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Having lost their homes in the 2010 Haiti earthquake, many Haitians now live in precarious camps.

A health crisis is an emergency situation or complex health system that affects the public in one or more geographic areas from a particular locality to encompass the entire planet. Health crises generally have significant impacts on community health, loss of life, and on the economy. They may result from disease, industrial processes or poor policy.^[1]^[2]

Its severity is often measured by the number of people affected by its geographical extent, or the disease or death of the pathogenic process which it originates.^[3]^[4]

Features

Generally there are three key components in health crises:^[5]

Public health problem^[6]
Problem health coordination
Alarm care: Poor communication of risks to the population resulting in social upheaval.^[7]

Types

Environmental
Food
Toxic

Prevention & Control

Using the health warning systems. A health system responsive to the needs of the population is required to refine the instruments to ensure adequate preparation before their hatching.^[8]^[9]^[10]
Transparency of the institutions public or private. The perception of crisis can escape the control of experts or health institutions, and be determined by stakeholders to provide solutions propagate or concerned. This requires a difficult balancing of the need to articulate clear answers and the little-founded fears.^[11]
Adequate information policy. Irrationality arise when information is distorted, or hidden. Face a health crisis involves: respect for society, coordination of organizations and an institution with scientific weight to the people and to the media, who acted as spokesman in situations of public health risk, to get confidence citizens. The technical capacity of health professionals is more proven than the public officials, which suggests a greater share of the former and better training of the second.^[12]^[13]^[14]
Evaluate the previous crisis or others experiences. Crises are challenges that must be learned from both the mistakes and successes, since they serve to bring about to the devices and improve the response to other crises. It is important to perform analysis of previous responses, audit risk and vulnerability, research and testing, and drills to prepare themselves against future crises.^[15]^[16]^[17]
Having objectives: "first, to reduce the impact of illness and death, and second, to avoid social fracture".^[18]
Preparing contingency plans. Preparation is key to the crisis because it allows a strong response, organized, and scientifically based. Action plans must meet the professional early enough and properly trained, and politicians must be consistent in their actions and coordinate all available resources. It is essential to invest in public health resources to prepare preventive measures and reducing health inequalities to minimize the impact of health crises, as they generally always the poorest suffer most.^[19]^[20]
It is important to include all health professions especially primary health care (family physicians, pharmacists, etc.), as often it is these practitioners that are on the front-line in health crises.^[21]^[22]

Examples

Baby born to a mother who had taken thalidomide while pregnant

symptoms of microcephaly — Symptoms of microcephaly, linked to mothers infected by Zika virus^[23]

1858: Swill milk scandal
1905: American meat scandal due to the publishing of Upton Sinclair's book "The Jungle".
1918-1920: Spanish flu
1963: Birth defects by thalidomide^[24]
1981: Toxic oil syndrome or simply toxic syndrome^[25]
- HIV/AIDS^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]
1996: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad-cow disease^[30]
1998: Doñana disaster, also known as the Aznalcollar Disaster or Guadiamar Disaster^[31]
2001: Anthrax attacks in the United States, also known as Amerithrax^[32]
2003: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)^[33]
2004: Avian influenza (H5N1), sometimes avian flu, and commonly bird flu^[34]
2006: Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste dump^[35]
- Trans fat toxicity^[36]
2007: Lead paint on toys from China^[37]
2008: The 2008 Chinese milk scandal was a food safety incident in China, involving milk and infant formula, and other food materials and components, adulterated with melamine.
- Canada listeriosis outbreak^[38] and Chile^[39]^[40]^[41]
2009: Pandemic H1N1/09 Influenza^[42]
2010: Haiti earthquake^[43]
2011: Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami^[44]
- E. coli O104:H4 outbreak^[45]
2012: Fraud on breast implants Poly Implant Prothèses (PIP)^[46]^[47]
2013-16: Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa^[48]^[49]
2015: Zika virus outbreak^[50]^[51]
2019-ongoing: COVID-19 pandemic
2022: 2022 monkeypox outbreak^[52]

References

^ Brownstein, Joseph (December 7, 2009). "The Top 10 Health Scares Of The Decade". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2013-01-26.
^ Gérvas, Juan; Meneu, Ricard (December 2010). "Las crisis de salud pública en una sociedad desarrollada. Aciertos y limitaciones en España. Informe SESPAS 2010". Gaceta Sanitaria. 24: 33–36. doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2010.06.009. ISSN 0213-9111. PMC 7131968. PMID 21094562.
^ Alderson, Michael Rowland (1988). Mortality, morbidity, and health statistics. New York: Stockton Press. ISBN 0935859314. OCLC 18464719.
^ Gravitz, Lauren (2011). "Introduction: A smouldering public-health crisis". Nature. 474 (7350): S2–S4. doi:10.1038/474S2a. PMID 21666731.
^ Noji EK. The public health consequences of disasters. Oxford: OUP; 1997.
^ Anand, Geeta (30 July 2011). "India's Public Health Crisis: The Government Responds". Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
^ Público. "crisis". Archived from the original on 2011-11-18. Retrieved 2011-08-28.
^ "Health Alert Network (HAN). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Atlanta. 2011/08/29". Archived from the original on 2011-09-12.
^ Valencia, R; Román, E; García-León, FJ; Guillén, J (2003-11-01). "Sistemas de alerta: una prioridad en vigilancia epidemiológica". Gaceta Sanitaria. 17 (6): 520–522. doi:10.1157/13055395. ISSN 0213-9111.
^ Fernández K, Ciotti M, Kaiser R. La Unión Europea ante las crisis sanitarias. Rev Adm Sanit. 2006; 4:425–35.
^ AbouZahr, Carla; Adjei, Sam; Kanchanachitra, Churnrurtai (March 2007). "From data to policy: good practices and cautionary tales". The Lancet. 369 (9566): 1039–1046. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60463-2. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 17382830. S2CID 18443880.
^ "Risk Communication- Gateway to Health Communication - CDC". 2018-03-30. Archived from the original on 2018-08-30. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
^ www.quodem.com, Quodem Consultores S.L. "El Sistema Sanitario ante situaciones de crisis". Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2011-08-28.
^ Lamata F. Crisis sanitaria y respuesta política. Rev Adm Sanit. 2006; 4:401–6.
^ Spiegel, Paul B; Le, Phuoc; Ververs, Mija-Tesse; Salama, Peter (2007-03-01). "Occurrence and overlap of natural disasters, complex emergencies and epidemics during the past decade (1995–2004)". Conflict and Health. 1 (1): 2. doi:10.1186/1752-1505-1-2. ISSN 1752-1505. PMC 1847810. PMID 17411460.
^ "What does a health crisis look like? See Houston - USATODAY.com". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
^ Gérvas, J.; Hernández-Aguado, I.; et al. (2009). "Successes and failures in the management of public health crisis in Spain" (PDF). Gac Sanit. 23 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2007.11.001. PMC 7131072. PMID 19231727. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-23.
^ Weinstein, Robert A. (2004-06-03). "Planning for Epidemics — The Lessons of SARS". New England Journal of Medicine. 350 (23): 2332–2334. doi:10.1056/nejmp048082. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 15175434.
^ Wells, Paul Krugman and Robin (23 March 2006). "The Health Care Crisis and What to Do About It". The New York Review of Books. 53 (5). Archived from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
^ "Gérvas J, Hernández I. El eterno retorno de las crisis sanitarias. El País. 22/05/2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-17.
^ Watson KE. The Roles of Pharmacists in Disaster Health Management in Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters. [Thesis]. QUT ePrints: Queensland University of Technology; 2019 Available from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/130757/ .
^ Watson KE, Singleton JA, Tippett V, Nissen LM. Defining pharmacists' roles in disasters: A Delphi study. PLoS One 2019;14(12):e0227132.
^ "Understanding Zika". Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
^ Rouhi, Maureen (June 20, 2005). "Top Pharmaceuticals: Thalidomide". Chemical & Engineering News. 83 (25). doi:10.1021/cen-v083n025.p122. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
^ "A Long Trial in Spain on Fatal Tainted Food". The New York Times. Madrid. August 2, 1987. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
^ "Indonesia key. Controlling the Pandemic: Public Health Focus. Koshland Science Museum. Retrieved 2015-07-10" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-07-11. Retrieved 2015-07-10.
^ "Behind the Veil of a Public Health Crisis: HIV/AIDS in the Muslim World". Archived from the original on 2015-07-10. Retrieved 2015-07-10.
^ Fullilove, Dr Robert. "AIDS In Black America: A Public Health Crisis". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 2015-07-11. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
^ Fields, C. Virginia (24 July 2012). "HIV/AIDS and the Public Health Crisis in Our Communities: The Time for Action Is Now". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
^ "Bovine Spongiform Encephalopaphy: An Overview" (PDF). Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture. December 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
^ Achterberg, E. (1999), "Impact of Los Frailes mine spill on riverine, estuarine and coastal waters in southern Spain", Water Res., 33 (16): 3387–3394, Bibcode:1999WatRe..33.3387A, doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00282-1.
^ Amerithrax or Anthrax Investigation Archived 2010-09-09 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
^ Smith, R. D. (2006). "Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks, Lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management". Social Science and Medicine. 63 (12): 3113–3123. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.004. PMC 7130909. PMID 16978751.
^ A/H5, The Writing Committee of the World Health Organization (WHO) Consultation on Human Influenza (29 September 2005). "Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in Humans". The New England Journal of Medicine. 353 (13): 1374–1385. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.730.7890. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052211. PMID 16192482.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Ivory Coast Government Panel Releases Toxic Waste Findings". Voice of America. 23 November 2006. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
^ Mozaffarian, Dariush; Katan, Martijn B.; Ascherio, Alberto; Stampfer, Meir J.; Willett, Walter C. (13 April 2006). "Trans Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (15): 1601–1613. doi:10.1056/NEJMra054035. PMID 16611951.
^ "Mattel to recall more Chinese-made toys". CNN. 2007-08-14.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "Listeria Monocytogenes - Public Health Agency of Canada". 7 February 2009. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009.
^ Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Listeriosis: con medidas simples la población puede prevenirla. 28/11/2008. Access date 26/05/2013. Archived 2009-04-29 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Noriega LM, Gonzalez P, Thompson L, Pérez J, Marcotti A, Vial P. Informe sobre aumento de casos de infección por Listeria monocytogenes en Santiago de Chile. Santiago de Chile: Unidad de Infectología de la Clínica Alemana. 16/06/2008. Access date 26/05/2013" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-16. Retrieved 2013-04-26.
^ Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Informe Listeriosis. 25/08/2009. Access date 26/05/2013.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Trifonov, Vladimir; Khiabanian, Hossein; Rabadan, Raul (9 July 2009). "Geographic Dependence, Surveillance, and Origins of the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Virus". New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (2): 115–119. doi:10.1056/NEJMp0904572. PMID 19474418.
^ "Health crisis in Haiti enters a deadly new phase". NBC News. 10 February 2010.
^ "Japan's other health crisis". Archived from the original on 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
^ "European Commission - Health and Consumers Directorate General - 2 June 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
^ "European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - Medical devices: European Commission asks for further scientific study and draws first lessons from the recent fraud on breast implants". Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
^ "Información sobre las prótesis mamarias Poly Implant PIP. Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. 02/03/2012". Archived from the original on 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
^ Team, WHO Ebola Response (16 October 2014). "Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa — The First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (16): 1481–1495. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1411100. PMC 4235004. PMID 25244186.
^ Farrar, Jeremy J.; Piot, Peter (16 October 2014). "The Ebola Emergency — Immediate Action, Ongoing Strategy" (PDF). The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (16): 1545–1546. doi:10.1056/NEJMe1411471. PMID 25244185. S2CID 29201795. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ "PAHO WHO - Zika virus infection - Geographic Distribution". Archived from the original on 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ "Zika virus set to spread across Americas, spurring vaccine hunt". Reuters. 26 January 2017. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
^ Kozlov, Max (25 July 2022). "Monkeypox declared a global emergency: will it help contain the outbreak?". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-02054-7. PMID 35879614. S2CID 251067503.

Bibliography

External links

CDCynergy Archived 2011-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
WHO: Humanitarian Health Action
US Health Crisis

[1] Brownstein, Joseph (December 7, 2009). "The Top 10 Health Scares Of The Decade". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2013-01-26.

[2] Gérvas, Juan; Meneu, Ricard (December 2010). "Las crisis de salud pública en una sociedad desarrollada. Aciertos y limitaciones en España. Informe SESPAS 2010". Gaceta Sanitaria. 24: 33–36. doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2010.06.009. ISSN 0213-9111. PMC 7131968. PMID 21094562.

[3] Alderson, Michael Rowland (1988). Mortality, morbidity, and health statistics. New York: Stockton Press. ISBN 0935859314. OCLC 18464719.

[4] Gravitz, Lauren (2011). "Introduction: A smouldering public-health crisis". Nature. 474 (7350): S2–S4. doi:10.1038/474S2a. PMID 21666731.

[5] Noji EK. The public health consequences of disasters. Oxford: OUP; 1997.

[6] Anand, Geeta (30 July 2011). "India's Public Health Crisis: The Government Responds". Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.

[7] Público. "crisis". Archived from the original on 2011-11-18. Retrieved 2011-08-28.

[8] "Health Alert Network (HAN). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Atlanta. 2011/08/29". Archived from the original on 2011-09-12.

[9] Valencia, R; Román, E; García-León, FJ; Guillén, J (2003-11-01). "Sistemas de alerta: una prioridad en vigilancia epidemiológica". Gaceta Sanitaria. 17 (6): 520–522. doi:10.1157/13055395. ISSN 0213-9111.

[10] Fernández K, Ciotti M, Kaiser R. La Unión Europea ante las crisis sanitarias. Rev Adm Sanit. 2006; 4:425–35.

[11] AbouZahr, Carla; Adjei, Sam; Kanchanachitra, Churnrurtai (March 2007). "From data to policy: good practices and cautionary tales". The Lancet. 369 (9566): 1039–1046. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60463-2. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 17382830. S2CID 18443880.

[12] "Risk Communication- Gateway to Health Communication - CDC". 2018-03-30. Archived from the original on 2018-08-30. Retrieved 2017-09-09.

[13] www.quodem.com, Quodem Consultores S.L. "El Sistema Sanitario ante situaciones de crisis". Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2011-08-28.

[14] Lamata F. Crisis sanitaria y respuesta política. Rev Adm Sanit. 2006; 4:401–6.

[15] Spiegel, Paul B; Le, Phuoc; Ververs, Mija-Tesse; Salama, Peter (2007-03-01). "Occurrence and overlap of natural disasters, complex emergencies and epidemics during the past decade (1995–2004)". Conflict and Health. 1 (1): 2. doi:10.1186/1752-1505-1-2. ISSN 1752-1505. PMC 1847810. PMID 17411460.

[16] "What does a health crisis look like? See Houston - USATODAY.com". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2017-08-29.

[17] Gérvas, J.; Hernández-Aguado, I.; et al. (2009). "Successes and failures in the management of public health crisis in Spain" (PDF). Gac Sanit. 23 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2007.11.001. PMC 7131072. PMID 19231727. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-23.

[18] Weinstein, Robert A. (2004-06-03). "Planning for Epidemics — The Lessons of SARS". New England Journal of Medicine. 350 (23): 2332–2334. doi:10.1056/nejmp048082. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 15175434.

[19] Wells, Paul Krugman and Robin (23 March 2006). "The Health Care Crisis and What to Do About It". The New York Review of Books. 53 (5). Archived from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2011.

[20] "Gérvas J, Hernández I. El eterno retorno de las crisis sanitarias. El País. 22/05/2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-17.

[21] Watson KE. The Roles of Pharmacists in Disaster Health Management in Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters. [Thesis]. QUT ePrints: Queensland University of Technology; 2019 Available from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/130757/ .

[22] Watson KE, Singleton JA, Tippett V, Nissen LM. Defining pharmacists' roles in disasters: A Delphi study. PLoS One 2019;14(12):e0227132.

[23] "Understanding Zika". Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016.

[24] Rouhi, Maureen (June 20, 2005). "Top Pharmaceuticals: Thalidomide". Chemical & Engineering News. 83 (25). doi:10.1021/cen-v083n025.p122. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2012.

[25] "A Long Trial in Spain on Fatal Tainted Food". The New York Times. Madrid. August 2, 1987. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2017.

[26] "Indonesia key. Controlling the Pandemic: Public Health Focus. Koshland Science Museum. Retrieved 2015-07-10" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-07-11. Retrieved 2015-07-10.

[27] "Behind the Veil of a Public Health Crisis: HIV/AIDS in the Muslim World". Archived from the original on 2015-07-10. Retrieved 2015-07-10.

[28] Fullilove, Dr Robert. "AIDS In Black America: A Public Health Crisis". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 2015-07-11. Retrieved 2018-04-04.

[29] Fields, C. Virginia (24 July 2012). "HIV/AIDS and the Public Health Crisis in Our Communities: The Time for Action Is Now". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015.

[TSE-30] "Bovine Spongiform Encephalopaphy: An Overview" (PDF). Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture. December 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2008-04-08.

[31] Achterberg, E. (1999), "Impact of Los Frailes mine spill on riverine, estuarine and coastal waters in southern Spain", Water Res., 33 (16): 3387–3394, Bibcode:1999WatRe..33.3387A, doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00282-1.

[32] Amerithrax or Anthrax Investigation Archived 2010-09-09 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation.

[33] Smith, R. D. (2006). "Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks, Lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management". Social Science and Medicine. 63 (12): 3113–3123. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.004. PMC 7130909. PMID 16978751.

[34] A/H5, The Writing Committee of the World Health Organization (WHO) Consultation on Human Influenza (29 September 2005). "Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in Humans". The New England Journal of Medicine. 353 (13): 1374–1385. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.730.7890. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052211. PMID 16192482.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[VOA-23-11-2006-35] "Ivory Coast Government Panel Releases Toxic Waste Findings". Voice of America. 23 November 2006. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2010.

[36] Mozaffarian, Dariush; Katan, Martijn B.; Ascherio, Alberto; Stampfer, Meir J.; Willett, Walter C. (13 April 2006). "Trans Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (15): 1601–1613. doi:10.1056/NEJMra054035. PMID 16611951.

[37] "Mattel to recall more Chinese-made toys". CNN. 2007-08-14.^{[permanent dead link]}

[count-38] "Listeria Monocytogenes - Public Health Agency of Canada". 7 February 2009. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009.

[ministerio1-39] Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Listeriosis: con medidas simples la población puede prevenirla. 28/11/2008. Access date 26/05/2013. Archived 2009-04-29 at the Wayback Machine

[informe1-40] "Noriega LM, Gonzalez P, Thompson L, Pérez J, Marcotti A, Vial P. Informe sobre aumento de casos de infección por Listeria monocytogenes en Santiago de Chile. Santiago de Chile: Unidad de Infectología de la Clínica Alemana. 16/06/2008. Access date 26/05/2013" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-16. Retrieved 2013-04-26.

[ministerio25agosto-41] Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Informe Listeriosis. 25/08/2009. Access date 26/05/2013.^{[permanent dead link]}

[42] Trifonov, Vladimir; Khiabanian, Hossein; Rabadan, Raul (9 July 2009). "Geographic Dependence, Surveillance, and Origins of the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Virus". New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (2): 115–119. doi:10.1056/NEJMp0904572. PMID 19474418.

[43] "Health crisis in Haiti enters a deadly new phase". NBC News. 10 February 2010.

[44] "Japan's other health crisis". Archived from the original on 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2011-08-29.

[45] "European Commission - Health and Consumers Directorate General - 2 June 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 2011-06-04.

[46] "European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - Medical devices: European Commission asks for further scientific study and draws first lessons from the recent fraud on breast implants". Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2022-06-29.

[47] "Información sobre las prótesis mamarias Poly Implant PIP. Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. 02/03/2012". Archived from the original on 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2012-06-11.

[48] Team, WHO Ebola Response (16 October 2014). "Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa — The First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (16): 1481–1495. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1411100. PMC 4235004. PMID 25244186.

[49] Farrar, Jeremy J.; Piot, Peter (16 October 2014). "The Ebola Emergency — Immediate Action, Ongoing Strategy" (PDF). The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (16): 1545–1546. doi:10.1056/NEJMe1411471. PMID 25244185. S2CID 29201795. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.

[50] "PAHO WHO - Zika virus infection - Geographic Distribution". Archived from the original on 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2016-02-26.

[51] "Zika virus set to spread across Americas, spurring vaccine hunt". Reuters. 26 January 2017. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.

[52] Kozlov, Max (25 July 2022). "Monkeypox declared a global emergency: will it help contain the outbreak?". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-02054-7. PMID 35879614. S2CID 251067503.

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+[[File:AcampamentoHaiti2.jpg|thumb|300px| Having lost their homes in the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]], many Haitians now live in precarious camps.]]
-A '''health crisis''' or '''public health crisis''' is a difficult situation or complex [[health system]] that affects humans in one or more geographic areas (mainly occurred in natural hazards), from a particular locality to encompass the entire planet. Health crises generally have significant impacts on community health, loss of life, and on the economy. They may result from disease, industrial processes or poor policy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/Decade/top-10-health-scares-past-10-years/comments?type=story&id=9249373#.T9ZQZbDUPbi|title=The Top 10 Health Scares Of The Decade|last=Brownstein|first=Joseph|date=December 7, 2009|website=ABC News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126005644/http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Decade/top-10-health-scares-past-10-years/story?id=9249373 |archive-date=2013-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gérvas|first1=Juan|last2=Meneu|first2=Ricard|date=December 2010|title=Las crisis de salud pública en una sociedad desarrollada. Aciertos y limitaciones en España. Informe SESPAS 2010|journal=Gaceta Sanitaria|volume=24|pages=33–36|doi=10.1016/j.gaceta.2010.06.009|pmid=21094562|pmc=7131968|issn=0213-9111|doi-access=free}}</ref>
+A '''health crisis''' is an emergency situation or complex [[health system]] that affects the public in one or more geographic areas from a particular locality to encompass the entire planet. Health crises generally have significant impacts on community health, loss of life, and on the economy. They may result from disease, industrial processes or poor policy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/Decade/top-10-health-scares-past-10-years/comments?type=story&id=9249373#.T9ZQZbDUPbi|title=The Top 10 Health Scares Of The Decade|last=Brownstein|first=Joseph|date=December 7, 2009|website=ABC News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126005644/http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Decade/top-10-health-scares-past-10-years/story?id=9249373 |archive-date=2013-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gérvas|first1=Juan|last2=Meneu|first2=Ricard|date=December 2010|title=Las crisis de salud pública en una sociedad desarrollada. Aciertos y limitaciones en España. Informe SESPAS 2010|journal=Gaceta Sanitaria|volume=24|pages=33–36|doi=10.1016/j.gaceta.2010.06.009|pmid=21094562|pmc=7131968|issn=0213-9111|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 Its severity is often measured by the number of people affected by its geographical extent, or the [[disease]] or death of the pathogenic process which it originates.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mortality, morbidity, and health statistics|last=Alderson|first=Michael Rowland|date=1988|publisher=Stockton Press|isbn=0935859314|location=New York|oclc=18464719}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1038/474S2a|pmid=21666731|title=Introduction: A smouldering public-health crisis|journal=Nature|volume=474|issue=7350|pages=S2–S4|year=2011|last1=Gravitz|first1=Lauren|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 == Features ==
-[[File:AcampamentoHaiti2.jpg|thumb| Having lost their homes in the [[2010 Haiti earthquake|earthquake]], many Haitians now live in precarious camps.]]
 Generally there are three key components in health crises:<ref>Noji EK. The public health consequences of disasters. Oxford: OUP; 1997.</ref>
 * Public health problem<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/07/30/indias-public-health-crisis-the-government-responds/|title=India's Public Health Crisis: The Government Responds|first=Geeta|last=Anand|date=30 July 2011|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415200618/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/07/30/indias-public-health-crisis-the-government-responds/|url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 10: / Line 11: @@
 * Alarm care: Poor communication of risks to the population resulting in social upheaval.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.publico.es/joan-carles-march-cerda/tag/crisis/|title=crisis|last=Público|access-date=2011-08-28|archive-date=2011-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118053245/http://blogs.publico.es/joan-carles-march-cerda/tag/crisis/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-== Types ==
+=== Types ===
 * Environmental
 * Food
 * Toxic
+== Prevention & Control ==
+*Using the '''health warning systems'''. A health system responsive to the needs of the population is required to refine the instruments to ensure adequate preparation before their hatching.<ref>{{cite web |title=Health Alert Network (HAN). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Atlanta. 2011/08/29. |url=http://www.bt.cdc.gov/HAN/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912180424/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/HAN/ |archive-date=2011-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Valencia |first1=R |last2=Román |first2=E |last3=García-León |first3=FJ |last4=Guillén |first4=J |date=2003-11-01 |title=Sistemas de alerta: una prioridad en vigilancia epidemiológica |journal=Gaceta Sanitaria |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=520–522 |doi=10.1157/13055395 |issn=0213-9111 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Fernández K, Ciotti M, Kaiser R. La Unión Europea ante las crisis sanitarias. Rev Adm Sanit. 2006; 4:425–35.</ref>
+* '''Transparency of the institutions''' public or private. The perception of crisis can escape the control of experts or health institutions, and be determined by stakeholders to provide solutions propagate or concerned. This requires a difficult balancing of the need to articulate clear answers and the little-founded fears.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=AbouZahr |first1=Carla |last2=Adjei |first2=Sam |last3=Kanchanachitra |first3=Churnrurtai |date=March 2007 |title=From data to policy: good practices and cautionary tales |journal=The Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9566 |pages=1039–1046 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60463-2 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=17382830 |s2cid=18443880}}</ref>
+* Adequate '''information policy'''. Irrationality arise when information is distorted, or hidden. Face a health crisis involves: respect for society, coordination of organizations and an institution with scientific weight to the people and to the media, who acted as spokesman in situations of public health risk, to get confidence citizens. The technical capacity of health professionals is more proven than the public officials, which suggests a greater share of the former and better training of the second.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-03-30 |title=Risk Communication- Gateway to Health Communication - CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/Risks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174200/https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/Risks/ |archive-date=2018-08-30 |access-date=2017-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=www.quodem.com |first=Quodem Consultores S.L. |title=El Sistema Sanitario ante situaciones de crisis |url=http://www.fcs.es/publicaciones/sistema_sanitario_situaciones_crisis.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903084015/http://www.fcs.es/publicaciones/sistema_sanitario_situaciones_crisis.html |archive-date=2011-09-03 |access-date=2011-08-28}}</ref><ref>Lamata F. Crisis sanitaria y respuesta política. Rev Adm Sanit. 2006; 4:401–6.</ref>
+* '''Evaluate the previous crisis''' or others experiences. Crises are challenges that must be learned from both the mistakes and successes, since they serve to bring about to the devices and improve the response to other crises. It is important to perform analysis of previous responses, audit risk and vulnerability, research and testing, and drills to prepare themselves against future crises.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Spiegel |first1=Paul B |last2=Le |first2=Phuoc |last3=Ververs |first3=Mija-Tesse |last4=Salama |first4=Peter |date=2007-03-01 |title=Occurrence and overlap of natural disasters, complex emergencies and epidemics during the past decade (1995–2004) |journal=Conflict and Health |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=2 |doi=10.1186/1752-1505-1-2 |issn=1752-1505 |pmc=1847810 |pmid=17411460 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What does a health crisis look like? See Houston - USATODAY.com |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-06-18-texas-health-care_N.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702151157/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-06-18-texas-health-care_N.htm |archive-date=2012-07-02 |access-date=2017-08-29 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gérvas |first1=J. |last2=Hernández-Aguado |first2=I. |display-authors=etal |year=2009 |title=Successes and failures in the management of public health crisis in Spain |url=http://www.equipocesca.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/crisis-2009-aciertos-y-errores.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Gac Sanit |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=67–71 |doi=10.1016/j.gaceta.2007.11.001 |pmc=7131072 |pmid=19231727 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923190452/http://www.equipocesca.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/crisis-2009-aciertos-y-errores.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-23}}</ref>
+* Having '''objectives''': "first, to reduce the impact of illness and death, and second, to avoid social fracture".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weinstein |first=Robert A. |date=2004-06-03 |title=Planning for Epidemics — The Lessons of SARS |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=350 |issue=23 |pages=2332–2334 |doi=10.1056/nejmp048082 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=15175434}}</ref>
+* Preparing '''contingency plans'''. Preparation is key to the crisis because it allows a strong response, organized, and scientifically based. Action plans must meet the professional early enough and properly trained, and politicians must be consistent in their actions and coordinate all available resources. It is essential to invest in public health resources to prepare preventive measures and reducing health inequalities to minimize the impact of health crises, as they generally always the poorest suffer most.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wells |first=Paul Krugman and Robin |date=23 March 2006 |title=The Health Care Crisis and What to Do About It |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2006/mar/23/the-health-care-crisis-and-what-to-do-about-it/ |url-status=live |journal=The New York Review of Books |volume=53 |issue=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105115206/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2006/mar/23/the-health-care-crisis-and-what-to-do-about-it/ |archive-date=5 November 2015 |access-date=29 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gérvas J, Hernández I. El eterno retorno de las crisis sanitarias. El País. 22/05/2007. |url=http://www.equipocesca.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/crisis-2007-05-22-el-pais-el-eterno-retorno-de-las-crisis-sanitarias.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317165214/http://www.equipocesca.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/crisis-2007-05-22-el-pais-el-eterno-retorno-de-las-crisis-sanitarias.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-17}}</ref>
+* It is important to include all health professions especially primary health care (family physicians, pharmacists, etc.), as often it is these practitioners that are on the front-line in health crises.<ref>Watson KE. The Roles of Pharmacists in Disaster Health Management in Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters. [Thesis].  QUT ePrints: Queensland University of Technology; 2019 Available from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/130757/ .</ref><ref>Watson KE, Singleton JA, Tippett V, Nissen LM. Defining pharmacists' roles in disasters: A Delphi study. PLoS One 2019;14(12):e0227132.</ref>
 == Examples ==
-[[Image:NCP14053.jpg|thumb|Baby born to a mother who had taken [[thalidomide]] while pregnant.]]
+[[Image:NCP14053.jpg|thumb|Baby born to a mother who had taken [[thalidomide]] while pregnant]]
 [[Image:Swine Flu Masked Train Passengers in Mexico City.jpg|thumb|Metro of Mexico, passengers are protected against [[2009 flu pandemic|influenza A]].]]
-[[File:MICROCEPHALY.png|alt=symptoms of microcephaly|thumb|Symptoms of microcephaly, linked to mothers infected by [[Zika virus]].<ref>{{cite web | access-date=8 February 2016 | url=http://understandingzika.org/ | title=Understanding Zika | archive-date=16 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216032003/http://understandingzika.org/ | url-status=live }}</ref>]]
+[[File:MICROCEPHALY.png|alt=symptoms of microcephaly|thumb|Symptoms of microcephaly, linked to mothers infected by [[Zika virus]]<ref>{{cite web | access-date=8 February 2016 | url=http://understandingzika.org/ | title=Understanding Zika | archive-date=16 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216032003/http://understandingzika.org/ | url-status=live }}</ref>]]
 * 1858: [[Swill milk scandal]]
 * 1905: [[Upton sinclair#The Jungle|American meat scandal]] due to the publishing of Upton Sinclair's book "The Jungle".
@@ Line 26: / Line 37: @@
 ** [[HIV/AIDS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koshland-science-museum.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-files/ControllingPandemicstupagesINDONESIAkey.pdf|title=Indonesia key. Controlling the Pandemic: Public Health Focus. Koshland Science Museum. Retrieved 2015-07-10.|access-date=2015-07-10|archive-date=2015-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711100324/https://www.koshland-science-museum.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-files/ControllingPandemicstupagesINDONESIAkey.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbar.org/publications/issue.aspx?id=111|title=Behind the Veil of a Public Health Crisis: HIV/AIDS in the Muslim World|access-date=2015-07-10|archive-date=2015-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710234531/http://www.nbar.org/publications/issue.aspx?id=111|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2012/07/05/156292172/aids-in-black-america-a-public-health-crisis|title=AIDS In Black America: A Public Health Crisis|first=Dr Robert|last=Fullilove|website=NPR.org |access-date=2018-04-04|archive-date=2015-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711080846/http://www.npr.org/2012/07/05/156292172/aids-in-black-america-a-public-health-crisis|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/c-virginia-fields/hivaids-and-the-public-health-crisis-in-our-communities_b_1690156.html|title=HIV/AIDS and the Public Health Crisis in Our Communities: The Time for Action Is Now|first=C. Virginia|last=Fields|website=[[HuffPost]] |date=24 July 2012|access-date=10 July 2015|archive-date=11 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711062356/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/c-virginia-fields/hivaids-and-the-public-health-crisis-in-our-communities_b_1690156.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 * 1996: [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy]] (BSE), commonly known as '''mad-cow disease'''<ref name="TSE">{{cite web | title = Bovine Spongiform Encephalopaphy: An Overview | url = http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/animal_health/content/printable_version/BSEbrochure12-2006.pdf | accessdate = 2008-04-08 | date = December 2006 | publisher = [[Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]] | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120330094947/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/animal_health/content/printable_version/BSEbrochure12-2006.pdf | archive-date = 2012-03-30 }}</ref>
-* 1998: [[Doñana disaster]], also known as the '''Aznalcollar Disaster''' or '''Guadiamar Disaster'''<ref>{{citation | doi = 10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00282-1 | title = Impact of Los Frailes mine spill on riverine, estuarine and coastal waters in southern Spain | year = 1999 | last1 = Achterberg | first1 = E. | journal = Water Res. | volume = 33 | issue = 16 | pages = 3387–3394}}.</ref>
+* 1998: [[Doñana disaster]], also known as the '''Aznalcollar Disaster''' or '''Guadiamar Disaster'''<ref>{{citation | doi = 10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00282-1 | title = Impact of Los Frailes mine spill on riverine, estuarine and coastal waters in southern Spain | year = 1999 | last1 = Achterberg | first1 = E. | journal = Water Res. | volume = 33 | issue = 16 | pages = 3387–3394| bibcode = 1999WatRe..33.3387A }}.</ref>
 * 2001: [[2001 anthrax attacks|Anthrax attacks]] in the United States, also known as '''Amerithrax'''<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/anthrax/amerithraxlinks.htm Amerithrax or Anthrax Investigation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909214552/http://www.fbi.gov/anthrax/amerithraxlinks.htm |date=2010-09-09 }}, U.S. [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]].</ref>
 * 2003: [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]] (SARS)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Smith, R. D.|title=Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks, Lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management |journal=[[Social Science and Medicine]] |volume=63 |issue=12 |pages=3113–3123 |year=2006 |pmid= 16978751|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.004 |pmc=7130909 }}
@@ Line 36: / Line 47: @@
 * 2008: The [[2008 Chinese milk scandal]] was a food safety incident in China, involving milk and infant formula, and other food materials and components, adulterated with melamine.
 ** [[2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak|Canada listeriosis outbreak]]<ref name=count>{{cite web|url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/alert-alerte/listeria/listeria_2008-eng.php|title=Listeria Monocytogenes - Public Health Agency of Canada|date=7 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207083151/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/alert-alerte/listeria/listeria_2008-eng.php|archive-date=7 February 2009}}</ref> and [[2008–2009 Chile listeriosis outbreak|Chile]]<ref name=ministerio1>[http://www.redsalud.gov.cl/noticias/noticias.php?id_n=281 Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Listeriosis: con medidas simples la población puede prevenirla. 28/11/2008. Access date 26/05/2013.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429114207/http://www.redsalud.gov.cl/noticias/noticias.php?id_n=281 |date=2009-04-29 }}</ref><ref name=informe1>{{cite web|url=http://www.sochinf.cl/documentos/Listeria_monocytogenes_junio_2008.pdf|title=Noriega LM, Gonzalez P, Thompson L, Pérez J, Marcotti A, Vial P. Informe sobre aumento de casos de infección por Listeria monocytogenes en Santiago de Chile. Santiago de Chile: Unidad de Infectología de la Clínica Alemana. 16/06/2008. Access date 26/05/2013.|access-date=2013-04-26|archive-date=2018-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016174954/http://www.sochinf.cl/documentos/Listeria_monocytogenes_junio_2008.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ministerio25agosto>[http://www.redsalud.gov.cl/portal/url/item/71fd37eae7d943a4e04001011f014853.pdf Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Informe Listeriosis. 25/08/2009. Access date 26/05/2013.]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
-* 2009: [[2009 flu pandemic|Pandemic H1N1/09 Influenza]]<ref>{{Cite journal|date=9 July 2009|title=Geographic Dependence, Surveillance, and Origins of the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Virus|journal=[[New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=361|issue=2|pages=115–119 |pmid=19474418 |first1=Vladimir |last1=Trifonov |first2=Hossein |last2=Khiabanian |first3=Raul |last3=Rabadan|doi=10.1056/NEJMp0904572}}</ref>
+* 2009: [[2009 flu pandemic|Pandemic H1N1/09 Influenza]]<ref>{{Cite journal|date=9 July 2009|title=Geographic Dependence, Surveillance, and Origins of the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Virus|journal=[[New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=361|issue=2|pages=115–119 |pmid=19474418 |first1=Vladimir |last1=Trifonov |first2=Hossein |last2=Khiabanian |first3=Raul |last3=Rabadan|doi=10.1056/NEJMp0904572|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 * 2010: [[2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti earthquake]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/35318159|title=Health crisis in Haiti enters a deadly new phase|website=[[NBC News]] |date=10 February 2010}}</ref>
 * 2011: [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/japan/110327/japan-health-tsunami-radiation-evacuees|title=Japan's other health crisis|access-date=2011-08-29|archive-date=2011-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830002939/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/japan/110327/japan-health-tsunami-radiation-evacuees|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ** [[2011 E. coli O104:H4 outbreak|E. coli O104:H4 outbreak]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/docs/stec_summary_note_audioconference_02062011_en.pdf |title=European Commission - Health and Consumers Directorate General - 2 June 2011 |accessdate=2011-06-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103214527/http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/docs/stec_summary_note_audioconference_02062011_en.pdf |archive-date=3 November 2012 }}</ref>
 * 2012: [[Poly Implant Prothèse|Fraud on breast implants ''Poly Implant Prothèses'' (PIP)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/12/96&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en|title=European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - Medical devices: European Commission asks for further scientific study and draws first lessons from the recent fraud on breast implants|access-date=2022-06-29|archive-date=2012-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207132105/http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP%2F12%2F96&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aemps.gob.es/productosSanitarios/prodSanitarios/infor_PIP/home.htm|title=Información sobre las prótesis mamarias Poly Implant PIP. Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. 02/03/2012.|access-date=2012-06-11|archive-date=2012-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620101026/http://www.aemps.gob.es/productosSanitarios/prodSanitarios/infor_PIP/home.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 45: / Line 56: @@
 * 2019-ongoing: [[COVID-19 pandemic]]
 * 2022: [[2022 monkeypox outbreak]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kozlov |first=Max |date=25 July 2022 |title=Monkeypox declared a global emergency: will it help contain the outbreak? |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-02054-7 |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-02054-7|pmid=35879614 |s2cid=251067503 }}</ref>
-== Prevention and control ==
-* Using the '''health warning systems'''. A health system responsive to the needs of the population is required to refine the instruments to ensure adequate preparation before their hatching.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bt.cdc.gov/HAN/|title=Health Alert Network (HAN). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Atlanta. 2011/08/29.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912180424/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/HAN/|archive-date=2011-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Valencia|first1=R|last2=Román|first2=E|last3=García-León|first3=FJ|last4=Guillén|first4=J|date=2003-11-01|title=Sistemas de alerta: una prioridad en vigilancia epidemiológica|journal=Gaceta Sanitaria|volume=17|issue=6|pages=520–522|doi=10.1157/13055395|issn=0213-9111|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Fernández K, Ciotti M, Kaiser R. La Unión Europea ante las crisis sanitarias. Rev Adm Sanit. 2006; 4:425–35.</ref>
-* '''Transparency of the institutions''' public or private. The perception of crisis can escape the control of experts or health institutions, and be determined by stakeholders to provide solutions propagate or concerned. This requires a difficult balancing of the need to articulate clear answers and the little-founded fears.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=AbouZahr|first1=Carla|last2=Adjei|first2=Sam|last3=Kanchanachitra|first3=Churnrurtai|date=March 2007|title=From data to policy: good practices and cautionary tales|journal=The Lancet|volume=369|issue=9566|pages=1039–1046|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60463-2|pmid=17382830|s2cid=18443880 |issn=0140-6736}}</ref>
-* Adequate '''information policy'''. Irrationality arise when information is distorted, or hidden. Face a health crisis involves: respect for society, coordination of organizations and an institution with scientific weight to the people and to the media, who acted as spokesman in situations of public health risk, to get confidence citizens. The technical capacity of health professionals is more proven than the public officials, which suggests a greater share of the former and better training of the second.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/Risks/|title=Risk Communication- Gateway to Health Communication - CDC|date=2018-03-30|access-date=2017-09-09|archive-date=2018-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174200/https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/Risks/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcs.es/publicaciones/sistema_sanitario_situaciones_crisis.html|title=El Sistema Sanitario ante situaciones de crisis|first=Quodem Consultores S.L.|last=www.quodem.com|access-date=2011-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903084015/http://www.fcs.es/publicaciones/sistema_sanitario_situaciones_crisis.html|archive-date=2011-09-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Lamata F. Crisis sanitaria y respuesta política. Rev Adm Sanit. 2006; 4:401–6.</ref>
-* '''Evaluate the previous crisis''' or others experiences. Crises are challenges that must be learned from both the mistakes and successes, since they serve to bring about to the devices and improve the response to other crises. It is important to perform analysis of previous responses, audit risk and vulnerability, research and testing, and drills to prepare themselves against future crises.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Spiegel|first1=Paul B|last2=Le|first2=Phuoc|last3=Ververs|first3=Mija-Tesse|last4=Salama|first4=Peter|date=2007-03-01|title=Occurrence and overlap of natural disasters, complex emergencies and epidemics during the past decade (1995–2004)|journal=Conflict and Health|volume=1|issue=1|pages=2|doi=10.1186/1752-1505-1-2|pmid=17411460|pmc=1847810|issn=1752-1505}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-06-18-texas-health-care_N.htm|title=What does a health crisis look like? See Houston - USATODAY.com|website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=2017-08-29|archive-date=2012-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702151157/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-06-18-texas-health-care_N.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gérvas|first1=J.|last2=Hernández-Aguado|first2=I.|display-authors=etal|year=2009|title=Successes and failures in the management of public health crisis in Spain|url=http://www.equipocesca.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/crisis-2009-aciertos-y-errores.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Gac Sanit|volume=23|issue=1|pages=67–71|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923190452/http://www.equipocesca.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/crisis-2009-aciertos-y-errores.pdf|archive-date=2011-09-23|doi=10.1016/j.gaceta.2007.11.001|pmid=19231727|pmc=7131072}}</ref>
-* Having '''objectives''': "first, to reduce the impact of illness and death, and second, to avoid social fracture".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weinstein|first=Robert A.|date=2004-06-03|title=Planning for Epidemics — The Lessons of SARS|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=350|issue=23|pages=2332–2334|doi=10.1056/nejmp048082|pmid=15175434|issn=0028-4793}}</ref>
-* Preparing '''contingency plans'''. Preparation is key to the crisis because it allows a strong response, organized, and scientifically based. Action plans must meet the professional early enough and properly trained, and politicians must be consistent in their actions and coordinate all available resources. It is essential to invest in public health resources to prepare preventive measures and reducing health inequalities to minimize the impact of health crises, as they generally always the poorest suffer most.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2006/mar/23/the-health-care-crisis-and-what-to-do-about-it/|title=The Health Care Crisis and What to Do About It|journal=The New York Review of Books|first=Paul Krugman and Robin|last=Wells|date=23 March 2006|access-date=29 August 2011|archive-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105115206/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2006/mar/23/the-health-care-crisis-and-what-to-do-about-it/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equipocesca.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/crisis-2007-05-22-el-pais-el-eterno-retorno-de-las-crisis-sanitarias.pdf|title=Gérvas J, Hernández I. El eterno retorno de las crisis sanitarias. El País. 22/05/2007.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317165214/http://www.equipocesca.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/crisis-2007-05-22-el-pais-el-eterno-retorno-de-las-crisis-sanitarias.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-17}}</ref>
-* It is important to include all health professions especially primary health care (family physicians, pharmacists, etc.), as often it is these practitioners that are on the front-line in health crises.<ref>Watson KE. The Roles of Pharmacists in Disaster Health Management in Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters. [Thesis].  QUT ePrints: Queensland University of Technology; 2019 Available from: <nowiki>https://eprints.qut.edu.au/130757/</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Watson KE, Singleton JA, Tippett V, Nissen LM. Defining pharmacists' roles in disasters: A Delphi study. PLoS One 2019;14(12):e0227132.</ref>
 == See also ==
+* [[Global health]]
-[[File:Anthraxreward.jpg|right|thumb|A reward for information totalling $2.5&nbsp;million is being offered by the FBI, [[U.S. Postal Service]] and ADVO, Inc.]]
+* [[Health policy]]
 * [[Crisis theory]]
 * [[Disease mongering]]
@@ Line 62: / Line 65: @@
 * [[Health care]]
 * [[Health policy]]
+* [[Health law]]
 * [[Medicalization]]
 * [[Primary health care]]
 * [[Routine health outcomes measurement]]
 * [[Thalidomide]]
+* [[Universal health care]]
 == References ==
@@ Line 77: / Line 82: @@
 ==External links==
 {{Commonscat|Health disasters}}
-*[http://www.orau.gov/cdcynergy/erc/default.htm CDCynergy ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015055828/http://www.orau.gov/cdcynergy/erc/default.htm |date=2011-10-15 }}
+* [http://www.orau.gov/cdcynergy/erc/default.htm CDCynergy ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015055828/http://www.orau.gov/cdcynergy/erc/default.htm |date=2011-10-15 }}
+* [https://www.who.int/hac/en/ WHO: Humanitarian Health Action]
-*[http://www.igi-global.com/bookstore/titledetails.aspx?titleid=1119&detailstype=description  International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (IJISCRAM)]
-*[https://www.who.int/hac/en/ WHO: Humanitarian Health Action]
+* [http://ushealthcrisis.com/ US Health Crisis]
-*[http://ushealthcrisis.com/ US Health Crisis]
 [[Category:Crisis]]
@@ Line 86: / Line 90: @@
 [[Category:Health policy]]
 [[Category:Public health]]
+[[Category:Health economics]]
+[[Category:Health education]]
+[[Category:Health law]]
+[[Category:Global health]]
+[[Category:Health sciences]]