre". www.kroad.com. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.

[10] "Tracking Shots: Close Ups on NZ Film History: Hinemoa". New Zealand Film Archive. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2008.

[11] "THE CINEMA IN NZ IS ONE HUNDRED YEARS OLD". KiWiphile FILE - the News Aerogramme of New Zealand. VIII (8): 4. June 1996. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2008.

[benger-12] "Be just and fear not". Mount Benger Mail. 10 December 1897. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2017.

[13] "Theatres, cinemas and halls". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.

[14] "History | Mayfair Theatre, Dunedin". www.mayfairtheatre.co.nz. Retrieved 28 May 2023.

[15] "Victoria Theatre," cinematreasures.org. Retrieved 14 April 2024.

[16] "Rudall Hayward". NZ On Screen. Retrieved 28 May 2023.

[17] "The Last Stand". Ngā Taonga. Retrieved 28 May 2023.

[18] Reid, John (2020). "O'Shea, John Dempsey - Biography". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography | Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.

[19] "This is New Zealand redux". www.hughmacfilm.co.nz. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.

[commission-20] Jackson, Peter; Court, David (June 2010). Review of the New Zealand Film Commission (PDF) (Report). p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.

[sleeping_dogs_rev-21] "Sleeping Dogs (1977)". Cinema Aotearoa. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.

[22] "Sleeping Dogs". Moria.co.nz. Moria. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.

[Martin_book-23] Martin, Helen; Edwards, Sam (1997). New Zealand Film 1912-1996. Auckland: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019-558336-1.

[24] Nicolaidi, Mike (March 1986). New Zealand (Report). Cinema Papers. p. 8.

[25] "Geoff Murphy Filmography". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 29 September 2012.

[26] "Bruno Lawrence". Internet Movie Database. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2016.

[27] "Credits - Trial Run - Film - NZ On Screen". www.nzonscreen.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.

[28] "Ngati - Film - NZ On Screen". www.nzonscreen.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.

[29] "Merata Mita | WIFT Auckland". Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2009.

[30] "Merata Mita - NZ On Screen". www.nzonscreen.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2018.

[imv-31] "Kitchen Sink: Data..." pov.imv.au.dk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2018.

[32] "Folksonomy | Planet Magazine: Don't Skimp on the Short Ends!". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2012. Paul Shannon, 1995

[33] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 July 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Queensland Art Gallery, Contemporary Pacific Art Collection

[34] "Two Cars, One Night - Short Film - NZ On Screen". www.nzonscreen.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.

[35] "Breaking News, World News & Multimedia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2018.

[36] "Whale Rider (2003) - Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 10 July 2018.

[:0-37] Mark Sweney (10 November 2021). "Peter Jackson sells special effects studio Weta Digital for $1.63bn". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 May 2023.

[bom-38] "Eagle Vs. Shark (2007)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2010.

[39] McDonald, Greer (29 March 2010). "Boy a hit at Kiwi box office". Stuff.co.nz. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2010.

[40] "Wellington director's feature to be the highest-grossing NZ production". Scoop. 22 May 2010. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2010.

[41] Taylor, Drew (14 March 2014). "SXSW Review: Vampire Comedy 'What We Do in the Shadows' Draws Blood". Indiewire. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2014.

[openingweekend-42] "Hunt for the Wilderpeople breaks Kiwi box office records". Stuff.co.nz. 4 April 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.

[43] "Culture 101 Arts News: November 19 2023". RNZ. 19 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.

[44] "The Last Film Search - BNZ Heritage". www.bnzheritage.co.nz. BNZ Heritage. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[boxofficemojo.com-45] "Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2018.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
 {{Use New Zealand English|date=November 2012}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
 {{More citations needed|date=January 2011}}
-{{short description|Overview of the cinema of New Zealand}}
 {{Infobox cinema market
 | name                 = Cinema of New Zealand
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 '''New Zealand cinema''' can refer to films made by New Zealand-based [[production company|production companies]] in [[New Zealand]]. However, it may also refer to films made ''about'' New Zealand by [[filmmakers]] from other countries. Due to the comparatively small size of its film industry, New Zealand produces many films that are co-financed by overseas companies.
-The history of cinema in New Zealand is almost as long as the medium itself. The first public screening of a motion picture took place in 1896. A documentary made in 1900 is the oldest surviving New Zealand film, while the first feature film made in New Zealand premiered in 1914. A small-scale industry developed between the 1920s and the 1960s, but it wasn't until the 1970s that locally made films began to attract significant audiences.
+The history of cinema in New Zealand is almost as long as the medium itself. The first public screening of a motion picture took place in 1896. A documentary made in 1900 is the oldest surviving New Zealand film, while the first feature film made in New Zealand premiered in 1914. A small-scale industry developed between the 1920s and the 1960s, but it was not until the 1970s that locally made films began to attract significant audiences.
-From the 1990s onward, New Zealand-made films have increasingly achieved international success, including both those with local funding and themes, and overseas ventures such as ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' trilogy, which was made largely with funding from [[Hollywood]].
+From the 1990s onward, New Zealand-made films have increasingly achieved international success, including both those with local funding and themes, and those with additional foreign cooperation, such as ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' trilogy.
 ==Defining New Zealand film==
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 * The ownership and whereabouts of the equipment and technical facilities
-These defining aspects have in recent years caused debate on whether films like ''[[The Frighteners]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' qualify as New Zealand films. The impact of the [[New Zealand Film Commission]] upon the industry was significant in getting films made, coming to a definition of NZ Film, and helping establish a Screen Industry in New Zealand.{{buzzword inline|date=July 2017}}
+These defining aspects have in recent years caused debate on whether films like ''[[The Frighteners]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' qualify as New Zealand films. The impact of the [[New Zealand Film Commission]] upon the industry was significant in getting films made, coming to a definition of NZ Film, and helping establish a screen industry in New Zealand.{{buzzword inline|date=July 2017}}
 Most New Zealand films are made by [[independent film]]makers, often on a low budget and with sponsorship from public funding sources. Few New Zealand-made films have been specifically commissioned for the international market by international [[film distributor]]s.
@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 ==History==
+[[File:Mayfair Theatre Plan.jpg|alt=a dark blue background white line drawing of the front facade of a two story picture theatre with quite a few decorative details. Underneath the drawing in fancy printed handwriting 'Front Elevation' |thumb|Mayfair Theatre permit plan, 1914. [[Dunedin City Council]] Archives.]]
 ===Early film: 1890s–1920s===
-The first public screening of a motion picture in New Zealand took place on 13 October 1896 at the Opera House in Auckland. The screening—which was in fact a demonstration of Thomas Edison's [[Kinetoscope|kinetograph]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/2w16/whitehouse-alfred-henry|title=Whitehouse, Alfred Henry|last=Sowry|first=Clive|website=www.teara.govt.nz|publisher=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]|language=en|year=1993|access-date=2017-07-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021083001/https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/2w16/whitehouse-alfred-henry|archive-date=21 October 2017}}</ref>—was part of a show presented by Charles Godfrey's Vaudeville Company.<ref>[http://mic.org.nz/resources/publications/the-big-picture/issue-9/history/film-pioneers-of-new-zealand/ MIC - Film pioneers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014094554/http://mic.org.nz/resources/publications/the-big-picture/issue-9/history/film-pioneers-of-new-zealand/ |date=14 October 2008 }}</ref> The first screening of a colour film—one using a colour process, not just a colourised black-and-white film—was on 24 December 1911 in Auckland. The film was shown simultaneously at the Globe Picture Theatre in [[Queen Street, Auckland|Queen Street]] and the Kings Theatre on Upper Pitt Street (now the Mercury Theatre<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kroad.com/heritage/mercury-theatre/|title=K Road {{!}} Mercury Theatre|website=www.kroad.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829044019/http://www.kroad.com/heritage/mercury-theatre/|archive-date=29 August 2017}}</ref>).
+The first public screening of a motion picture in New Zealand took place on 13 October 1896 at the Opera House in [[Auckland]]. The screening—which was in fact a demonstration of [[Thomas Edison]]'s [[Kinetoscope|kinetograph]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/2w16/whitehouse-alfred-henry|title=Whitehouse, Alfred Henry|last=Sowry|first=Clive|website=www.teara.govt.nz|publisher=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]|language=en|year=1993|access-date=2017-07-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021083001/https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/2w16/whitehouse-alfred-henry|archive-date=21 October 2017}}</ref>—was part of a show presented by Charles Godfrey's Vaudeville Company.<ref>[http://mic.org.nz/resources/publications/the-big-picture/issue-9/history/film-pioneers-of-new-zealand/ MIC - Film pioneers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014094554/http://mic.org.nz/resources/publications/the-big-picture/issue-9/history/film-pioneers-of-new-zealand/ |date=14 October 2008 }}</ref> The first screening of a colour film—one using a colour process, not just a colourised black-and-white film—was on 24 December 1911 in Auckland. The film was shown simultaneously at the Globe Picture Theatre in [[Queen Street, Auckland|Queen Street]] and the Kings Theatre on Upper Pitt Street (now the [[Mercury Theatre, Auckland|Mercury Theatre]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kroad.com/heritage/mercury-theatre/|title=K Road {{!}} Mercury Theatre|website=www.kroad.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829044019/http://www.kroad.com/heritage/mercury-theatre/|archive-date=29 August 2017}}</ref>).
 The first filmmaker in New Zealand was [[Alfred Henry Whitehouse]], who made ten films between 1898 and mid-1900. The oldest surviving New Zealand film is Whitehouse's ''[[The Departure of the Second Contingent for the Boer War]]'' (1900).
 The first feature film made in New Zealand is arguably ''[[Hinemoa (1914 film)|Hinemoa]]''. It premiered on 17 August 1914 at the Lyric Theatre, [[Auckland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmarchive.org.nz/tracking-shots/close-ups/hinemoa.html|title=Tracking Shots: Close Ups on NZ Film History: Hinemoa|publisher=[[New Zealand Film Archive]]|access-date=2008-09-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014101140/http://www.filmarchive.org.nz/tracking-shots/close-ups/hinemoa.html|archive-date=14 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.kiwiphile.org/jun1996.html|title=THE CINEMA IN NZ IS ONE HUNDRED YEARS OLD|journal=KiWiphile FILE - the News Aerogramme of New Zealand|volume=VIII|issue=8|date=June 1996|page=4|access-date=2008-09-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706023057/http://www.kiwiphile.org/jun1996.html|archive-date=6 July 2008}}</ref>
-New Zealand's oldest surviving cinema is the [[Roxburgh, New Zealand#Entertainment|Roxburgh]], located in [[Central Otago]]. It was opened on 11 December 1897.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MTBM18971210.2.8.4|title=Athanæum Hall, Roxburgh|date=10 December 1897|work=Mt. Berenger Mail|access-date=2017-07-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504200331/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MTBM18971210.2.8.4|archive-date=4 May 2018}}</ref> The editors of the local newspaper, the ''Mt. Berenger Mail'', wrote in the issue of 10 December: "We would draw the attention of the public to the Salon Cinématographe entertainment in the Athenæum Hall to-morrow evening. This is an opportunity which should not be missed of witnessing life scenes."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MTBM18971210.2.3|title=BE JUST AND FEAR NOT.|date=10 December 1897|work=Mt. Berenger Mail|access-date=2017-07-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504200331/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MTBM18971210.2.3|archive-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>
+New Zealand's oldest surviving cinema is in [[Roxburgh, New Zealand#Entertainment|Roxburgh]] in [[Central Otago]], which opened in the town's Athenæum Hall on 11 December 1897.<ref name=benger>{{Cite news|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MTBM18971210.2.8.4|title=Be just and fear not|date=10 December 1897|work=Mount Benger Mail|access-date=2017-07-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504200331/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MTBM18971210.2.8.4|archive-date=4 May 2018}}</ref> The editors of the local newspaper, the ''Mount Benger Mail'', wrote in the issue of 10 December: ''"We would draw the attention of the public to the Salon Cinématographe entertainment in the Athenæum Hall to-morrow evening. This is an opportunity which should not be missed of witnessing life scenes."''<ref name=benger/>
+Purpose-built cinemas were built from 1910 onwards, with the first being Wellington's The Kings, built in 1910. Another example is the [[Mayfair Theatre, Dunedin|Mayfair Theatre]] in Dunedin, built in 1913.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theatres, cinemas and halls |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/theatres-cinemas-and-halls |website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Mayfair Theatre, Dunedin |url=https://www.mayfairtheatre.co.nz/history |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=www.mayfairtheatre.co.nz}}</ref> The oildest surviving purpose-built cinema in New Zealand — and in the Southern Hemisphere — is the [[Victoria Theatre, Devonport|Victoria Theatre]] in [[Devonport, New Zealand|Devonport]], Auckland, built in 1912.<ref>"[https://cinematreasures.org/theaters/9493 Victoria Theatre]," ''cinematreasures.org''. Retrieved 14 April 2024.</ref>
 ===The classical era: 1920s–1960s===
-New Zealand's was a small-scale film industry between the 1920s and 1960s. In the 1920s and 1930s, [[Rudall Hayward]] made a number of feature films on New Zealand themes. ''[[Rewi's Last Stand]]'' was probably his best, but little of this 1925 film survives. The film was remade with sound in 1940. Independent filmmaker [[John O'Shea (director)|John O'Shea]] was active from 1940 to 1970 making New Zealand cinema; his company [[Pacific Films]] produced numerous short films as well as the three New Zealand feature films made in that period: ''[[Broken Barrier]]'' (1952) with [[Roger Mirams]]; ''[[Runaway (1964 film)|Runaway]]'' (1964); and ''[[Don't Let It Get You]]'' (1966).
+New Zealand's was a small-scale film industry between the 1920s and 1960s. In the 1920s and 1930s, [[Rudall Hayward]] made a number of feature films on New Zealand themes. ''[[Rewi's Last Stand]]'' was probably his best, but little of this 1925 film survives. The film was remade with sound in 1940.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Rudall Hayward |url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/profile/rudall-hayward/biography |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=NZ On Screen |language=en-NZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Last Stand |url=https://www.ngataonga.org.nz/explore-stories/stories/film/the-last-stand/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Ngā Taonga |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Independent filmmaker [[John O'Shea (director)|John O'Shea]] was active from 1940 to 1970 making New Zealand cinema; his company [[Pacific Films]] produced numerous short films as well as the three New Zealand feature films made in that period: ''[[Broken Barrier]]'' (1952) with [[Roger Mirams]]; ''[[Runaway (1964 film)|Runaway]]'' (1964); and ''[[Don't Let It Get You]]'' (1966).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=John |date=2020 |title=O'Shea, John Dempsey - Biography |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/6o2/oshea-john-dempsey |website=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography {{!}} Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand}}</ref>
 However, most New Zealand-made films of the period were [[documentary film|documentaries]]. The [[National Film Unit]] was a government-funded producer of short films, documentaries, and publicity material. ''[[This is New Zealand]]'', a short film made for the [[Expo '70|World Expo in 1970]], was extremely popular there and subsequently screened in New Zealand cinemas, garnering considerable acclaim. It used three separate projectors to create a wide-screen image. The film was restored in 2006 and shown at the 2007 [[New Zealand International Film Festivals]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hughmacfilm.co.nz/this-is-new-zealand-redux.html|title=''This is New Zealand'' redux|website=www.hughmacfilm.co.nz|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-07-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614002340/http://hughmacfilm.co.nz/this-is-new-zealand-redux.html|archive-date=14 June 2017}}</ref>
@@ Line 88: / Line 91: @@
 [[Melanie Rodriga|Melanie Read]] was the first woman to write and direct a New Zealand feature film with the 1984 thriller ''[[Trial Run (1984 film)|Trial Run]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/trial-run-1984/credits|title=Credits - Trial Run - Film - NZ On Screen|website=www.nzonscreen.com|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222043726/https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/trial-run-1984/credits|archive-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> In 1987 [[Barry Barclay]]'s film ''[[Ngati]]'', screenplay by [[Tama Poata]] and starring veteran actor [[Wi Kuki Kaa]], was released to critical acclaim and some box-office success. ''Ngati'' is recognised as the first feature film to be written and directed by a person of Māori descent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/ngati-1987/overview|title=Ngati - Film - NZ On Screen|website=www.nzonscreen.com|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222043658/https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/ngati-1987/overview|archive-date=22 February 2018}}</ref>
-[[Merata Mita]] was the first Māori woman to write and direct a dramatic feature film, when she directed ''Mauri'' in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wiftauckland.org.nz/merata-mita-13 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016053506/http://www.wiftauckland.org.nz/merata-mita-13 |archive-date=16 October 2008}}</ref> An accomplished documentary film-maker, Mita made landmark documentaries including ''Bastion Point: Day 507'' (1980), about the [[Bastion Point#Occupation|occupation of land there]], and ''Patu!'' (1983), a film about the controversial and violent anti-apartheid protests during the 1981 Springboks rugby tour from South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzonscreen.com/person/merata-mita/biography|title=Merata Mita - NZ On Screen|website=www.nzonscreen.com|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414003725/https://www.nzonscreen.com/person/merata-mita/biography|archive-date=14 April 2017}}</ref>
+[[Merata Mita]] was the first Māori woman to write and direct a dramatic feature film, when she directed ''[[Mauri (film)|Mauri]]'' in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wiftauckland.org.nz/merata-mita-13 |title=Merata Mita &#124; WIFT Auckland |access-date=2009-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016053506/http://www.wiftauckland.org.nz/merata-mita-13 |archive-date=16 October 2008}}</ref> An accomplished documentary film-maker, Mita made landmark documentaries including ''[[Bastion Point: Day 507]]'' (1980), about the [[Bastion Point#Occupation and return|occupation of land there]], and ''[[Patu!]]'' (1983), a film about the controversial and violent anti-[[apartheid]] protests during the 1981 Springboks rugby tour from South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzonscreen.com/person/merata-mita/biography|title=Merata Mita - NZ On Screen|website=www.nzonscreen.com|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414003725/https://www.nzonscreen.com/person/merata-mita/biography|archive-date=14 April 2017}}</ref>
-The late 1980s saw the reinvention of the New Zealand short film, beginning with [[Alison Maclean]]'s ''Kitchen Sink''.<ref name="imv">{{cite web|url=http://pov.imv.au.dk/Issue_13/section_4/artc2A.html|title=Kitchen Sink: Data...|website=pov.imv.au.dk|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023541/http://pov.imv.au.dk/Issue_13/section_4/artc2A.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Instead of trying to be short features focused on dialogue and character, the new shorts tried instead to "push the envelope" in terms of visual design and cinematic grammar.<ref name="imv"/> An explosion of visually rich and compelling works emerged that seemed to have more in common with European art-house cinema than Hollywood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://folksonomy.co/?permalink=174 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060443/http://folksonomy.co/?permalink=174 |archive-date=4 March 2016}} Paul Shannon, 1995</ref>
+The late 1980s saw the reinvention of the New Zealand short film, beginning with [[Alison Maclean]]'s ''Kitchen Sink''.<ref name="imv">{{cite web|url=http://pov.imv.au.dk/Issue_13/section_4/artc2A.html|title=Kitchen Sink: Data...|website=pov.imv.au.dk|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023541/http://pov.imv.au.dk/Issue_13/section_4/artc2A.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Instead of trying to be short features focused on dialogue and character, the new shorts tried instead to "push the envelope" in terms of visual design and cinematic grammar.<ref name="imv"/> An explosion of visually rich and compelling works emerged that seemed to have more in common with European art-house cinema than Hollywood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://folksonomy.co/?permalink=174 |title=Folksonomy &#124; Planet Magazine: Don't Skimp on the Short Ends! |access-date=2012-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060443/http://folksonomy.co/?permalink=174 |archive-date=4 March 2016}} Paul Shannon, 1995</ref>
-Key examples of these are: ''The Lounge Bar'' ([[The Front Lawn]]), ''Kitchen Sink'' ([[Alison Maclean]]), [[A Little Death: A Modern Day Fairytale|''A Little Death'']] (Simon Perkins; [[Paul Swadel]]), ''Stroke'' (Christine Jeffs), ''La Vie en Rose'' (Anna Reeves), ''A Game With No Rules'' (Scott Reynolds), ''Eau de la vie'' (Simon Baré), ''O Tamaiti (The Children)'' ([[Sima Urale]])—which won the [[Silver Lion]] Best Short Film at the [[Venice Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://qag.qld.gov.au/collection/pacific_art/sima_urale |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-11-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090704134336/http://qag.qld.gov.au/collection/pacific_art/sima_urale |archive-date=4 July 2009}} Queensland Art Gallery, Contemporary Pacific Art Collection</ref>—and ''Two Cars, One Night'' ([[Taika Waititi]]), which was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Best Short Film Oscar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/two-cars-one-night-2003|title=Two Cars, One Night - Short Film - NZ On Screen|website=www.nzonscreen.com|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205112511/https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/two-cars-one-night-2003|archive-date=5 February 2018}}</ref>
+Key examples of these are: ''The Lounge Bar'' ([[The Front Lawn]]), ''Kitchen Sink'' ([[Alison Maclean]]), ''[[A Little Death]]'' (Simon Perkins; [[Paul Swadel]]), ''Stroke'' ([[Christine Jeffs]]), ''La Vie en Rose'' (Anna Reeves), ''A Game With No Rules'' (Scott Reynolds), ''Eau de la vie'' (Simon Baré), ''O Tamaiti (The Children)'' ([[Sima Urale]]) which won the [[Silver Lion]] Best Short Film at the [[Venice Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://qag.qld.gov.au/collection/pacific_art/sima_urale |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-11-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090704134336/http://qag.qld.gov.au/collection/pacific_art/sima_urale |archive-date=4 July 2009}} Queensland Art Gallery, Contemporary Pacific Art Collection</ref> and ''Two Cars, One Night'' ([[Taika Waititi]]), which was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Best Short Film Oscar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/two-cars-one-night-2003|title=Two Cars, One Night - Short Film - NZ On Screen|website=www.nzonscreen.com|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205112511/https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/two-cars-one-night-2003|archive-date=5 February 2018}}</ref>
-===International breakthrough: 1990s–2005===
+===International breakthrough: 1990–2000===
-The early 1990s saw New Zealand film gain international recognition, most obviously with [[Jane Campion]]'s ''[[The Piano]]'' (1993), which won three [[Academy Awards]]. [[Peter Jackson]]'s ''[[Heavenly Creatures]]'' (1994) and [[Lee Tamahori]]'s ''[[Once Were Warriors (film)|Once Were Warriors]]'' also received international acclaim and high grosses in a number of countries. ''[[The Piano]]'' and ''[[Heavenly Creatures]]'' showed an increasing tendency for New Zealand films to be partially or completely funded by overseas production companies, and star non-local actors (for example, [[Holly Hunter]] and [[Harvey Keitel]] in ''The Piano'', and [[Kate Winslet]] in ''Heavenly Creatures''). This did not stop the migration of New Zealanders to the United States: Tamahori, [[Melanie Lynskey]] of ''Heavenly Creatures'' and [[Canadians|Canadian]]-born ''Piano'' star [[Anna Paquin]] are now all primarily based in America.
+The early 1990s saw New Zealand film gain international recognition, most obviously with [[Jane Campion]]'s ''[[The Piano]]'' (1993), which won three [[Academy Awards]]. [[Peter Jackson]]'s ''[[Heavenly Creatures]]'' (1994) and [[Lee Tamahori]]'s ''[[Once Were Warriors (film)|Once Were Warriors]]'' also received international acclaim and high grosses in a number of countries.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} ''The Piano'' and ''Heavenly Creatures'' showed an increasing tendency for New Zealand films to be partially or completely funded by overseas production companies, and star non-local actors (for example, [[Holly Hunter]] and [[Harvey Keitel]] in ''The Piano'', and [[Kate Winslet]] in ''Heavenly Creatures''). This did not stop the migration of New Zealanders to the United States: Tamahori, [[Melanie Lynskey]] of ''Heavenly Creatures'' and Canadian-born ''Piano'' star [[Anna Paquin]] are now all primarily based in America.
-A notable exception to the migration tendency is [[Peter Jackson]], who has continued to make films in New Zealand. Jackson's career began with low-budget comedies such as ''[[Bad Taste]]'' (1987) and ''[[Meet the Feebles]]'' (1989). He was eventually noticed by Hollywood, and in the 2000s directed ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' series. Although made with mainly foreign funding (helped by a tax break from the New Zealand government) and featuring a primarily international cast, Jackson filmed the films in New Zealand, using a largely local production crew, helping create an enormous skill base in the New Zealand film industry.
+A notable exception to the migration tendency is [[Peter Jackson]], who continued to make films in New Zealand. Jackson's career began with low-budget comedies such as ''[[Bad Taste]]'' (1987) and ''[[Meet the Feebles]]'' (1989). He was eventually noticed by Hollywood, and in the 2000s directed ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' series. Although made with mainly foreign funding (helped by a tax break from the New Zealand government) and featuring a primarily international cast, Jackson filmed the films in New Zealand, using a largely local production crew, helping create an enormous skill base in the New Zealand film industry.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
-This has led to a number of prominent Hollywood films being made in New Zealand, with major international productions not only filming there but also using the country's various post-production facilities and special effects companies. Among these films are ''[[The Last Samurai]]'' and ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]''. While the funding for these movies has come largely from the United States, the trend has helped New Zealand film studios and filmmakers develop skills and improve facilities.
+This has led to a number of prominent Hollywood films being made in New Zealand, with major international productions not only filming there but also using the country's various post-production facilities and special effects companies. Among these films are ''[[The Last Samurai]]'' and ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]''.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} While the funding for these movies has come largely from the United States, the trend has helped New Zealand film studios and filmmakers develop skills and improve facilities.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
 [[File:Hobbiton.jpg|thumb|A farm near the town of [[Matamata]] in the Waikato stood in for Hobbiton in the ''Lord of the Rings'' series.|alt=Image shows rolling green hills with dwellings built in to them. These formed the town of "Hobbiton" in the Lord of the Rings films. These and other sets were constructed near the town of Matamata, in the Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island.]]
-However, some industry figures{{Who|date=July 2017}} claim that having large international productions employ New Zealand crews has its downside. One New Zealand filmmaker recently complained that it has become difficult to employ [[Cinematographer|cameramen]] on a low-budget New Zealand film, as cameramen are now used to large wages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/|title=Breaking News, World News & Multimedia|website=nytimes.com|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108144641/http://www.nytimes.com/|archive-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> Other filmmakers{{Who|date=July 2017}} find that the opposite is true, and argue that the greater number of local professionals may have driven wages down from the relative heights of the 1980s. Another alleged downside is that big-budget international productions swallow up any funding New Zealand has available, making it far more difficult for local productions to get made. {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}
+However, some industry figures{{Who|date=July 2017}} claim that having large international productions employ New Zealand crews has its downside. One New Zealand filmmaker recently complained that it has become difficult to employ [[Cinematographer|cameramen]] on a low-budget New Zealand film, as cameramen are now used to large wages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/|title=Breaking News, World News & Multimedia|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108144641/http://www.nytimes.com/|archive-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> Other filmmakers{{Who|date=July 2017}} find that the opposite is true, and argue that the greater number of local professionals may have driven wages down from the relative heights of the 1980s.
+===2001–present===
 [[File:Jury Cannes 2014 2.jpg|thumb|left|Campion as part of the 2014 Cannes jury (4th on left)]]
-Despite this, the amount of local content has significantly increased, with ''[[Whale Rider]]'' (2002) becoming the second-highest-grossing North American independent film of 2003 and third-highest worldwide, earning $40.1 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=whalerider.htm|title=Whale Rider (2003) - Box Office Mojo|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|language=en|access-date=2018-07-10}}</ref> Other notable films include ''[[In My Father's Den (film)|In My Father's Den]]'' (2004) and ''[[The World's Fastest Indian]]'' (2005). Both films did well at the New Zealand box office, with the latter beating ''Once Were Warriors'' to become the highest-grossing New Zealand film at the domestic box office, earning over {{NZD}}6.5 million—a record beaten by ''[[Boy (2010 film)|Boy]]'' in 2010''.''
+In early 21st century, the amount of local content has significantly increased, with ''[[Whale Rider]]'' (2002) becoming the second-highest-grossing North American independent film of 2003 and third-highest worldwide, earning $40.1 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=whalerider.htm|title=Whale Rider (2003) - Box Office Mojo|website=www.boxofficemojo.com|language=en|access-date=2018-07-10}}</ref> Other notable films include ''[[In My Father's Den (film)|In My Father's Den]]'' (2004) and ''[[The World's Fastest Indian]]'' (2005). Both films did well at the New Zealand box office, with the latter beating ''[[Once Were Warriors (film)|Once Were Warriors]]'' to become the highest-grossing New Zealand film at the domestic box office, earning over {{NZD}}6.5 million; a record beaten by ''[[Boy (2010 film)|Boy]]'' in 2010''.''
-[[Sam Neill]] and Judy Rymer's ''[[Cinema of Unease]]'' was made in 1995. It is seen as an accessible and important history of New Zealand cinema.
+[[Sam Neill]] and Judy Rymer's documentary ''[[Cinema of Unease]]'' was made in 1995.
-===2006–present===
 [[File:Taika Waititi (24694773629).jpg|thumb|Waititi speaking at Sundance in 2016]]
-The latter part of the first decade of the new century saw the expansion of [[Peter Jackson]]'s filmmaking empire, with the producer-director [[Option (filmmaking)|optioning]] the rights to ''[[The Lovely Bones (film)|The Lovely Bones]]'', ''[[Halo (2012 film)|Halo]]'', ''[[The Dam Busters (film)|The Dam Busters]]'' and the fantasy series ''[[Temeraire (film)|Temeraire]]''. Major productions such as ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' and the 2007 blockbuster ''[[The Water Horse: Legend of the Deep|The Water Horse]]'' used Jackson's Wellington studios and the services of the special-effects company [[Weta Digital]].
+The latter part of the first decade of the new century saw the expansion of [[Peter Jackson]]'s filmmaking empire, with the producer-director [[Option (filmmaking)|optioning]] the rights to ''[[The Lovely Bones (film)|The Lovely Bones]]'', ''[[Halo (2012 film)|Halo]]'', ''[[The Dam Busters (film)|The Dam Busters]]'' and the fantasy series ''[[Temeraire (film)|Temeraire]]''. Major productions such as ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' and the 2007 blockbuster ''[[The Water Horse: Legend of the Deep|The Water Horse]]'' used Jackson's Wellington studios and the services of the special-effects company [[Weta Digital]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Mark Sweney |date=2021-11-10 |title=Peter Jackson sells special effects studio Weta Digital for $1.63bn |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/nov/10/peter-jackson-sells-special-effects-studio-weta-digital-for-almost-2bn |access-date=2023-05-28}}</ref> US-based video game company [[Unity Technologies|Unity Software]] bought Weta Digital for $1.63bn in 2021.<ref name=":0" />
 ''[[Eagle vs Shark]]'' (2007) was director [[Taika Waititi]]'s first feature film, starring [[Jemaine Clement]] and [[Loren Horsley]]. The film earned over {{US$|1 million}} at the box office.<ref name="bom">{{Cite web |title = Eagle Vs. Shark (2007) |url = http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=eaglevsshark.htm |work = [[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date = 1 July 2010 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100607222417/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=eaglevsshark.htm |archive-date = 7 June 2010}}</ref> Waititi's film ''[[Boy (2010 film)|Boy]]'', released in 2010, topped the box office receipts for the opening week, earning more on its opening day than any previous locally made film,<ref>{{cite news|title=Boy a hit at Kiwi box office |first=Greer |last=McDonald |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/film/3523210/Boy-a-hit-at-Kiwi-box-office |work=Stuff.co.nz |date=29 March 2010 |access-date=15 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401031950/http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/film/3523210/Boy-a-hit-at-Kiwi-box-office |archive-date=1 April 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> becoming the highest-grossing New Zealand film of all time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wellington director's feature to be the highest-grossing NZ production |url=http://wellington.scoop.co.nz/2010/05/wellington-directors-feature-sets-box-office-record/ |work=[[Scoop (website)|Scoop]] |date=22 May 2010 |access-date=15 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723140552/http://wellington.scoop.co.nz/2010/05/wellington-directors-feature-sets-box-office-record/ |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014 the mockumentary ''[[What We Do in the Shadows]]'', directed by Waititi and Clement, was released to substantial critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Drew |title=SXSW Review: Vampire Comedy 'What We Do in the Shadows' Draws Blood |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/sxsw-review-vampire-comedy-what-we-do-in-the-shadows-draws-blood-20140314 |work=[[Indiewire]] |date=14 March 2014 |access-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150529100108/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/sxsw-review-vampire-comedy-what-we-do-in-the-shadows-draws-blood-20140314 |archive-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> Two years later, Waititi released ''[[Hunt for the Wilderpeople]],'' starring Sam Neill and [[Julian Dennison]], a film that became the new highest-grossing opening weekend box office New Zealand film on home soil, beating the record set by ''Boy'' six years prior.<ref name="openingweekend">{{cite news |title= Hunt for the Wilderpeople breaks Kiwi box office records |url= http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/film/78514350/hunt-for-the-wilderpeople-breaks-kiwi-box-office-records|date= 4 April 2016 |work= Stuff.co.nz |access-date= 10 April 2016}}</ref>
+New Zealand is grappling with the effect of international streaming platforms in the New Zealand market. In 2023 the New Zealand's screen producers' guild, SPADA pointed out international streamers currently 'pay no tax in New Zealand, face no regulation, and use broadband infrastructure partially funded by our Government while at the same time impact local broadcasting viewership and advertising revenue'. Regulating this would be in-line with many other countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Culture 101 Arts News: November 19 2023 |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/culture-101/audio/2018915995/culture-101-arts-news-november-19-2023 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=RNZ |language=en-nz}}</ref>
-''The Ground We Won'' is a 2015 slice-of-life film following a rural rugby team through the triumphs and challenges of their season.<ref>{{IMDb title|tt4417022|The Ground We Won (2015)}}</ref>
 ==New Zealand Film Archive==
@@ Line 121: / Line 125: @@
 The New Zealand Film Archive was founded and incorporated on 9 March 1981. Film enthusiast, critic and historian [[Jonathan Dennis]] (1953{{Ndash}}2002) was a driving force behind the archive, and became its first director. The archive was set up to preserve and restore significant New Zealand film and television images. It now holds a collection of much of early New Zealand cinema film and holds public screenings of its collection.{{Cn|date=June 2021}}
-Much of the early cinema film made in New Zealand has been lost, as it was printed on [[Nitrocellulose|nitrate]], which is unstable. In 1992, when film enthusiasts and the New Zealand Film Archive realised how much of New Zealand's film heritage was being lost, they mounted the ''Last Film Search'' and found 7,000 significant films, both in New Zealand and around the world.<ref>{{Cite web|others=BNZ Heritage|title=The Last Film Search - BNZ Heritage|url=https://www.bnzheritage.co.nz/archives/story/the-last-film-search|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-26|website=www.bnzheritage.co.nz}}</ref>
+Much of the early cinema film made in New Zealand has been lost, as it was printed on [[Nitrocellulose|nitrate]], which is unstable. In 1992, when film enthusiasts and the New Zealand Film Archive realised how much of New Zealand's film heritage was being lost, they mounted the ''Last Film Search'' and found 7,000 significant films, both in New Zealand and around the world.<ref>{{Cite web|others=BNZ Heritage|title=The Last Film Search - BNZ Heritage|url=https://www.bnzheritage.co.nz/archives/story/the-last-film-search|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-26|website=www.bnzheritage.co.nz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811072105/https://www.bnzheritage.co.nz/archives/story/the-last-film-search |archive-date=11 August 2020 }}</ref>
 == Highest-grossing films shot in New Zealand ==
@@ Line 135: / Line 139: @@
 |-
 |3|| ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'' || 2012 || Peter Jackson || New Zealand-wide || $1,021,103,568
-|-
-|4|| ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'' || 2014 || Peter Jackson || New Zealand-wide || $956,019,788
 |-
 |5|| ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'' || 2013 || Peter Jackson || New Zealand-wide || $958,366,855
+|-
+|4|| ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'' || 2014 || Peter Jackson || New Zealand-wide || $956,019,788
 |-
 |6|| ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'' || 2002 || Peter Jackson || New Zealand-wide || $926,047,111
@@ Line 154: / Line 158: @@
 ==Personalities==
 <gallery mode="nolines">
-File:Taika Waititi by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Taika Waititi]]<br /><small>[[Academy Award]] winner, director of ''[[Thor: Ragnarok]]'' and ''[[Hunt for the Wilderpeople]]''</small>
 File:Martin Campbell.jpg|[[Martin Campbell]]<br /><small>[[BAFTA]] winner; director of ''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]''</small>
+File:Jane Campion Cannes 2014 2.jpg|[[Jane Campion]]<br /><small>[[Academy Award|Academy]] and [[Palme d'Or]] winner for ''[[The Piano]]''</small>
 File:Keisha Castle-Hughes at TIFF 2009 (headshot).jpg|[[Keisha Castle-Hughes]]<br /><small>[[Academy Award]] nominee for ''[[Whale Rider]]''</small>
-File:Jane Campion Cannes 2014 2.jpg|[[Jane Campion]]<br /><small>[[Academy Award|Academy]] and [[Golden Palm]] winner for ''[[The Piano]]''</small>
 File:Jemaine Clement Fantastic Fest (cropped).jpg|[[Jemaine Clement]]<br /><small>''[[What We Do in the Shadows]]'' actor and director</small>
 File:Russell Crowe - Flickr - Eva Rinaldi Celebrity and Live Music Photographer (2).jpg|[[Russell Crowe]]<br /><small>[[Academy Award]] winner for ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]''</small>
-File:Rhys Darby 2013 (cropped).jpg|[[Rhys Darby]]<br /><small>actor, ''[[Flight of the Conchords (TV series)|Flight of the Conchords]], [[Hunt for the Wilderpeople]]''</small>
+File:Rhys Darby 2013 (cropped).jpg|[[Rhys Darby]]<br /><small>actor, ''[[Flight of the Conchords (TV series)|Flight of the Conchords]]'', ''[[Hunt for the Wilderpeople]]''</small>
 File:Peter Jackson SDCC 2014.jpg|[[Peter Jackson]]<br /><small>[[Academy Award]]-winner, director of ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]''</small>
 File:Lucy Lawless by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Lucy Lawless]]<br /><small>star of ''[[Xena: Warrior Princess]]''</small>
+File:Melanie Lynskey.jpg|[[Melanie Lynskey]]<br /><small>actress, star of ''[[Heavenly Creatures]]'', ''[[Two and a Half Men]]'' and ''[[Yellowjackets (TV series)|Yellowjackets]]''</small>
 File:Bret McKenzie Muppets Most Wanted Premiere (cropped).jpg|[[Bret McKenzie]]<br /><small>[[Grammy Award]] and [[Academy Award]]-winner for ''[[The Muppets (film)|The Muppets]]''</small>
-File:Sam Neill 2010.jpg|[[Sam Neill]]<br /><small>[[Emmy]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee, star of [[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]</small>
+File:Sam Neill 2010.jpg|[[Sam Neill]]<br /><small>[[Emmy]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee, star of ''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]''</small>
 File:Andrew Niccol by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Andrew Niccol]]<br /><small>[[BAFTA]] winner, director of ''[[Gattaca]]''</small>
-File:AnnaPaquinToronto2018.jpg|[[Anna Paquin]]<br /><small>[[Academy Award]] winner for [[The Piano]], star of [[True Blood]]</small>
+File:AnnaPaquinToronto2018.jpg|[[Anna Paquin]]<br /><small>[[Academy Award]] winner for ''[[The Piano]]'', star of ''[[True Blood]]''</small>
-File:Karl Urban by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|[[Karl Urban]]<br /><small>actor, star of ''[[Dredd]]''</small>
+File:Karl Urban by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|[[Karl Urban]]<br /><small>actor, star of ''[[Dredd]]'' and ''[[The Boys (TV series)|The Boys]]''</small>
-File:Melanie Lynskey.jpg|[[Melanie Lynskey]]<br /><small>actress, star of ''[[Heavenly Creatures]]'' and ''[[Two and a Half Men]]''</small>
+File:Taika Waititi by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Taika Waititi]]<br /><small>[[Academy Award]] winner, director of ''[[Thor: Ragnarok]]'' and ''[[Hunt for the Wilderpeople]]''</small>
 </gallery>
@@ Line 176: / Line 180: @@
 ! Name !! Notable works !! Notes
 |-
-| [[Andrew Adamson]] || ''[[Shrek|Shrek 1 and 2]], [[The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)|The Narnia film series]]'' || [[Academy Award]]-winner
+| [[Andrew Adamson]] || ''[[Shrek]]'' & ''[[Shrek 2]], [[The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)|The Narnia film series]]''|| [[Academy Award]]-winner
 |-
 | [[Niki Caro]] || ''[[Whale Rider]], [[North Country (film)|North Country]]'' || [[BAFTA]]- winner
 |-
-| [[Roger Donaldson]] || ''[[The Bounty (1984 film)|The Bounty]]'', ''[[Dante's Peak]], [[Cocktail (1988 film)|Cocktail]], [[The World's Fastest Indian]], [[The Recruit]]'' || [[Golden Palm]]-nominee
+| [[Roger Donaldson]] || ''[[The Bounty (1984 film)|The Bounty]]'', ''[[Dante's Peak]], [[Cocktail (1988 film)|Cocktail]], [[The World's Fastest Indian]], [[The Recruit (film)|The Recruit]]'' || [[Golden Palm]]-nominee
 |-
 | [[Ellory Elkayem]] || ''[[Eight Legged Freaks]]'' ||
@@ Line 204: / Line 208: @@
 | [[Marton Csokas]] || ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]], [[Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven]], [[Romulus, My Father (film)|Romulus, My Father]]'' ||
 |-
-| [[Cliff Curtis]] || ''[[Sunshine (2007 film)|Sunshine]], [[Collateral Damage (film)|Collateral Damage]], [[Once Were Warriors (film)|Once Were Warriors]], [[Whale Rider]], [[Fear the Walking Dead]]''||
+| [[Cliff Curtis]] || ''[[Sunshine (2007 film)|Sunshine]], [[Collateral Damage (2002 film)|Collateral Damage]], [[Once Were Warriors (film)|Once Were Warriors]], [[Whale Rider]], [[Fear the Walking Dead]]''||
 |-
-| [[Alan Dale]] || ''[[Ugly Betty]]'', ''[[The O.C.]], [[Lost (TV series)|LOST]]'' || [[Screen Actors Guild Awards|SAG]] nominee
+| [[Alan Dale]] || ''[[Ugly Betty]]'', ''[[The O.C.]], [[Lost (2004 TV series)|LOST]]'' || [[Screen Actors Guild Awards|SAG]] nominee
 |-
-| [[Daniel Gillies]] || ''[[Spider-Man in film|Spider-Man 2 and 3]]'' ||
+| [[Daniel Gillies]] || ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' & ''[[Spider-Man 3]]''||
 |-
 | [[Martin Henderson]] || ''[[The Ring (2002 film)|The Ring]], [[Flyboys (film)|Flyboys]], [[Torque (film)|Torque]], [[Off the Map (TV series)|Off the Map]]'' ||
@@ Line 223: / Line 227: @@
 |-
 | [[Jessica Rose]] || ''[[I Know Who Killed Me]], [[lonelygirl15]]'' || Gained fame on [[YouTube]]
+|-
+| [[Antony Starr]] || ''[[The Boys (TV series)|The Boys]], [[Banshee (TV series)|Banshee]]'' ||
 |}
 ==See also==
+* [[Antipodean Film Festival]]
 * [[List of cinema of the world]]
-* [[Wellywood]]
-* [[World cinema]]
 * [[List of New Zealand film makers]]
 * [[List of New Zealand films]]
 * [[List of films set in New Zealand]]
+* [[Wellywood]]
+* [[World cinema]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 238: / Line 247: @@
 ==External links==
 * [http://www.nzfilm.co.nz/ New Zealand Film Commission]
-* [http://www.filmarchive.org.nz New Zealand Film Archive]
 * [http://www.nzonscreen.com NZ On Screen]
 * [http://www.nzvideos.org New Zealand Feature Films on DVD]
@@ Line 247: / Line 255: @@
 [[Category:Cinema of New Zealand| ]]
-[[Category:New Zealand films| ]]

v t e Cinema of New Zealand
Films ((A–Z)) Culture of New Zealand World cinema
Personnel	Actors Directors Cinematographers Composers Editors Producers Screenwriters
Production companies and studios	Henderson Valley Studios Huhu Studios National Film Unit New Zealand Film Commission NZ on Air Piki Films Te Māngai Pāho Weta Digital Weta Workshop WingNut Films