Jump to content

37th G8 summit: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
Bender the Bot (talk | contribs)
(48 intermediate revisions by 31 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|2011 international leaders meeting}}
{{Infobox summit
{{Infobox summit
| summit_name = 37th G8 summit
| summit_name = 37th G8 summit
| image = G8 G20 FRANCE 2011 logo.jpg
| image = G8 G20 FRANCE 2011 logo.jpg
| caption = 37th G8 summit official logo
| caption = Official logo
| country = France
| country = France
| dates = May 26–27, 2011
| dates = 26–27 May 2011
| follows = [[36th G8 summit]]
| follows = [[36th G8 summit]]
| precedes = [[38th G8 summit]]
| precedes = [[38th G8 summit]]
}}
}}
The '''37th G8 summit''' was held on May 26–27, 2011, in [[Deauville]], [[France]].<ref>Présidence française du G20 et du G8, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g20/francais/pour-la-presse/communiques-de-presse/conference-de-presse-de-nicolas-sarkozy-24.894.html ''Dossier de presse,''p. 27]; excerpt, ''Le sommet du G8 aura lieu les 26 et 27 mai à Deauville'' (The G8 summit will take place on May, 26th and 27th in Deauville); [http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/le-prochain-g20-aura-lieu-a-cannes-12-11-2010-1261419_23.php "Le prochain G20 aura lieu à Cannes,"] ''Le point'' (France). 12 November 2010; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>


The '''37th [[G8]] summit''' was held on 26–27 May 2011 in [[Deauville]], [[France]].<ref>Présidence française du G20 et du G8, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g20/francais/pour-la-presse/communiques-de-presse/conference-de-presse-de-nicolas-sarkozy-24.894.html ''Dossier de presse,''p. 27] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214121244/http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g20/francais/pour-la-presse/communiques-de-presse/conference-de-presse-de-nicolas-sarkozy-24.894.html |date=2011-02-14 }}; excerpt, ''Le sommet du G8 aura lieu les 26 et 27 mai à Deauville'' (The G8 summit will take place on May, 26th and 27th in Deauville); [http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/le-prochain-g20-aura-lieu-a-cannes-12-11-2010-1261419_23.php "Le prochain G20 aura lieu à Cannes,"] ''Le point'' (France). 12 November 2010; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
Previous G8 summits have been hosted by France in locations which include [[1st G6 summit|Rambouillet]] (1975); [[8th G7 summit|Versailles]] (1982); [[15th G7 summit|Grande Arche]], [[Paris]] (1989); [[22nd G7 summit|Lyon]] (1996); and [[29th G8 summit|Évian-les-Bains]] (2003).<ref name="what">[http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g20/english/home.9.html G20/G8 France 2011] official site, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/what-is-g8-/what-is-g8-/what-is-g8.847.html What is G8?]; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>


Previous G8 summits have been hosted by France in locations which include [[1st G6 summit|Rambouillet]] (1975); [[8th G7 summit|Versailles]] (1982); [[15th G7 summit|Grande Arche]], [[Paris]] (1989); [[22nd G7 summit|Lyon]] (1996); and [[29th G8 summit|Évian-les-Bains]] (2003).<ref name="what">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110131210441/http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g20/english/home.9.html G20/G8 France 2011] official site, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/what-is-g8-/what-is-g8-/what-is-g8.847.html What is G8?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319170147/http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/what-is-g8-/what-is-g8-/what-is-g8.847.html |date=2012-03-19 }}; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
== Overview ==


==Overview==
[[File:Nicolas Sarkozy at the 37th G8 Summit in Deauville 020.jpg|thumb|Nicolas Sarkozy was the host of the 37th G8 summit in Deauville, France.]]
[[File:Nicolas Sarkozy in 2010.jpg|thumb|French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] was the host of the 37th G8 summit in Deauville, France.|260x260px]]

The [[G8#History|Group of Six]] ([[G8#History|G6]]) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]] starting in 1976. The [[G7]], meeting for the first time in 1979, was formed with the addition of [[Canada]]. Hence, The [[G8]], meeting for the first time in 1997, was formed with the addition of [[Russia]].<ref name="parliament">Parliament (UK), [http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/key-issues-for-the-new-parliament/britain-in-the-world/the-rise-of-the-g20/ "G20 rises, G7 & G8 fall?"]; see G8 + G20 + BRICs represented in relational graphic at bottom of page; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref> In addition, the [[President of the European Commission]] has been formally included in summits since 1981.<ref name="reuters_what">[http://uk.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUKB26280520080703?sp=true "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?"] Reuters (UK), 3 July 2008; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref> The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's President [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing|Giscard d'Estaing]] and West Germany's Chancellor [[Helmut Schmidt]] as they conceived the [[1st G6 summit|initial summit]] of the [[G8#History|Group of Six]] ([[G8#History|G6]]) in 1975.<ref name="reinalda205">Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt3AzOHtXwgC&pg=PA205&dq=G7+summit&client=firefox-a#PPA205,M1 ''Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations,'' p. 205.]</ref>
The [[Group of Seven#History|Group of Six]] (G6) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] starting in 1976. The [[G7|Group of Seven]] (G7), meeting for the first time in 1979, was formed with the addition of [[Canada]]. Hence, The Group of Eight (G8), meeting for the first time in 1997, was formed with the addition of [[Russia]].<ref name="parliament">Parliament (UK), [http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/key-issues-for-the-new-parliament/britain-in-the-world/the-rise-of-the-g20/ "G20 rises, G7 & G8 fall?"]; see G8 + G20 + BRICs represented in relational graphic at bottom of page; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref> In addition, the [[President of the European Commission]] has been formally included in summits since 1981.<ref name="reuters_what">[http://uk.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUKB26280520080703?sp=true "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?"] Reuters (UK), 3 July 2008; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref> The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's president [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] and West Germany's chancellor [[Helmut Schmidt]] as they conceived the [[1st G6 summit|initial summit]] of the Group of Six (G6) in 1975.<ref name="reinalda205">Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt3AzOHtXwgC&dq=G7+summit&pg=PA205 ''Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations,'' p. 205.]</ref>


The G8 summits have inspired widespread debates, protests and demonstrations; and the two- or three-day event becomes more than the sum of its parts, elevating the participants, the issues and the venue as focal points for activist pressure.<ref name="bond1">[http://www.bond.org.uk/pages/g8.html "Influencing Policy on International Development: G8,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513215909/http://www.bond.org.uk/pages/g8.html |date=2012-05-13 }} BOND (British Overseas NGOs for Development). 2008; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
The G8 summits have inspired widespread debates, protests and demonstrations; and the two- or three-day event becomes more than the sum of its parts, elevating the participants, the issues and the venue as focal points for activist pressure.<ref name="bond1">[http://www.bond.org.uk/pages/g8.html "Influencing Policy on International Development: G8,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513215909/http://www.bond.org.uk/pages/g8.html |date=2012-05-13 }} BOND (British Overseas NGOs for Development). 2008; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>


The form and functions of the G8 were reevaluated as the [[List of G-20 summits|G-20 summits]] evolved into the premier forum for discussing, planning and monitoring international economic
The form and functions of the G8 were reevaluated as the [[G20]] [[List of G20 summits|summits]] evolved into the premier forum for discussing, planning and monitoring international economic cooperation.<ref>Parliament (UK): Townsend, Ian. [http://www.parliament.uk/briefingpapers/commons/lib/research/briefings/snep-05028.pdf "G20 & the November 2010 Seoul summit" (SN/EP/5028)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107074318/http://www.parliament.uk/briefingpapers/commons/lib/research/briefings/snep-05028.pdf |date=November 7, 2010 }}, 19 October 2010; excerpt, "Today, we designated the G-20 as the premier forum for our international economic
cooperation.<ref>Parliament (UK): Townsend, Ian. [http://www.parliament.uk/briefingpapers/commons/lib/research/briefings/snep-05028.pdf "G20 & the November 2010 Seoul summit" (SN/EP/5028)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107074318/http://www.parliament.uk/briefingpapers/commons/lib/research/briefings/snep-05028.pdf |date=November 7, 2010 }}, 19 October 2010; excerpt, "Today, we designated the G-20 as the premier forum for our international economic
cooperation" citing [http://www.g20.org/Documents/pittsburgh_summit_leaders_statement_250909.pdf "Pittsburgh G20 Leaders’ summit communiqué,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612200227/http://g20.org/Documents/pittsburgh_summit_leaders_statement_250909.pdf |date=2010-06-12 }} 25 September 2009, paragraph 50.</ref> The "new G8" is refocusing on the subjects of common interest to the G8 countries, including geopolitical and security issues.<ref name="what"/>
cooperation" citing [http://www.g20.org/Documents/pittsburgh_summit_leaders_statement_250909.pdf "Pittsburgh G20 Leaders’ summit communiqué,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612200227/http://g20.org/Documents/pittsburgh_summit_leaders_statement_250909.pdf |date=2010-06-12 }} 25 September 2009, paragraph 50.</ref> The "new G8" is refocusing on the subjects of common interest to the G8 countries, including geopolitical and security issues.<ref name="what"/>


The forum continues to be in a process of transformation.<ref>Congressional Record Service, R40977: Nelson, Rebecca M. [https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/134990.pdf "Implications of the transition from G-7 to G20," pp. 22-26.] ''The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress,'' 9 December 2009; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
The forum continues to be in a process of transformation.<ref>Congressional Record Service, R40977: Nelson, Rebecca M. [https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/134990.pdf "Implications of the transition from G-7 to G20," pp. 22-26.] ''The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress,'' 9 December 2009; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>


== Leaders at the summit ==
==Leaders at the summit==
The G8 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<ref name="reuters_what"/>

The G8 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref name="reuters_what"/>

The 37th G8 summit was the last summit for [[President of France|French President]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], [[Prime Minister of Italy|Italian Prime Minister]] [[Silvio Berlusconi]], [[Prime Minister of Japan|Japanese Prime Minister]] [[Naoto Kan]] and [[Dmitry Medvedev]] as [[President of Russia]] (Medvedev would return to the [[38th G8 summit]] the following year as [[Prime Minister of Russia]], leading Russian delegates in place for the newly elected President Vladimir Putin).


The 37th G8 summit was the last summit for [[President of France|French President]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], [[Prime Minister of Italy|Italian Prime Minister]] [[Silvio Berlusconi]], [[Prime Minister of Japan|Japanese Prime Minister]] [[Naoto Kan]] and [[Dmitry Medvedev]] as [[President of Russia]] (Medvedev would return to the [[38th G8 summit]] the following year as [[Prime Minister of Russia]], leading Russian delegates in place for the newly elected President [[Vladimir Putin]]).
=== Participants ===


===Participants===
[[File:G8 Deauville 2011.jpg|thumb|right|[[G8]] leaders walk to the first working session at summit in Deauville. Pictured, from left are: European Commission President [[José Manuel Barroso|Barroso]]; US President [[Barack Obama|Obama]]; French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy|Sarkozy]]; Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper|Harper]]; Japanese Prime Minister [[Naoto Kan|Kan]]; German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel|Merkel]]; and British Prime Minister [[David Cameron|Cameron]].]]
[[File:G8 Deauville 2011.jpg|thumb|right|G8 leaders walking to the first working session at summit in Deauville. Left to right: European Commission President [[José Manuel Barroso]]; US President [[Barack Obama]]; French President Nicolas Sarkozy; Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]]; Japanese Prime Minister [[Naoto Kan]]; German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]]; and British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]]]]
[[File:Family photo - 2011 G8 Summit.jpeg|thumb|right|Traditional "family photo" at the [[G8]] summit meeting in Deauville]]
[[File:Family photo - 2011 G8 Summit.jpeg|thumb|right|Traditional "family photo" at the G8 summit meeting in Deauville]]


These summit participants represent the current core members of the international forum:<ref>Rieffel, Lex. [http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0327_global_governance_rieffel.aspx "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part IV),"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603074840/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0327_global_governance_rieffel.aspx |date=June 3, 2010 }} Brookings (US). 27 March 2009; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref><ref name="independent">[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/g8-highlights-euro-debt-risk-to-world-economy-2289224.html "G8 highlights euro debt risk to world economy,"] ''Independent'' (UK). May 26, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.</ref><ref name="wintour-1">Wintour, Patrick. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/26/g8-summit-egypt-tunisia-democracy "G8 summit: UK offers Egypt and Tunisia £110m to Boost Democracy,:] ''Guardian'' (UK). 26 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.</ref><ref>Brost, Marc and Jörg Lau. [http://www.zeit.de/2011/22/Deutschland-Isolation "''Ab in die Ecke'',"] ''Die Zeit'' (Germany). 26 Mai 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26</ref><ref>[http://www.corriere.it/politica/11_maggio_26/berlusconi-obama-dittatura-giudici-sinistra_8e414b5e-87a4-11e0-8601-a1952c3da2ae.shtml "''Deauville, Berlusconi a Obama: da noi dittatura dei giudici di sinistra,''"] ''Corriere della Sera'' (Italy). 27 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27</ref><ref>Tang Danlu. [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/video/2011-05/27/c_13896805.htm "EU leaders meet press before G8 summit,"] ''Xinhua'' (PRC). 27 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27</ref><ref name="africa">[http://www.africasia.com/services/news_africa/article.php?ID=CNG.41a6ad648b475100f733f7fd2ba1bcbe.81 "AU demands end to NATO Libya strikes,"] ''Agence France Presse'' (AFP), 26 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26</ref><ref>Bejot, Jean-Pierre. [http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article42197&rubrique7 "''Les bons élèves de la « démocratie » africaine invités au bord de la mer par Nicolas Sarkozy'',"] ''La Dépêche Diplomatique Afrique'' (Senegal). 25 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27</ref><ref>MacCormaic, Ruadhán. [http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0526/1224297787441.html "G8 summit set to approve aid package for Tunisia and Egypt,"] ''Irish Times'' (Eire). 26 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27</ref><ref>Babalola, Jide. [http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/news/7162-ki-moon-in-nigeria-to-push-health-campaign.html "Ki-Moon in Nigeria to push health campaign,"] ''The Nation'' (Nigeria). 23 May 2011; 2011-05-27</ref>
These summit participants represent the current core members of the international forum:<ref>Rieffel, Lex. [http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0327_global_governance_rieffel.aspx "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part IV),"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603074840/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0327_global_governance_rieffel.aspx |date=June 3, 2010 }} Brookings (US). 27 March 2009; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref><ref name="independent">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/g8-highlights-euro-debt-risk-to-world-economy-2289224.html "G8 highlights euro debt risk to world economy,"] ''Independent'' (UK). May 26, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.</ref><ref name="wintour-1">Wintour, Patrick. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/26/g8-summit-egypt-tunisia-democracy "G8 summit: UK offers Egypt and Tunisia £110m to Boost Democracy,:] ''Guardian'' (UK). 26 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.</ref><ref>Brost, Marc and Jörg Lau. [http://www.zeit.de/2011/22/Deutschland-Isolation "''Ab in die Ecke'',"] ''Die Zeit'' (Germany). 26 Mai 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26</ref><ref>[http://www.corriere.it/politica/11_maggio_26/berlusconi-obama-dittatura-giudici-sinistra_8e414b5e-87a4-11e0-8601-a1952c3da2ae.shtml "''Deauville, Berlusconi a Obama: da noi dittatura dei giudici di sinistra,''"] ''Corriere della Sera'' (Italy). 27 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27</ref><ref>Tang Danlu. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121107205415/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/video/2011-05/27/c_13896805.htm "EU leaders meet press before G8 summit,"] ''Xinhua'' (PRC). 27 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27</ref><ref name="africa">[http://www.africasia.com/services/news_africa/article.php?ID=CNG.41a6ad648b475100f733f7fd2ba1bcbe.81 "AU demands end to NATO Libya strikes,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318105223/http://www.africasia.com/services/news_africa/article.php?ID=CNG.41a6ad648b475100f733f7fd2ba1bcbe.81 |date=2012-03-18 }} ''Agence France Presse'' (AFP), 26 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26</ref><ref>Bejot, Jean-Pierre. [http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article42197&rubrique7 "''Les bons élèves de la « démocratie » africaine invités au bord de la mer par Nicolas Sarkozy'',"] ''La Dépêche Diplomatique Afrique'' (Senegal). 25 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27</ref><ref>MacCormaic, Ruadhán. [https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0526/1224297787441.html "G8 summit set to approve aid package for Tunisia and Egypt,"] ''Irish Times'' (Eire). 26 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27</ref><ref>Babalola, Jide. [http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/news/7162-ki-moon-in-nigeria-to-push-health-campaign.html "Ki-Moon in Nigeria to push health campaign,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527000930/http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/news/7162-ki-moon-in-nigeria-to-push-health-campaign.html |date=2011-05-27 }} ''The Nation'' (Nigeria). 23 May 2011; 2011-05-27</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|colspan="4" style="text-align: center; background:Gainsboro" |'''[[Group of Eight|Core G8 members]]'''<br><small>Host state and leader are shown in bold text.</small>
|colspan="4" style="text-align: center; background:Gainsboro" |'''[[G8|Core G8 members]]'''<br><small>Host state and leader are shown in bold text.</small>
|- style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center;"
|- style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center;"
! colspan=2 | Member
! colspan=2 | Member
Line 53: Line 50:
| [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]]
| [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]]
|-
|-
! {{flagicon|FRA}}
! {{flagicon|FRA|1974}}
| '''[[France]]'''
| '''[[France]]'''
| '''[[Nicolas Sarkozy]]'''
| '''[[Nicolas Sarkozy]]'''
Line 61: Line 58:
| [[Germany]]
| [[Germany]]
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| [[Angela Merkel]]
| [[Chancellor of Germany (1949–)|Chancellor]]
| [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]
|-
|-
! {{flagicon|Italy}}
! {{flagicon|Italy}}
Line 106: Line 103:
| [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]
| [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]
| [[President of Algeria|President]]
| [[President of Algeria|President]]
|-
! {{flagicon|Cote d'Ivoire}}
| [[Cote d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[Alassane Ouattara]]
| [[List of heads of state of Ivory Coast|President]]
|-
|-
! {{flagicon|Egypt}}
! {{flagicon|Egypt}}
Line 120: Line 122:
| [[Equatorial Guinea]]
| [[Equatorial Guinea]]
| [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]
| [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]
| [[President of Equatorial Guinea|President]]
| [[List of presidents of Equatorial Guinea|President]]
|-
! {{flagicon|Guinea}}
| [[Guinea]]
| [[Alpha Conde]]
| [[List of presidents of Guinea|President]]
|-
! {{flagicon|Niger}}
| [[Niger]]
| [[Mahamadou Issoufou]]
| [[List of heads of state of Niger|President]]
|-
|-
! {{flagicon|Nigeria}}
! {{flagicon|Nigeria}}
Line 130: Line 142:
| [[Senegal]]
| [[Senegal]]
| [[Abdoulaye Wade]]
| [[Abdoulaye Wade]]
| [[President of Senegal|President]]
| [[List of presidents of Senegal|President]]
|-
|-
! {{flagicon|South Africa}}
! {{flagicon|South Africa}}
| [[South Africa]]
| [[South Africa]]
| [[Thabo Mbeki]]
| [[Jacob Zuma]]
| [[President of South Africa|President]]
| [[President of South Africa|President]]
|-
|-
Line 158: Line 170:
| [[Arab League]]
| [[Arab League]]
| [[Amr Moussa]]
| [[Amr Moussa]]
| [[List of Secretaries General of the Arab League|Secretary-General]]
| [[Secretary General of the Arab League|Secretary-General]]
|-
! {{flagicon|International Monetary Fund}}
| [[International Monetary Fund]]
| [[John Lipsky]]
| [[Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund|Managing Director]]
|-
|-
! {{flagicon|United Nations}}
! {{flagicon|United Nations}}
Line 164: Line 181:
| [[Ban Ki-moon]]
| [[Ban Ki-moon]]
| [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]]
| [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]]
|-
! rowspan= "2" |
| [[World Bank Group]]
| [[Robert Zoellick]]
| [[President of the World Bank Group|President]]
|}
|}


== Priorities ==
==Priorities==
Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda for negotiations, but world events caused the list of topics to expand, including such issues such as the Fukushima nuclear accident,<ref>Jessop-Kolesnikov, Sonia. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/world/asia/26iht-srgaASIA26.html?_r=1&scp=9&sq=deauville&st=cse "As G-8 Meets, Asian Leaders Seek a Bigger Role,"] ''New York Times'' (US). May 25, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.</ref> the [[European debt crisis|European sovereign debt crisis]],<ref>Erlanger, Steven and Liz Alderman. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/world/europe/26g8.html?ref=europeansovereigndebtcrisis "Euro Crisis Looms for Group of 8,"] ''New York Times'' (US). May 25, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.</ref> the conflict in Libya, Iran's nuclear programme, Syria's crackdown on pro-democracy protests, and the selection of a new managing director for the [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref>MacCormaic, Ruadhán. [https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0526/1224297787441.html "G8 summit set to approve aid package for Tunisia and Egypt,"] ''Irish Times''</ref>


==Issues==
Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda for negotiations, but world events caused the list of topics to expand, including such issues such as the Fukushima nuclear accident<ref>Jessop-Kolesnikov, Sonia. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/world/asia/26iht-srgaASIA26.html?_r=1&scp=9&sq=deauville&st=cse "As G-8 Meets, Asian Leaders Seek a Bigger Role,"] ''New York Times'' (US). May 25, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.</ref> the [[European sovereign debt crisis]],<ref>Erlanger, Steven and Liz Alderman. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/world/europe/26g8.html?ref=europeansovereigndebtcrisis "Euro Crisis Looms for Group of 8,"] ''New York Times'' (US). May 25, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.</ref> the conflict in Libya, Iran’s nuclear programme, Syria’s crackdown on pro-democracy protests, and the selection of a new managing director for the [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref>MacCormaic, Ruadhán. [http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0526/1224297787441.html "G8 summit set to approve aid package for Tunisia and Egypt,"] ''Irish Times''</ref>
The summit is a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions.<ref name="reinalda205"/> The G8 has become a forum for political and strategic discussions, and as a caucus within the G20.<ref>Jessop-Kolesnikov, "As G-8 Meets"; excerpt, According to [[Tommy Koh]] of [[Singapore]], "the 2008 global financial crisis showed that a body that more accurately reflected the weight of emerging economies was needed to help steer the world out of that crisis .... G-20 has thus supplanted the G-8 as the main body for global financial and economic cooperation [and] the G-8 still remains as a forum for political and strategic discussions, and as a caucus within the G-20"; retrieved 2011-05-26</ref>


== Issues ==
==Schedule and Agenda==
The agenda for the summit included some issues which remained unresolved from previous summits.<ref>Kaur, Hardev. "G20 leaders must deliver on their promises," ''The New Straits Times'' (Malaysia). 20 February 2009.</ref> French general priorities included:

# New common challenges: the Internet, innovation, green growth and a sustainable economy, and nuclear safety<ref name="priorities">G20/G8 France 2011, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/priorities-for-france/the-priorities-of-the-french-presidency/the-priorities-of-the-french-presidency-for-g8.815.html "The priorities of the French Presidency"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614231822/http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/priorities-for-france/the-priorities-of-the-french-presidency/the-priorities-of-the-french-presidency-for-g8.815.html |date=2012-06-14 }}</ref>
The summit is a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions.<ref name="reinalda205"/> The G-8 has become a forum for political and strategic discussions, and as a caucus within the [[G-20 major economies|G-20]].<ref>Jessop-Kolesnikov, "As G-8 Meets"; excerpt, According to [[Tommy Koh]] of [[Singapore]], "the 2008 global financial crisis showed that a body that more accurately reflected the weight of emerging economies was needed to help steer the world out of that crisis .... G-20 has thus supplanted the G-8 as the main body for global financial and economic cooperation [and] the G-8 still remains as a forum for political and strategic discussions, and as a caucus within the G-20"; retrieved 2011-05-26</ref>

== Schedule and Agenda ==

The agenda for the summit included some issues which remained unresolved from previous summits.<ref>Kaur, Hardev. "G20 leaders must deliver on their promises," ''The New Straits Times'' (Malaysia). 20 February 2009.</ref> French general priorities included:
# New common challenges: the Internet, innovation, green growth and a sustainable economy, and nuclear safety<ref name="priorities">G20/G8 France 2011, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/priorities-for-france/the-priorities-of-the-french-presidency/the-priorities-of-the-french-presidency-for-g8.815.html "The priorities of the French Presidency"]</ref>
# The 'Arab Springs': a partnership for democracy<ref name="priorities"/>
# The 'Arab Springs': a partnership for democracy<ref name="priorities"/>
# Strengthening the partnership with Africa: a long-term vision<ref name="priorities"/>
# Strengthening the partnership with Africa: a long-term vision<ref name="priorities"/>
Line 183: Line 202:


Some of the specific topics on the agenda were:
Some of the specific topics on the agenda were:
* Afghanistan;<ref>G20/G8 France 2011, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/afghanistan.878.html Afghanistan]; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
* Afghanistan;<ref>G20/G8 France 2011, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/afghanistan.878.html Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319170315/http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/afghanistan.878.html |date=2012-03-19 }}; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
* G8 + [[Broader Middle East and North Africa]] (BMENA);<ref>Karabell, Zachary. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/world/middleeast/26iht-srgaARAB26.html?pagewanted=1&sq=deauville&st=cse&scp=3 "On the Heels of Revolution, Economic Realities Arrive,"] ''New York Times'' (US). May 25, 2011; G20/G8 France 2011, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/g8-bmena-forum-for-the-future.879.html "G8 + BMENA"]; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
* G8 + [[Broader Middle East and North Africa]] (BMENA);<ref>Karabell, Zachary. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/world/middleeast/26iht-srgaARAB26.html?pagewanted=1&sq=deauville&st=cse&scp=3 "On the Heels of Revolution, Economic Realities Arrive,"] ''New York Times'' (US). May 25, 2011; G20/G8 France 2011, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/g8-bmena-forum-for-the-future.879.html "G8 + BMENA"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319170321/http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/g8-bmena-forum-for-the-future.879.html |date=2012-03-19 }}; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
* The Internet: new challenges<ref>G20/G8 France 2011, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/the-internet-new-challenges.420.html Internet challenges]; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
* The Internet: new challenges<ref>G20/G8 France 2011, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/the-internet-new-challenges.420.html Internet challenges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319170338/http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/the-internet-new-challenges.420.html |date=2012-03-19 }}; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
* Non-proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction<ref>G20/G8 France 2011,[http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/non-proliferation-of-weapons-of-mass-destruction.883.html Non-proliferation/WMDs]; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
* Non-proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction<ref>G20/G8 France 2011,[http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/non-proliferation-of-weapons-of-mass-destruction.883.html Non-proliferation/WMDs]; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
* The G8's Partnership with Africa<ref>G20/G8 France 2011, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/the-g8-s-partnership-with-africa.875.html G8 + Partnership with Africa]; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
* The G8's Partnership with Africa<ref>G20/G8 France 2011, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/the-g8-s-partnership-with-africa.875.html G8 + Partnership with Africa]; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
* Transatlantic Cocaine Trafficking<ref>G20/G8 France 2011, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/ministerial-meeting-on-transatlantic-cocaine.881.html Cocaine trafficking]; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
* Transatlantic Cocaine Trafficking<ref>G20/G8 France 2011, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/ministerial-meeting-on-transatlantic-cocaine.881.html Cocaine trafficking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319170245/http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/ministerial-meeting-on-transatlantic-cocaine.881.html |date=2012-03-19 }}; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
* Counter-terrorism<ref>G20/G8 France 2011, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/counter-terrorism.885.html Counter-terrorism]; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
* Counter-terrorism<ref>G20/G8 France 2011, [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/counter-terrorism.885.html Counter-terrorism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319170300/http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/counter-terrorism.885.html |date=2012-03-19 }}; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
* G8 political and security issues<ref>G20/G8 France 2011,[http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/g8-political-and-security-component.882.html Political and security issues]; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
* G8 political and security issues<ref>G20/G8 France 2011,[http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/g8-political-and-security-component.882.html Political and security issues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319170306/http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/-fiches/g8-political-and-security-component.882.html |date=2012-03-19 }}; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>


== Citizens' responses and authorities' counter-responses ==
==Citizens' responses and authorities' counter-responses==
[[File:Manifestation anti-G8 au Havre - 21 mai 2011 - 061.jpg|thumb|Front banner of the anti-G8 demonstration in Le Havre prior to the G8 summit, featuring the "''{{lang|fr|G8 dégage}}''" theme]]

Protest groups and other activists were expected to make a showing at the summit.<ref>Crispian Balmer and Kevin Liffey. [https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE62K1W220100321 "Q+A: Election defeat poses problems for Sarkozy,"] Reuters (UK). 21 March 2010; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref> The [[slogan]] ''G8 dégage'' ("G8 Go Away") was a recurring element of the demonstrations.<ref name="haddadi">Haddadi, Anissa. [http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/152032/20110525/obama-in-deauville-tomorrow-farewell-to-the-uk-and-hello-anti-g8-protesters.htm "Obama in Deauville tomorrow: Farewell to the UK and Hello anti G8 Protesters,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130126005220/http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/152032/20110525/obama-in-deauville-tomorrow-farewell-to-the-uk-and-hello-anti-g8-protesters.htm |date=2013-01-26 }} ''International Business Times'' (UK). 25 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27</ref>
[[File:Manifestation anti-G8 au Havre - 21 mai 2011 - 061.jpg|thumb|Front banner of the anti-G8 demonstration in Le Havre prior to the G8 summit, featuring the "''{{lang|fr|G8 dégage}}''" theme.]]

Protest groups and other activists were expected to make a showing at the summit.<ref>Crispian Balmer and Kevin Liffey. [https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE62K1W220100321 "Q+A: Election defeat poses problems for Sarkozy,"] Reuters (UK). 21 March 2010; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref> The [[slogan]] ''G8 dégage'' ("G8 Go Away") was a recurring element of the demonstrations.<ref name="haddadi">Haddadi, Anissa. [http://uk.ibtimes.com/articles/152032/20110525/obama-in-deauville-tomorrow-farewell-to-the-uk-and-hello-anti-g8-protesters.htm "Obama in Deauville tomorrow: Farewell to the UK and Hello anti G8 Protesters,"] ''International Business Times'' (UK). 25 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27</ref>


Protesters expressed their concerns about capitalism and what they perceive as the imperialism of western liberal democracies. The demonstrators are widely understood to be against globalisation.<ref name="haddadi"/>
Protesters expressed their concerns about capitalism and what they perceive as the imperialism of western liberal democracies. The demonstrators are widely understood to be against globalisation.<ref name="haddadi"/>


== Accomplishments ==
==Accomplishments==
This annual gathering of international leaders is an international event which is observed and reported by news media; and the G8's relevance and accomplishments are continuing topics of discussion.<ref>MacCormaic, [https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0526/1224297787441.html "G8 summit set to approve aid package,"] ''Irish Times''; Lee, Don. [https://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-summit6-2008jul06,0,2282497.story "On eve of summit, G-8's relevance is unclear,"] ''Los Angeles Times'' (US). 6 July 2008; retrieved 2011-05-27</ref> The event brings leaders together not so they can dream up quick fixes, but to talk and think about them together.<ref>Feldman, Adam. "What's Wrong With The G-8," ''Forbes'' (US). 7 July 2008.</ref>


The 2011 summit meeting was marked by what the G8 called the "Deauville Partnership" with the people of North Africa.<ref>Zhang Xiang. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110529062700/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-05/27/c_13897872.htm "G8 leaders wrap up summit, pledge billions of dollars for new partnership with Arab,"] ''Xinhua'' (PRC). 27 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27</ref> As a start, $20 billion were pledged in support for Tunisian and Egyptian reforms due to the [[Arab Spring]].<ref>Wintour, Patrick. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/27/g8-summit-pledge-arab-spring "G8 summit to pledge £12bn for Arab spring states," ''Guardian'' (UK). 27 May, 2011; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110530010615/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43190972/ns/world_news/ "G-8 leaders back Arab Spring revolts,"] MSNBC (US). May 27, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27</ref>
This annual gathering of international leaders is an international event which is observed and reported by news media; and the G8's relevance and accomplishments are continuing topics of discussion.<ref>MacCormaic, [http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0526/1224297787441.html "G8 summit set to approve aid package,"] ''Irish Times''; Lee, Don. [http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-summit6-2008jul06,0,2282497.story "On eve of summit, G-8's relevance is unclear,"] ''Los Angeles Times'' (US). 6 July 2008; retrieved 2011-05-27</ref> The event brings leaders together not so they can dream up quick fixes, but to talk and think about them together.<ref>Feldman, Adam. "What's Wrong With The G-8," ''Forbes'' (US). 7 July 2008.</ref>

The 2011 summit meeting was marked by what the G8 called the "Deauville Partnership" with the people of North Africa.<ref>Zhang Xiang. [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-05/27/c_13897872.htm "G8 leaders wrap up summit, pledge billions of dollars for new partnership with Arab,"] ''Xinhua'' (PRC). 27 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27</ref> As a start, $20 billion were pledged in support for Tunisian and Egyptian reforms due to the [[Arab Spring]].<ref>Wintour, Patrick. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/27/g8-summit-pledge-arab-spring "G8 summit to pledge £12bn for Arab spring states," ''Guardian'' (UK). 27 May, 2011; [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43190972/ns/world_news/ "G-8 leaders back Arab Spring revolts,"] MSNBC (US). May 27, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27</ref>

== Security ==

[[File:Police vehicles - 37th G8 summit in Deauville 025.jpg|thumb|Police cars in Deauville belonging to the ''{{lang|fr|[[Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité]]}}''.]]


==Security==
[[File:Police vehicles - 37th G8 summit in Deauville 025.jpg|thumb|Police cars in Deauville belonging to the ''{{lang|fr|[[Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité]]}}'']]
Security planning was designed to ensure that the summit's formal agenda can remain the primary focus of the attendees' discussions;<ref>Schuetze, Christopher A. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/world/europe/26iht-srgaDEAUVILLE26.html?scp=1&sq=deauville&st=cse "A French Town's Bright Shine Belies Its Size,"] ''New York Times'' (US). May 25, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.</ref> but effectively this meant converting the seaside resort into a fortress for the G8.<ref>[http://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/2/actualite/deauville-transforme-en-forteresse-pour-le-g8-des-26-et-27-mai_966498.html "''Deauville transformé en forteresse pour le G8 des 26 et 27 mai,''"]</ref>
Security planning was designed to ensure that the summit's formal agenda can remain the primary focus of the attendees' discussions;<ref>Schuetze, Christopher A. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/world/europe/26iht-srgaDEAUVILLE26.html?scp=1&sq=deauville&st=cse "A French Town's Bright Shine Belies Its Size,"] ''New York Times'' (US). May 25, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.</ref> but effectively this meant converting the seaside resort into a fortress for the G8.<ref>[http://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/2/actualite/deauville-transforme-en-forteresse-pour-le-g8-des-26-et-27-mai_966498.html "''Deauville transformé en forteresse pour le G8 des 26 et 27 mai,''"]</ref>


== Budget ==
==Budget==
In 2010, Sarkozy projected that the summits in Deauville and Cannes would cost "ten times less" than the preceding Canadian summits.<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/news/sarkozy-says-his-g8g20-will-cost-one-tenth-of-canadas/article1619637/ "Sarkozy says his G8/G20 will cost one-tenth of Canada’s,"] ''Globe and Mail'' (Canada). 27 June 2010; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>

In 2010, President Sarkozy projected that the summits in Deauville and Cannes would cost "ten times less" than the preceding Canadian summits.<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/news/sarkozy-says-his-g8g20-will-cost-one-tenth-of-canadas/article1619637/ "Sarkozy says his G8/G20 will cost one-tenth of Canada’s,"] ''Globe and Mail'' (Canada). 27 June 2010; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>

== Business opportunity ==


==Business opportunity==
For some, the G8 summit became a profit-generating event. For example, the ''G8 Summit'' magazines have been published under the auspices of the host nations for distribution to all attendees since 1998.<ref>[http://www.prestigemediausa.com/press.htm Prestige Media:] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519000002/http://www.prestigemediausa.com/press.htm |date=2009-05-19 }} [http://www.prestigemediausa.com/g8summit.htm "official" ''G8 Summit'' magazine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518235917/http://www.prestigemediausa.com/g8summit.htm |date=2009-05-18 }}; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>
For some, the G8 summit became a profit-generating event. For example, the ''G8 Summit'' magazines have been published under the auspices of the host nations for distribution to all attendees since 1998.<ref>[http://www.prestigemediausa.com/press.htm Prestige Media:] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519000002/http://www.prestigemediausa.com/press.htm |date=2009-05-19 }} [http://www.prestigemediausa.com/g8summit.htm "official" ''G8 Summit'' magazine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518235917/http://www.prestigemediausa.com/g8summit.htm |date=2009-05-18 }}; retrieved 13 February 2011</ref>


According to the Mayor of Deauville, "Our main interest is the economic implications."<ref>Schuetze, "A French Town"; retrieved 2011-05-26</ref>
According to the Mayor of Deauville, "Our main interest is the economic implications."<ref>Schuetze, "A French Town"; retrieved 2011-05-26</ref>


== Gallery ==
==Gallery==
===Core G8 participants===

=== Core G8 participants ===
<gallery class="center" widths="122px">
<gallery class="center" widths="122px">
File:Stephen-Harper-Cropped-2014-02-18.jpg|'''{{flag|Canada}}'''<br>[[Stephen Harper]], [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]]
File:Prime Minister Stephen Harper in 2006.jpg|'''{{flag|Canada}}'''<br>[[Stephen Harper]], [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]]|alt=CanadaStephen Harper, Prime Minister
File:Flickr - europeanpeoplesparty - EPP Summit October 2010 (105).jpg|'''{{flag|France}}'''<br>[[Nicolas Sarkozy]], [[President of France|President]]
File:Nicolas Sarkozy in 2010.jpg|'''{{flag|France|1974}}'''<br>[[Nicolas Sarkozy]], [[President of France|President]]|alt=FranceNicolas Sarkozy, President
File:Angela Merkel Security Conference February 2015 (cropped).jpg|'''{{flag|Germany}}'''<br>[[Angela Merkel]], [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]
File:Angela Merkel 2019 cropped.jpg|'''{{flag|Germany}}'''<br>[[Angela Merkel]], [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]|alt=GermanyAngela Merkel, Chancellor
File:Berlusconi-2010-1.jpg|'''{{flag|Italy}}'''<br>[[Silvio Berlusconi]], [[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]]
File:Silvio Berlusconi 2018.jpg|'''{{flag|Italy}}'''<br>[[Silvio Berlusconi]], [[Prime Minister of Italy|Prime Minister]]|alt=ItalySilvio Berlusconi, Prime Minister
File:Naoto Kan cropped 3 Naoto Kan 2 20110129.jpg|'''{{flag|Japan}}'''<br>[[Naoto Kan]], [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]]
File:Kan Naoto.jpg|'''{{flag|Japan}}'''<br>[[Naoto Kan]], [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]]|alt=JapanNaoto Kan, Prime Minister
File:Dmitry_Medvedev_official_large_photo_-1.jpg|'''{{flag|Russia}}'''<br>[[Dmitry Medvedev]], [[President of Russia|President]]
File:Dmitry Medvedev official portrait (01) (cropped).jpg|'''{{flag|Russia}}'''<br>[[Dmitry Medvedev]], [[President of Russia|President]]|alt=RussiaDmitry Medvedev, President
File:David Cameron official.jpg|'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}'''<br>[[David Cameron]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]
File:Prime Minister David Cameron - official photograph (8947770804) (cropped).jpg|'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}'''<br>[[David Cameron]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]|alt=United KingdomDavid Cameron, Prime Minister
File:Obama portrait crop.jpg|'''{{flag|United States}}'''<br>[[Barack Obama]], [[President of the United States|President]]
File:President Barack Obama.jpg|'''{{flag|United States}}'''<br>[[Barack Obama]], [[President of the United States|President]]|alt=United StatesBarack Obama, President
File:Herman Van Rompuy at the 37th G8 Summit in Deauville 030.jpg|{{flagicon|EU}} '''[[European Union]]'''<br />[[Herman Van Rompuy]], [[President of the European Council|Council President]]
File:Herman Van Rompuy 675.jpg|{{flagicon|EU}} '''[[European Union]]'''<br />[[Herman Van Rompuy]], [[President of the European Council|Council President]]
File:José Manuel Barroso MEDEF 2.jpg|'''{{flag|European Union}}'''<br>[[José Manuel Barroso]], [[President of the European Commission|Commission President]]
File:José Manuel Barroso (cropped).jpg|'''{{flag|European Union}}'''<br>[[José Manuel Barroso]], [[President of the European Commission|Commission President]]|alt=European UnionJosé Manuel Barroso, Commission President

</gallery>
</gallery>


== See also ==
==See also==

{{Portal|Politics}}
{{Portal|Politics}}
* [[2011 G20 Cannes summit]]
* [[E-G8 Forum]]
* [[E-G8 Forum]]
* [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]
* [[2011 G-20 Cannes summit]]
* [[Group of Six|G6]]
* [[G7]]
* [[International Panel on Climate Change]]
* [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]
* [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]


== Notes ==
==Notes==

{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{notelist}}
{{notelist}}


== References ==
==References==
* Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt3AzOHtXwgC&client=firefox-a ''Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations.''] London: [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|978-0-415-16486-3}}; {{ISBN|978-0-203-45085-7}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/autonomous-policy-making-by-international-organizations/oclc/39013643&referer=brief_results OCLC 39013643]
* Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt3AzOHtXwgC ''Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations.''] London: [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|978-0-415-16486-3}}; {{ISBN|978-0-203-45085-7}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39013643 OCLC 39013643]


== External links ==
==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{commons category|37th G8 summit}}
* [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca G8 Information Centre]
* [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca G8 Information Centre]
* [http://www.parliament.uk/ImageVault/Images/storage_Edited/filename_Y1Lv-YZwOlkcVJm7eBHn.jpg/id_6214/ImageVaultHandler.aspx Graphic: G20 is not simply the 20 largest economies]
* [http://www.parliament.uk/ImageVault/Images/storage_Edited/filename_Y1Lv-YZwOlkcVJm7eBHn.jpg/id_6214/ImageVaultHandler.aspx Graphic: G20 is not simply the 20 largest economies]
* [http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/home.18.html Official website]. NB: No official website is created for any G7 summit prior to 1995 -- ''see'' the [[21st G7 summit#Accomplishments|21st G7 summit]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204213002/http://www.g20-g8.com/g8-g20/g8/english/home.18.html Official website]. NB: No official website is created for any G7 summit prior to 1995 -- ''see'' the [[21st G7 summit#Accomplishments|21st G7 summit]].


{{G8 summits}}
{{G7 summits}}
{{Presidency of Barack Obama}}


[[Category:G7 summits|2011]]
[[Category:2011 conferences|G8 summit]]
[[Category:2011 in France|G8 summit]]
[[Category:2011 in France|G8 summit]]
[[Category:2011 in international relations|G8 summit]]
[[Category:21st-century diplomatic conferences (Global)|G8 summit 2011]]
[[Category:21st century in Normandy]]
[[Category:Deauville]]
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in France|G8 summit 2011]]
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in France|G8 summit 2011]]
[[Category:21st-century diplomatic conferences|G8 summit 2011]]
[[Category:G7 summits|2011]]
[[Category:2011 in international relations|G8 summit]]
[[Category:May 2011 events in Europe]]
[[Category:2011 conferences|G8 summit]]
[[Category:Presidency of Barack Obama|G8 summit 2011]]
[[Category:History of Normandy]]
[[Category:May 2011 events]]

Revision as of 23:09, 6 August 2024

37th G8 summit
Official logo
Host countryFrance
Dates26–27 May 2011
Follows36th G8 summit
Precedes38th G8 summit

The 37th G8 summit was held on 26–27 May 2011 in Deauville, France.[1]

Previous G8 summits have been hosted by France in locations which include Rambouillet (1975); Versailles (1982); Grande Arche, Paris (1989); Lyon (1996); and Évian-les-Bains (2003).[2]

Overview

French President Nicolas Sarkozy was the host of the 37th G8 summit in Deauville, France.

The Group of Six (G6) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States starting in 1976. The Group of Seven (G7), meeting for the first time in 1979, was formed with the addition of Canada. Hence, The Group of Eight (G8), meeting for the first time in 1997, was formed with the addition of Russia.[3] In addition, the President of the European Commission has been formally included in summits since 1981.[4] The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the initial summit of the Group of Six (G6) in 1975.[5]

The G8 summits have inspired widespread debates, protests and demonstrations; and the two- or three-day event becomes more than the sum of its parts, elevating the participants, the issues and the venue as focal points for activist pressure.[6]

The form and functions of the G8 were reevaluated as the G20 summits evolved into the premier forum for discussing, planning and monitoring international economic cooperation.[7] The "new G8" is refocusing on the subjects of common interest to the G8 countries, including geopolitical and security issues.[2]

The forum continues to be in a process of transformation.[8]

Leaders at the summit

The G8 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[4]

The 37th G8 summit was the last summit for French President Nicolas Sarkozy, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan and Dmitry Medvedev as President of Russia (Medvedev would return to the 38th G8 summit the following year as Prime Minister of Russia, leading Russian delegates in place for the newly elected President Vladimir Putin).

Participants

G8 leaders walking to the first working session at summit in Deauville. Left to right: European Commission President José Manuel Barroso; US President Barack Obama; French President Nicolas Sarkozy; Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper; Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan; German Chancellor Angela Merkel; and British Prime Minister David Cameron
Traditional "family photo" at the G8 summit meeting in Deauville

These summit participants represent the current core members of the international forum:[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

Core G8 members
Host state and leader are shown in bold text.
Member Represented by Title
Canada Canada Stephen Harper Prime Minister
France France Nicolas Sarkozy President
Germany Germany Angela Merkel Chancellor
Italy Italy Silvio Berlusconi Prime Minister
Japan Japan Naoto Kan Prime Minister
Russia Russia Dmitry Medvedev President
United Kingdom United Kingdom David Cameron Prime Minister
United States United States Barack Obama President
European Union European Union José Manuel Barroso Commission President
Herman Van Rompuy Council President
Guest Invitees (Countries)
Member Represented by Title
Algeria Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika President
Ivory Coast Côte d'Ivoire Alassane Ouattara President
Egypt Egypt Essam Sharaf Prime Minister
Ethiopia Ethiopia Meles Zenawi Prime Minister
Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo President
Guinea Guinea Alpha Conde President
Niger Niger Mahamadou Issoufou President
Nigeria Nigeria Goodluck Jonathan[a] President
Senegal Senegal Abdoulaye Wade President
South Africa South Africa Jacob Zuma President
Tunisia Tunisia Beji Caid Essebsi Prime Minister
Guest Invitees (International Institutions)
Member Represented by Title
African Union Jean Ping Chairperson
New Partnership for Africa's Development
Arab League Arab League Amr Moussa Secretary-General
International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund John Lipsky Managing Director
United Nations United Nations Ban Ki-moon Secretary-General
World Bank Group Robert Zoellick President

Priorities

Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda for negotiations, but world events caused the list of topics to expand, including such issues such as the Fukushima nuclear accident,[20] the European sovereign debt crisis,[21] the conflict in Libya, Iran's nuclear programme, Syria's crackdown on pro-democracy protests, and the selection of a new managing director for the International Monetary Fund.[22]

Issues

The summit is a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions.[5] The G8 has become a forum for political and strategic discussions, and as a caucus within the G20.[23]

Schedule and Agenda

The agenda for the summit included some issues which remained unresolved from previous summits.[24] French general priorities included:

  1. New common challenges: the Internet, innovation, green growth and a sustainable economy, and nuclear safety[25]
  2. The 'Arab Springs': a partnership for democracy[25]
  3. Strengthening the partnership with Africa: a long-term vision[25]
  4. Peace and security: traditional themes of the G8[25]

Some of the specific topics on the agenda were:

Citizens' responses and authorities' counter-responses

Front banner of the anti-G8 demonstration in Le Havre prior to the G8 summit, featuring the "G8 dégage" theme

Protest groups and other activists were expected to make a showing at the summit.[34] The slogan G8 dégage ("G8 Go Away") was a recurring element of the demonstrations.[35]

Protesters expressed their concerns about capitalism and what they perceive as the imperialism of western liberal democracies. The demonstrators are widely understood to be against globalisation.[35]

Accomplishments

This annual gathering of international leaders is an international event which is observed and reported by news media; and the G8's relevance and accomplishments are continuing topics of discussion.[36] The event brings leaders together not so they can dream up quick fixes, but to talk and think about them together.[37]

The 2011 summit meeting was marked by what the G8 called the "Deauville Partnership" with the people of North Africa.[38] As a start, $20 billion were pledged in support for Tunisian and Egyptian reforms due to the Arab Spring.[39]

Security

Police cars in Deauville belonging to the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité

Security planning was designed to ensure that the summit's formal agenda can remain the primary focus of the attendees' discussions;[40] but effectively this meant converting the seaside resort into a fortress for the G8.[41]

Budget

In 2010, Sarkozy projected that the summits in Deauville and Cannes would cost "ten times less" than the preceding Canadian summits.[42]

Business opportunity

For some, the G8 summit became a profit-generating event. For example, the G8 Summit magazines have been published under the auspices of the host nations for distribution to all attendees since 1998.[43]

According to the Mayor of Deauville, "Our main interest is the economic implications."[44]

Core G8 participants

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Présidence française du G20 et du G8, Dossier de presse,p. 27 Archived 2011-02-14 at the Wayback Machine; excerpt, Le sommet du G8 aura lieu les 26 et 27 mai à Deauville (The G8 summit will take place on May, 26th and 27th in Deauville); "Le prochain G20 aura lieu à Cannes," Le point (France). 12 November 2010; retrieved 13 February 2011
  2. ^ a b G20/G8 France 2011 official site, What is G8? Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 13 February 2011
  3. ^ Parliament (UK), "G20 rises, G7 & G8 fall?"; see G8 + G20 + BRICs represented in relational graphic at bottom of page; retrieved 13 February 2011
  4. ^ a b "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?" Reuters (UK), 3 July 2008; retrieved 13 February 2011
  5. ^ a b Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations, p. 205.
  6. ^ "Influencing Policy on International Development: G8," Archived 2012-05-13 at the Wayback Machine BOND (British Overseas NGOs for Development). 2008; retrieved 13 February 2011
  7. ^ Parliament (UK): Townsend, Ian. "G20 & the November 2010 Seoul summit" (SN/EP/5028) Archived November 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, 19 October 2010; excerpt, "Today, we designated the G-20 as the premier forum for our international economic cooperation" citing "Pittsburgh G20 Leaders’ summit communiqué," Archived 2010-06-12 at the Wayback Machine 25 September 2009, paragraph 50.
  8. ^ Congressional Record Service, R40977: Nelson, Rebecca M. "Implications of the transition from G-7 to G20," pp. 22-26. The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress, 9 December 2009; retrieved 13 February 2011
  9. ^ Rieffel, Lex. "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part IV)," Archived June 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Brookings (US). 27 March 2009; retrieved 13 February 2011
  10. ^ "G8 highlights euro debt risk to world economy," Independent (UK). May 26, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.
  11. ^ Wintour, Patrick. "G8 summit: UK offers Egypt and Tunisia £110m to Boost Democracy,: Guardian (UK). 26 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.
  12. ^ Brost, Marc and Jörg Lau. "Ab in die Ecke," Die Zeit (Germany). 26 Mai 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26
  13. ^ "Deauville, Berlusconi a Obama: da noi dittatura dei giudici di sinistra," Corriere della Sera (Italy). 27 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  14. ^ Tang Danlu. "EU leaders meet press before G8 summit," Xinhua (PRC). 27 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  15. ^ "AU demands end to NATO Libya strikes," Archived 2012-03-18 at the Wayback Machine Agence France Presse (AFP), 26 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26
  16. ^ Bejot, Jean-Pierre. "Les bons élèves de la « démocratie » africaine invités au bord de la mer par Nicolas Sarkozy," La Dépêche Diplomatique Afrique (Senegal). 25 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  17. ^ MacCormaic, Ruadhán. "G8 summit set to approve aid package for Tunisia and Egypt," Irish Times (Eire). 26 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  18. ^ Babalola, Jide. "Ki-Moon in Nigeria to push health campaign," Archived 2011-05-27 at the Wayback Machine The Nation (Nigeria). 23 May 2011; 2011-05-27
  19. ^ Shehu, Mohammed. "Ash Cloud Stops Jonathan's Trip to France," Daily Trust (Nigeria). 27 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  20. ^ Jessop-Kolesnikov, Sonia. "As G-8 Meets, Asian Leaders Seek a Bigger Role," New York Times (US). May 25, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.
  21. ^ Erlanger, Steven and Liz Alderman. "Euro Crisis Looms for Group of 8," New York Times (US). May 25, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.
  22. ^ MacCormaic, Ruadhán. "G8 summit set to approve aid package for Tunisia and Egypt," Irish Times
  23. ^ Jessop-Kolesnikov, "As G-8 Meets"; excerpt, According to Tommy Koh of Singapore, "the 2008 global financial crisis showed that a body that more accurately reflected the weight of emerging economies was needed to help steer the world out of that crisis .... G-20 has thus supplanted the G-8 as the main body for global financial and economic cooperation [and] the G-8 still remains as a forum for political and strategic discussions, and as a caucus within the G-20"; retrieved 2011-05-26
  24. ^ Kaur, Hardev. "G20 leaders must deliver on their promises," The New Straits Times (Malaysia). 20 February 2009.
  25. ^ a b c d G20/G8 France 2011, "The priorities of the French Presidency" Archived 2012-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ G20/G8 France 2011, Afghanistan Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 13 February 2011
  27. ^ Karabell, Zachary. "On the Heels of Revolution, Economic Realities Arrive," New York Times (US). May 25, 2011; G20/G8 France 2011, "G8 + BMENA" Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 13 February 2011
  28. ^ G20/G8 France 2011, Internet challenges Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 13 February 2011
  29. ^ G20/G8 France 2011,Non-proliferation/WMDs; retrieved 13 February 2011
  30. ^ G20/G8 France 2011, G8 + Partnership with Africa; retrieved 13 February 2011
  31. ^ G20/G8 France 2011, Cocaine trafficking Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 13 February 2011
  32. ^ G20/G8 France 2011, Counter-terrorism Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 13 February 2011
  33. ^ G20/G8 France 2011,Political and security issues Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 13 February 2011
  34. ^ Crispian Balmer and Kevin Liffey. "Q+A: Election defeat poses problems for Sarkozy," Reuters (UK). 21 March 2010; retrieved 13 February 2011
  35. ^ a b Haddadi, Anissa. "Obama in Deauville tomorrow: Farewell to the UK and Hello anti G8 Protesters," Archived 2013-01-26 at archive.today International Business Times (UK). 25 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  36. ^ MacCormaic, "G8 summit set to approve aid package," Irish Times; Lee, Don. "On eve of summit, G-8's relevance is unclear," Los Angeles Times (US). 6 July 2008; retrieved 2011-05-27
  37. ^ Feldman, Adam. "What's Wrong With The G-8," Forbes (US). 7 July 2008.
  38. ^ Zhang Xiang. "G8 leaders wrap up summit, pledge billions of dollars for new partnership with Arab," Xinhua (PRC). 27 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  39. ^ Wintour, Patrick. "G8 summit to pledge £12bn for Arab spring states," Guardian (UK). 27 May, 2011; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110530010615/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43190972/ns/world_news/ "G-8 leaders back Arab Spring revolts," MSNBC (US). May 27, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-27
  40. ^ Schuetze, Christopher A. "A French Town's Bright Shine Belies Its Size," New York Times (US). May 25, 2011; retrieved 2011-05-26.
  41. ^ "Deauville transformé en forteresse pour le G8 des 26 et 27 mai,"
  42. ^ "Sarkozy says his G8/G20 will cost one-tenth of Canada’s," Globe and Mail (Canada). 27 June 2010; retrieved 13 February 2011
  43. ^ Prestige Media: Archived 2009-05-19 at the Wayback Machine "official" G8 Summit magazine Archived 2009-05-18 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 13 February 2011
  44. ^ Schuetze, "A French Town"; retrieved 2011-05-26
  1. ^ The President of Nigeria was invited, but Goodluck Jonathan decided not to attend at the last minute. He worried that volcanic ash from an eruption in Iceland might delay his return flight to Nigeria; and this could disrupt his planned inauguration ceremonies on May 29.[19]

References

  • Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16486-3; ISBN 978-0-203-45085-7; OCLC 39013643