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Coordinates: 18°54′36″N 70°45′0″W / 18.91000°N 70.75000°W / 18.91000; -70.75000
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{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Constanza
| name = Constanza
| image_skyline = Constanza.jpeg
| image_skyline = Constanza.jpeg
| imagesize = 250px
| imagesize = 250px
| image_caption = Aerial view of Constanza
| image_caption = Aerial view of Constanza
| mapsize =
| mapsize =
| pushpin_map = Dominican Republic
| pushpin_map = Dominican Republic
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_relief = 1
| coordinates = {{coord|18|54|36|N|70|45|0|W|region:DO|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|18|54|36|N|70|45|0|W|region:DO|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{DOM}}
| subdivision_name = {{DOM}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of the Dominican Republic|Province]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of the Dominican Republic|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[La Vega Province|La Vega]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[La Vega Province|La Vega]]
| established_title =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| established_date =
| established_title2 =
| established_title2 =
| established_date2 =
| established_date2 =
| total_type = Total
⚫
| area_footnotes = <ref name="listado">Superficies a nivel de municipios, [http://one.gob.do/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63&Itemid=283 Oficina Nacional de Estadistica] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417021712/http://one.gob.do/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63&Itemid=283 |date=April 17, 2009 }} {{in lang|es}}</ref>
| total_type = Total
⚫
| area_total_km2 = 848.79
⚫
| area_footnotes = <ref name="listado">Superficies a nivel de municipios, [http://one.gob.do/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63&Itemid=283 Oficina Nacional de Estadistica] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417021712/http://one.gob.do/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63&Itemid=283 |date=April 17, 2009 }} {{in lang|es}}</ref>
⚫
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite book
⚫
| area_total_km2 = 848.79
⚫
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite book
| last = De la Fuente
| last = De la Fuente
| first = Santiago
| first = Santiago
Line 27: Line 27:
| location = Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| location = Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
|language=es}}</ref>
|language=es}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 1164
| elevation_m = 1164
| population_total = 59,052
| population_total = 59,052
| population_as_of = 2010
| population_as_of = 2010
| population_footnotes = <ref name="censo">Censo 2012 de Población y Vivienda, [http://one.gob.do/ Oficina Nacional de Estadistica] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="censo">Censo 2012 de Población y Vivienda, [http://one.gob.do/ Oficina Nacional de Estadistica] {{in lang|es}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = 25,683
| population_urban = 25,683
| population_blank1_title = Demonym
| population_blank1_title = Demonym
| population_blank1 = Constantian <br/>([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''constanceño'')
| population_blank1 = Constantian <br/>([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''constanceño'')
| blank_name = Distance to<br />&nbsp;– [[Santo Domingo]]
| blank_name = Distance to<br />&nbsp;– [[Santo Domingo]]
| blank_info = <br />140&nbsp;km
| blank_info = <br />140&nbsp;km
| blank1_name = [[Municipalities of the Dominican Republic|Municipal Districts]]
| blank1_name = [[Municipalities of the Dominican Republic|Municipal Districts]]
| blank1_info = <br />2
| blank1_info = <br />2
| blank2_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank2_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank2_info = [[Oceanic climate|Cwb]]
| blank2_info = ''[[Subtropical highland climate|Cfb]]''
| official_name =
| official_name =
}}
}}


'''Constanza''' is a town and municipality in [[La Vega Province]], [[Dominican Republic]].
'''Constanza''' is a town and municipality in [[La Vega Province]], [[Dominican Republic]].
Located in the [[Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic|Cordillera Central]] region, Constanza is known for having the coldest temperature for a settlement on the island of [[Hispaniola]], as well as the entire [[Caribbean]].


==History==
==History==
[[File:Robert Schomburgk (IZ 44-1865 S 228 E G).jpg|left|thumb|200px|Sir Robert Schomburgk]]The name of Constanza has its origin in the legend the daughter of a local [[Taíno people|taino]] [[cacique]] who lived in the valley. In 1852, the [[Germans|German]]-[[United Kingdom|British]] explorer and consul Sir [[Robert Hermann Schomburgk]] mentions the existence of a farm in the valley of Constanza. The town was formally founded in 1894. It has been incorporated into a municipality in the La Vega province on September 9, 1907.
[[File:Robert Schomburgk (IZ 44-1865 S 228 E G).jpg|thumb|200px|Sir Robert Schomburgk]]The name of Constanza has its origin in the legend the daughter of a local Native [[Taíno people|Taíno]] [[cacique|chief]] who lived in the valley. Constanza was a sparsely populated area, though several explorers knew the valley in colonial times, and there was a settler named Victoriano Velano who brought [[Europe|European]] agriculture and ranching culture to the area in 1750.


In 1852, the [[Germans|German]]-[[United Kingdom|British]] explorer and consul Sir [[Robert Hermann Schomburgk]] mentioned the existence of a farm in the valley of Constanza on his way through the region. The town was formally founded in 1894. It was incorporated into a municipality in La Vega Province on September 9, 1907.
⚫
On June 14, 1959 a plane landed in an airstrip with more than forty rebels with the purpose of deposing the dictator [[Rafael Trujillo]]. They fought [[guerrillas]] in the nearby mountains, and after two months against the [[Dominican Army]] managed to end the rebellion.

⚫
On June 14, 1959, a plane landed on a Constanza airstrip with more than forty rebels with the purpose of killing the dictator of the time [[Rafael Trujillo]] and starting a communist revolution in the Dominican Republic. They fought [[guerrilla warfare]] in the nearby mountains against the [[Dominican Army]] for two months before the armed forces managed to end the rebellion by killing all the rebels.


==Geography==
==Geography==
[[File:Mi bello pueblo - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Valley of Constanza.]]
Constanza is located at a height of 1220 meters (4000&nbsp;ft) in the middle of the ''Cordillera Central'' (Central Range). Annual average temperatures range from 41&nbsp;°F (5&nbsp;°C) to 68&nbsp;°F (20&nbsp;°C), depending on altitude. The valley is 8&nbsp;km long and 4&nbsp;km wide.
The town of Constanza is located at a height of 1220 meters (4000&nbsp;ft) above sea level in the middle of the ''[[Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic|Cordillera Central]]'' (Central Range), the tallest mountain range in the island of Hispaniola and the entire Caribbean region. The annual average temperatures range from 41&nbsp;°F (5&nbsp;°C) to 68&nbsp;°F (20&nbsp;°C), depending on altitude and time of year. The valley is 8&nbsp;km long and 4&nbsp;km wide.


=== Climate ===
=== Climate ===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Constanza helada.jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[Frost]]ed [[coniferous forest]] in Constanza]] -->
[[File:Constanza, valle nuevo, clima invierno..jpg|thumb|200px|[[Frost]]ed [[Hispaniolan pine forests|Hispaniolan pine forest]] in Valle Nuevo National Park.]]
⚫
Its climate is a temperate oceanic or [[subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen Climate Classification]] ''Cfb''), with cool temperatures and rainfall throughout the year. The average annual [[temperature]] varies from less than 10&nbsp;°C in highlands<ref name="Onamet">{{cite web

⚫
Constanza has a [[subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: '''Cfb'''), with moderately warm and humid summers, and dry and mild winters, due to its tropical location and high elevation. The average annual [[temperature]] varies from less than 10&nbsp;°C in highlands<ref name="Onamet">{{cite web
| url = http://www.onamet.gov.do/descargas/2011/PRONOSTICO%20TURISTICO/MENSUAL/BOLETIN%20TURISTICO%20ENERO%20%202011.pdf
| url = http://www.onamet.gov.do/descargas/2011/PRONOSTICO%20TURISTICO/MENSUAL/BOLETIN%20TURISTICO%20ENERO%20%202011.pdf
| title = Pronóstico Turístico Mensual
| title = Pronóstico Turístico Mensual
| author = ''National Bureau of Meteorology'' (ONAMET)
| author = ''National Bureau of Meteorology'' (ONAMET)
| location = Santo Domingo
| location = Santo Domingo
| language = Spanish
| language = es
| accessdate = December 2010
| url-status = dead
| url-status = dead
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928214817/http://www.onamet.gov.do/descargas/2011/PRONOSTICO%20TURISTICO/MENSUAL/BOLETIN%20TURISTICO%20ENERO%20%202011.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928214817/http://www.onamet.gov.do/descargas/2011/PRONOSTICO%20TURISTICO/MENSUAL/BOLETIN%20TURISTICO%20ENERO%20%202011.pdf
| archivedate = 2011-09-28
| archive-date = 2011-09-28
}}</ref> to 18&nbsp;°C in town.
⚫
}}</ref> to 18&nbsp;°C in town.<br />In [[summer]], temperatures range between 25&nbsp;°C to 27&nbsp;°C during the day, and between 12&nbsp;°C to 15&nbsp;°C at night. [[Wildfire]]s are relatively common.<br />In [[winter]], the temperatures are between 21 and 24&nbsp;°C at day, and 8 to 12&nbsp;°C at night. [[Fog]] is quite common. The last time that Constanza had freezing temperatures was on 1958; while in [[Valle Nuevo]] freezes are usual.<ref name="E-Map">{{cite web
[[File:Villa Constanza Dominican Republic people.jpg|thumb|right|People in Constanza, Dominican Republic countryside farm.]]
⚫
In [[summer]], temperatures range between 25&nbsp;°C to 27&nbsp;°C during the day, and between 12&nbsp;°C to 15&nbsp;°C at night. [[Wildfire]]s are relatively common. In [[winter]], the temperatures are between 21 and 24&nbsp;°C at day, and 8 to 12&nbsp;°C at night. [[Fog]] is quite common. The last time that Constanza had freezing temperatures was in 1958; while in [[Valle Nuevo]] freezes are usual.<ref name="E-Map">{{cite web
|url = http://www.onamet.gov.do/estaciones/
|url = http://www.onamet.gov.do/estaciones/
|title = Red de Estaciones Automáticas
|title = Red de Estaciones Automáticas
|author = ''National Bureau of Meteorology'' (Oficina Nacional de Meteorología, ONAMET)
|author = ''National Bureau of Meteorology'' (Oficina Nacional de Meteorología, ONAMET)
|at = Valle Nuevo
|at = Valle Nuevo
|language = Spanish
|language = es
|accessdate = June 5, 2011
|access-date = June 5, 2011
|url-status = dead
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719133746/http://www.onamet.gov.do/estaciones/
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719133746/http://www.onamet.gov.do/estaciones/
|archivedate = July 19, 2011
|archive-date = July 19, 2011
}}</ref>
}}</ref> [[Snow]] can fall in the highest [[Summit|peaks]] of Valle Nuevo, but it is becoming a rare event and accumulation almost no longer occurs.


The highest temperature ever recorded in town was 32.5&nbsp;°C, on October 3, 1957.<ref name="ACQ">{{cite web
The highest temperature ever recorded in town was 32.5&nbsp;°C, on October 3, 1957.<ref name="ACQ">{{cite web
| url = http://www.acqweather.com/efemerides.htm
|url = http://www.acqweather.com/efemerides.htm
| title = Efemérides Meteorológicas Dominicanas
|title = Efemérides Meteorológicas Dominicanas
| publisher = ACQ & Asociados
|publisher = ACQ & Asociados
| author = Antonio Cocco Quezada
|author = Antonio Cocco Quezada
| at = Febrero 06 - 1958
|at = Febrero 06 - 1958
| language = Spanish
|language = es
|trans-title=Dominican weather Ephemeris
|trans-title = Dominican weather Ephemeris
| accessdate = March 26, 2011
|access-date = March 26, 2011
|archive-date = February 8, 2012
⚫
}}</ref> The coldest temperature was –1&nbsp;°C, recorded on February 6, 1958.<ref>[https://archive.is/20120905232219/http://www.cig.gob.do/app3/article.aspx?id=29644 Centro de Información Gubernamental—Ministerio de la Presidencia]</ref>
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120208081818/http://www.acqweather.com/efemerides.htm
|url-status = dead
⚫
}}</ref> The coldest temperature was –1&nbsp;°C, recorded on February 6, 1958.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120905232219/http://www.cig.gob.do/app3/article.aspx?id=29644 Centro de Información Gubernamental—Ministerio de la Presidencia]</ref>


{{Weather box
{{Weather box
|location = Constanza (2020) <small>(COZ—Expedición 14 de Junio Airport; 1.164&nbsp;m)</small>
|location = Constanza (2022) <small>(COZ—Expedición 14 de Junio Airport; 1.164&nbsp;m)</small>
|metric first = Y
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|single line = Y
<!-- Record high temperatures -->
<!-- Record high temperatures -->
|Jan record high C = 25.0
|Jan record high C = 25.1
|Feb record high C = 26.0
|Feb record high C = 23.7
|Mar record high C = 28.5
|Mar record high C = 24.4
|Apr record high C = 29.8
|Apr record high C = 25.2
|May record high C = 31.0
|May record high C = 27.1
|Jun record high C = 31.5
|Jun record high C = 27.7
|Jul record high C = 31.5
|Jul record high C = 27.3
|Aug record high C = 29.9
|Aug record high C = 27.4
|Sep record high C = 29.0
|Sep record high C = 26.5
|Oct record high C = 28.5
|Oct record high C = 27.0
|Nov record high C = 27.5
|Nov record high C = 25.6
|Dec record high C = 26.1
|Dec record high C = 24.0
|year record high C = 31.5
|year record high C = 27.4
<!--Average high temperatures-->
<!--Average high temperatures-->
|Jan high C = 16.2
|Jan high C = 23.1
|Feb high C = 16.8
|Feb high C = 21.0
|Mar high C = 17.7
|Mar high C = 22.3
|Apr high C = 18.0
|Apr high C = 23.1
|May high C = 19.4
|May high C = 23.8
|Jun high C = 21.1
|Jun high C = 25.4
|Jul high C = 22.3
|Jul high C = 25.2
|Aug high C = 22.5
|Aug high C = 25.0
|Sep high C = 20.3
|Sep high C = 24.7
|Oct high C = 19.8
|Oct high C = 23.8
|Nov high C = 18.5
|Nov high C = 23.4
|Dec high C = 17.2
|Dec high C = 22.9
|year high C = 22.5
|year high C = 23.5
<!--Average mean temperatures-->
<!--Average mean temperatures-->
|Jan mean C = 16.3
|Jan mean C = 17.9
|Feb mean C = 16.7
|Feb mean C = 17.7
|Mar mean C = 17.7
|Mar mean C = 18.3
|Apr mean C = 18.3
|Apr mean C = 18.8
|May mean C = 19.0
|May mean C = 19.7
|Jun mean C = 19.5
|Jun mean C = 20.8
|Jul mean C = 19.7
|Jul mean C = 20.1
|Aug mean C = 19.8
|Aug mean C = 20.5
|Sep mean C = 19.6
|Sep mean C = 20.6
|Oct mean C = 19.2
|Oct mean C = 20.0
|Nov mean C = 18.1
|Nov mean C = 18.7
|Dec mean C = 16.9
|Dec mean C = 17.7
|year mean C = 18.4
|year mean C = 18.9
<!--Average low temperatures-->
<!--Average low temperatures-->
|Jan low C = 5.8
|Jan low C = 13.3
|Feb low C = 5.9
|Feb low C = 13.2
|Mar low C = 7.6
|Mar low C = 14.6
|Apr low C = 9.7
|Apr low C = 14.9
|May low C = 11.0
|May low C = 15.4
|Jun low C = 12.9
|Jun low C = 15.8
|Jul low C = 13.1
|Jul low C = 15.7
|Aug low C = 13.1
|Aug low C = 16.3
|Sep low C = 11.9
|Sep low C = 17.6
|Oct low C = 10.6
|Oct low C = 16.0
|Nov low C = 9.0
|Nov low C = 14.5
|Dec low C = 6.9
|Dec low C = 12.8
|year low C = 5.8
|year low C = 14.5
<!-- Record low temperatures -->
<!-- Record low temperatures -->
|Jan record low C = 1.0
|Jan record low C = 9.2
|Feb record low C = -2.0
|Feb record low C = 10.0
|Mar record low C = 4.7
|Mar record low C = 10.9
|Apr record low C = 6.5
|Apr record low C = 12.8
|May record low C = 7.0
|May record low C = 12.4
|Jun record low C = 8.0
|Jun record low C = 14.0
|Jul record low C = 9.0
|Jul record low C = 14.1
|Aug record low C = 9.0
|Aug record low C = 14.9
|Sep record low C = 8.8
|Sep record low C = 15.6
|Oct record low C = 6.9
|Oct record low C = 14.0
|Nov record low C = 4.0
|Nov record low C = 11.2
|Dec record low C = 2.6
|Dec record low C = 9.7
|year record low C = -2.0
|year record low C = 9.2
<!--Rainfall-->
<!--Rainfall-->
|Jan rain mm = 26.9
|Jan rain mm = 26.9
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|source 1= National Bureau of Meteorology (ONAMET) {{in lang|es}}
|source 1= National Bureau of Meteorology (ONAMET) {{in lang|es}}
*January [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928214817/http://www.onamet.gov.do/descargas/2011/PRONOSTICO%20TURISTICO/MENSUAL/BOLETIN%20TURISTICO%20ENERO%20%202011.pdf] [https://web.archive.org/web/20111017205323/http://www.onamet.gov.do/descargas/2011/RESUMEN%20AGRO/RESUMEN%20AGROMETEOROLOGICO%20ENERO%202011.pdf]
*January [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928214817/http://www.onamet.gov.do/descargas/2011/PRONOSTICO%20TURISTICO/MENSUAL/BOLETIN%20TURISTICO%20ENERO%20%202011.pdf] [https://web.archive.org/web/20111017205323/http://www.onamet.gov.do/descargas/2011/RESUMEN%20AGRO/RESUMEN%20AGROMETEOROLOGICO%20ENERO%202011.pdf]
*February [https://web.archive.org/web/20111017212825/http://www.onamet.gov.do/descargas/2011/RESUMEN%20AGRO/RESUMEN%20AGROMETEOROLOGICO%20FEBRERO%202011.pdf] (Record low temperature: &minus;1&nbsp;°C [https://archive.is/20120905232219/http://www.cig.gob.do/app3/article.aspx?id=29644 Centro de Información Gubernamental—Ministerio de la Presidencia])
*February [https://web.archive.org/web/20111017212825/http://www.onamet.gov.do/descargas/2011/RESUMEN%20AGRO/RESUMEN%20AGROMETEOROLOGICO%20FEBRERO%202011.pdf] (Record low temperature: &minus;1&nbsp;°C [https://archive.today/20120905232219/http://www.cig.gob.do/app3/article.aspx?id=29644 Centro de Información Gubernamental—Ministerio de la Presidencia])
*March [https://web.archive.org/web/20111017212213/http://www.onamet.gov.do/descargas/2011/RESUMEN%20AGRO/RESUMEN%20AGROMETEOROLOGICO%20MARZO%202011.pdf]
*March [https://web.archive.org/web/20111017212213/http://www.onamet.gov.do/descargas/2011/RESUMEN%20AGRO/RESUMEN%20AGROMETEOROLOGICO%20MARZO%202011.pdf]
*April [http://www.onamet.gov.do/descargas/2009/PRONOSTICO%20TURISTICO/MENSUAL/BOLETIN%20TURISTICO%20abril%20%202009.doc]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*April [http://www.onamet.gov.do/descargas/2009/PRONOSTICO%20TURISTICO/MENSUAL/BOLETIN%20TURISTICO%20abril%20%202009.doc]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
Line 211: Line 218:
|single line= yes <!--Any entry in this line will display metric and imperial units in the same cell. Leave blank or remove this line for separate table rows.-->
|single line= yes <!--Any entry in this line will display metric and imperial units in the same cell. Leave blank or remove this line for separate table rows.-->
|location = Valle Nuevo, Constanza <small>(Weather station; 2.260&nbsp;m)</small>
|location = Valle Nuevo, Constanza <small>(Weather station; 2.260&nbsp;m)</small>
|temperature colour= pastel <!--Enter "pastel" for pastel temperature colours, remove this line for the standard colouring.-->
<!--Maximum Humidex-->
<!--Maximum Humidex-->
|Jan maximum humidex=
|Jan maximum humidex=
Line 228: Line 234:
<!--Record high temperatures-->
<!--Record high temperatures-->
<!--Note that record temperatures should be used sparingly in main city articles, and should only be used when the data period is of the greatest length possible.-->
<!--Note that record temperatures should be used sparingly in main city articles, and should only be used when the data period is of the greatest length possible.-->
|Jan record high C=
|Jan record high C=
|Feb record high C=
|Feb record high C=
|Mar record high C=
|Mar record high C=
Line 242: Line 248:
|year record high C=
|year record high C=
<!--Average high temperatures-->
<!--Average high temperatures-->
|Jan high C= 17
|Jan high C= 16.0
|Feb high C= 17
|Feb high C= 17.8
|Mar high C= 18
|Mar high C= 18.9
|Apr high C= 19
|Apr high C= 19.0
|May high C= 18
|May high C= 18.3
|Jun high C= 19
|Jun high C= 19.0
|Jul high C= 20
|Jul high C= 20.7
|Aug high C= 21
|Aug high C= 20.4
|Sep high C= 20
|Sep high C= 20.0
|Oct high C= 19
|Oct high C= 19.0
|Nov high C= 18
|Nov high C= 18.1
|Dec high C= 18
|Dec high C= 18.0
|year high C= 19
|year high C= 19
<!--Mean daily temperature-->
<!--Mean daily temperature-->
|Jan mean C= 9
|Jan mean C= 6.0
|Feb mean C= 10
|Feb mean C= 10.1
|Mar mean C= 11
|Mar mean C= 11.1
|Apr mean C= 11
|Apr mean C= 11.7
|May mean C= 11
|May mean C= 11.4
|Jun mean C= 12
|Jun mean C= 12.9
|Jul mean C= 13
|Jul mean C= 13.0
|Aug mean C= 14
|Aug mean C= 14.0
|Sep mean C= 14
|Sep mean C= 14.7
|Oct mean C= 13
|Oct mean C= 13.0
|Nov mean C= 11
|Nov mean C= 11.1
|Dec mean C= 10
|Dec mean C= 10.2
|year mean C= 12
|year mean C= 12.9
<!--Average low temperatures-->
<!--Average low temperatures-->
|Jan low C= 2
|Jan low C= 2.3
|Feb low C= 2
|Feb low C= 2.8
|Mar low C= 3
|Mar low C= 3.9
|Apr low C= 4
|Apr low C= 4.5
|May low C= 6
|May low C= 6.1
|Jun low C= 6
|Jun low C= 6.0
|Jul low C= 7
|Jul low C= 7.1
|Aug low C= 8
|Aug low C= 8.7
|Sep low C= 7
|Sep low C= 7.9
|Oct low C= 7
|Oct low C= 7.6
|Nov low C= 5
|Nov low C= 5.0
|Dec low C= 3
|Dec low C= 3.5
|year low C= 5
|year low C= 5.0
<!--Record low temperatures-->
<!--Record low temperatures-->
<!--Note that record temperatures should be used sparingly in main city articles, and should only be used when the data period is of the greatest length possible.-->
<!--Note that record temperatures should be used sparingly in main city articles, and should only be used when the data period is of the greatest length possible.-->
|Jan record low C=
|Jan record low C= -3.5
|Feb record low C=
|Feb record low C= -3.0
|Mar record low C=
|Mar record low C= -7.5
|Apr record low C=
|Apr record low C= 3.8
|May record low C=
|May record low C= 4.0
|Jun record low C=
|Jun record low C= 4.9
|Jul record low C=
|Jul record low C= 4.9
|Aug record low C=
|Aug record low C= 6.8
|Sep record low C=
|Sep record low C= 6.0
|Oct record low C=
|Oct record low C= 5.6
|Nov record low C=
|Nov record low C= -1.3
|Dec record low C=
|Dec record low C= 0.7
|year record low C=
|year record low C= -7.5
<!--Minimum Wind Chill-->
<!--Minimum Wind Chill-->
|Jan chill=
|Jan chill=
Line 432: Line 438:
|year sun=
|year sun=
<!--Mandatory fields, source-->
<!--Mandatory fields, source-->
|source 1= <ref name=clima >{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WtcOAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA79&dq=Valle+Nuevo+Constanza+temperatura&hl=es&ei=CkyjTbC_KqqO0QGrp8GVBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Valle+Nuevo+Constanza+temperatura&f=false |title= Contribución al conocimiento del clima de la Isla de Santo Domingo |publisher= |accessdate= April 11, 2011 }}</ref>
|source 1= <ref name=clima >{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WtcOAQAAIAAJ&q=Valle+Nuevo+Constanza+temperatura&pg=PA79 |title= Contribución al conocimiento del clima de la Isla de Santo Domingo |access-date= April 11, 2011 }}</ref>
<!--For a second source-->
<!--For a second source-->
|source 2= <!-- <ref name= > {{Cite web |url= |título= |title= |publisher= |accessdate= }}</ref> -->
|source 2= <!-- <ref name= > {{Cite web }}</ref> -->
|date=February 2012}}
|date=February 2012}}


==Economy==
==Economy==
[[File:Constanza Dominican Republic.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Constanza, Dominican Republic streets.]]
The local economy is based upon agriculture. It is known for its [[Strawberry|strawberries]], [[peach]]es, [[apple]]s, [[garlic]] and [[potato]]es. People go there to take the fruits to feed their family. Constanza is also known for its wide variety of flowers, especially its [[rose]]s.
The local economy is based on its robust agricultural industry. It has a high production of vegetables and fruits including [[Strawberry|strawberries]], [[peach]]es, [[apple]]s, [[garlic]] and [[potato]] and other temperate crops due to its unique climate. Due to this, the town of Constanza alone contributes to 4% of the national GDP, while having less than 1% of the Dominican population making it one of the most prosperous municipalities in the country [[per capita income|per capita]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Economía & Negocios miércoles, 09 de noviembre de 2011 Constanza siembra lo que el país le solicita |url=https://listindiario.com/economia/2011/11/09/210279/constanza-siembra-lo-que-el-pais-le-solicita}}</ref>


==Tourism==
==Tourism==
[[File:Las cabañas de micabaña resot - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Cabañas in town of Constanza.]]
Constanza is known for its remarkable mountain climate despite being located in a tropical island. Local tourism is very often during winter time. Throughout the rest of the year it is visited because of its closeness to the scientific reserve of ''Ebano Verde'' and also to have the nearest route to the [[Pico Duarte]], the highest point in the [[Caribbean]].
Constanza is known for its remarkable mountain climate despite being located in a tropical island. Local tourism is rampant during the winter time. Throughout the rest of the year it is visited because of its proximity to the [[Ebano Verde Scientific Reserve]] and also to have the nearest route to the [[Pico Duarte]], the tallest mountain in the country, island, and Caribbean.
[[File:Iglesia_de_Constanza_245.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Church of Constanza.]]


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
The nearby scientific reserve of ''Ebano Verde'' is the stronghold of the widest variety of flora and fauna of [[Hispaniola]]. The mountains surrounding the valley of Constanza are covered in [[Hispaniolan pine forests|Hispaniolan pine]] (''Pinus occidentalis'') forests. Typical fauna seen in the area includes the Hispaniolan [[palm crow]], [[Antillean siskin]], [[rufous-throated solitaire]], [[Hispaniolan crossbill]] (abundance directly related to pine cone crop), and [[Hispaniolan trogon]], while at lower elevations the [[Hispaniolan parrot]], [[scaly-naped pigeon]] and [[Golden swallow (bird)|golden swallow]] can be seen.
The nearby Ebano Verde Scientific Reserve is the stronghold of the widest variety of flora and fauna of Hispaniola. The mountains surrounding the valley of Constanza are covered in [[Hispaniolan pine]] (''Pinus occidentalis'') [[Hispaniolan pine forests|forests]]. Typical [[Endemism|endemic]] fauna seen in the area includes the Hispaniolan [[palm crow]], [[Antillean siskin]], [[rufous-throated solitaire]], [[Hispaniolan crossbill]] (whose abundance is directly related to pine cone crop), and [[Hispaniolan trogon]], while at lower elevations the [[Hispaniolan parrot]], [[scaly-naped pigeon]] and [[Golden swallow (bird)|golden swallow]] can be seen, many of which are [[endangered species]].


==Transportation==
==Transportation==
Line 451: Line 460:
==Demographics==
==Demographics==
[[File:Colonia Japonesa.jpg|thumb|275px|right|[[Japanese settlement in the Dominican Republic|Japanese-Dominicans]] in Constanza]]
[[File:Colonia Japonesa.jpg|thumb|275px|right|[[Japanese settlement in the Dominican Republic|Japanese-Dominicans]] in Constanza]]
Constanza has 59,052 inhabitants. A large part of its population descends from Spanish immigrants (from Burgos, Palencia and Vizcaya), Hungarians, and [[Japanese settlement in the Dominican Republic|Japanese]], as well as a smaller number of Arabs, Jews, and [[Ethnic Chinese in the Dominican Republic|Chinese]].
Constanza is home to an unusual combination of ethnic groups, having been an area settled by numerous Spanish, Arabians and [[Japanese people|Japanese]] immigrant workers encouraged to come to the Dominican Republic during the infamous dictatorship of [[Rafael Trujillo|Trujillo]]. Now some two or three generations on their presence is still substantial in the area. They were attracted by the cooler climate that goes on all year round.

The migrants of Constanza usually lived in neighborhoods where they retained the customs of their ancestors. The three most prominent and particular colonies are the Spanish colony, a few meters from the entrance of the city, the Hungarian Colony, to the southeast, and the Japanese Colony, to the south on the road that leads to Valle Nuevo and San José de Ocoa.


==References==
==References==
Line 457: Line 468:


{{Municipalities of the Dominican Republic}}
{{Municipalities of the Dominican Republic}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Populated places in La Vega Province]]
[[Category:Populated places in La Vega Province]]

Latest revision as of 05:22, 6 August 2024

Constanza
Aerial view of Constanza
Aerial view of Constanza
Constanza is located in the Dominican Republic
Constanza
Constanza
Coordinates: 18°54′36″N 70°45′0″W / 18.91000°N 70.75000°W / 18.91000; -70.75000
Country Dominican Republic
ProvinceLa Vega
Area
[1]
 • Total848.79 km2 (327.72 sq mi)
Elevation
[2]
1,164 m (3,819 ft)
Population
 (2010)[3]
 • Total59,052
 • Density70/km2 (180/sq mi)
 • Urban
25,683
 • Demonym
Constantian
(Spanish: constanceño)
Distance to
 – Santo Domingo
140 km
Municipal Districts
2
ClimateCfb

Constanza is a town and municipality in La Vega Province, Dominican Republic. Located in the Cordillera Central region, Constanza is known for having the coldest temperature for a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, as well as the entire Caribbean.

History

[edit]
Sir Robert Schomburgk

The name of Constanza has its origin in the legend the daughter of a local Native Taíno chief who lived in the valley. Constanza was a sparsely populated area, though several explorers knew the valley in colonial times, and there was a settler named Victoriano Velano who brought European agriculture and ranching culture to the area in 1750.

In 1852, the German-British explorer and consul Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk mentioned the existence of a farm in the valley of Constanza on his way through the region. The town was formally founded in 1894. It was incorporated into a municipality in La Vega Province on September 9, 1907.

On June 14, 1959, a plane landed on a Constanza airstrip with more than forty rebels with the purpose of killing the dictator of the time Rafael Trujillo and starting a communist revolution in the Dominican Republic. They fought guerrilla warfare in the nearby mountains against the Dominican Army for two months before the armed forces managed to end the rebellion by killing all the rebels.

Geography

[edit]
Valley of Constanza.

The town of Constanza is located at a height of 1220 meters (4000 ft) above sea level in the middle of the Cordillera Central (Central Range), the tallest mountain range in the island of Hispaniola and the entire Caribbean region. The annual average temperatures range from 41 °F (5 °C) to 68 °F (20 °C), depending on altitude and time of year. The valley is 8 km long and 4 km wide.

Climate

[edit]
Frosted Hispaniolan pine forest in Valle Nuevo National Park.

Its climate is a temperate oceanic or subtropical highland climate (Köppen Climate Classification Cfb), with cool temperatures and rainfall throughout the year. The average annual temperature varies from less than 10 °C in highlands[4] to 18 °C in town.

People in Constanza, Dominican Republic countryside farm.

In summer, temperatures range between 25 °C to 27 °C during the day, and between 12 °C to 15 °C at night. Wildfires are relatively common. In winter, the temperatures are between 21 and 24 °C at day, and 8 to 12 °C at night. Fog is quite common. The last time that Constanza had freezing temperatures was in 1958; while in Valle Nuevo freezes are usual.[5]

The highest temperature ever recorded in town was 32.5 °C, on October 3, 1957.[6] The coldest temperature was –1 °C, recorded on February 6, 1958.[7]

Climate data for Constanza (2022) (COZ—Expedición 14 de Junio Airport; 1.164 m)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 25.1
(77.2) 		23.7
(74.7) 		24.4
(75.9) 		25.2
(77.4) 		27.1
(80.8) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		26.5
(79.7) 		27.0
(80.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		24.0
(75.2) 		27.4
(81.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.1
(73.6) 		21.0
(69.8) 		22.3
(72.1) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.2
(77.4) 		25.0
(77.0) 		24.7
(76.5) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.4
(74.1) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.5
(74.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 17.9
(64.2) 		17.7
(63.9) 		18.3
(64.9) 		18.8
(65.8) 		19.7
(67.5) 		20.8
(69.4) 		20.1
(68.2) 		20.5
(68.9) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		18.7
(65.7) 		17.7
(63.9) 		18.9
(66.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.3
(55.9) 		13.2
(55.8) 		14.6
(58.3) 		14.9
(58.8) 		15.4
(59.7) 		15.8
(60.4) 		15.7
(60.3) 		16.3
(61.3) 		17.6
(63.7) 		16.0
(60.8) 		14.5
(58.1) 		12.8
(55.0) 		14.5
(58.1)
Record low °C (°F) 9.2
(48.6) 		10.0
(50.0) 		10.9
(51.6) 		12.8
(55.0) 		12.4
(54.3) 		14.0
(57.2) 		14.1
(57.4) 		14.9
(58.8) 		15.6
(60.1) 		14.0
(57.2) 		11.2
(52.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		9.2
(48.6)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 26.9
(1.06) 		31.2
(1.23) 		36.4
(1.43) 		57.8
(2.28) 		167.5
(6.59) 		96.1
(3.78) 		64.3
(2.53) 		133.4
(5.25) 		128.5
(5.06) 		102.0
(4.02) 		70.7
(2.78) 		41.8
(1.65) 		956.6
(37.66)
Average rainy days 6 — — 8 14 9 7 10 11 11 — — —
Source 1: National Bureau of Meteorology (ONAMET) (in Spanish)
Source 2: freemeteo.com [20] — acqweather.com [21] [22]
Climate data for Valle Nuevo, Constanza (Weather station; 2.260 m)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.0
(60.8) 		17.8
(64.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.3
(64.9) 		19.0
(66.2) 		20.7
(69.3) 		20.4
(68.7) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.1
(64.6) 		18.0
(64.4) 		19
(66)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8) 		10.1
(50.2) 		11.1
(52.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		11.4
(52.5) 		12.9
(55.2) 		13.0
(55.4) 		14.0
(57.2) 		14.7
(58.5) 		13.0
(55.4) 		11.1
(52.0) 		10.2
(50.4) 		12.9
(55.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1) 		2.8
(37.0) 		3.9
(39.0) 		4.5
(40.1) 		6.1
(43.0) 		6.0
(42.8) 		7.1
(44.8) 		8.7
(47.7) 		7.9
(46.2) 		7.6
(45.7) 		5.0
(41.0) 		3.5
(38.3) 		5.0
(41.0)
Record low °C (°F) −3.5
(25.7) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		3.8
(38.8) 		4.0
(39.2) 		4.9
(40.8) 		4.9
(40.8) 		6.8
(44.2) 		6.0
(42.8) 		5.6
(42.1) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−7.5
(18.5)
Source: [8]

Economy

[edit]
Constanza, Dominican Republic streets.

The local economy is based on its robust agricultural industry. It has a high production of vegetables and fruits including strawberries, peaches, apples, garlic and potato and other temperate crops due to its unique climate. Due to this, the town of Constanza alone contributes to 4% of the national GDP, while having less than 1% of the Dominican population making it one of the most prosperous municipalities in the country per capita.[9]

Tourism

[edit]
Cabañas in town of Constanza.

Constanza is known for its remarkable mountain climate despite being located in a tropical island. Local tourism is rampant during the winter time. Throughout the rest of the year it is visited because of its proximity to the Ebano Verde Scientific Reserve and also to have the nearest route to the Pico Duarte, the tallest mountain in the country, island, and Caribbean.

Church of Constanza.

Ecology

[edit]

The nearby Ebano Verde Scientific Reserve is the stronghold of the widest variety of flora and fauna of Hispaniola. The mountains surrounding the valley of Constanza are covered in Hispaniolan pine (Pinus occidentalis) forests. Typical endemic fauna seen in the area includes the Hispaniolan palm crow, Antillean siskin, rufous-throated solitaire, Hispaniolan crossbill (whose abundance is directly related to pine cone crop), and Hispaniolan trogon, while at lower elevations the Hispaniolan parrot, scaly-naped pigeon and golden swallow can be seen, many of which are endangered species.

Transportation

[edit]

The town can be reached either by local airlines through the Constanza Airport or through local bus companies.

Demographics

[edit]
Japanese-Dominicans in Constanza

Constanza has 59,052 inhabitants. A large part of its population descends from Spanish immigrants (from Burgos, Palencia and Vizcaya), Hungarians, and Japanese, as well as a smaller number of Arabs, Jews, and Chinese.

The migrants of Constanza usually lived in neighborhoods where they retained the customs of their ancestors. The three most prominent and particular colonies are the Spanish colony, a few meters from the entrance of the city, the Hungarian Colony, to the southeast, and the Japanese Colony, to the south on the road that leads to Valle Nuevo and San José de Ocoa.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Superficies a nivel de municipios, Oficina Nacional de Estadistica Archived April 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
  2. ^ De la Fuente, Santiago (1976). Geografía Dominicana (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Editora Colegial Quisqueyana.
  3. ^ Censo 2012 de Población y Vivienda, Oficina Nacional de Estadistica (in Spanish)
  4. ^ National Bureau of Meteorology (ONAMET). "Pronóstico Turístico Mensual" (PDF) (in Spanish). Santo Domingo. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-28.
  5. ^ National Bureau of Meteorology (Oficina Nacional de Meteorología, ONAMET). "Red de Estaciones Automáticas" (in Spanish). Valle Nuevo. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
  6. ^ Antonio Cocco Quezada. "Efemérides Meteorológicas Dominicanas" [Dominican weather Ephemeris] (in Spanish). ACQ & Asociados. Febrero 06 - 1958. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
  7. ^ Centro de Información Gubernamental—Ministerio de la Presidencia
  8. ^ Contribución al conocimiento del clima de la Isla de Santo Domingo. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
  9. ^ "Economía & Negocios miércoles, 09 de noviembre de 2011 Constanza siembra lo que el país le solicita".
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