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{{Short description|European far-right political movement}}
{{pp-pc1|expiry=12:40, 22 November 2018|small=yes}}
{{distinguish|Identity politics}}
{{distinguish|Identity politics}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use British (Oxford) English|date=July 2017}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{use Oxford spelling|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Logo_of_Identitarian_Generation 2.svg|thumb|upright=.85|[[Lambda]], the symbol of the Identitarian movement, intended to commemorate the [[Battle of Thermopylae]]<ref name="zeit.de">[http://www.zeit.de/2013/13/Die-Identitaeren Nicht links, nicht rechts – nur national], Volker Weiß, ''[[Die Zeit]]'', 21 March 2013.</ref>]]
[[File:Logo_of_Identitarian_Generation 2.svg|thumb|167px|[[Lambda]], the symbol of the Identitarian movement used primarily in Europe by [[Les Identitaires#Youth wing|Generation Identity]] and occasionally other countries, inspired by the [[Spartan army|Spartan shields]] in the movie [[300 (film)|''300'']] during the [[Battle of Thermopylae]]<ref name="Volker">{{Cite web|last=Weiß|first=Volker|date=21 March 2013|title=Nicht links, nicht rechts – nur national|url=https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2013%2F13%2FDie-Identitaeren|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717121501/https://www.zeit.de/2013/13/Die-Identitaeren|archive-date=17 July 2013|website=Die Zeit}}</ref><ref name="Mrozek-2017">{{Cite web|last=Mrozek|first=Bodo|title=Unter falscher Flagge. Rechte "Identitäre" setzen auf Antiken-Pop. Die Geschichte ihrer Symbole dürfte ihnen kaum gefallen|url=https://pophistory.hypotheses.org/2561|access-date=2021-12-10|website=PopHistory|date=20 December 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>]]
The '''Identitarian movement''' or '''Identitarianism''' is a [[Pan-European nationalism|pan-European nationalist]], [[Ethnic nationalism|ethno-nationalist]],<ref name="camus2">{{harvnb|Camus|2018|p=2|ps=: "It was the transition from [[French nationalism]] to the promotion of a European identity, theorised by [[Europe-Action]] in the mid-1960s, which disrupted the references of the French far-right by producing a schism which has not been repaired to date, separating integral [[Souverainism|sovereignists]], for whom no level of sovereignty is legitimate except the sovereignty of the nation state, (...) from the identitarians, for whom the nation state is an intermediate framework between being rooted in a region (in the sense of the German ''[[Heimat]]'') and belonging to the framework of European civilisation."}}</ref><ref name="François-2009" /><ref name="Schumacher-2022">{{Cite web |last=Schumacher |first=Elizabeth |date=February 8, 2022 |title=Disclose.TV: English disinformation made in Germany |url=https://www.dw.com/en/disclosetv-english-disinformation-made-in-germany/a-60694332 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en |quote=The Identitarians are a far-right group who promote pan-European ethno-nationalism.}}</ref> [[Far-right politics|far-right]]<ref>{{harvnb|Mudde|2019|ps=: "The Identitarians are a pan-European far-right movement which started with the Identitarian Bloc in France in 2003."}}</ref><ref name="taguieff">{{harvnb|Taguieff|2015|ps=: "... we can see in the multiplication of these new [emerging Identitarian and protesting] party-movements an indication of the emergence of a new far-right with many faces, described as 'post-industrial' by Piero Ignazi, and who has set it apart from the 'traditional' far-right, guardian of nostalgia."}}</ref><ref name="Schumacher-2022" /> political ideology asserting the right of the [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European ethnic groups]] and [[white people]]s to [[Western culture]] and territories exclusively. Originating in [[France]] as [[Les Identitaires]] ("The Identitarians"), with its youth wing [[Les Identitaires#Youth wing|Generation Identity]] (GI), the movement expanded to other European countries during the early 21st century. Its ideology was formulated from the 1960s onward by essayists such as [[Alain de Benoist]], [[Dominique Venner]], [[Guillaume Faye]] and [[Renaud Camus]], who are considered the main ideological sources of the movement.


Identitarians promote concepts such as [[pan-European nationalism]], [[Localism (politics)|localism]], [[ethnopluralism]], [[remigration]], or the [[Great Replacement]], and they are generally opposed to [[Globalism|globalisation]], [[multiculturalism]], the [[spread of Islam]] and [[Immigration to Europe|European immigration]].<ref name="Schlembach">{{Cite book |last=Schlembach |first=Raphael |title=Against Old Europe: Critical Theory and Alter-Globalization Movements |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317183884 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LMfeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA134 134] |no-pp=y}}</ref>{{sfnp|Camus|2018|p=1}}<ref name="François-2009" /> Influenced by [[European New Right|New Right]] [[metapolitics]], they do not seek direct electoral results, but rather to provoke long-term social transformations and eventually achieve [[cultural hegemony]] and popular adherence to their ideas.{{Sfnp|Teitelbaum|2017|pp=43–44}}{{sfnp|Mudde|2019}}
'''Identitarianism''' is defined by the Oxford Dictionary (identitarian) as "relating to or supporting the political interests of a particular racial, ethnic, or national group."<ref>{{cite web|title=identitarian|publisher=Oxford English Dictionary|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/identitarian}}</ref> It is the belief that identity is mainly derived from one's gender, sexuality, race or ethnic background, and that this identity should form the basis of the primary group with which one self-identifies. Those who believe in identitarianism are referred to as '''identitarians'''.


Identitarians are opposed to cultural mixing and promote the preservation of homogeneous ethno-cultural entities,{{sfnp|Teitelbaum|2017|p=31}}<ref name="François-2009" /> generally to the exclusion of extra-European migrants and descendants of immigrants,<ref>{{cite conference|last=Vejvodová|first=Petra|date=September 2014|title=The Identitarian Movement – renewed idea of alternative Europe|url=http://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/ff2ea4db-2b74-4479-8175-7e7e468608ba.pdf|conference=[[European Consortium for Political Research|ECPR]] General Conference|location=Masaryk University, Brno|publisher=Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Studies|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Burley2017">{{cite book|author=Burley|first=Shane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn8yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT66|title=Fascism Today: What It Is and How to End It|date=2017|publisher=AK Press|isbn=978-1-84935-295-6|pages=66}}</ref><ref name="camusmathieu" /> and may espouse ideas considered [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]] and [[Scientific racism|racialist]].
==Political movements==
Identitarian views often lead to political movements which are often associated with [[populism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299485510_Identitarian_Populism_in_Britain}}</ref> and [[Anti-establishment|anti-establishmentarianism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/10/05/hate-europe-september-2018}}</ref>


In 2019, the Identitarian Movement was classified by the German [[Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution]] as [[Far-right politics|right-wing extremist]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|date=11 July 2019|title=Identitäre Bewegung als rechtsextrem eingestuft|url=https://www.dw.com/de/identit%C3%A4re-bewegung-als-rechtsextrem-eingestuft/a-49551518|website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref>
==White Nationalists in Europe==
The '''identitarian movement''' is a European and North American<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/05/field-guide-far-right/|title=Your Handy Field Guide to the Many Factions of the Far Right, From the Proud Boys to Identity Evropa |work=WIRED |access-date=2017-10-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="SPLC-2015">{{cite news |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2015/10/12/american-racists-work-spread-%E2%80%98identitarian%E2%80%99-ideology |title=American Racists Work to Spread 'Identitarian' Ideology |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |access-date=2017-10-17 |date=October 12, 2015 |work=Hatewatch }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/german-right-wing-identitarians-becoming-radicalized/a-38032122 |title=German right-wing Identitarians 'becoming radicalized' |first=Ben |last=Knight |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=20 March 2017 |website=DW.COM |language=en|access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[Far-right politics|far-right]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2018/03/28/how-identitarian-politics-is-changing-europe|title=How “identitarian” politics is changing Europe|work=The Economist|access-date=2018-08-02|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-12-19/meet-identitarians-europes-new-right|title=Meet the identitarians, Europe's 'new right'|work=Public Radio International|access-date=2018-08-02|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/identitarian-movement-germanys-new-right-hipsters/a-39383124|title=Identitarian movement - Germany's 'new right' hipsters {{!}} DW {{!}} 23.06.2017|last=(www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche Welle|website=DW.COM|language=en|access-date=2018-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Austria indicts leaders of far-right Identitarian Movement |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/05/14/austria-indicts-leaders-far-right-identitarian-movement.html |accessdate=18 August 2018 |work=Fox News |agency=Associated Press |date=14 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Strickland |first1=Patrick |title=Austria cracks down on far-right Identitarian Movement |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/austria-cracks-identitarian-movement-180517105634855.html |accessdate=18 August 2018 |work=Al Jazeera |date=22 May 2018}}</ref> and [[White nationalism|white nationalist]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/The-Fringe-Insurgency-221017.pdf|title=The Fringe Insurgency|last=Ebner|first=Julia|date=24 October 2017|website=Institute for Strategic Dialogue|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|quote=Identitarianism is a pan-European ethno-nationalist movement}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article164216057.html|title=White nationalists charter ship to catch Muslims in the Mediterranean|work=miamiherald|access-date=2017-08-05|quote=White nationalists charter ship to catch Muslims in the Mediterranean... Generation Identity, whose members call themselves Identitarians|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2017/10/19/antifa-alt-right-white-supremacy-richard-spencer-definition-what-know-each-group/781741001/|title=Antifa, alt-right, white supremacy: A glossary of terms to know|last=|first=|date=|work=The Tennessean|access-date=2017-10-20|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en |quote=Identitarianism: A white nationalist movement with roots in Europe, popularized in the United States in the last couple years through groups like Identity Evropa fliering college campuses.}}</ref> movement that originated in [[France]]. The identitarians began as a youth movement, with their name derived from the French ''[[Nouvelle Droite]]'' (New Right) ''Génération Identitaire'', and the [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]] and [[National Bolshevik]] [[Unité Radicale]]. Although initially the youth wing of the [[anti-immigration]] and [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]] [[Bloc Identitaire]], it has taken on its own identity and is largely classified as a separate entity altogether.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2014/09/29/key-bridge-building-conference-us-and-european-racists-slated-hungary-oct-3-5|title=Key bridge-building conference for U.S. and European Racists Slated for Hungary Oct. 3-5|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=2017-10-23|language=en}}</ref>


The movement is most notable in [[Europe]], and although rooted in [[Western Europe]], it has spread more rapidly to the eastern part of the continent through conscious efforts of the likes of Faye. It also has adherents among [[White nationalism|white nationalists]] in [[North America]],{{refn|<ref name="Ebner">{{cite web|url=http://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/The-Fringe-Insurgency-221017.pdf|title=The Fringe Insurgency|last=Ebner|first=Julia|date=24 October 2017|website=Institute for Strategic Dialogue|quote=Identitarianism is a pan-European ethno-nationalist movement}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article164216057.html|title=White nationalists charter ship to catch Muslims in the Mediterranean|work=miamiherald|access-date=2017-08-05|quote=White nationalists charter ship to catch Muslims in the Mediterranean... Generation Identity, whose members call themselves Identitarians}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2017/10/19/antifa-alt-right-white-supremacy-richard-spencer-definition-what-know-each-group/781741001|title=Antifa, alt-right, white supremacy: A glossary of terms to know|work=The Tennessean|access-date=2017-10-20|language=en|quote=Identitarianism: A white nationalist movement with roots in Europe, popularized in the United States in the last couple years through groups like Identity Evropa fliering college campuses.}}</ref>}} [[Australia]],{{refn|<ref name="Wired">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/05/field-guide-far-right|title=Your Handy Field Guide to the Many Factions of the Far Right, From the Proud Boys to Identity Evropa|magazine=Wired|access-date=2017-10-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="SPLC-2015">{{cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2015/10/12/american-racists-work-spread-%E2%80%98identitarian%E2%80%99-ideology|title=American Racists Work to Spread 'Identitarian' Ideology|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|date=12 October 2015|work=Hatewatch}}</ref><ref name="Knight">{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/german-right-wing-identitarians-becoming-radicalized/a-38032122|title=German right-wing Identitarians 'becoming radicalized'|first=Ben|last=Knight|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=20 March 2017|website=DW.COM|access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref><ref name="Ebner"/>}} and [[New Zealand]].{{refn|<ref name="nz1" /><ref name="newsroom" />}} The United States–based [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] considers many of these organisations to be [[hate group]]s.{{refn|<ref name="Wired"/><ref name="SPLC-2015"/><ref name="Knight"/><ref name="Ebner"/>}}
The movement is a part of the [[counter-jihad movement]],<ref name="lee">{{cite journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec3.12208/full|title=Why we fight: Understanding the counter-jihad movement|journal=Religion Compass|publisher=Wiley|date=21 October 2016|volume=10|issue=10|pages=257–265|doi=10.1111/rec3.12208| last1 = Lee | first1 = Benjamin}}</ref> with many adherents espousing the [[white genocide conspiracy theory]].<ref name=dearden/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecoast.ca/halifax/matt-whitman-stands-by-white-supremacists-message/Content?oid=12666295|title=Matt Whitman stands by white supremacists’ message|last=Boon|first=Jacob|website=The Coast Halifax|language=en|access-date=2018-03-17}}</ref> They also support the concept of a "[[Europe of 100 Flags]]" popularized by [[Yann Fouéré]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2012/11/06/occupy-le-mosque-frances-new-far-right-nativism|title=Occupy le mosque: France's new far-right nativism|work=[[Special Broadcasting Service]]|access-date=2017-10-23|language=en}}</ref> The movement has also been described as part of the global [[alt-right]].<ref name=vox/><ref name=beast/><ref name=ibtimes/>

== Origin and development ==
The Identitarian ideology is generally believed by scholars to be derived from the {{lang|fr|[[Nouvelle Droite]]}},<ref name="ND">{{harvnb|Mudde|2019|ps=: "Ideologically, the Identitarian movement is derived from the {{lang|fr|nouvelle droite}}, inspired by its main thinkers, Alain de Benoist and the late Guillaume Faye."}}; {{harvnb|Teitelbaum|2017|p=31}}; {{harvnb|Camus|2018|p=1}}; {{harvnb|Zúquete|2018|pp=7–8}}; {{harvnb|Richards|2019|pp=30–31}}; {{harvnb|Hermansson|Lawrence|Mulhall|Murdoch|2020|p=65}}; {{harvnb|McAdams|2021|p=91}}</ref> a French far-right philosophical movement that was formed in the 1960s in order to adapt [[Traditionalist conservatism|traditionalist conservative]], [[Ethnopluralism|ethnopluralist]] and illiberal politics to a post-[[World War II|WWII]] European context and distance itself from earlier far-right ideologies like [[fascism]] and [[Nazism]], mainly through a form of [[pan-European nationalism]].<ref name="Schlembach" /><ref name="Bar-On">{{Cite book |last=Bar-On |first=Tamir |title=Where Have All The Fascists Gone? |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-87313-0}}</ref> The {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}} opposes [[liberal democracy]] and [[capitalism]], and is hostile to [[multiculturalism]] and the mixing of different cultures within a single society. Although it is not [[White supremacy|supremacist]], it is [[Scientific racism|racialist]] because it identifies Europeans as a [[Race (human categorization)|race]].<ref name="Spektorowski" /> Strategies and concepts promoted by {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}} thinkers, such as ethnopluralism, localism, pan-European nationalism, and the use of [[metapolitics]] to influence public opinion, have shaped the ideological structure of the Identitarian movement.{{Sfnp|Camus|2018|p=1}}{{Sfnp|McAdams|2021|pp=86–87}}

=== Background ===
[[File:20110402_De_Benoist.png|alt=|thumb|186x186px|The ideas of [[Alain de Benoist]] and his {{lang|fr|[[Nouvelle Droite]]}} are often cited as influential on the Identitarian movement.<ref name="ND"/>]]
The {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}} has widely been considered a [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascist]] attempt to legitimise far-right ideas in the political spectrum,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Griffin|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Griffin|date=2000|title=Between metapolitics and apoliteia : The {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}}'s strategy for conserving the fascist vision in the 'interregnum'|journal=Modern & Contemporary France|volume=8|issue=1|pages=35–53|doi=10.1080/096394800113349|s2cid=143890750|issn=0963-9489}}</ref><ref name="Spektorowski">{{Cite journal|last=Spektorowski|first=Alberto|date=2003|title=The New Right: Ethno-regionalism, ethno-pluralism and the emergence of a neo-fascist 'Third Way'|journal=Journal of Political Ideologies|volume=8|issue=1|pages=111–130|doi=10.1080/13569310306084|s2cid=143042182|issn=1356-9317}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mammone|first1=Andrea|title=Varieties of Right-Wing Extremism in Europe|last2=Godin|first2=Emmanuel|last3=Jenkins|first3=Brian|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136167515|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WDar0BM2t2gC&pg=PA69 69–70]|no-pp=y}}</ref><ref name="Bar-On"/> and in some cases to recycle Nazi ideas. According to [[Political science|political scientist]] [[Stéphane François]], the latter accusation, "though relevant in certain ways, [remains] incomplete, as it (purposely) [shuns] other references, most notably the primordial relationship to the German [[Conservative Revolution]]."<ref name="François">{{Cite journal|last=François|first=Stéphane|author-link=Stéphane François|year=2017|title=La Nouvelle Droite et le nazisme. Retour sur un débat historiographique |lang=fr |journal=Revue Française d'Histoire des Idées Politiques|volume=46|issue=2|pages=93–115|doi=10.3917/rfhip1.046.0093}}</ref> The original prominence of the French nucleus gradually decreased, and a nebula of similar movements which were grouped under the term "[[European New Right]]" began to emerge across the continent.{{sfnp|Camus|Lebourg|2017|p=123}} Among them was the [[Neue Rechte]] of [[Armin Mohler]], also largely inspired by the Conservative Revolution,<ref name="Pfahl-Traughber">{{Cite book|last=Pfahl-Traughber|first=Armin|title=Konservative Revolution und Neue Rechte: Rechtsextremistische Intellektuelle gegen den demokratischen Verfassungsstaat|date=2013|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3322973900|pages=223–232|language=de|author-link=Armin Pfahl-Traughber}}</ref> and another ideological source for the Identitarian movement.<ref name="richte">Hentges, Gudrun, Gürcan Kökgiran, and Kristina Nottbohm (2014). "[http://ibwatchout.blogsport.de/images/IBD1.pdf Die Identitäre Bewegung Deutschland (IBD)–Bewegung oder virtuelles Phänomen]" In: ''[[Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen]]'' '''27'''(3): 1–26.</ref> Consequently, connections have been suggested between the worldview of [[Martin Sellner]], one of the biggest figures of the movement,<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|last=Staff|date=2018-03-28|title=How "identitarian" politics is changing Europe|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2018/03/28/how-identitarian-politics-is-changing-europe|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> and the theories of [[Martin Heidegger]] and [[Carl Schmitt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pop-zeitschrift.de/2017/11/07/die-wiederkehr-der-schoenheit-ueber-einige-unangenehme-begegnungenvon-wolfgang-ullrich07-11-2017|title=Die Wiederkehr der Schönheit Über einige unangenehme Begegnungen|last=Ullrich|first=Wolfgang|date=7 November 2017|website=Pop-Zeitschrift|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref> Leading Identitarian [[Daniel Friberg]] has likewise claimed influences from [[Ernst Jünger]] and [[Julius Evola]].{{sfnp|Teitelbaum|2017|p=163}}

Through their [[think tank]] [[GRECE]], {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}} figures like [[Alain de Benoist]] and [[Guillaume Faye]] aimed to imitate [[Marxism|Marxist]] [[metapolitics]], especially the tactics of [[cultural hegemony]], [[agitprop]] and [[entryism]] which, according to them, had allowed left-wing movements to gain cultural and academic dominance from the second part of the 20th century onward.<ref name="McCulloch" />{{Sfnp|McAdams|2021|pp=87–88}} [[Dominique Venner]] and his magazine ''[[Europe-Action]]'', which is considered the "embryonic form" of the {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}},<ref name="McCulloch">{{Cite journal|last=McCulloch|first=Tom|date=2006|title=The {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}} in the 1980s and 1990s: Ideology and Entryism, the Relationship with the Front National|journal=French Politics|volume=4|issue=2|pages=160|doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200099|s2cid=144813395|issn=1476-3427}}</ref> along with the writings of [[Saint-Loup (writer)|Saint-Loup]],<ref name="François-2009">{{Cite web |last=François |first=Stéphane |author-link=Stéphane François |date=2009 |title=Réflexions sur le mouvement "Identitaire" |url=https://tempspresents.com/2009/03/03/reflexions-sur-le-mouvement-identitaire-12/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Fragments sur les Temps Présents}}</ref> are conducive to the emergence of the Identitarian movement, by redefining the idea of [[pan-European nationalism]] on the "[[White nationalism|white nation]]" rather than the "[[nation state]]".<ref name="camus2"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=François|first=Stéphane|date=2013|title=Dominique Venner et le renouvellement du racisme|url=https://tempspresents.com/2013/05/23/dominique-venner-renouvellement-racisme-stephane-francois-nicolas-lebourg|access-date=2019-08-12|website=Fragments sur les Temps Présents|language=fr-FR}}</ref>

=== Emergence ===
The neo-[[Völkisch movement|Völkisch]] movement [[Terre et Peuple]], which was founded in 1995 by {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}} writers [[Pierre Vial]], [[Jean Haudry]] and [[Jean Mabire]], is generally considered a precursor of the Identitarian movement.{{Sfnp|Zúquete|2018|pp=15–18}}<ref name="François-2018">{{Cite journal |last=François |first=Stéphane |author-link=Stéphane François |date=2018 |title=Réflexions sur le paganisme d'extrême droite |journal=Social Compass |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=263–277 |doi=10.1177/0037768618768439 |issn=0037-7686 |s2cid=150142148}}</ref> In the early 21st century, {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}} ideas influenced far-right [[List of youth organizations|youth movements]] in France through groups such as Jeunesses Identitaires (founded in 2002 and succeeded by {{lang|fr|Génération Identitaire}} in 2012) and [[Les Identitaires|Bloc Identitaire]] (2003). These French movements exported their ideas to other European nations, turning themselves into a pan-European movement of loosely connected Identitarian groups.{{sfnp|Teitelbaum|2017|p=45}}{{Sfnp|Richards|2019|p=31}} In the 2000s and 2010s, thinkers led by Renaud Camus,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Önnerfors|first1=Andreas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtUiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT37|title=Europe: Continent of Conspiracies: Conspiracy Theories in and about Europe|last2=Krouwel|first2=André|publisher=Routledge|year=2021|isbn=978-1-000-37339-4}}</ref><ref name="camusmathieu" /> Guillaume Faye,<ref>{{Cite book|last=François|first=Stéphane|title=Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy|date=2019|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-087760-6|editor-last=Sedgwick|editor-first=Mark|editor-link=Mark Sedgwick|pages=95|chapter=Guillaume Faye and Archeofuturism|quote=In the early 1980s he defended a radical differentialism to the point of calling for the return of non-European immigrants to their civilizational areas...|author-link=Stéphane François}}</ref> along with members of the [[Carrefour de l'Horloge]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dupin|first=Éric|title=La France identitaire: Enquête sur la réaction qui vient|date=2017|publisher=La Découverte|isbn=9782707194848|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fAnmDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT41 PT41]|no-pp=y|language=fr}}</ref> introduced the [[Great Replacement]] and [[remigration]] as defining concepts in the movement.{{sfnp|Camus|2018|p=1}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/f55b5bed3da04586b2136e6aa1c13351|title=Taboos fall away as far-right EU candidates breach red line|last=Ganley|first=Elaine|date=16 May 2019|website=AP NEWS|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/generation-identity-far-right-group-training-camps-europe-uk-recruits-military-white-nationalist-a8046641.html|title=Generation Identity: Far-right group sending UK recruits to military-style training camps in Europe|last1=Dearden|first1=Lizzie|date=9 November 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925222918/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/generation-identity-far-right-group-training-camps-europe-uk-recruits-military-white-nationalist-a8046641.html|archive-date=25 September 2018|url-status=live|access-date=25 September 2018|quote=...claims that it represents "indigenous Europeans" and propagates the [[White genocide conspiracy theory|far-right conspiracy theory]] which states that [[white people]] are becoming a minority in what it calls the "Great Replacement"|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Scholar A. James McAdams has described the Identitarian movement as a "second generation" in the evolution of European far-right foundational critique of liberal democracy during the [[post-war]] era: "the first of these generations, congregated around the members of the French {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}} (New Right), defined difference as a right ('a right to difference') to which all persons were entitled by virtue of their shared humanity. A second generation, epitomized by the pan-European Identitarian movement of the early 2000s, replaced the language of rights with the less exacting claim to respect the differences of others, especially those based on ethnicity. Finally, in response to the degeneration of Identitarian thinking into outright xenophobia and racism, a third generation of theorists emerged in the 2010s with the expressed aim of restoring the respectability of far-right thought."{{Sfnp|McAdams|2021|pp=86–87}} According to scholar Imogen Richards, "while in many respects [{{lang|fr|Génération Identitaire}}] is characteristic of the 'European New Right' (ENR), its spokespersons' various promotion of capitalism and commodification, including through their advocacy of international trade and sale of merchandise, diverges from the anti-capitalist philosophizing of contemporary ENR thinkers."{{Sfnp|Richards|2019|p=28}}

== Ideology ==

=== Definition ===
Identitarianism can be defined by its opposition to [[Globalism|globalisation]], [[multiculturalism]], [[Islam]] and [[Immigration to Europe|extra-European immigration]]; and by its defence of [[Culture of Europe|traditions]], [[pan-European nationalism]] and [[Ethnopluralism|cultural homogeneity]] within the nations of Europe.<ref name="Schlembach"/>{{sfnp|Camus|2018|p=1}}{{sfnp|Hermansson|Lawrence|Mulhall|Murdoch|2020|p=65}} The concept of "identity" is central to the Identitarian movement, which sees, in the words of [[Guillaume Faye]], "every form of [humanity’s] homogenisation [as] synonymous with death, as well as sclerosis and entropy".{{sfnp|Hermansson|Lawrence|Mulhall|Murdoch|2020|p=19}} Scholar [[Stéphane François]] has described the essence of Identitarian ideology as "mixophobic", that is the fear of [[Miscegenation|ethnic mixing]].<ref name="François-2009" />

According to philosopher [[Pierre-André Taguieff]], the Identitarian 'party-movements' generally share the following traits: a call to an 'authentic' and 'sane' people, which a leader is claiming to embody, against illegitimate or unworthy elites; and a call for a purifying break with the supposedly 'corrupt' current system, in part achieved by 'cleaning up' the territory from elements perceived as 'non-[[Cultural assimilation|assimilable]]' for cultural reasons, Muslims in particular. Following Piero Ignazi, Taguieff classifies those party-movements as a new "post-industrial" far-right, distinct from the "traditional" nostalgic far-right. Their ultimate goal is to enter mainstream politics, Taguieff argues, as "post-fascists rather than [[Neo-fascism|neo-fascists]], [and as] post-nazis rather than [[Neo-Nazism|neo-nazis]]."<ref name="taguieff" />

Scholars have also described the essence of Identitarianism as a reaction against the permissive ideals of the '68 movement, embodied by the [[baby boomers]] and their perceived left-liberal dominance on society, which they sometimes label "[[Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory|Cultural Marxism]]".{{sfnp|Zúquete|2018|p=45}}{{sfnp|Mudde|2019}}{{sfnp|McAdams|2021|p=92}}{{sfnp|Hermansson|Lawrence|Mulhall|Murdoch|2020|p=19}}

=== Metapolitics ===
Inspired by the [[metapolitics]] of Marxist philosopher [[Antonio Gramsci]] via the {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}}, Identitarians do not seek direct electoral results but rather to influence the wider political debate in society.{{sfnp|Teitelbaum|2017|pp=43–44}}{{sfnp|Mudde|2019}} Metapolitics is defined by {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}} theorist [[Guillaume Faye]] as the "social diffusion of ideas and cultural values for the sake of provoking profound, long-term, political transformation."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Teitelbaum|first=Benjamin R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0SCDwAAQBAJ|title=Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy|date=2019|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-087760-6|editor-last=Sedgwick|editor-first=Mark|editor-link=Mark Sedgwick|pages=259–260|chapter=Daniel Friberg and Metapolitics in Action|author-link=Benjamin R. Teitelbaum}}</ref> In 2010, [[Daniel Friberg]] established the publishing house ''[[Arktos Media]]'', which has grown since that date as the "uncontested global leader in the publication of English-language {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}} literature."{{sfnp|Teitelbaum|2017|p=51}} Some Identitarian parties have nonetheless contested elections, as in France or in Croatia, but so far with no success.{{sfnp|Mudde|2019}} [[Éric Zemmour]], who has been described as belonging to the Identitarian movement by some scholars, won 7.1% of the votes during the [[2022 French presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schir |first1=Périne |last2=Laruelle |first2=Marlène |date=2022 |title=Eric Zemmour, The New Face of the French Far Right: Media-Sponsored, Neoliberal, and Reactionary |journal=Journal of Illiberalism Studies |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.53483/WCKS3540|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ivaldi |first=Gilles |date=2022 |title=Two of a kind? Marine Le Pen, Éric Zemmour, and the supply and demand for far-right politics in the 2022 French presidential election |journal=APSA Annual Meeting & Exhibition |language= |publisher=American Political Science Association}}</ref>

A key strategy of the Identitarian movement is to generate large media attention by symbolically occupying popular public spaces, often with only a handful of militants. The largest action to date{{When|date=May 2021}}, labelled "Defend Europe", occurred in 2017.{{sfnp|Mudde|2019}} After crowdsourcing more than $178,000, Identitarian militants chartered a ship in the Mediterranean Sea to ferry rescued migrants back to Africa, observe any incursions by other [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] ships into Libyan waters, and report them to the [[Libyan Navy|Libyan coastguard]].<ref name="independent">{{Cite news|last=Bulman|first=May|date=13 July 2017|title=Far-right group are sending a boat full of activists to Mediterranean to send refugees 'back to Africa'|language=en-GB|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/anti-immigrant-ship-mediterranean-ngo-ships-refugee-crisis-migrant-boats-people-smugglers-defend-a7838731.html}}</ref>{{sfnp|Mudde|2019}} In the event, the ship suffered an engine failure and had to be rescued by another ship from one of the NGOs rescuing migrants.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Henley|first1=Jon|date=11 August 2017|title=Refugee rescue ship sails to aid of anti-migrant activists stranded in Med|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/11/migrant-rescue-ship-sails-to-aid-of-stranded-far-right-activists|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>

The European Identitarian movements often use a yellow [[lambda]] symbol, inspired by the shield designs of the [[Spartan army]] in the movie [[300 (film)|''300'']], based on the [[300 (comics)|comic book]] by [[Frank Miller]].<ref name="Volker"/><ref name="Mrozek-2017"/>

=== Ethnopluralism ===
According to [[Ethnography|ethnographer]] [[Benjamin R. Teitelbaum]], Identitarians advocate "an ostensibly non-hierarchical global separatism to create a 'pluriversum', where differences among peoples are preserved and celebrated."{{sfnp|Teitelbaum|2017|p=31}} Political scientist [[Jean-Yves Camus]] agrees and defines the movement as being centred around the {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}} concept of [[ethnopluralism]] (or 'ethno-differentialism'): "each people and culture can only flourish on its territory of origin; ethnic and cultural mixing (''métissage'') is seen as a factor of decadence; [[multiculturalism]] as a pathogenic project, producing crime, loss of bearings and, ultimately, the possibility of an 'ethnic war' on European lands, between 'ethnic Europeans' and non-native Maghrebi Arabs, in any case Muslims."{{sfnp|Camus|2018|p=3}}

The pairing of Muslim immigration and Islam with the concept of ethnopluralism is indeed one of the main bases of Identitarianism,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sedgwick|first=Mark|title=Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy|date=2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-087760-6|pages= xviii|no-pp=y|author-link=Mark Sedgwick}}</ref> and the idea of a future [[Ethnic conflict|ethnic war]] between whites and immigrants is central for some Identitarian theorists, especially [[Guillaume Faye]], who claimed in 2016 that "the ethnic civil war, like a snake's baby that breaks the shell of its egg, [was] only in its very modest beginnings". He had earlier preached "total ethnic war" between "original" Europeans and Muslims in ''The Colonization of Europe'' in 2000, which earned him a criminal conviction for incitement to racial hatred.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bar-On|first=Tamir|date=2014|title=A Response to Alain de Benoist|journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism|volume=8|issue=2|pages=141|doi=10.14321/jstudradi.8.2.0123|issn=1930-1189|jstor=10.14321/jstudradi.8.2.0123|s2cid=143809038}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Camus|Lebourg|2017|p=141|ps=: "He is obsessed with the ineluctability of a physical confrontation on European soil between “native-born” ethnic groups and “non-natives.” The violence of the views he expresses (...) earned him a criminal conviction after the publication of ''The colonization of Europe: True discourse on immigration and Islam''..."}} See also: Faye, Guillaume (2016). [http://www.gfaye.com/la-guerre-civile-ethnique-est-elle-evitable-probablement-pas "La guerre civile ethnique est-elle évitable ? Probablement pas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304214118/http://www.gfaye.com/la-guerre-civile-ethnique-est-elle-evitable-probablement-pas/ |date=4 March 2021 }}: "La guerre civile ethnique, comme un serpenteau de vipère qui brise la coquille de son œuf, n’en est qu’à ses très modestes débuts."</ref> This emphasis on ethnicity, shared by [[Pierre Vial]] and his call to an "ethnic revolution" and a "war of liberation",{{sfnp|Zúquete|2018|p=16}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shields|first=James|title=The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134861118|pages=148}}</ref> is however opposed by other Identitarian thinkers and groups.{{sfnp|Zúquete|2018|p=}} [[Alain de Benoist]] disavowing Faye's "strongly racist" ideas regarding Muslims after the publication of his 2000 book.{{sfnp|Camus|2019|p=75|ps=: "When Faye published ''The Colonization of Europe'' in 2000, de Benoist disavowed Faye’s “strongly racist” ideas with regard to Muslims".}}

Identitarians generally dismiss the [[European Union]] as "corrupt" and "authoritarian", while at the same time defending a "European-level political body that can hold its own against superpowers like [[United States|America]] and [[China]]."<ref name="economist"/> According to scholar Stéphane François, Identitarian geopolitics should be seen as a form of "ethnopolitics". In the Identitarian vision, the world would be structured into different "ethnospheres", each dominated by ethnically related peoples. They promote ethnic solidarities between European peoples, and the establishment of a confederation of regional identities that would eventually replace the various nation states of Europe, which are seen as an inheritance from the "dubious philosophy of the [[French Revolution]]".<ref name="François-2009" /> Influenced by [[Renaud Camus]]' [[Great Replacement]] theory, Identitarians lament an alleged disappearance of the European peoples through a drop in a birth rate and uncontrolled immigration from the Muslim world.{{sfnp|Hermansson|Lawrence|Mulhall|Murdoch|2020|p=66}}

=== Views on Islam and liberalism ===
The movement is strongly opposed to the politics and philosophy of [[Islam]], which some critics{{Who|date=May 2021}} describe as disguised [[Islamophobia]]. Followers often protest what they see as the [[Spread of Islam|Islamisation]] of Europe through mass immigration, claiming it to be a threat to European culture and society.<ref name="lee">{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Benjamin|date=21 October 2016|title=Why we fight: Understanding the counter-jihad movement|url=http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/80734/2/main_document_revised.pdf|journal=Religion Compass|volume=10|issue=10|pages=257–65|doi=10.1111/rec3.12208}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2012/11/06/occupy-le-mosque-frances-new-far-right-nativism|title=Occupy le mosque: France's new far-right nativism|work=[[Special Broadcasting Service]]|access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref> As summarised by Markus Willinger, a key activist of the movement, "We don't want Mehmed and Mustapha to become Europeans."{{sfnp|Mudde|2019}} This theory is connected to the ideas of the [[Great Replacement]], a conspiracy theory which claims that a global elite is colluding against the [[Ethnic groups in Europe|white population of Europe]] to replace them with non-European peoples.{{sfnp|Hermansson|Lawrence|Mulhall|Murdoch|2020|p=66}} As a proposed solution to this debunked [[Conspiracy theory|global conspiracy]], the identitarians present mass [[remigration]], a project of reversing growing multiculturalism through a [[Ethnic cleansing|forced mass deportation]] of non-European immigrants (often including their descendants) back to their supposed place of racial origin, regardless of their citizenship status.<ref name="camusmathieu">{{Cite web|title=D'où vient l'expression 'remigration'?|url=https://www.lesoleil.com/actualite/dou-vient-lexpression-remigration-093e01598c270a4ca9a94070d4bb5980|last1=Camus|first1=Jean-Yves|author-link=Jean-Yves Camus|last2=Mathieu|first2=Annie|date=19 August 2017|website=Le Soleil|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524102419/https://www.lesoleil.com/actualite/dou-vient-lexpression-remigration-093e01598c270a4ca9a94070d4bb5980|archive-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> {{lang|fr|Génération Identitaire}} has made frequent use of the term ''[[Reconquista]]'', in reference to expulsion of Muslims and Jewish people from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492.{{sfnp|Richards|2019|p=10}}

Identitarians do not share, however, a common vision on [[liberalism]]. Some regard it as a part of European identity "threatened by Muslims who do not respect women or gay people", whereas others like [[Daniel Friberg]] describe it as the "disease" that contributed to Muslim immigration in the first place.<ref name="economist"/>

===Connection to other far-right groups===
The movement has been described as being a part of the global [[alt-right]],<ref name=altright>
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/world/2017/7/6/15804196/generation-identity-identitarians-alt-right-migration-islam-refugees-europe|title=A European alt-right group wants to take to the sea to stop rescuers from saving migrants|work=Vox|access-date=2017-10-22}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/europes-alt-right-takes-heart-as-austrias-vote-swings-its-way|title=Europe's 'Alt-Right' Back From the Dead With Fresh Young Face|last=Huetlin|first=Josephine|date=2017-10-15|work=The Daily Beast|access-date=2017-10-17}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/generation-identity-how-european-alt-right-planning-british-invasion-1607986|title=Generation Identity: How the European alt-right is planning a British invasion|last=Crowcroft|first=Orlando|date=2017-03-03|work=International Business Times UK|access-date=2017-10-22}}</ref> or as the European counterpart of the American alt-right.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Astier|first1=Henri|title=Patriot power: How France's alt-right seeks to sway election|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39433483|work=BBC News|date=5 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2016/11/12/meet-the-ib-europes-version-of-americas-alt-right|title=Meet the IB, Europe's version of America's alt-right|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=2016-11-12}}</ref> [[Hope not Hate]] (HNH) has described Identitarianism and the alt-right as "ostensibly separate" in origin, but with "huge areas of ideological crossover".<ref name=hnh/> Many white nationalists and alt-right leaders have described themselves as Identitarians,<ref name=hnh/><ref name="buzzfeed">{{cite news|last1=Feder|first1=J. Lester|last2=Buet|first2=Pierre|title=They Wanted To Be A Better Class Of White Nationalists. They Claimed This Man As Their Father.|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/the-man-who-gave-white-nationalism-a-new-life|access-date=1 July 2018|work=BuzzFeed News|date=26 December 2017}}</ref> and according to HNH, American alt-right influence is evident in European Identitarian groups and events, forming an amalgamated "International Alternative Right".<ref name=hnh>{{Cite news|url=https://hopenothate.com/2017/10/31/hnh-explains-identitarian-movement-alt-right|title=HNH explains... the Identitarian movement and the alt-right|date=2017-10-31|work=HOPE not hate|language=en-GB}}</ref> Figures within the Identitarian movements and alt-right often cite {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}} founder [[Alain de Benoist]] as an influence.<ref name="newyorker">{{cite magazine|last1=Williams|first1=Thomas Chatterton|title=The French Origins of "You Will Not Replace Us"|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/04/the-french-origins-of-you-will-not-replace-us|access-date=1 July 2018|magazine=The New Yorker|issue=4 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="buzzfeed"/> De Benoist rejects any alt-right affiliation, although he has worked with [[Richard B. Spencer]], and once spoke at Spencer's [[National Policy Institute]]. As Benoist stated, "Maybe people consider me their spiritual father, but I don't consider them my spiritual sons".<ref name="buzzfeed"/>

According to Christoph Gurk of {{lang|de|[[Bayerischer Rundfunk]]}}, one of the goals of Identitarianism is to make racism modern and fashionable.<ref>Christoph Gurk: [http://www.br.de/puls/themen/welt/interview-extremismusforscher-alexander-haeusler-100.html ''Diese Gruppen machen den Rassismus hip''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228223339/https://www.br.de/puls/themen/welt/interview-extremismusforscher-alexander-haeusler-100.html |date=28 February 2018 }} (Interview with Alexander Häusler). Bayern plus of the {{lang|de|Bayerischer Rundfunk}}, 17 May 2013.</ref> Austrian Identitarians invited radical right-wing groups from across Europe, including several neo-Nazi groups, to participate in an anti-immigration march, according to Anna Thalhammer of ''[[Die Presse]]''.<ref>[http://diepresse.com/home/politik/innenpolitik/5012637/Das-Netzwerk-der-Identitaeren-mit-der-FPO Das Netzwerk der Identitären mit der FPÖ], Anna Thalhammer, ''[[Die Presse]]'', 10 June 2016.</ref> There has also been Identitarian collaboration with the white nationalist activist [[Tomislav Sunić]].<ref>[http://www.doew.at/erkennen/rechtsextremismus/neues-von-ganz-rechts/archiv/februar-2016/tomislav-sunic-zu-gast-bei-identitaeren Tomislav Sunić zu Gast bei "Identitären"], [[Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance|DÖW]], February 2016.</ref>


==By location==
==By location==
===France===
{{main|Les Identitaires}}


The main Identitarian youth movement is {{lang|fr|Génération Identitaire}} in France, originally a youth wing of [[Les Identitaires|Bloc Identitaire]] before it split off in 2012 to become its own organisation. The association [[Terre et Peuple]] ("Land and People"), which represents the [[Völkisch movement|Völkisch]] leaning of the {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}}, is seen as a precursor of the Identitarian movement.{{sfnp|Zúquete|2018|pp=15–18}}<ref name="François-2018" /> Political scientist [[Stéphane François]] estimated the size of the Identitarian movement in France to be 1,500–2,000 in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rousset|first=Julien|date=23 February 2017|title=Mouvance identitaire et Front National, "la porosité est réelle"|url=https://www.sudouest.fr/2017/02/23/mouvance-identitaire-et-front-national-la-porosite-est-reelle-3222718-710.php|website=[[Sud Ouest (newspaper)|Sud Ouest]]|language=fr-FR}}</ref>
===In Europe===
In Sweden, identitarianism has been promoted by a now inactive organisation {{ill|Nordiska förbundet|sv|Nordiska förbundet}}, which founded the online encyclopedia [[Metapedia]].<ref>[http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/kulturdebatt/den-nya-nationalhogern/ "Den nya nationalhögern"], Christoph Andersson. 10/03/2006, [[Dagens Nyheter]].</ref> It then mobilised a number of "independent activist groups" similar to their French counterparts, among them [[Reaktion Östergötland]] and [[Identitet Väst]], who performed a number of political actions marked by a certain degree of civil disobedience. A 24-page first manifesto, aimed at defining the identitarian movement in Northern Europe, was published as ''Identitet och Metapolitik''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Identitet och Metapolitik |location=Göteborg |publisher=Nordiska Förlaget |date=2008 |isbn=978-91-85043-17-0 |language=Swedish}}</ref>


An undercover investigation conducted by ''[[Al Jazeera Investigates]]'' into the French branch, which aired on 10 December 2018, captured GI activists punching a Muslim woman whilst saying "Fuck Mecca" and one saying if ever he gets a terminal illness he will purchase a weapon and cause carnage. When asked by the undercover journalist who would be the target he replies "a mosque, whatever".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|date=9 December 2018|title=Generation Hate: French far right's violence and racism exposed|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/generation-hate-french-violence-racism-exposed-181208155503837.html|website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> French prosecutors have launched an inquiry into the findings amidst calls for the group to be proscribed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|date=13 December 2018|title=France opens probe into racist violence by far-right activists|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/france-opens-probe-racist-violence-activists-181213115049339.html|website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>
[[File:Demonstration against Morten Kjærum in Vienna.jpg|thumb|left|267px|Austrian identitarians demonstrating in Vienna]]
The main identitarian youth movement is ''Génération Identitaire'' in France, a youth wing of the ''[[Les Identitaires|Bloc Identitaire]]'' party.


{{lang|fr|Génération Identitaire}} was banned by French authorities in March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2021|title=France bans far-right anti-migrant group Generation Identity|url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210303-france-bans-far-right-anti-migrant-group-generation-identity|website=France 24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hume |first1=Tim |last2=Langston |first2=Henry |last3=Bennett |first3=Tom |title=The Rise and Fall of Europe's Most Influential Far-Right Youth Movement |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/5dbj98/the-rise-and-fall-of-europes-hipster-fascists |access-date=22 July 2021 |work=www.vice.com |date=July 22, 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
The origin of the Italian chapter ''Generazione Identitaria'' dates back to 2012.<ref>[https://news.vice.com/it/article/estrema-destra-crowdfunding-per-bloccare-ong L’estrema destra europea vuole bloccare le navi delle Ong con un crowdfunding] (in Italian), Di Leonardo Bianchi, 18 May 2017, [[Vice News]].</ref>


===Austria===
Markus Willinger, who grew up in [[Schärding]], Austria, and is now a student of history and political science at the [[University of Stuttgart]], published a 2013 manifesto entitled "Generation Identity: A Declaration of War Against the '68ers", (68ers being people whose political identities are seen as stemming from the social changes of the 1960s,<ref name="SPLC-2015"/> what would be called [[baby boomer]] liberals in the US, or those sympathetic to them) and translated into English from German by Aetius. The book is considered the manifesto of the ''[[Identitäre Bewegung Österreichs]]'', which was founded in 2012.
[[File:Demonstration against Morten Kjærum in Vienna.jpg|thumb|Austrian Identitarians demonstrating in Vienna|300px]]
{{main|Identitäre Bewegung Österreich}}


The {{lang|de|[[Identitäre Bewegung Österreich]]}} (IBÖ) was founded in 2012. They have sometimes used the concept of a "War Against the '68ers"; i.e. people whose political identities are seen by Identitarians as stemming from the social changes of the 1960s, what would be called [[Baby boomers|baby boomer]] liberals in the US.{{dubious|the reference is vague and this isn't at all what 68 refers to.. I dont understand this|date=March 2023}}<ref name="SPLC-2015"/>
The movement also appeared in Germany and converged with preexisting circles, centered on the magazine ''[[Blaue Narzisse]]'' and its founder [[Felix Menzel]], a [[martial artist]] and former German [[Karate]] Team Champion, who according to Gudrun Hentges &ndash; who worked for the official [[Federal Agency for Civic Education]] &ndash; belongs to the "elite of the movement".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hentges|first1=Gudrun|last2=Kökgiran|first2=Gürcan|last3=Nottbohm|first3=Kristina|year=2014|title=Die Identitäre Bewegung Deutschland (IBD) – Bewegung oder virtuelles Phänomen?|url=http://forschungsjournal.de/sites/default/files/fjsbplus/fjsb-plus_2014-3_hentges_koekgiran_nottbohm_x.pdf|language=de|journal=Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen|volume=27|issue=supplement to issue 4|publisher=Lucius & Lucius|access-date=8 July 2017|ref=harv}}</ref> It has been a "[[Eingetragener Verein|registered association]]" since 2014.<ref>Reg-No.: VR 3135, District Court Paderborn, cf: [[Impressum]] on the website.</ref> Drawing upon thinkers of the [[Nouvelle Droite]] and the [[Conservative Revolutionary movement]] such as [[Oswald Spengler]], [[Carl Schmitt]] or the contemporary Russian [[Aleksandr Dugin]], it played a role in the rise of the [[PEGIDA]] marches in 2014/15.


On 27 April 2018 the IBÖ and the homes of its leaders were searched by the Austrian police, and investigations were started against Sellner on suspicion that a criminal organisation was being formed.<ref>[https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/identitaere-113.html Ermittlungen in Österreich - Durchsuchungen bei "Identitärer Bewegung"], [[Tagesschau (German TV series)|Tagesschau]], 28 April 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.oe24.at/oesterreich/politik/Hausdurchsuchung-bei-Identitaeren-Chef-Martin-Sellner/331519662 Hausdurchsuchung bei Identitären-Chef], [[Österreich (newspaper)|Österreich]], 27 April 2018.</ref> The court later ruled that the IBÖ was not a criminal organisation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Staff|date=26 July 2018|title=Identitären-Prozess: Angeklagte von Vorwurf der Verhetzung freigesprochen|work=[[Der Standard]]|url=https://derstandard.at/2000084171603/Identitaeren-Prozess-Letzte-Runde-im-Verfahren-in-Graz}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Staff|date=26 July 2018|title=Mitglieder der Identitären Bewegung größtenteils freigesprochen|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/oesterreich-mitglieder-der-identitaeren-bewegung-groesstenteils-freigesprochen-a-1220327.html}}</ref>
The identitarian movement has a close linkage to members of the [[Neue Rechte|German New Right]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bruns|first1=Julian|last2=Glösel|first2=Kathrin|last3=Strobl|first3=Natascha|year=2014|title=Die Identitären: Handbuch zur Jugendbewegung der Neuen Rechten in Europa|language=de|location=Münster, Germany|publisher=Unrast|isbn=978-3-89771-549-3|ref=harv}}</ref> e.g., to its prominent member [[Götz Kubitschek]] and his journal ''Sezession'', for which the identitarian speaker [[Martin Sellner]] writes.


===Germany===
As their symbol, the European Identitarian movement and Generation Identity, uses a yellow [[lambda]] sign, a symbol that was painted on the shields of the [[Spartan army]] &ndash; popularized by the film ''[[300 (film)|300]]'' &ndash; supposedly to commemorate the [[Battle of Thermopylae]].<ref name="zeit.de"/>
[[File:Martin Sellner - Kundgebung beim Weghuberpark (2019).JPG|thumb|150px|[[Martin Sellner]]<ref name="economist"/> (2019)]]


The movement also appeared in Germany and converged with preexisting circles, centered on the magazine ''Blue Narcissus'' ({{ill|Blaue Narzisse|de|Blau Narzisse}}) and its founder {{ill|Felix Menzel|de|Felix Menzel (Publizist)}}, a [[Martial arts|martial artist]] and former German [[Karate]] Team Champion, who according to Gudrun Hentges – who worked for the official [[Federal Agency for Civic Education]] – belongs to the "elite of the movement".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hentges|first1=Gudrun|last2=Kökgiran|first2=Gürcan|last3=Nottbohm|first3=Kristina|year=2014|title=Die Identitäre Bewegung Deutschland (IBD) – Bewegung oder virtuelles Phänomen?|url=http://forschungsjournal.de/sites/default/files/fjsbplus/fjsb-plus_2014-3_hentges_koekgiran_nottbohm_x.pdf|language=de|journal=Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen|volume=27|issue=supplement to issue 4|access-date=8 July 2017|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224133316/http://forschungsjournal.de/sites/default/files/fjsbplus/fjsb-plus_2014-3_hentges_koekgiran_nottbohm_x.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It became a "[[Registered association (Germany)|registered association]]" in 2014.<ref>Reg-No.: VR 3135, District Court Paderborn, cf: [[Impressum]] on the website.</ref> Drawing upon thinkers of the {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}} and the [[Conservative Revolution]] such as [[Oswald Spengler]], [[Carl Schmitt]] or the contemporary Russian fascist [[Aleksandr Dugin]], it played a role in the rise of the [[Pegida]] marches in 2014–15.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}
In August 2016, members of the identitarian movement in Germany scaled the iconic [[Brandenburg Gate]] in [[Berlin]] and hung a banner in protest at [[European migrant crisis|European immigration]] and perceived [[Islamisation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-germany-farright/german-rightists-scale-brandenburg-gate-to-protest-immigration-idUSKCN1120H1|title=German rightists scale Brandenburg Gate to protest immigration|date=27 August 2016|publisher=|via=Reuters}}</ref>


The Identitarian movement has a close linkage to members of the [[Neue Rechte|German New Right]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bruns|first1=Julian|last2=Glösel|first2=Kathrin|last3=Strobl|first3=Natascha|year=2014|title=Die Identitären: Handbuch zur Jugendbewegung der Neuen Rechten in Europa|language=de|location=Münster, Germany|publisher=Unrast|isbn=978-3897715493}}</ref> e.g., to its prominent member [[Götz Kubitschek]] and his journal ''Sezession'', for which the Identitarian speaker [[Martin Sellner]] writes.<ref>{{in lang|de}} Benjamin Reuter, [http://www.huffingtonpost.de/2016/05/16/identitaere-bewegung-martin-sellner-_n_9984260.html "Identitäre Bewegung : Das lächelnde Gesicht der Neuen Rechten"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928030407/http://www.huffingtonpost.de/2016/05/16/identitaere-bewegung-martin-sellner-_n_9984260.html |date=28 September 2016 }}, ''[[Huffington Post]]'', May 16, 2016.</ref>
Members of the identitarian movement erected a new summit cross in a "provocative" act (as the ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' reported) on the [[Schafreuter]], after the original one had to be removed because of damage by an unknown person.<ref name="Schafreuter summit cross">{{cite web|last1=Sebald|first1=Christian|title=Rechtsextreme errichten neues Gipfelkreuz am Schafreuter|url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/alpen-rechtsextreme-errichten-neues-gipfelkreuz-am-schafreuter-1.3149336|website=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]|access-date=17 August 2017|deadurl=no|language=German|trans-title=Right-wing extremists erect new summit cross on the Schafreuter|date=15 September 2016|df=}}</ref>


In August 2016 members of the Identitarian movement in Germany scaled the iconic [[Brandenburg Gate]] in [[Berlin]] and hung a banner in protest at [[2015 European migrant crisis|European immigration]] and perceived [[spread of Islam]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Martin|first=Michelle|date=27 August 2016|title=German rightists scale Brandenburg Gate to protest immigration|newspaper=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-germany-farright/german-rightists-scale-brandenburg-gate-to-protest-immigration-idUSKCN1120H1}}</ref> In September of the same year, members of the Identitarian movement erected a new summit cross in a "provocative" act (as the ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' reported) on the [[Schafreuter]], after the original one had to be removed because of damage by an unknown person.<ref name="Schafreuter summit cross">{{cite news|last1=Sebald|first1=Christian|title=Rechtsextreme errichten neues Gipfelkreuz am Schafreuter|url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/alpen-rechtsextreme-errichten-neues-gipfelkreuz-am-schafreuter-1.3149336|newspaper=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]|access-date=17 August 2017|language=de|trans-title=Right-wing extremists erect new summit cross on the Schafreuter|date=15 September 2016}}</ref>
In June 2017 the [[PayPal]] donations account of the identitarian "Defend Europe" was locked, and the identitarian account of the bank "Steiermärkische Sparkasse" was closed.<ref>Bonvalot, Michael (22 June 2017) [http://blog.zeit.de/stoerungsmelder/2017/06/22/weitere-bank-kuendigt-spendenkonto-der-identitaeren_24006 Weitere Bank kündigt Spendenkonto der Identitären] (in German), [[Die Zeit]].</ref> Defend Europe crowdfunded more than $178,000 to charter a ship in the Mediterranean.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2017/11/13/full-ship-behind-generation-identitys-high-seas-publicity-stunt|title=Full of ship: Behind Generation Identity's high seas publicity stunt|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=2018-03-18|language=en}}</ref> Its intention was ferry any rescued migrants back to Africa, observe any incursions by other [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] ships into Libyan waters, and report them to the [[Libyan Navy|Libyan coastguard]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/anti-immigrant-ship-mediterranean-ngo-ships-refugee-crisis-migrant-boats-people-smugglers-defend-a7838731.html|title=Far-right group are sending a boat full of activists to Mediterranean to send refugees 'back to Africa'|date=2017-07-13|work=The Independent|access-date=2017-07-15|language=en-GB}}</ref> In the event, the ship chartered by GI suffered an engine failure, and had to be rescued by a ship from one of the NGOs rescuing migrants.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Henley|first1=Jon|title=Refugee rescue ship sails to aid of anti-migrant activists stranded in Med|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/11/migrant-rescue-ship-sails-to-aid-of-stranded-far-right-activists|accessdate=22 May 2018|work=The Guardian|date=11 August 2017}}</ref>


In June 2017, the [[PayPal]] donations account of the Identitarian "Defend Europe" was locked, and the Identitarian account of the bank {{lang|de|[[Steiermärkische Sparkasse]]}} was closed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bonvalot|first=Michael|date=2017-06-22|title=Weitere Bank kündigt Spendenkonto der Identitären|url=https://blog.zeit.de/stoerungsmelder/2017/06/22/weitere-bank-kuendigt-spendenkonto-der-identitaeren_24006|website=Die Zeit|language=de-DE}}</ref>
In October 2017, key figures of the identitarian movement met in London in efforts to target the United Kingdom, and discussed the founding of a British chapter as a "bridge" to link with radical movements in the US.<ref name="dearden">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/far-right-uk-identitarian-movement-alt-right-defend-europe-isd-research-nazis-national-action-a8013331.html|title=Far-right extremists targeting UK as they 'weaponise internet culture'|last1=Dearden|first1=Lizzie|date=22 October 2017|work=The Independent|accessdate=16 November 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|quote=Members of the ethno-nationalist Identitarian movement met in London over the weekend with the aim of starting a new British branch.}}</ref>


On 11 July 2019, Germany's Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV), the country's domestic intelligence agency, formally designated the Identitarian Movement as "a verified extreme right movement against the liberal democratic constitution." The new classification has allowed the BfV to use more powerful surveillance methods against the group and its youth wing, [[Les Identitaires#Youth wing|Generation Identity]]. The Identitarian Movement has about 600 members in Germany.<ref>Croucher, Shane (11 July 2019) [https://www.newsweek.com/identitarian-movement-extremist-far-right-germany-1448710 "Identitarian Movement, Linked to Christchurch Mosque Shooter, Classified as Extremist Right-wing Group by German Intelligence Agency"] ''[[Newsweek]]''</ref>
The United Kingdom and Ireland branch was launched in late October 2017 after a banner was unfurled on Westminster Bridge reading "Defend London, Stop Islamisation".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dearden |first1=Lizzie |title=Far-right group is sending UK recruits to military-style training camps in Europe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/generation-identity-far-right-group-training-camps-europe-uk-recruits-military-white-nationalist-a8046641.html |work=The Independent |date=9 November 2017}}</ref>
{{As of|January 2024}} South west Germany alone had about 100 members, mostly in Ulm, Reutlingen, Pforzheim and Stuttgart with 2.400 followers on instagram; the group changed its original name from Identitäre Bewegung Schwaben to 'Kesselrevolte/Schwaben Bande' to 'Wackre Schwaben' to 'Reconquista 21'.<ref>{{Cite news |last=tagesschau.de |date=2024-01-26 |title=Baden-Württemberg: Ermittlungen gegen Gruppe der "Identitären Bewegung" in BW |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/regional/badenwuerttemberg/swr-ermittlungen-gegen-gruppe-der-identitaeren-bewegung-in-bw-100.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |work=Tagesschau |language=de}}</ref>


===United Kingdom===
On 9 March 2018, Sellner and his girlfriend Brittany Pettibone were barred from entering the UK. The reason stated was that their presence was "not conducive to the public good."<ref name=activists>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-43393035|title=Why 3 anti-Islam activists were refused entry to the UK|date=2018-03-14|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-03-31|language=en-GB}}</ref>
In July 2017, a Facebook page for Generation Identity UK and Ireland was created. A few months later, in October 2017, key figures of the Identitarian movement met in [[London]] in efforts to target the United Kingdom, and discussed the founding of a British chapter as a "bridge" to link with radical movements in the US.<ref name="dearden">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/far-right-uk-identitarian-movement-alt-right-defend-europe-isd-research-nazis-national-action-a8013331.html|title=Far-right extremists targeting UK as they 'weaponise internet culture'|last1=Dearden|first1=Lizzie|date=22 October 2017|work=The Independent|access-date=16 November 2017|quote=Members of the ethno-nationalist Identitarian movement met in London over the weekend with the aim of starting a new British branch.}}</ref> Their discussions resulted in a new British chapter being officially launched in late October 2017 with Tom Dupre and Ben Jones as its co-founders,<ref>{{cite web|title=Generation Identity network|url=https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/research/islamophobia-hub/profiles/anti-muslim-street-protest-movements/generation-identity-network/#5|website=Hope not Hate}}</ref> after a banner was unfurled on Westminster Bridge reading "Defend London, Stop Islamisation".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dearden|first1=Lizzie|title=Far-right group is sending UK recruits to military-style training camps in Europe|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/generation-identity-far-right-group-training-camps-europe-uk-recruits-military-white-nationalist-a8046641.html|work=The Independent|date=9 November 2017}}</ref>


On 9 March 2018, Sellner and his girlfriend [[Brittany Sellner|Brittany Pettibone]] were barred from entering the UK because their presence was "not conducive to the public good".<ref name="activists">{{Cite news|last=Staff|date=14 March 2018|title=Why 3 anti-Islam activists were refused entry to the UK|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-43393035}}</ref>
Prior the ban, Sellner intended to deliver a speech to the [[Young Independence]] party, though they cancelled the event citing supposed threats of violence from the [[Far-left politics|far-left]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/ukip-young-independence-conference-sheffield-stand-up-to-racism-martin-sellner-anne-marie-waters-a7926791.html|title=Ukip youth wing say they've cancelled conference over 'Hard Left threat'|date=2017-09-03|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-03-31|language=en-GB}}</ref> He intended to deliver his speech at [[Speakers' Corner]] in Hyde park prior to being detained and deported.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/13/europe/activists-denied-entry-uk-intl/index.html|title=Three far-right activists and YouTubers denied entry to the UK|last=CNN|first=Gianluca Mezzofiore,|work=CNN|access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref> In June 2018, Tore Rasmussen, a Norwegian activist who had previously been denied entry to the United Kingdom, was working in the [[Republic of Ireland]] to establish a local branch of Generation Identity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/ireland/far-right-activist-barred-by-uk-is-recruiting-in-dublin-bwsb5h7xc|title=Far-right activist barred by UK is recruiting in Dublin|last=The Times|first=Aaron Rogan,|work=The Times|access-date=2018-06-27}}</ref>


Prior the ban, Sellner intended to deliver a speech to the [[UK Independence Party|Young Independence]] party, though they cancelled the event, citing supposed threats of violence from the [[Far-left politics|far-left]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Osborne|first=Samuel|date=3 September 2017|title=Organisers cancel Ukip youth conference, blaming threats from 'hard left'|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/ukip-young-independence-conference-sheffield-stand-up-to-racism-martin-sellner-anne-marie-waters-a7926791.html|access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref> Prior to being detained and deported, Sellner intended to deliver his speech at [[Speakers' Corner]] in Hyde Park.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/13/europe/activists-denied-entry-uk-intl/index.html|title=Three far-right activists and YouTubers denied entry to the UK|last=Mezzofiore|first=Gianluca|work=CNN|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> In June 2018 Tore Rasmussen, a Norwegian activist who had previously been denied entry to the United Kingdom, was working in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] to establish a local branch of Generation Identity.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rogan|first=Aaron|date=26 June 2018|title=Far-right activist barred by UK is recruiting in Dublin|work=The Times|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/ireland/far-right-activist-barred-by-uk-is-recruiting-in-dublin-bwsb5h7xc}}</ref>
[[File:IdentityEvropa.svg|thumb|upright=.75|[[Identity Evropa]] is a part of the American identitarian movement]]


In August 2018, the leader of GI UK Tom Dupre resigned from his position after UK press revealed Rasmussen, who was a senior member in the UK branch, had an active past in neo-Nazi movements within Norway.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Townsend|first=Mark|date=11 August 2018|title=Senior member of European far-right group quits over neo-Nazi link|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/11/generation-identity-leader-quits-neo-nazi-links|issn=0029-7712}}</ref>
The founder of the [[Far-right politics in Croatia|far-right Croatian party]] Generation of Renovation said it was originally formed in 2017 as that country's version of the alt-right and identitarian movements.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Strickland |first1=Patrick |title=Croatia's 'alt-right': A dangerous group on the margins |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/croatia-alt-dangerous-group-margins-180315120558413.html |accessdate=1 July 2018 |work=al Jazeera |date=16 March 2018}}</ref>


Generation Identity UK has been conferencing with other organisations, namely [[Identity Evropa]]/American Identity Movement. Identity Evropa/American Identity Movement is known for its involvement in the deadly 11–12 August 2017 [[Unite the Right rally]] in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], [[United States]] and its antisemitism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/2019/05/20/links-between-european-and-american-identitarians-deepen-at-racist-us-conference|title=Links between European and American Identitarians deepen at racist US conference|date=20 May 2019|website=HOPE not hate|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref> Jacob Bewick, an activist with GI, had been exposed as a member of proscribed terror organisation [[National Action (UK)|National Action]] and was spotted at an NA march in 2016. At an after conference event, one GI UK member told a [[Hope not Hate]] informant that two members of the fascist [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] (and former NA members) were present.<ref name="Townsend2019a">{{cite news|last1=Townsend|first1=Mark|title=Far-right activist posted to serve on Trident submarine|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/24/far-right-groups-infiltrated-uk-nuclear-submarine-crew|work=The Observer|date=24 August 2019}}</ref>
[[Les Identitaires]], founded in 2003, is a French identitarian group.{{cn|date=July 2018}} [[Identitäre Bewegung Österreichs]] is an Austrian identitarian group founded in 2012.{{cn|date=July 2013}}


The UK branch was condemned by the wider European movement on Twitter when it held its second annual conference and had invited numerous controversial [[alt-right]] speakers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Identitäre Bewegung|date=28 July 2019|title=We in the European community of Identitarian movements distance ourselves from the current GI UK leadership's decision to organise a conference in the name of GI with participants from alt-right youtubers, whose positions do not represent us.|url=https://twitter.com/Identitaere_B/status/1155573574218014721|work=@Identitaere_B}}</ref> Speaking alongside the UK's new leader Ben Jones was alt-right YouTuber [[Millennial Woes]] and {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}} writer [[Tomislav Sunić]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/2019/07/29/generation-identity-uk-isolated-and-in-crisis|title=Generation Identity UK Isolated and in Crisis|date=29 July 2019|website=HOPE not hate|access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref>
The political party [[Identity Ireland]] was founded in 2015.{{cn|date=August 2018}}


This controversy led to a number of members leaving the organisation in disgust at what they perceived to be a shift towards the "Old Right". This led to concern that the British version may become more radicalised and dangerous. Simon Murdoch, Identitarianism researcher at Hope not Hate, said: "Evidence suggests we will be left with a smaller but more toxic group in the UK, open to engagement with the more antisemitic, extreme and thus dangerous elements of the domestic [[Far-right politics|far-right]].”<ref name="Townsend2019b">{{cite news|last1=Townsend|first1=Mark|date=24 August 2019|title=Infiltrator exposes Generation Identity UK's march towards extreme far right|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/24/generation-identity-uk-far-right-extremists}}</ref>
[[File: Richard B. Spencer in 2016.jpg|thumb|[[Richard B. Spencer]] identifies himself as a leading member of the American identitarian movement.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/alt-right-richard-spencer-punched-anti-donald-trump-protest-meme-pepe-the-frog-inauguration-day-a7541461.html|title=Alt-right leader Richard Spencer worries getting punched will become 'meme to end all memes'|work=[[The Independent]]|date=January 23, 2017|accessdate=February 25, 2017|author=Maya Oppenheim}}</ref>]]


According to [[Unite Against Fascism]], the Identitarian Movement in the UK is estimated to have a membership of less than 200 activists as of June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Raw|first=Louise|date=4 June 2019|title=Generation Identity and the Global Threat of Right Wing Extremism|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2019/06/04/generation-identity-and-the-global-threat-of-right-wing-extremism|website=Byline Times|language=en-GB}}</ref>
====Black identitarianism in Europe====
In September 2018, according to journalist Remi Adekoya, black identitarians are portraying white people as deeply, even if unwittingly, racist, which Adekoya believes is making things worse for everyone.<ref>{{cite web|title=My problem with black identity|publisher=[[Spike Magazine]]|author=Remi Adekoya|url=https://www.spiked-online.com/2018/09/28/my-problem-with-black-identity/}}</ref>


===In North America===
=== Nordics ===
In Sweden, the organisation {{ill|Nordiska förbundet|sv|Nordiska förbundet}} (active from 2004 to 2010), which founded the online encyclopedia [[Metapedia]] in 2006, promoted Identitarianism.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Andersson|first=Christoph|date=2006-10-03|title=Den nya nationalhögern|url=https://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/kulturdebatt/den-nya-nationalhogern/|website=Dagens Nyheter|language=sv}}</ref>
The [[Traditionalist Youth Network|Traditionalist Youth Network/Traditionalist Worker Party]] is modeled after the European identitarian movement, according to the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] and the [[Anti-Defamation League]].<ref name="Hankes">{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2015/10/19/meet-new-wave-extremists-gearing-2016-elections|title=Meet the New Wave of Extremists Gearing Up for the 2016 Elections|author=|date=19 October 2015|website=SPLCenter.org|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="ADLProfile">{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/traditionalist-youth-network.html|title=Traditionalist Youth Network|website=Anti-Defamation League}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/foreigners/2014/11/jared_taylor_richard_spencer_and_american_white_supremacists_in_europe_why.html | date=14 November 2013| first=Martin |last=Gelin |title = White flight | work = [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]| access-date = 11 May 2015}}</ref> The [[Identity Evropa]] movement labels itself identitarian, and is part of the alt-right. [[Richard B. Spencer|Richard Spencer]]'s [[National Policy Institute]] is also a white nationalist movement, which advocates a version of identitarianism.<ref name="SPLC-2015" />


The influence of Identitarian theories has been noted in the [[Sweden Democrats]]' slogan "We are also a people!".{{sfnp|Teitelbaum|2017|p=31}}
On 20 May 2017, two [[non-commissioned officers]] with the [[US Marines]] were arrested for trespassing after displaying a banner from a building in [[Graham, North Carolina|Graham]], [[North Carolina]], during a [[Confederate Memorial Day]] event. The banner included the identitarian logo, and the phrase "he who controls the past controls the future", a reference to [[George Orwell]]'s novel, ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', along with the acronym YWNRU, or "you will not replace us". The Marine Corps denounced the behavior and investigated the incident. A marine spokesperson commented to local news “Of course we condemn this type of behavior ... we condemn any type of behavior that is not congruent with our values or that is illegal.” Both men plead guilty to trespassing. One received military [[Non-judicial punishment|administrative punishment]]. The other was [[Discharge (military)|discharged]] from the corps.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thetimesnews.com/news/20170527/corps-condemns-marines-behavior |work=The Times-News |title=Corps condemns Marines’ behavior |first=Natalie |last=Janicello |date=27 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Weill|first1=Kelly|title=Two Marines Arrested at a Confederate Rally Are Back on Duty|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/two-marines-arrested-at-a-confederate-rally-are-back-on-duty|access-date=3 July 2017|work=The Daily Beast|date=30 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Janicello |first1=Natalie Allison |title=Marines plead guilty to trespassing at Confederate rally |url=Discharge (military) |accessdate=8 July 2018 |publisher=Times-News |date=May 27, 2017}}</ref>


===Other European groups===
According to Christian Alejandro Gonzalez writing for ''[[The American Conservative]]'', identitarianism and [[intersectionality]] have been used to shut-down discussions, such as by white people about race, or men discussing women's rights.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gonzalez |first1=Christian Alejandro |title=Rejecting the Left’s Conversation-Ending Identitarianism |url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/rejecting-the-lefts-conversation-ending-identitarianism/ |accessdate=3 October 2018 |work=The American Conservative |date=7 February 2018 |language=en-us}}</ref>
The origin of the Italian chapter ''Generazione Identitaria'' dates from 2012.<ref>[https://news.vice.com/it/article/estrema-destra-crowdfunding-per-bloccare-ong L’estrema destra europea vuole bloccare le navi delle Ong con un crowdfunding] (in Italian), Di Leonardo Bianchi, 18 May 2017, [[Vice News]].</ref>


The founder of the [[Far-right politics in Croatia|far-right Croatian party]] Generation of Renovation has stated that it was originally formed in 2017 as that country's version of the alt-right and Identitarian movements.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Strickland|first1=Patrick|title=Croatia's 'alt-right': A dangerous group on the margins|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/croatia-alt-dangerous-group-margins-180315120558413.html|access-date=1 July 2018|work=al Jazeera|date=16 March 2018}}</ref>
== Links to the alt-right and neo-Nazism==


The separatist party [[Som Catalans]] claims to defend the "identity of [[Catalonia]]" against "Spanish colonialism and the migrant invasion", as well as the "islamisation" of the [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Spanish autonomous community]].{{sfnp|Zúquete|2018|p=72}} Similar stances are also found in Spanish nationalist parties, such as Identitarios, which align themselves with the European [[Identity and Democracy Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://identitarios.org/europa/|title=Identitarios. Somos las defensas de Europa|access-date=3 January 2022|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211107/https://identitarios.org/europa/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The movement has been described as being part of the global [[alt-right]],<ref name=vox>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/world/2017/7/6/15804196/generation-identity-identitarians-alt-right-migration-islam-refugees-europe|title=A European alt-right group wants to take to the sea to stop rescuers from saving migrants|work=Vox|access-date=2017-10-22}}</ref><ref name=beast>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/europes-alt-right-takes-heart-as-austrias-vote-swings-its-way|title=Europe’s 'Alt-Right' Back From the Dead With Fresh Young Face|last=Huetlin|first=Josephine|date=2017-10-15|work=The Daily Beast|access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref><ref name=ibtimes>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/generation-identity-how-european-alt-right-planning-british-invasion-1607986|title=Generation Identity: How the European alt-right is planning a British invasion|last=Crowcroft|first=Orlando|date=2017-03-03|work=International Business Times UK|access-date=2017-10-22|language=en}}</ref> or as the European counterpart of the American alt-right.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Astier |first1=Henri |title=Patriot power: How France's alt-right seeks to sway election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39433483 |work=BBC News |date=5 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2016/11/12/meet-the-ib-europes-version-of-americas-alt-right|title=Meet the IB, Europe's version of America's alt-right|work=[[The Economist]]|date=2016-11-12}}</ref> [[Hope Not Hate]] (HNH) has described identitarianism and the alt-right as "ostensibly separate" in origin, but with "huge areas of ideological crossover".<ref name=hnh/> Many white nationalists and alt-right leaders have described themselves as identitarians,<ref name="buzzfeed">{{cite news |last1=Feder |first1=J. Lester |last2=Buet |first2=Pierre |title=They Wanted To Be A Better Class Of White Nationalists. They Claimed This Man As Their Father. |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/the-man-who-gave-white-nationalism-a-new-life?utm_term=.wrk2zkaZWg |accessdate=1 July 2018 |work=BuzzFeed News |date=26 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=hnh/> and according to HNH, American alt-right influence is evident in European identitarian groups and events, forming an amalgamated "International Alternative Right".<ref name=hnh>{{Cite news|url=https://hopenothate.com/2017/10/31/hnh-explains-identitarian-movement-alt-right/|title=HNH explains... the Identitarian movement and the alt-right|date=2017-10-31|work=HOPE not hate|language=en-GB|}}</ref> Figures within the Identitarian movements and alt-right often cite [[Nouvelle Droite]] founder [[Alain de Benoist]] as an influence.<ref name="newyorker">{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Thomas Chatterton |title=The French Origins of "You Will Not Replace Us" |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/04/the-french-origins-of-you-will-not-replace-us |accessdate=1 July 2018 |work=The New Yorker |issue=4 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="buzzfeed"/> De Benoist rejects any alt-right affiliation, although he has worked with [[Richard B. Spencer]], and once spoke at Spencer's [[National Policy Institute]]. As Benoist stated, "Maybe people consider me their spiritual father, but I don’t consider them my spiritual sons".<ref name="buzzfeed"/>


In [[Belgium]], in 2018, the [[State Security Service (Belgium)|State Security Service]] saw the rise of {{ill|Schild & Vrienden|nl|Schild & Vrienden}} in the context of Identitarian groups emerging throughout Europe. A [[Europol]] terror report mentioned ''Soldaten van Odin'' and the defunct group ''La Meute''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20180906_03711236|title=Staatsveiligheid zat niet in de chatbox van Schild & Vrienden|newspaper=[[De Standaard]]|date=7 September 2018|access-date=31 August 2019|language=nl}}</ref>
According to Christoph Gurk of [[Bayerischer Rundfunk]], one of the goals of identitarianism is to make racism modern and fashionable.<ref>Christoph Gurk: [http://www.br.de/puls/themen/welt/interview-extremismusforscher-alexander-haeusler-100.html ''„Diese Gruppen machen den Rassismus hip“''] (Interview with Alexander Häusler). Bayern plus of the [[Bayerischer Rundfunk]], 17 May 2013.</ref> Austrian identitarians invited radical right-wing groups from across Europe, including several neo-Nazis groups, to participate in an anti-immigration march, according to Anna Thalhammer of ''[[Die Presse]]''.<ref>[http://diepresse.com/home/politik/innenpolitik/5012637/Das-Netzwerk-der-Identitaeren-mit-der-FPO Das Netzwerk der Identitären mit der FPÖ], Anna Thalhammer, ''[[Die Presse]]'', 10 June 2016.</ref> There has also been Identitarian collaboration with the white nationalist activist [[Tomislav Sunić]].<ref>[http://www.doew.at/erkennen/rechtsextremismus/neues-von-ganz-rechts/archiv/februar-2016/tomislav-sunic-zu-gast-bei-identitaeren Tomislav Sunić zu Gast bei "Identitären"], [[Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance|DÖW]], February 2016.</ref> The investigation by political scientist Gudrun Hentges came to the conclusion that the identitarian movement is ideologically situated between the French [[National Front (France)|National Front]], the Nouvelle Droite, and [[neo-Nazism]].<ref>Gudrun Hentges, Gürcan Kökgiran, Kristina Nottbohm: [http://forschungsjournal.de/sites/default/files/fjsbplus/fjsb-plus_2014-3_hentges_koekgiran_nottbohm.pdf ''Die Identitäre Bewegung Deutschland (IBD) – Bewegung oder virtuelles Phänomen?''] In: ''{{ill|Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen|de}}'' 3/2014, p. 19.</ref>


In the [[Netherlands]], {{ill|Identitair Verzet|nl|Identitair Verzet}} was founded in 2012. Its main goal is "preservation of the national identity". Training their members at camps in France, their protests in the Netherlands attract tens of participants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elsevierweekblad.nl/nederland/achtergrond/2019/04/identitair-verzet-traint-rekruten-in-frankrijk-wie-zijn-zij-682352|title=Identitair Verzet traint rekruten in Frankrijk, wie zijn zij?|date=9 April 2019|access-date=31 August 2019|archive-date=17 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417081052/https://www.elsevierweekblad.nl/nederland/achtergrond/2019/04/identitair-verzet-traint-rekruten-in-frankrijk-wie-zijn-zij-682352/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==See Also==

{{Wiktionary}}
In [[Flanders]], the website [[Voorpost]] is an [[ethnic nationalism|ethnic nationalist]] (''[[völkisch movement|volksnationalist]]'') group founded by [[Karel Dillen]] in 1976 as a splinter from the [[People's Union (Belgium)|People’s Union]].<ref name="mp">{{cite book|title=Language contact and language conflict|year=1994|page=251|publisher=John Benjamins |editor=Martin Pütz|isbn=90-272-2142-1}}</ref>
* [[Identity (social science)]]
Voorpost pursues an irredentist ideal of a [[Greater Netherlands]], a nation state that would unite all [[Dutch language|Dutch]]-speaking territories in Europe.
* [[Identity politics]]
The organisation has staged rallies on various topics, against Islam and mosques, against leftist organizations, against drugs, against pedophilia, and against socialism.<ref name="monitor">Rodrigues and Donselaar (eds), Monitor Racisme & Extremisme - Negende rapportage, Pallas Publications, Amsterdam University Press (2010), pp. 49-50 ([http://www.annefrank.org/ImageVault/Images/id_11703/scope_0/ImageVaultHandler.aspx online copy]) {{in lang|nl}}</ref>
* [[Ethnicism]]

* [[Intersectionality]]
The Hungarian chapter, [[Identitesz]], merged into [[Force and Determination (Hungary)|Force and Determination]] in 2017.<ref name="Telex">{{cite web | url=https://telex.hu/belfold/2021/08/11/a-szelsojobboldali-ero-es-elszantsag-tunteteseinek-aktiv-reszese-volt-a-kormanykozeli-kereszteny-ujsag-uj-foszerkesztoje | title=A neonáci kötődésű Erő és Elszántság tüntetéseinek aktív részese volt a kormányközeli keresztény újság új főszerkesztője | date=11 August 2021 }}</ref>
* [[Racism]]

* [[Sexism]]
== Non-European affiliates ==
* [[Tribalism]]
=== Australasia ===
* [[White nationalism]]
<!---Dominion Movement and Action Zealandia redirect to this section header. --->
* [[Black nationalism]]
There was a small group in [[Australia]] called [[Far-right politics in Australia|Identity Australia]] around March 2019,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/28/with-links-to-the-christchurch-attacker-what-is-the-identitarian-movement|title=With links to the Christchurch attacker, what is the Identitarian movement|last=Wilson|first=Jason|work=The Guardian|access-date=6 April 2019|date=28 March 2019|quote=Identity Australia appears little more than a grouplet for now}}</ref> which described itself as "a youth-focused identitiarian organisation dedicated to giving [[European Australians]] a voice and restoring Australia's European character", and published a manifesto detailing its beliefs, but its website is {{as of|lc=yes|April 2021}} non-operational.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.identityaustralia.org/manifesto|title=Manifesto Identity Australia|access-date=6 April 2019|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216235638/https://www.identityaustralia.org/manifesto}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.identityaustralia.org|title=Identity Australia|access-date=6 April 2019|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216231229/https://www.identityaustralia.org/}}</ref>

[[Far-right politics in Australia#The Dingoes|The Dingoes]] are an Australian group who were described in a 2016 news report as "young, educated and [[Alt-right|alternative right]]", and were compared to the Identitarian movement in Europe.<ref>{{cite web | last=Craw | first=Victoria | title=The Dingoes are Australia's latest white nationalist movement | website=NewsComAu | date=5 December 2016 | url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/online/the-dingoes-claim-to-be-growing-part-of-australian-alternativeright-political-scene/news-story/d6ae348e0e1c6a3189dac86914d538d3 | access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref> Members do not reveal their identity.<ref name=begley2019/> [[National Party of Australia|National Party]] MP [[George Christensen]] and [[Pauline Hanson's One Nation|One Nation]] candidate [[Mike Latham (Australian politician)|Mike Latham]] were both interviewed on the Dingoes podcast, called ''The Convict Report'',<ref name=begley2019>{{cite web | last=Begley | first=Patrick | title=Alleged mosque shooter's meme popular with Australian far-right group | website=The Sydney Morning Herald | date=15 March 2019 | url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/alleged-mosque-shooter-s-meme-popular-with-australian-far-right-group-20190315-p514ns.html | access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref> but Christensen later said that he would not have done it if he had known about their extremist views. The podcast also featured a New Zealand man who ran the Dominion Movement, who was later arrested for sharing information that threatened NZ security.<ref name=stuffsoldier/>

[[New Zealand]] had hosted the [[Action Zealandia#Dominion Movement|Dominion Movement]], which labelled itself as "a grass-roots Identitarian activist organisation committed to the revitalisation of our country and our people: [[European New Zealanders|white New Zealanders]]". The website for the group shutdown alongside [[New Zealand National Front]] in the aftermath of the [[Christchurch mosque shootings]] in March 2019.<ref name="nz1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/chch-terror/384867/christchurch-terror-attack-anti-immigration-websites-taken-down-after-shootings|title=Christchurch terror attack: Anti-immigration websites taken down after shootings|work=Radio New Zealand|access-date=6 April 2019|date=16 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="nz2">{{Citation |title=The Dominion Movement: a Primer|date=22 August 2018|quote=The Dominion Movement is a grass-roots identitarian activist organization committed to the revitalization of our country and our people: White New Zealanders}}</ref> In late 2019, the Dominion Movement was largely replaced by a similar [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] group called [[Action Zealandia]],<ref name=newsroom>Daalder, Marc (August 10, 2019) [https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2019/08/10/747406/white-supremacists-still-active-in-new-zealand "White supremacists still active in NZ"] ''[[Newsroom (website)|Newsroom]]''</ref> after its co-founder and leader, a New Zealand soldier, was arrested for sharing information that threatened NZ security.<ref name=stuffsoldier>{{cite web | title=Soldier alleged to have traded military information was leader of white nationalist group | website=Stuff | date=22 January 2020 | url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/118952222/soldier-alleged-to-have-traded-military-information-was-leader-of-white-nationalist-group | access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref>

Australian [[Christchurch mosque shootings#Perpetrator|Brenton Harrison Tarrant]], the perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings in New Zealand, was a believer in the Great Replacement conspiracy theory, named his manifesto after it, and donated €1,500 to [[Austria]]n Identitarian leader [[Martin Sellner]] of [[Identitäre Bewegung Österreich]] (IBÖ) a year prior to the terror attacks.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Reuters|work=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/new-zealand-attacker-linked-austrian-far-right-group-n987846|title=Suspected New Zealand attacker donated to Austrian far-right group, officials say|date=27 March 2019|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> An investigation into the potential links between Tarrant and IBÖ was conducted by then Austrian Minister of the Interior [[Herbert Kickl]]. Other than the donation, no other evidence of contact or connections between the two parties has been found. The Austrian government is considering dissolving the group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.luzernerzeitung.ch/newsticker/international/minister-christchurch-verdachtiger-ohne-kontakte-nach-osterreich-ld.1106168|title=Christchurch-Verdächtiger offenbar ohne Kontakte nach Österreich|website=Luzerner Zeitung|date=28 March 2019 |language=de|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jungefreiheit.de/politik/ausland/2019/kickl-christchurch-attentaeter-ohne-kontakte-nach-oesterreich|title=Kickl: Christchurch-Attentäter ohne Kontakte nach Österreich|last=jungefreiheit.de|website=JUNGE FREIHEIT|date=28 March 2019 |language=de-DE|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/1.6112513|title=FPÖ-Innenminister Kickl: Christchurch-Attentäter wohl ohne Kontakte nach Österreich|journal=Frankfurter Allgemeine Magazin|access-date=2019-04-02|language=de|issn=0174-4909}}</ref> The shooter also donated €2,200 to {{lang|fr|Génération Identitaire}}, the French branch of the Generation Identity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12219616|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Accused gunman donated $3650 to far-right French group Generation Identity|work=New Zealand Herald|access-date=6 April 2019|date=5 April 2019}}</ref> Tarrant exchanged emails with Sellner with one asking if they could meet for coffee or beer in Vienna and sent him a link to his YouTube channel. This was confirmed by Sellner, but he denied interacting with Tarrant in person or knowing of his plans.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/27/world/europe/new-zealand-attack-europe-far-right.html|title=Donation from New Zealand Attack Suspect Puts Spotlight on Europe's Far Right|last=Bennhold|first=Katrin|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=15 May 2019|date=27 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190515-austria-far-right-suspect-admits-e-mails-with-nz-attack-suspect|title=Austria far-right figure admits emails with NZ attack suspect|work=France 24|access-date=15 May 2019|date=15 May 2019}}{{dead link|date=March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/far-right-leader-martin-sellner-emailed-with-new-zealand-mosque-shooter-brenton-tarrant-months-before-massacre?via=desktop&social=Linkedin|title=Far-Right Leader Martin Sellner Emailed With New Zealand Mosque Shooter Brenton Tarrant Months Before Massacre|last=Weill|first=Kelly|work=The Daily Beast|access-date=15 May 2019|date=15 May 2019}}</ref> The Austrian government later opened an investigation into Sellner over suspected formation of a terrorist group with Tarrant and the former's fiancée Brittany Pettibone who met Australian far-right figure [[Blair Cottrell]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/26/austrian-far-right-leader-searched-on-suspicion-of-forming-terrorist-group-with-christchurch-shooter|title=Austrian far-right leader searched on suspicion of forming terrorist group with Christchurch shooter|last=Wilson|first=Jason|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=29 June 2019|date=26 June 2019}}</ref>[[File:Richard B. Spencer in 2016.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Richard B. Spencer]] identifies himself as a [[leadership|leading]] member of the American Identitarian movement.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/alt-right-richard-spencer-punched-anti-donald-trump-protest-meme-pepe-the-frog-inauguration-day-a7541461.html
|title=Alt-right leader Richard Spencer worries getting punched will become 'meme to end all memes'
|work=[[The Independent]]|date=23 January 2017
|access-date=25 February 2017|author=Maya Oppenheim
}}</ref>]]

===North America===

====United States====
[[File:IdentityEvropa.svg|thumb|upright|[[Identity Evropa]] (now known as American Identity Movement) is a part of the American Identitarian movement.]]
The now-defunct neo-Nazi [[Traditionalist Worker Party]] was modelled after the European Identitarian movement, according to the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] and the [[Anti-Defamation League]].<ref name="Hankes">{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2015/10/19/meet-new-wave-extremists-gearing-2016-elections|title=Meet the New Wave of Extremists Gearing Up for the 2016 Elections|date=19 October 2015|website=SPLCenter.org|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="ADLProfile">{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/traditionalist-youth-network.html|title=Traditionalist Youth Network|website=Anti-Defamation League}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/foreigners/2014/11/jared_taylor_richard_spencer_and_american_white_supremacists_in_europe_why.html| date=14 November 2013| first=Martin|last=Gelin|title =White flight| work =[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]| access-date =11 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/matthew-heimbachs-traditional-workers-party-implodes-over-love-triangle-turned-trailer-brawl|title=Neo-Nazi Group Implodes Over Love Triangle Turned Trailer Brawl|last=Weill|first=Kelly|date=14 March 2018|access-date=27 March 2019|work=The Daily Beast}}</ref> [[Identity Evropa]] and its successor the American Identity Movement in the United States labels itself Identitarian, and is part of the alt-right.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2019/03/12/white-nationalist-group-identity-evropa-rebrands-following-private-chat-leaks-launches|title=White Nationalist Group Identity Evropa Rebrands Following Private Chat Leaks, Launches 'American Identity Movement'|date=12 March 2019|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> [[Richard B. Spencer|Richard Spencer]]'s [[National Policy Institute]] is also a white nationalist movement, which advocates an American version of Identitarianism called "American Identitarianism".<ref name="SPLC-2015"/> The SPLC also reports that the Southern California-based [[Rise Above Movement]] "is inspired by Identitarian movements in Europe and is trying to bring the philosophies and violent tactics to the United States".<ref>Staff (ndg) [https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/rise-above-movement "Rise Above Movement"] [[Southern Poverty Law Center]]</ref>

On 20 May 2017, two [[non-commissioned officer]]s with the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] were arrested for trespassing after displaying a banner from a building in [[Graham, North Carolina]], during a [[Confederate Memorial Day]] event. The banner included the Identitarian logo, and the phrase "he who controls the past controls the future", a reference to [[George Orwell]]'s novel ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', along with the initialism YWNRU, or "you will not replace us". The Marine Corps denounced the behaviour and investigated the incident. A marine spokesperson commented to local news: "Of course we condemn this type of behavior ... we condemn any type of behavior that is not congruent with our values or that is illegal." Both men pleaded guilty to trespassing. One received military [[Non-judicial punishment|administrative punishment]]. The other was [[Military discharge|discharged]] from the corps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetimesnews.com/news/20170527/corps-condemns-marines-behavior|work=The Times-News|title=Corps condemns Marines' behavior|first=Natalie|last=Janicello|date=27 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Weill|first1=Kelly|title=Two Marines Arrested at a Confederate Rally Are Back on Duty|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/two-marines-arrested-at-a-confederate-rally-are-back-on-duty|access-date=3 July 2017|work=The Daily Beast|date=30 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Groves|first1=Isaac|title=Marines plead guilty to trespassing at Confederate rally|url=http://www.jdnews.com/news/20171010/marines-plead-guilty-to-trespassing-at-confederate-rally|access-date=11 October 2018|work=[[Jacksonville Daily News]]|date=10 October 2017}}</ref>

====Canada====
The Canadian organisation Generation Identity Canada was formed in 2014, and was renamed IDCanada in 2017.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The organisation has distributed material across the country, such as in [[Hamilton, Ontario]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nationalist posters plastered on transit shelters in West Hamilton|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4852839/alt-right-posters-transit-shelters-west-hamilton/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=900 CHML|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Saskatoon]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nationalist group recruiting in Saskatoon|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/id-canada-posters-1.5391164}}</ref> [[Peterborough, Ontario]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-23|title=Peterborough police say ID Canada posters not a hate crime|url=https://www.mykawartha.com/news-story/9818921-peterborough-police-say-alt-right-posters-not-a-hate-crime/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=MyKawartha.com|language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-31|title=Peterborough mayor wants nationalist group's posters removed|url=https://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/news/peterborough-region/2019/12/31/peterborough-mayor-wants-white-nationalist-group-s-posters-removed.html|access-date=2020-09-21|website=thepeterboroughexaminer.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Prince Edward Island]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Posters that "utilize racist tones" seen around UPEI|url=https://www.saltwire.com/prince-edward-island/news/local/posters-that-utilize-racist-tones-seen-around-upei-178298/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=www.saltwire.com}}</ref> [[Alberta]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-07|title=Stickers say 'Think Green, Buy Local.'|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/03/07/these-stickers-say-think-green-buy-local-heres-the-extremist-message-theyre-really-selling.html|access-date=2020-09-21|website=thestar.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Group defends poster viewed as racist|url=https://edmonton.citynews.ca/video/2018/01/30/group-defends-poster-viewed-as-racist/|access-date=2020-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2020-03-09|title='Think Green' Stickers in Alberta Mask Nationalist Message|url=https://theenergymix.com/2020/03/09/think-green-stickers-in-alberta-mask-extreme-white-nationalist-message/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=The Energy Mix|language=en-US}}</ref> and in [[Quebec]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tipple|first=Paul|date=16 January 2019|title=Nationalist posters plastered on transit shelters in West Hamilton|work=Global News|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4852839/alt-right-posters-transit-shelters-west=hamilton|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref>

[[La Meute]] (French for "The Pack") is a Québécois nationalist pressure group and identitarian movement fighting against illegal immigration and radical Islam. The group was founded in September 2015 in Quebec by two former Canadian Armed Forces members, Éric Venne and Patrick Beaudry, both of whom have left the group. La Meute announced it would prefer "to become large enough and organized enough to constitute a force that can't be ignored". The group has been attacked by anti-fascists in Montreal.<ref>[https://itsgoingdown.org/montreal-antifa-force-nationalists-hide-police/ Montreal: Antifascists Force Nationalists & Identitarians To Hide Behind Police Lines] May 7, 2019</ref> A parallel protest encampment was set up in Gatineau, Quebec, during the larger [[Canada convoy protest]]s in Ottawa. Steeve Charland of Grenville, Quebec, was arrested and charged in relation to the protests. Charland was reported as one of the leaders of La Meute in opposition to Canada's decision to open its borders to Syrian refugees. During the “Freedom Convoy” protests in Ottawa, Steeve Charland acted as the leader and spokesperson for the Farfadaas, a group that opposes [[COVID-19]] health measures and whose members are recognizable by their leather vests marked with an expletive hand gesture.<ref>{{cite news |title=Third accused convoy leader remains in custody as Tyson 'Freedom George' Billings denied bail |work=Ottawa Citizen |date=2022-03-01 |first=Aedan |last=Helmer |url=https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/canada/third-accused-convoy-leader-remains-in-custody-as-tyson-freedom-george-billings-denied-bail/ar-AAUrliX |url-status=dead |archive-url=
https://web.archive.org/web/20220313004546/https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/canada/third-accused-convoy-leader-remains-in-custody-as-tyson-freedom-george-billings-denied-bail/ar-AAUrliX |archive-date=13 March 2022 |access-date= 1 March 2022}}</ref>

== Critics ==
Political scientist [[Cas Mudde]] has argued in 2021 that although Identitarians claim to share the slogan "0% [[racism]], 100% identity" and officially subscribe to [[ethnopluralism]], "the boundaries between biological and cultural arguments in the movement have become increasingly porous."{{sfnp|Mudde|2019}} A 2014 investigation led by political scientist Gudrun Hentges came to the conclusion that the Identitarian movement is ideologically situated between the French [[National Rally|National Front]], the {{lang|fr|Nouvelle Droite}}, and [[neo-Nazism]].<ref name="richte"/>

==See also==

* {{Annotated link |Identity politics}}
* {{Annotated link |Identity Catholicism}}
* {{Annotated link |White nationalism}}
* {{Annotated link |Nativism (politics)|Nativism}}
* {{Annotated link |Great Replacement}}
* {{Annotated link |Remigration}}
* {{Annotated link |Ghost skin}}
* {{Annotated link |Eurabia}}


==References==
==References==
'''Notes'''
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


===Bibliography===
'''Further reading'''
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book
* {{cite book|title=Far-Right Politics in Europe|last1=Camus|first1=Jean-Yves|last2=Lebourg|first2=Nicolas|year=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674971530|author-link=Jean-Yves Camus|author-link2=Nicolas Lebourg}}
|last=Teitelbaum
* {{Cite journal|last=Camus|first=Jean-Yves|date=2018|title=Le mouvement identitaire ou la construction d'un mythe des origines européennes|url=https://www.jean-jaures.org/publication/le-mouvement-identitaire-ou-la-construction-dun-mythe-des-origines-europeennes/?post_id=16154&export_pdf=1|journal=[[Fondation Jean-Jaurès]]}}
|first=Benjamin R.
* {{Cite book|author-last=Camus|author-first=Jean-Yves|title=Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy|year=2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190877613|editor-last=Sedgwick|editor-first=Mark|pages=73–90|chapter=Alain de Benoist and the New Right}}
|author-link=Benjamin R. Teitelbaum
* {{Cite book |last1=Hermansson |first1=Patrik |title=The International Alt-Right: Fascism for the 21st Century? |last2=Lawrence |first2=David |last3=Mulhall |first3=Joe |last4=Murdoch |first4=Simon |year=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-62709-5}}
|year=2017
* {{Cite book |last=McAdams |first=A. James |chapter=Making the case for “difference”: From the Nouvelle droite to the Identitarians and the new vanguardists |year=2021 |title=Contemporary Far-Right Thinkers and the Future of Liberal Democracy |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003105176-8 |isbn=978-1-003-10517-6|s2cid=238646228 }}
|title=Lions of the North: Sounds of the New Nordic Radical Nationalism
* {{Cite book|last=Mudde|first=Cas|title=The Far Right Today|year=2019|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-1-5095-3685-6|author-link=Cas Mudde}}
|location=New York
* {{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=Imogen |year=2019 |title=A Philosophical and Historical Analysis of "Generation Identity": Fascism, Online Media, and the European New Right |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=28–47 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2019.1662403 |s2cid=210643607 |issn=0954-6553}}
|publisher=Oxford University Press
* {{Cite book|last=Taguieff|first=Pierre-André|title=La revanche du nationalisme: Néopopulistes et xénophobes à l'assaut de l'Europe|year=2015|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|isbn=978-2-13-072950-1|author-link=Pierre-André Taguieff}}
|isbn=978-0-19-021259-9
* {{cite book|title=Lions of the North: Sounds of the New Nordic Radical Nationalism|last=Teitelbaum|first=Benjamin R.|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2017|isbn=978-0-19-021259-9|author-link=Benjamin R. Teitelbaum}}
}}
* {{Cite book|last=Zúquete|first=José Pedro|title=The Identitarians: The Movement against Globalism and Islam in Europe|year=2018|publisher=[[University of Notre Dame Press]]|isbn=9780268104245}}
*{{cite book
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite journal |last=Handler |first=Heinz |year=2019 |title=European Identity and Identitarians in Europe |journal= Policy Crossover Center: Vienna-Europe Flash Paper|volume= 1|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3338349|s2cid=219389397 |url=https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:pra:mprapa:110036 }}
*{{Cite news |last=Valencia-Garcia|first=Louie Dean|year=2018|title=Generation Identity: A Millennial Fascism for the Future? |url=https://www.europenowjournal.org/2018/02/22/generation-identity-a-millennial-fascism-for-the-future/ |work=EuropeNow}}
* {{cite book
|last=Virchow
|last=Virchow
|first=Fabian
|first=Fabian
Line 112: Line 214:
|location=Lanham, Maryland
|location=Lanham, Maryland
|publisher=Lexington Books
|publisher=Lexington Books
|pages=177–190
|pages=177–90
|isbn=978-0-7391-9881-0
|isbn=978-0739198810
}}
}}
*{{cite conference |url=http://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/ff2ea4db-2b74-4479-8175-7e7e468608ba.pdf |title=The Identitarian Movement – renewed idea of alternative Europe |first=Petra |last=Vejvodová |date=September 2014 |conference=[[European Consortium for Political Research|ECPR]] General Conference |publisher=Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno |archive-url= |archive-date= |format=PDF |access-date=10 May 2017}}
* {{cite conference|url=http://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/ff2ea4db-2b74-4479-8175-7e7e468608ba.pdf|title=The Identitarian Movement – renewed idea of alternative Europe|first=Petra|last=Vejvodová|year=2014|conference=[[European Consortium for Political Research|ECPR]] General Conference|publisher=Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Studies|location=Masaryk University, Brno|access-date=10 May 2017}}


==External links==
==External links==
*{{cite web |first1=Sumi |last1=Somaskanda |date=June 23, 2017 |title=Identitarian movement - Germany's 'new right' hipsters |publisher=Deutsche Welle |url=https://www.dw.com/en/identitarian-movement-germanys-new-right-hipsters/a-39383124 }}
* {{cite web|first1=Sumi|last1=Somaskanda|date=23 June 2017|title=Identitarian movement Germany's 'new right' hipsters|publisher=Deutsche Welle|url=https://www.dw.com/en/identitarian-movement-germanys-new-right-hipsters/a-39383124}}
* {{Commonscat-inline|Identitarism}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Identitäre Bewegung}}


{{Alt-right}}
{{Alt-right footer}}
{{White nationalism}}
{{White nationalism}}
{{European New Right}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Activism by issue]]
[[Category:Identitarian movement| ]]
[[Category:Alt-right]]
[[Category:21st-century social movements]]
[[Category:Identitarian movement]]
[[Category:Anti-immigration politics in Europe]]
[[Category:Anti-immigration politics in Europe]]
[[Category:Anti-Islam sentiment]]
[[Category:Pan-European nationalism]]
[[Category:Pan-European nationalism]]
[[Category:Far-right politics]]
[[Category:Identity politics in Europe]]
[[Category:Counter-jihad]]
[[Category:Anti-Islam sentiment in Europe]]
[[Category:Social movements in Europe]]
[[Category:Social movements in Europe]]
[[Category:White nationalism]]
[[Category:White nationalism]]
[[Category:White separatism]]
[[Category:White separatism]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in Europe]]
[[Category:New Right (Europe)]]

Revision as of 14:29, 6 August 2024

Lambda, the symbol of the Identitarian movement used primarily in Europe by Generation Identity and occasionally other countries, inspired by the Spartan shields in the movie 300 during the Battle of Thermopylae[1][2]

The Identitarian movement or Identitarianism is a pan-European nationalist, ethno-nationalist,[3][4][5] far-right[6][7][5] political ideology asserting the right of the European ethnic groups and white peoples to Western culture and territories exclusively. Originating in France as Les Identitaires ("The Identitarians"), with its youth wing Generation Identity (GI), the movement expanded to other European countries during the early 21st century. Its ideology was formulated from the 1960s onward by essayists such as Alain de Benoist, Dominique Venner, Guillaume Faye and Renaud Camus, who are considered the main ideological sources of the movement.

Identitarians promote concepts such as pan-European nationalism, localism, ethnopluralism, remigration, or the Great Replacement, and they are generally opposed to globalisation, multiculturalism, the spread of Islam and European immigration.[8][9][4] Influenced by New Right metapolitics, they do not seek direct electoral results, but rather to provoke long-term social transformations and eventually achieve cultural hegemony and popular adherence to their ideas.[10][11]

Identitarians are opposed to cultural mixing and promote the preservation of homogeneous ethno-cultural entities,[12][4] generally to the exclusion of extra-European migrants and descendants of immigrants,[13][14][15] and may espouse ideas considered xenophobic and racialist.

In 2019, the Identitarian Movement was classified by the German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution as right-wing extremist.[16]

The movement is most notable in Europe, and although rooted in Western Europe, it has spread more rapidly to the eastern part of the continent through conscious efforts of the likes of Faye. It also has adherents among white nationalists in North America,[20] Australia,[24] and New Zealand.[27] The United States–based Southern Poverty Law Center considers many of these organisations to be hate groups.[28]

Origin and development

The Identitarian ideology is generally believed by scholars to be derived from the Nouvelle Droite,[29] a French far-right philosophical movement that was formed in the 1960s in order to adapt traditionalist conservative, ethnopluralist and illiberal politics to a post-WWII European context and distance itself from earlier far-right ideologies like fascism and Nazism, mainly through a form of pan-European nationalism.[8][30] The Nouvelle Droite opposes liberal democracy and capitalism, and is hostile to multiculturalism and the mixing of different cultures within a single society. Although it is not supremacist, it is racialist because it identifies Europeans as a race.[31] Strategies and concepts promoted by Nouvelle Droite thinkers, such as ethnopluralism, localism, pan-European nationalism, and the use of metapolitics to influence public opinion, have shaped the ideological structure of the Identitarian movement.[9][32]

Background

The ideas of Alain de Benoist and his Nouvelle Droite are often cited as influential on the Identitarian movement.[29]

The Nouvelle Droite has widely been considered a neo-fascist attempt to legitimise far-right ideas in the political spectrum,[33][31][34][30] and in some cases to recycle Nazi ideas. According to political scientist Stéphane François, the latter accusation, "though relevant in certain ways, [remains] incomplete, as it (purposely) [shuns] other references, most notably the primordial relationship to the German Conservative Revolution."[35] The original prominence of the French nucleus gradually decreased, and a nebula of similar movements which were grouped under the term "European New Right" began to emerge across the continent.[36] Among them was the Neue Rechte of Armin Mohler, also largely inspired by the Conservative Revolution,[37] and another ideological source for the Identitarian movement.[38] Consequently, connections have been suggested between the worldview of Martin Sellner, one of the biggest figures of the movement,[39] and the theories of Martin Heidegger and Carl Schmitt.[40] Leading Identitarian Daniel Friberg has likewise claimed influences from Ernst Jünger and Julius Evola.[41]

Through their think tank GRECE, Nouvelle Droite figures like Alain de Benoist and Guillaume Faye aimed to imitate Marxist metapolitics, especially the tactics of cultural hegemony, agitprop and entryism which, according to them, had allowed left-wing movements to gain cultural and academic dominance from the second part of the 20th century onward.[42][43] Dominique Venner and his magazine Europe-Action, which is considered the "embryonic form" of the Nouvelle Droite,[42] along with the writings of Saint-Loup,[4] are conducive to the emergence of the Identitarian movement, by redefining the idea of pan-European nationalism on the "white nation" rather than the "nation state".[3][44]

Emergence

The neo-Völkisch movement Terre et Peuple, which was founded in 1995 by Nouvelle Droite writers Pierre Vial, Jean Haudry and Jean Mabire, is generally considered a precursor of the Identitarian movement.[45][46] In the early 21st century, Nouvelle Droite ideas influenced far-right youth movements in France through groups such as Jeunesses Identitaires (founded in 2002 and succeeded by Génération Identitaire in 2012) and Bloc Identitaire (2003). These French movements exported their ideas to other European nations, turning themselves into a pan-European movement of loosely connected Identitarian groups.[47][48] In the 2000s and 2010s, thinkers led by Renaud Camus,[49][15] Guillaume Faye,[50] along with members of the Carrefour de l'Horloge,[51] introduced the Great Replacement and remigration as defining concepts in the movement.[9][52][53]

Scholar A. James McAdams has described the Identitarian movement as a "second generation" in the evolution of European far-right foundational critique of liberal democracy during the post-war era: "the first of these generations, congregated around the members of the French Nouvelle Droite (New Right), defined difference as a right ('a right to difference') to which all persons were entitled by virtue of their shared humanity. A second generation, epitomized by the pan-European Identitarian movement of the early 2000s, replaced the language of rights with the less exacting claim to respect the differences of others, especially those based on ethnicity. Finally, in response to the degeneration of Identitarian thinking into outright xenophobia and racism, a third generation of theorists emerged in the 2010s with the expressed aim of restoring the respectability of far-right thought."[32] According to scholar Imogen Richards, "while in many respects [Génération Identitaire] is characteristic of the 'European New Right' (ENR), its spokespersons' various promotion of capitalism and commodification, including through their advocacy of international trade and sale of merchandise, diverges from the anti-capitalist philosophizing of contemporary ENR thinkers."[54]

Ideology

Definition

Identitarianism can be defined by its opposition to globalisation, multiculturalism, Islam and extra-European immigration; and by its defence of traditions, pan-European nationalism and cultural homogeneity within the nations of Europe.[8][9][55] The concept of "identity" is central to the Identitarian movement, which sees, in the words of Guillaume Faye, "every form of [humanity’s] homogenisation [as] synonymous with death, as well as sclerosis and entropy".[56] Scholar Stéphane François has described the essence of Identitarian ideology as "mixophobic", that is the fear of ethnic mixing.[4]

According to philosopher Pierre-André Taguieff, the Identitarian 'party-movements' generally share the following traits: a call to an 'authentic' and 'sane' people, which a leader is claiming to embody, against illegitimate or unworthy elites; and a call for a purifying break with the supposedly 'corrupt' current system, in part achieved by 'cleaning up' the territory from elements perceived as 'non-assimilable' for cultural reasons, Muslims in particular. Following Piero Ignazi, Taguieff classifies those party-movements as a new "post-industrial" far-right, distinct from the "traditional" nostalgic far-right. Their ultimate goal is to enter mainstream politics, Taguieff argues, as "post-fascists rather than neo-fascists, [and as] post-nazis rather than neo-nazis."[7]

Scholars have also described the essence of Identitarianism as a reaction against the permissive ideals of the '68 movement, embodied by the baby boomers and their perceived left-liberal dominance on society, which they sometimes label "Cultural Marxism".[57][11][58][56]

Metapolitics

Inspired by the metapolitics of Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci via the Nouvelle Droite, Identitarians do not seek direct electoral results but rather to influence the wider political debate in society.[10][11] Metapolitics is defined by Nouvelle Droite theorist Guillaume Faye as the "social diffusion of ideas and cultural values for the sake of provoking profound, long-term, political transformation."[59] In 2010, Daniel Friberg established the publishing house Arktos Media, which has grown since that date as the "uncontested global leader in the publication of English-language Nouvelle Droite literature."[60] Some Identitarian parties have nonetheless contested elections, as in France or in Croatia, but so far with no success.[11] Éric Zemmour, who has been described as belonging to the Identitarian movement by some scholars, won 7.1% of the votes during the 2022 French presidential election.[61][62]

A key strategy of the Identitarian movement is to generate large media attention by symbolically occupying popular public spaces, often with only a handful of militants. The largest action to date[when?], labelled "Defend Europe", occurred in 2017.[11] After crowdsourcing more than $178,000, Identitarian militants chartered a ship in the Mediterranean Sea to ferry rescued migrants back to Africa, observe any incursions by other NGO ships into Libyan waters, and report them to the Libyan coastguard.[63][11] In the event, the ship suffered an engine failure and had to be rescued by another ship from one of the NGOs rescuing migrants.[64]

The European Identitarian movements often use a yellow lambda symbol, inspired by the shield designs of the Spartan army in the movie 300, based on the comic book by Frank Miller.[1][2]

Ethnopluralism

According to ethnographer Benjamin R. Teitelbaum, Identitarians advocate "an ostensibly non-hierarchical global separatism to create a 'pluriversum', where differences among peoples are preserved and celebrated."[12] Political scientist Jean-Yves Camus agrees and defines the movement as being centred around the Nouvelle Droite concept of ethnopluralism (or 'ethno-differentialism'): "each people and culture can only flourish on its territory of origin; ethnic and cultural mixing (métissage) is seen as a factor of decadence; multiculturalism as a pathogenic project, producing crime, loss of bearings and, ultimately, the possibility of an 'ethnic war' on European lands, between 'ethnic Europeans' and non-native Maghrebi Arabs, in any case Muslims."[65]

The pairing of Muslim immigration and Islam with the concept of ethnopluralism is indeed one of the main bases of Identitarianism,[66] and the idea of a future ethnic war between whites and immigrants is central for some Identitarian theorists, especially Guillaume Faye, who claimed in 2016 that "the ethnic civil war, like a snake's baby that breaks the shell of its egg, [was] only in its very modest beginnings". He had earlier preached "total ethnic war" between "original" Europeans and Muslims in The Colonization of Europe in 2000, which earned him a criminal conviction for incitement to racial hatred.[67][68] This emphasis on ethnicity, shared by Pierre Vial and his call to an "ethnic revolution" and a "war of liberation",[69][70] is however opposed by other Identitarian thinkers and groups.[71] Alain de Benoist disavowing Faye's "strongly racist" ideas regarding Muslims after the publication of his 2000 book.[72]

Identitarians generally dismiss the European Union as "corrupt" and "authoritarian", while at the same time defending a "European-level political body that can hold its own against superpowers like America and China."[39] According to scholar Stéphane François, Identitarian geopolitics should be seen as a form of "ethnopolitics". In the Identitarian vision, the world would be structured into different "ethnospheres", each dominated by ethnically related peoples. They promote ethnic solidarities between European peoples, and the establishment of a confederation of regional identities that would eventually replace the various nation states of Europe, which are seen as an inheritance from the "dubious philosophy of the French Revolution".[4] Influenced by Renaud Camus' Great Replacement theory, Identitarians lament an alleged disappearance of the European peoples through a drop in a birth rate and uncontrolled immigration from the Muslim world.[73]

Views on Islam and liberalism

The movement is strongly opposed to the politics and philosophy of Islam, which some critics[who?] describe as disguised Islamophobia. Followers often protest what they see as the Islamisation of Europe through mass immigration, claiming it to be a threat to European culture and society.[74][75] As summarised by Markus Willinger, a key activist of the movement, "We don't want Mehmed and Mustapha to become Europeans."[11] This theory is connected to the ideas of the Great Replacement, a conspiracy theory which claims that a global elite is colluding against the white population of Europe to replace them with non-European peoples.[73] As a proposed solution to this debunked global conspiracy, the identitarians present mass remigration, a project of reversing growing multiculturalism through a forced mass deportation of non-European immigrants (often including their descendants) back to their supposed place of racial origin, regardless of their citizenship status.[15] Génération Identitaire has made frequent use of the term Reconquista, in reference to expulsion of Muslims and Jewish people from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492.[76]

Identitarians do not share, however, a common vision on liberalism. Some regard it as a part of European identity "threatened by Muslims who do not respect women or gay people", whereas others like Daniel Friberg describe it as the "disease" that contributed to Muslim immigration in the first place.[39]

Connection to other far-right groups

The movement has been described as being a part of the global alt-right,[77] or as the European counterpart of the American alt-right.[78][79] Hope not Hate (HNH) has described Identitarianism and the alt-right as "ostensibly separate" in origin, but with "huge areas of ideological crossover".[80] Many white nationalists and alt-right leaders have described themselves as Identitarians,[80][81] and according to HNH, American alt-right influence is evident in European Identitarian groups and events, forming an amalgamated "International Alternative Right".[80] Figures within the Identitarian movements and alt-right often cite Nouvelle Droite founder Alain de Benoist as an influence.[82][81] De Benoist rejects any alt-right affiliation, although he has worked with Richard B. Spencer, and once spoke at Spencer's National Policy Institute. As Benoist stated, "Maybe people consider me their spiritual father, but I don't consider them my spiritual sons".[81]

According to Christoph Gurk of Bayerischer Rundfunk, one of the goals of Identitarianism is to make racism modern and fashionable.[83] Austrian Identitarians invited radical right-wing groups from across Europe, including several neo-Nazi groups, to participate in an anti-immigration march, according to Anna Thalhammer of Die Presse.[84] There has also been Identitarian collaboration with the white nationalist activist Tomislav Sunić.[85]

By location

France

The main Identitarian youth movement is Génération Identitaire in France, originally a youth wing of Bloc Identitaire before it split off in 2012 to become its own organisation. The association Terre et Peuple ("Land and People"), which represents the Völkisch leaning of the Nouvelle Droite, is seen as a precursor of the Identitarian movement.[45][46] Political scientist Stéphane François estimated the size of the Identitarian movement in France to be 1,500–2,000 in 2017.[86]

An undercover investigation conducted by Al Jazeera Investigates into the French branch, which aired on 10 December 2018, captured GI activists punching a Muslim woman whilst saying "Fuck Mecca" and one saying if ever he gets a terminal illness he will purchase a weapon and cause carnage. When asked by the undercover journalist who would be the target he replies "a mosque, whatever".[87] French prosecutors have launched an inquiry into the findings amidst calls for the group to be proscribed.[88]

Génération Identitaire was banned by French authorities in March 2021.[89][90]

Austria

Austrian Identitarians demonstrating in Vienna

The Identitäre Bewegung Österreich (IBÖ) was founded in 2012. They have sometimes used the concept of a "War Against the '68ers"; i.e. people whose political identities are seen by Identitarians as stemming from the social changes of the 1960s, what would be called baby boomer liberals in the US.[dubiousdiscuss][22]

On 27 April 2018 the IBÖ and the homes of its leaders were searched by the Austrian police, and investigations were started against Sellner on suspicion that a criminal organisation was being formed.[91][92] The court later ruled that the IBÖ was not a criminal organisation.[93][94]

Germany

Martin Sellner[39] (2019)

The movement also appeared in Germany and converged with preexisting circles, centered on the magazine Blue Narcissus (Blaue Narzisse [de]) and its founder Felix Menzel [de], a martial artist and former German Karate Team Champion, who according to Gudrun Hentges – who worked for the official Federal Agency for Civic Education – belongs to the "elite of the movement".[95] It became a "registered association" in 2014.[96] Drawing upon thinkers of the Nouvelle Droite and the Conservative Revolution such as Oswald Spengler, Carl Schmitt or the contemporary Russian fascist Aleksandr Dugin, it played a role in the rise of the Pegida marches in 2014–15.[citation needed]

The Identitarian movement has a close linkage to members of the German New Right,[97] e.g., to its prominent member Götz Kubitschek and his journal Sezession, for which the Identitarian speaker Martin Sellner writes.[98]

In August 2016 members of the Identitarian movement in Germany scaled the iconic Brandenburg Gate in Berlin and hung a banner in protest at European immigration and perceived spread of Islam.[99] In September of the same year, members of the Identitarian movement erected a new summit cross in a "provocative" act (as the Süddeutsche Zeitung reported) on the Schafreuter, after the original one had to be removed because of damage by an unknown person.[100]

In June 2017, the PayPal donations account of the Identitarian "Defend Europe" was locked, and the Identitarian account of the bank Steiermärkische Sparkasse was closed.[101]

On 11 July 2019, Germany's Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV), the country's domestic intelligence agency, formally designated the Identitarian Movement as "a verified extreme right movement against the liberal democratic constitution." The new classification has allowed the BfV to use more powerful surveillance methods against the group and its youth wing, Generation Identity. The Identitarian Movement has about 600 members in Germany.[102] As of January 2024 South west Germany alone had about 100 members, mostly in Ulm, Reutlingen, Pforzheim and Stuttgart with 2.400 followers on instagram; the group changed its original name from Identitäre Bewegung Schwaben to 'Kesselrevolte/Schwaben Bande' to 'Wackre Schwaben' to 'Reconquista 21'.[103]

United Kingdom

In July 2017, a Facebook page for Generation Identity UK and Ireland was created. A few months later, in October 2017, key figures of the Identitarian movement met in London in efforts to target the United Kingdom, and discussed the founding of a British chapter as a "bridge" to link with radical movements in the US.[104] Their discussions resulted in a new British chapter being officially launched in late October 2017 with Tom Dupre and Ben Jones as its co-founders,[105] after a banner was unfurled on Westminster Bridge reading "Defend London, Stop Islamisation".[106]

On 9 March 2018, Sellner and his girlfriend Brittany Pettibone were barred from entering the UK because their presence was "not conducive to the public good".[107]

Prior the ban, Sellner intended to deliver a speech to the Young Independence party, though they cancelled the event, citing supposed threats of violence from the far-left.[108] Prior to being detained and deported, Sellner intended to deliver his speech at Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park.[109] In June 2018 Tore Rasmussen, a Norwegian activist who had previously been denied entry to the United Kingdom, was working in Ireland to establish a local branch of Generation Identity.[110]

In August 2018, the leader of GI UK Tom Dupre resigned from his position after UK press revealed Rasmussen, who was a senior member in the UK branch, had an active past in neo-Nazi movements within Norway.[111]

Generation Identity UK has been conferencing with other organisations, namely Identity Evropa/American Identity Movement. Identity Evropa/American Identity Movement is known for its involvement in the deadly 11–12 August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States and its antisemitism.[112] Jacob Bewick, an activist with GI, had been exposed as a member of proscribed terror organisation National Action and was spotted at an NA march in 2016. At an after conference event, one GI UK member told a Hope not Hate informant that two members of the fascist National Front (and former NA members) were present.[113]

The UK branch was condemned by the wider European movement on Twitter when it held its second annual conference and had invited numerous controversial alt-right speakers.[114] Speaking alongside the UK's new leader Ben Jones was alt-right YouTuber Millennial Woes and Nouvelle Droite writer Tomislav Sunić.[115]

This controversy led to a number of members leaving the organisation in disgust at what they perceived to be a shift towards the "Old Right". This led to concern that the British version may become more radicalised and dangerous. Simon Murdoch, Identitarianism researcher at Hope not Hate, said: "Evidence suggests we will be left with a smaller but more toxic group in the UK, open to engagement with the more antisemitic, extreme and thus dangerous elements of the domestic far-right.”[116]

According to Unite Against Fascism, the Identitarian Movement in the UK is estimated to have a membership of less than 200 activists as of June 2019.[117]

Nordics

In Sweden, the organisation Nordiska förbundet [sv] (active from 2004 to 2010), which founded the online encyclopedia Metapedia in 2006, promoted Identitarianism.[118]

The influence of Identitarian theories has been noted in the Sweden Democrats' slogan "We are also a people!".[12]

Other European groups

The origin of the Italian chapter Generazione Identitaria dates from 2012.[119]

The founder of the far-right Croatian party Generation of Renovation has stated that it was originally formed in 2017 as that country's version of the alt-right and Identitarian movements.[120]

The separatist party Som Catalans claims to defend the "identity of Catalonia" against "Spanish colonialism and the migrant invasion", as well as the "islamisation" of the Spanish autonomous community.[121] Similar stances are also found in Spanish nationalist parties, such as Identitarios, which align themselves with the European Identity and Democracy Party.[122]

In Belgium, in 2018, the State Security Service saw the rise of Schild & Vrienden [nl] in the context of Identitarian groups emerging throughout Europe. A Europol terror report mentioned Soldaten van Odin and the defunct group La Meute.[123]

In the Netherlands, Identitair Verzet [nl] was founded in 2012. Its main goal is "preservation of the national identity". Training their members at camps in France, their protests in the Netherlands attract tens of participants.[124]

In Flanders, the website Voorpost is an ethnic nationalist (volksnationalist) group founded by Karel Dillen in 1976 as a splinter from the People’s Union.[125] Voorpost pursues an irredentist ideal of a Greater Netherlands, a nation state that would unite all Dutch-speaking territories in Europe. The organisation has staged rallies on various topics, against Islam and mosques, against leftist organizations, against drugs, against pedophilia, and against socialism.[126]

The Hungarian chapter, Identitesz, merged into Force and Determination in 2017.[127]

Non-European affiliates

Australasia

There was a small group in Australia called Identity Australia around March 2019,[128] which described itself as "a youth-focused identitiarian organisation dedicated to giving European Australians a voice and restoring Australia's European character", and published a manifesto detailing its beliefs, but its website is as of April 2021 non-operational.[129][130]

The Dingoes are an Australian group who were described in a 2016 news report as "young, educated and alternative right", and were compared to the Identitarian movement in Europe.[131] Members do not reveal their identity.[132] National Party MP George Christensen and One Nation candidate Mike Latham were both interviewed on the Dingoes podcast, called The Convict Report,[132] but Christensen later said that he would not have done it if he had known about their extremist views. The podcast also featured a New Zealand man who ran the Dominion Movement, who was later arrested for sharing information that threatened NZ security.[133]

New Zealand had hosted the Dominion Movement, which labelled itself as "a grass-roots Identitarian activist organisation committed to the revitalisation of our country and our people: white New Zealanders". The website for the group shutdown alongside New Zealand National Front in the aftermath of the Christchurch mosque shootings in March 2019.[25][134] In late 2019, the Dominion Movement was largely replaced by a similar white supremacist group called Action Zealandia,[26] after its co-founder and leader, a New Zealand soldier, was arrested for sharing information that threatened NZ security.[133]

Australian Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings in New Zealand, was a believer in the Great Replacement conspiracy theory, named his manifesto after it, and donated €1,500 to Austrian Identitarian leader Martin Sellner of Identitäre Bewegung Österreich (IBÖ) a year prior to the terror attacks.[135] An investigation into the potential links between Tarrant and IBÖ was conducted by then Austrian Minister of the Interior Herbert Kickl. Other than the donation, no other evidence of contact or connections between the two parties has been found. The Austrian government is considering dissolving the group.[136][137][138] The shooter also donated €2,200 to Génération Identitaire, the French branch of the Generation Identity.[139] Tarrant exchanged emails with Sellner with one asking if they could meet for coffee or beer in Vienna and sent him a link to his YouTube channel. This was confirmed by Sellner, but he denied interacting with Tarrant in person or knowing of his plans.[140][141][142] The Austrian government later opened an investigation into Sellner over suspected formation of a terrorist group with Tarrant and the former's fiancée Brittany Pettibone who met Australian far-right figure Blair Cottrell.[143]

Richard B. Spencer identifies himself as a leading member of the American Identitarian movement.[144]

North America

United States

Identity Evropa (now known as American Identity Movement) is a part of the American Identitarian movement.

The now-defunct neo-Nazi Traditionalist Worker Party was modelled after the European Identitarian movement, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center and the Anti-Defamation League.[145][146][147][148] Identity Evropa and its successor the American Identity Movement in the United States labels itself Identitarian, and is part of the alt-right.[149] Richard Spencer's National Policy Institute is also a white nationalist movement, which advocates an American version of Identitarianism called "American Identitarianism".[22] The SPLC also reports that the Southern California-based Rise Above Movement "is inspired by Identitarian movements in Europe and is trying to bring the philosophies and violent tactics to the United States".[150]

On 20 May 2017, two non-commissioned officers with the U.S. Marines were arrested for trespassing after displaying a banner from a building in Graham, North Carolina, during a Confederate Memorial Day event. The banner included the Identitarian logo, and the phrase "he who controls the past controls the future", a reference to George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, along with the initialism YWNRU, or "you will not replace us". The Marine Corps denounced the behaviour and investigated the incident. A marine spokesperson commented to local news: "Of course we condemn this type of behavior ... we condemn any type of behavior that is not congruent with our values or that is illegal." Both men pleaded guilty to trespassing. One received military administrative punishment. The other was discharged from the corps.[151][152][153]

Canada

The Canadian organisation Generation Identity Canada was formed in 2014, and was renamed IDCanada in 2017.[citation needed] The organisation has distributed material across the country, such as in Hamilton, Ontario,[154] Saskatoon,[155] Peterborough, Ontario,[156][157] Prince Edward Island,[158] Alberta,[159][160][161] and in Quebec.[162]

La Meute (French for "The Pack") is a Québécois nationalist pressure group and identitarian movement fighting against illegal immigration and radical Islam. The group was founded in September 2015 in Quebec by two former Canadian Armed Forces members, Éric Venne and Patrick Beaudry, both of whom have left the group. La Meute announced it would prefer "to become large enough and organized enough to constitute a force that can't be ignored". The group has been attacked by anti-fascists in Montreal.[163] A parallel protest encampment was set up in Gatineau, Quebec, during the larger Canada convoy protests in Ottawa. Steeve Charland of Grenville, Quebec, was arrested and charged in relation to the protests. Charland was reported as one of the leaders of La Meute in opposition to Canada's decision to open its borders to Syrian refugees. During the “Freedom Convoy” protests in Ottawa, Steeve Charland acted as the leader and spokesperson for the Farfadaas, a group that opposes COVID-19 health measures and whose members are recognizable by their leather vests marked with an expletive hand gesture.[164]

Critics

Political scientist Cas Mudde has argued in 2021 that although Identitarians claim to share the slogan "0% racism, 100% identity" and officially subscribe to ethnopluralism, "the boundaries between biological and cultural arguments in the movement have become increasingly porous."[11] A 2014 investigation led by political scientist Gudrun Hentges came to the conclusion that the Identitarian movement is ideologically situated between the French National Front, the Nouvelle Droite, and neo-Nazism.[38]

See also

  • Identity politics – Politics based on one's identity
  • Identity Catholicism
  • White nationalism – Ideology that seeks to develop a white national identity
  • Nativism – Policy of protecting the interests of established inhabitants against those of immigrants
  • Great Replacement – Conspiracy theory about race and culture
  • Remigration – Forced or promoted return of non-European immigrants
  • Ghost skin – Person who avoids public display of their white supremacism
  • Eurabia – Far-right Islamophobic conspiracy theory

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b Weiß, Volker (21 March 2013). "Nicht links, nicht rechts – nur national". Die Zeit. Archived from the original on 17 July 2013.
  2. ^ a b Mrozek, Bodo (20 December 2017). "Unter falscher Flagge. Rechte "Identitäre" setzen auf Antiken-Pop. Die Geschichte ihrer Symbole dürfte ihnen kaum gefallen". PopHistory. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  3. ^ a b Camus 2018, p. 2: "It was the transition from French nationalism to the promotion of a European identity, theorised by Europe-Action in the mid-1960s, which disrupted the references of the French far-right by producing a schism which has not been repaired to date, separating integral sovereignists, for whom no level of sovereignty is legitimate except the sovereignty of the nation state, (...) from the identitarians, for whom the nation state is an intermediate framework between being rooted in a region (in the sense of the German Heimat) and belonging to the framework of European civilisation."
  4. ^ a b c d e f François, Stéphane (2009). "Réflexions sur le mouvement "Identitaire"". Fragments sur les Temps Présents.
  5. ^ a b Schumacher, Elizabeth (8 February 2022). "Disclose.TV: English disinformation made in Germany". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 26 October 2022. The Identitarians are a far-right group who promote pan-European ethno-nationalism.
  6. ^ Mudde 2019: "The Identitarians are a pan-European far-right movement which started with the Identitarian Bloc in France in 2003."
  7. ^ a b Taguieff 2015: "... we can see in the multiplication of these new [emerging Identitarian and protesting] party-movements an indication of the emergence of a new far-right with many faces, described as 'post-industrial' by Piero Ignazi, and who has set it apart from the 'traditional' far-right, guardian of nostalgia."
  8. ^ a b c Schlembach, Raphael (2016). Against Old Europe: Critical Theory and Alter-Globalization Movements. Routledge. 134. ISBN 9781317183884.
  9. ^ a b c d Camus (2018), p. 1.
  10. ^ a b Teitelbaum (2017), pp. 43–44.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Mudde (2019).
  12. ^ a b c Teitelbaum (2017), p. 31.
  13. ^ Vejvodová, Petra (September 2014). The Identitarian Movement – renewed idea of alternative Europe (PDF). ECPR General Conference. Masaryk University, Brno: Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Studies. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  14. ^ Burley, Shane (2017). Fascism Today: What It Is and How to End It. AK Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-84935-295-6.
  15. ^ a b c Camus, Jean-Yves; Mathieu, Annie (19 August 2017). "D'où vient l'expression 'remigration'?". Le Soleil. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019.
  16. ^ Staff (11 July 2019). "Identitäre Bewegung als rechtsextrem eingestuft". Deutsche Welle.
  17. ^ a b c Ebner, Julia (24 October 2017). "The Fringe Insurgency" (PDF). Institute for Strategic Dialogue. Identitarianism is a pan-European ethno-nationalist movement
  18. ^ "White nationalists charter ship to catch Muslims in the Mediterranean". miamiherald. Retrieved 5 August 2017. White nationalists charter ship to catch Muslims in the Mediterranean... Generation Identity, whose members call themselves Identitarians
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Bibliography

Further reading