Bieszczady Mountains: Difference between revisions

Bieszczady Mountains
Bieszczady Mountains
Bieszczady, Beščady, Бещади, Besszádok
	Mount Pikui, Ukraine. The highest mountain in Bieszczady Mountains
Highest point
Peak	Pikui
Elevation	1,405 m (4,610 ft)
Geography
	Location of Bieszczady Mountains, marked in red color and labeled as C1
Countries	Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine
Regions/Voivodeships	Prešov and Subcarpathian
Range coordinates	49°16′59″N 22°28′59″E / 49.283°N 22.483°E
Parent range	Eastern Beskids
Borders on	Lower Beskids and Pogórze Bukowskie

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Bieszczady Mountains [bʲɛˈʂt͡ʂadɨ] (Polish: Bieszczady; Slovak: Beščady; Ukrainian: Бещади, romanized: Beshchady; Hungarian: Besszádok) is a mountain range that runs from the extreme south-east of Poland and north-east of Slovakia through to western Ukraine. It forms the western part of the Eastern Beskids (Polish: Beskidy Wschodnie; Ukrainian: Східні Бескиди, romanized: Skhidni Beskyky), and is more generally part of the Outer Eastern Carpathians. The mountain range is situated between the Łupków Pass (640 m) and the Vyshkovskyi Pass (933 m). The highest peak of Bieszczady is Mt Pikui (1405 m) in Ukraine. The highest peak of the Polish part is Tarnica (1346 m).^{[citation needed]}

Upper parties of Bieszczady are covered with montane meadows called polonyna (Ukrainian: полонина; Polish: połonina; Slovak: polonina).

Term

The term Bieszczady has been introduced into English from Polish. In Poland, the term usually refers (in the narrower sense) to the Polish part of the Bieszczady region, while in the wider sense it can also refer to the entire region. In Slovakia, the Bieszczady region is known as Beščady, while the Slovak part of the region is called Bukovec Mountains (Slovak: Bukovské vrchy). In Ukraine, the Bieszczady region is known as Beshchady (Ukrainian: Бещади), while various parts of the region often have two or more name variants (unstable terminology), usually containing the word Beščady in combination with some other terms. Historically, the terms Bieszczady/Beščady/Beshchady have been used for hundreds of years to describe the mountains separating the old Kingdom of Hungary from Poland. A Latin language source of 1269 refers to them as "Beschad Alpes Poloniae" (translated as: Bieszczady Mountains of Poland).^[1]

The Polish folk etymology holds the term Bieszczady to have stemmed from the terms Bies and Czad (possibly from Chort) along with the Polish plural y stem giving Bies + czady + y. Some folk stories connect the origin of the mountains to the demonic activity of the Biesy and Czady, while other folk stories tell of the mountains being populated with hordes of Biesy and Czady, hence the name.^[2] Another less probable possibility is the term being related to Middle Low German beshêt, beskēt, meaning watershed.^[3]

Division

Since there exist many variants of divisions of the mountain ranges and names for the Eastern Beskids (and Ukrainian Carpathians in general), several divisions are given in the following:

Division 1:

Western Bieszczady (Polish: Bieszczady Zachodnie; Ukrainian: Західні Бещади, romanized: Zakhidni Beshchady) mainly in Poland and Slovakia, including the Bukovec Mountains (Slovak: Bukovské vrchy)
Eastern Bieszczady (Polish: Bieszczady Wschodnie; Ukrainian: Східні Бещади, romanized: Skhidni Beshchady), mainly in Ukraine, stretching to the Skole Beskids (Polish: Beskidy Skolskie; Ukrainian: Сколівські Бескиди, romanized: Skolivs'ki Beskydy)

Division 2:

Western Bieszczady: between the Łupków Pass and the Użocka (Uzsok Pass - 853 m) with Mt Tarnica (1,346 m) as the highest peak; the Łupków Pass separating the Bieszczady from the Lower Beskids and Pogórze Bukowskie
Central Bieszczady, between the Użocka Pass and the Tukholskyi Pass, with Mt Pikui (1405 m) as the highest peak
Eastern Bieszczady, between the Tukholskyi Pass and the Vyshkovskyi Pass, with Mt Charna Repa (1228m) as the highest peak

Division 3: In an old Ukrainian division, what is defined here as the Bieszczady in a wider sense corresponds to the western part of the Mid-Carpathian Depression and to the westernmost part of the Polonynian Beskids.^{[citation needed]}

History

Settled in prehistoric times, the south-eastern Poland region that is now Bieszczady was overrun in pre-Roman times by various tribes, including the Celts, Goths and Vandals (Przeworsk culture and Puchov culture). After the fall of the Roman Empire, of which most of south-eastern Poland was part (all parts below the San),^{[citation needed]} Hungarians and West Slavs invaded the area.

The region subsequently became part of the Great Moravian state. Upon the invasion of the Hungarian tribes into the heart of the Great Moravian Empire around 899, the Lendians of the area declared their allegiance to the Hungarians. The region then became a site of contention between Poland, Kievan Rus and Hungary starting in at least the 9th century. This area was mentioned for the first time in 981, when Volodymyr the Great of Kievan Rus took the area over on the way into Poland. In 1018 it returned to Poland, 1031 back to Rus, in 1340 Casimir III of Poland recovered it.

Bieszczady was one of the strategically important areas of the Carpathian mountains bitterly contested in battles on the Eastern Front of World War I during the winter of 1914/1915.^[4]

Up until 1947, 84% of the population of the Polish part of the Bieszczadzkie Mountains was Boyko. The killing of the Polish General Karol Świerczewski in Jabłonki by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in 1947 was the direct cause of the replacement of the Boykos, the so-called Operation Vistula. The area was mostly uninhabited afterward. In 2002, then president Aleksander Kwaśniewski expressed regret for this operation.

In 1991, the UNESCO East Carpathian Biosphere Reserve was created that encapsulates a large part of the area and continues into Slovakia and Ukraine. It comprises the Bieszczady National Park (Poland), Poloniny National Park (Slovakia) and the Uzhansky National Nature Park (Ukraine). Animals living in this reserve include, among others, black storks, brown bears, wolves and bison.

Hiking trails

European walking route E8
- Somár - sedlo Baba - Dolná Rakova - Končini - Brezová pod Bradlom - Polianka - Myjava - Veľká Javorina - Nové Mesto nad Váhom - Machnáč - Trenčín - Košecké Rovné - Fačkovské sedlo - Kunešov - Kraľová studňa - Donovaly - Chopok - Čertovica - Telgárt - Skalisko - Štós-kúpele - Skalisko - Chata Lajoška - Košice - Malý Šariš - Prešov - Miháľov - Kurimka - Dukla - Iwonicz-Zdrój – Rymanów-Zdrój - Puławy – Tokarnia (778 m) – Kamień (717 m) – Komańcza - Cisna - Ustrzyki Górne - Wołosate.

Motorsport

The mountains were used as a round in the 2014 International Hill Climb Cup.

Literature

Prof. Jadwiga Warszyńska. Karpaty Polskie : przyroda, człowiek i jego działalność ; Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Kraków, 1995 ISBN 83-233-0852-7.
Prof. Jerzy Kondracki. Geografia fizyczna Polski Warszawa : Państ. Wydaw. Naukowe, 1988, ISBN 83-01-02323-6.

Notes

^ Kazimierz Zarzycki, Zbigniew Głowaciński (1986): Bieszczady (p. 7)
^ Andrzej Potocki. Księga legend i opowieści bieszczadzkich. Libra. 2008 p. 17-20.
^ Zbigniew Gołąb. The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View. Slavica Publishers, Inc., 1992 p. 342. "The Germanic etymology of Bieszczad // Beskid was proposed by prof. Jan Michał Rozwadowski (1914:162, etc). He derives the variant beščad from Germc. biskaid, wchich is represented by MLG besche (beskêt) Trennung and by Scandinavian bêsked, borrowed from [...]"
^ "The Pursuit and Battles at Sanok and Rzeszów (May 6).—After his severe defeat, Radko Dimitriev's plan was to hold the Łupków Pass with his left wing, and, supported upon this, to bring the pursuit to a stand on the line Nowotaniec–Besko-right bank of the Wisłok, where there were positions favoured by the lay of the ground, and then, between the Vistula and the Wisłok, on the line Wielopole-Rzeszów–Mielec. Here he proposed to reconstitute his units, which had fallen into great disorder, and to strengthen them by bringing up reserves. Troops were sent to him from other fronts, and by the 8th he could again dispose of 18 inf. divs., 5 cav. divs. and 5 Reichswehr bdes. The orders were that the offensive was to be continued with all possible vigour. Mackensen's army was to push forward over the stretch of the Wisłok between Besko and Frysztak on Mrzygłód and Tyczyn, and the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand on Rzeszów, while Boroevic was to roll up Brusilov's VIII. Russian Army in the direction of Sanok. Bohm's II. Austrian Army was to join up corps by corps from the left wing in proportion to the progress of the attack."Joly, Ernst (1922). "Dunajec-San, Battles of the" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 864.

Bibliography

Rosa Lehmann, "Social(ist) engineering. Taming the devils of the Polish Bieszczady," Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 42,3 (2009), 423–444.

External links

Bieszczady National Park - in English, with many links.
Bieszczady Photo Gallery (2005)
Bieszczady
East Carpathians Biosphere Reserve
The movie "Bieszczady in 38 hours," showing the beautiful landscape of Bieszczady Mountains in Poland
The movie "Bieszczady in 38 hours," showing the beautiful landscape of Bieszczady Mountains in Poland
Bieszczady Photostory Archived 2016-12-28 at the Wayback Machine

[1] Kazimierz Zarzycki, Zbigniew Głowaciński (1986): Bieszczady (p. 7)

[2] Andrzej Potocki. Księga legend i opowieści bieszczadzkich. Libra. 2008 p. 17-20.

[3] Zbigniew Gołąb. The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View. Slavica Publishers, Inc., 1992 p. 342. "The Germanic etymology of Bieszczad // Beskid was proposed by prof. Jan Michał Rozwadowski (1914:162, etc). He derives the variant beščad from Germc. biskaid, wchich is represented by MLG besche (beskêt) Trennung and by Scandinavian bêsked, borrowed from [...]"

[4] "The Pursuit and Battles at Sanok and Rzeszów (May 6).—After his severe defeat, Radko Dimitriev's plan was to hold the Łupków Pass with his left wing, and, supported upon this, to bring the pursuit to a stand on the line Nowotaniec–Besko-right bank of the Wisłok, where there were positions favoured by the lay of the ground, and then, between the Vistula and the Wisłok, on the line Wielopole-Rzeszów–Mielec. Here he proposed to reconstitute his units, which had fallen into great disorder, and to strengthen them by bringing up reserves. Troops were sent to him from other fronts, and by the 8th he could again dispose of 18 inf. divs., 5 cav. divs. and 5 Reichswehr bdes. The orders were that the offensive was to be continued with all possible vigour. Mackensen's army was to push forward over the stretch of the Wisłok between Besko and Frysztak on Mrzygłód and Tyczyn, and the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand on Rzeszów, while Boroevic was to roll up Brusilov's VIII. Russian Army in the direction of Sanok. Bohm's II. Austrian Army was to join up corps by corps from the left wing in proportion to the progress of the attack."Joly, Ernst (1922). "Dunajec-San, Battles of the" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 864.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Mountain range in Poland, Slovakia, and Ukraine}}
-{{see also|Bieszczady County|Bieszczady National Park}}
-{{Infobox mountain range
+{{Infobox mountain
 <!-- *** Name section *** -->
-| name              = Bieszczady, Бещади
+| name              =
 | native_name       =
-| other_name        = Bieszczady Mountains
+| other_name        = Bieszczady, Beščady, Бещади, Besszádok
 <!-- *** Image *** -->
 | photo             = Після грози.jpg
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 }}
-'''Bieszczady Mountains''' {{IPAc-pl|b|J|e|'|sz|cz|a|d|y}} ({{lang-pl|Bieszczady}}; {{lang-sk|Beščady}}; {{lang-uk|Бещади}}; {{lang-hu|Besszádok}}) is a mountain range that runs from the extreme south-east of [[Poland]] and north-east of [[Slovakia]] through to western [[Ukraine]]. It forms the western part of the [[Eastern Beskids of the Outer Eastern Carpathians|Eastern Beskids]] ({{lang-pl|Beskidy Wschodnie}}; {{lang-uk|Східні Бескиди}}), and is more generally part of the [[Outer Eastern Carpathians]]. The mountain range is situated between the [[Łupków Pass]] (640 m) and the [[Vyshkovskyi Pass]] (933 m). The highest peak of Bieszczady is Mt [[Pikui]] (1405 m) in Ukraine. The highest peak of the Polish part is [[Tarnica]] (1346 m).{{cn|date=December 2018}}
+'''Bieszczady Mountains''' {{IPAc-pl|b|J|e|'|sz|cz|a|d|y}} ({{lang-pl|Bieszczady}}; {{lang-sk|Beščady}}; {{lang-uk|Бещади|Beshchady}}; {{lang-hu|Besszádok}}) is a mountain range that runs from the extreme south-east of [[Poland]] and north-east of [[Slovakia]] through to western [[Ukraine]]. It forms the western part of the [[Eastern Beskids of the Outer Eastern Carpathians|Eastern Beskids]] ({{lang-pl|Beskidy Wschodnie|link=no}}; {{lang-uk|Східні Бескиди|Skhidni Beskyky|link=no}}), and is more generally part of the [[Outer Eastern Carpathians]]. The mountain range is situated between the [[Łupków Pass]] (640 m) and the [[Vyshkovskyi Pass]] (933 m). The highest peak of Bieszczady is Mt [[Pikui]] (1405 m) in Ukraine. The highest peak of the Polish part is [[Tarnica]] (1346 m).{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
+Upper parties of Bieszczady are covered with [[montane meadows]] called ''[[Polonyna (montane meadow)|polonyna]]'' ({{lang-uk|полонина|link=no}}; {{lang-pl|połonina|link=no}}; {{lang-sk|polonina|link=no}}).
 ==Term==
+[[File:Połonina Wetlińska B1.jpg|thumb|290px|A typical trail on [[Połonina Wetlińska]]]]
-The term ''Bieszczady'' was introduced into English from Polish. In Poland, the term usually refers (in narrower sense) to the Polish part of the Bieszczady region, while in wider sense it can also refer to the entire region. In Slovakia, the Bieszczady region is known as ''Beščady'' ({{lang-sk|Beščady}}), while Slovak part of the region is called [[Bukovec Mountains]] ({{lang-sk|Bukovské vrchy}}). In Ukraine, the Bieszczady region is also known as ''Beščady'' ({{lang-uk|Бещади}}), while various parts of the region often have two or more name variants (unstable terminology), usually containing the word ''Beščady'' in combination with some other terms. Historically, the terms ''Bieszczady'' or ''Beščady'' (Бещади) have been used for hundreds of years to describe the mountains separating from the old [[Kingdom of Hungary]] into [[History of Poland|Poland]]. In 1269, they were known by the Latin name "''Beschad Alpes Poloniae''" (translated as: ''Bieszczady Mountains of Poland'').<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3Bq4AAAAIAAJ Kazimierz Zarzycki, Zbigniew Głowaciński (1986): Bieszczady (p. 7)]</ref>
+The term ''Bieszczady'' has been introduced into English from Polish. In Poland, the term usually refers (in the narrower sense) to the Polish part of the Bieszczady region, while in the wider sense it can also refer to the entire region. In Slovakia, the Bieszczady region is known as ''Beščady'', while the Slovak part of the region is called [[Bukovec Mountains]] ({{lang-sk|Bukovské vrchy|link=no}}). In Ukraine, the Bieszczady region is known as Beshchady ({{lang-uk|Бещади|link=no}}), while various parts of the region often have two or more name variants (unstable terminology), usually containing the word ''Beščady'' in combination with some other terms. Historically, the terms ''Bieszczady''/''Beščady''/''Beshchady'' have been used for hundreds of years to describe the mountains separating the old [[Kingdom of Hungary]] from [[History of Poland|Poland]]. A Latin language source of 1269 refers to them as "''Beschad Alpes Poloniae''" (translated as: ''Bieszczady Mountains of Poland'').<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3Bq4AAAAIAAJ Kazimierz Zarzycki, Zbigniew Głowaciński (1986): Bieszczady (p. 7)]</ref>
-The term Bieszczady is thought to have stemmed from the terms ''[[Bies]]'' and ''Czad'' (possibly from ''[[Chort]]'') along with the Polish plural ''y'' stem giving ''Bies + czady + y''. Some folk stories connect the origin of the mountains to the demonic activity of the ''Biesy'' and ''Czady'', while other folk stories tell of the mountains being populated with hordes of ''Biesy'' and ''Czady'', hence the name.<ref>Andrzej Potocki. ''Księga legend i opowieści bieszczadzkich''. Libra. 2008 p. 17-20.</ref> Another less probable possibility is the term being related to [[Middle Low German]] ''beshêt'', ''beskēt'', meaning [[Water divide|watershed]].<ref>Zbigniew Gołąb. ''The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View''. Slavica Publishers, Inc., 1992 p. 342. "The Germanic etymology of Bieszczad // Beskid was proposed by prof. [[Jan Michał Rozwadowski]] (1914:162, etc). He derives the variant ''beščad'' from Germc. ''biskaid'', wchich is represented by MLG ''besche'' (''beskêt'') '''Trennung''' and by Scandinavian ''bêsked'', borrowed from [...]"</ref>
+The Polish [[folk etymology]] holds the term Bieszczady to have stemmed from the terms ''[[Bies]]'' and ''Czad'' (possibly from ''[[Chort]]'') along with the Polish plural ''y'' stem giving ''Bies + czady + y''. Some folk stories connect the origin of the mountains to the demonic activity of the ''Biesy'' and ''Czady'', while other folk stories tell of the mountains being populated with hordes of ''Biesy'' and ''Czady'', hence the name.<ref>Andrzej Potocki. ''Księga legend i opowieści bieszczadzkich''. Libra. 2008 p. 17-20.</ref> Another less probable possibility is the term being related to [[Middle Low German]] ''beshêt'', ''beskēt'', meaning [[Water divide|watershed]].<ref>Zbigniew Gołąb. ''The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View''. Slavica Publishers, Inc., 1992 p. 342. "The Germanic etymology of Bieszczad // Beskid was proposed by prof. [[Jan Michał Rozwadowski]] (1914:162, etc). He derives the variant ''beščad'' from Germc. ''biskaid'', wchich is represented by MLG ''besche'' (''beskêt'') '''Trennung''' and by Scandinavian ''bêsked'', borrowed from [...]"</ref>
 ==Division==
@@ Line 47: / Line 50: @@
 Division 1:
-* [[Western Bieszczady]] ({{lang-pl|Bieszczady Zachodnie}}; {{lang-uk|Західні Бещади}}) mainly in Poland and Slovakia, including the [[Bukovec Mountains]] ({{lang-sk|Bukovské vrchy}})
+* [[Western Bieszczady]] ({{lang-pl|Bieszczady Zachodnie|link=no}}; {{lang-uk|Західні Бещади|Zakhidni Beshchady|link=no}}) mainly in Poland and Slovakia, including the [[Bukovec Mountains]] ({{lang-sk|Bukovské vrchy|link=no}})
-* [[Eastern Bieszczady]] ({{lang-pl|Bieszczady Wschodnie}}; {{lang-uk|Східні Бещади}}), mainly in Ukraine, stretching to the [[Skole Beskids]] ({{lang-pl|Beskidy Skolskie}}; {{lang-uk|Сколівські Бескиди}})
+* [[Eastern Bieszczady]] ({{lang-pl|Bieszczady Wschodnie|link=no}}; {{lang-uk|Східні Бещади|Skhidni Beshchady|link=no}}), mainly in Ukraine, stretching to the [[Skole Beskids]] ({{lang-pl|Beskidy Skolskie|link=no}}; {{lang-uk|Сколівські Бескиди|Skolivs'ki Beskydy|link=no}})
-[[File:PanoramaWetlCar.jpg|thumb|right|456px|Bieszczady. A panoramic view from [[Połonina Wetlińska]] in the direction of Połonina Caryńska and [[Tarnica]] peaks, and [[Ustrzyki Górne]] (town).]]
+[[File:02023 0650 Carynska Meadow photographs taken on 2023-08-12.jpg|290px|thumb|Bieszczady. A panoramic view from [[Połonina Wetlińska]] in the direction of [[Połonina Caryńska]] and [[Tarnica]] peaks.]]
 Division 2:
 * Western Bieszczady: between the Łupków Pass and the Użocka (Uzsok Pass - 853 m) with Mt [[Tarnica]] (1,346 m) as the highest peak; the Łupków Pass separating the Bieszczady from the [[Lower Beskids]] and [[Pogórze Bukowskie]]
@@ Line 56: / Line 59: @@
 Division 3:
-In an old Ukrainian division, what is defined here as the Bieszczady in a wider sense corresponds to the western part of the [[Mid-Carpathian Depression]] and to the westernmost part of the Polonynian Beskids.{{cn|date=December 2018}}
+In an old Ukrainian division, what is defined here as the Bieszczady in a wider sense corresponds to the western part of the [[Mid-Carpathian Depression]] and to the westernmost part of the Polonynian Beskids.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
 ==History==
-{{moresources|section|date=December 2018}}
+{{more citations needed|section|date=December 2018}}
 Settled in prehistoric times, the south-eastern Poland region that is now  Bieszczady was overrun in pre-Roman times by various tribes, including the [[Celts]], [[Goths]] and [[Vandals]] ([[Przeworsk culture]] and [[Puchov culture]]). After the fall of the Roman Empire, of which most of south-eastern Poland was part (all parts below the [[San River|San]]),{{citation needed|date=November 2010}} [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]] and [[West Slavs]] invaded the area.
@@ Line 64: / Line 68: @@
 Bieszczady was one of the strategically important areas of the Carpathian mountains bitterly contested in battles on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] of World War I during the winter of 1914/1915.<ref>
 "''The Pursuit and Battles at Sanok and Rzeszów (May 6).''—After his severe defeat, [[Radko Dimitriev]]'s plan was to hold the Łupków Pass with his left wing, and, supported upon this, to bring the pursuit to a stand on the line [[Nowotaniec]]&ndash;[[Besko]]-right bank of the [[Wisłok]], where there were positions favoured by the lay of the ground, and then, between the [[Vistula]] and the Wisłok, on the line Wielopole-[[Rzeszów]]&ndash;[[Mielec]].
 Here he proposed to reconstitute his units, which had fallen into great disorder, and to strengthen them by bringing up reserves. Troops were sent to him from other fronts, and by the 8th he could again dispose of 18 inf. divs., 5 cav. divs. and 5 Reichswehr bdes. The orders were that the offensive was to be continued with all possible vigour. Mackensen's army was to push forward over the stretch of the Wisłok between [[Besko]] and [[Frysztak]] on [[Mrzygłód]] and [[Tyczyn]], and the [[Archduke Josef Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany|Archduke Joseph Ferdinand]] on Rzeszów, while [[Svetozar Boroević|Boroevic]] was to roll up [[Aleksei Brusilov|Brusilov]]'s  VIII. Russian Army in the direction of [[Sanok]]. [[Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli|Bohm's]] II. Austrian Army was to join up corps by corps from the left wing in proportion to the progress of the attack."{{cite EB1922|wstitle=Dunajec-San, Battles of the|volume=30|page=864|first=Ernst|last=Joly}}</ref>
@@ Line 74: / Line 78: @@
 ==Hiking trails==
 * [[European walking route E8]]
-**[[Somár]] - [[sedlo Baba]] - [[Dolná Rakova]] - [[Končini]] - [[Brezová pod Bradlom]] - [[Polianka]] - [[Myjava]] - [[Veľká Javorina]] - [[Nové Mesto nad Váhom]] - [[Machnáč]] - [[Trenčín]] - [[Košecké Rovné]] - [[Fačkovské sedlo]] - [[Kunešov]] - [[Kraľová studňa]] - [[Donovaly]] - [[Chopok]] - [[Čertovica]] - [[Telgárt]] - [[Skalisko]] - [[Štós-kúpele]] - [[Skalisko]] - [[Chata Lajoška]] - [[Košice]] - [[Malý Šariš]] - [[Prešov]] - [[Miháľov]] - [[Kurimka]] - [[Dukla]] - [[Iwonicz-Zdrój]] – [[Rymanów-Zdrój]] - [[Puławy (województwo podkarpackie)|Puławy]] – [[Tokarnia (peak)|Tokarnia]] (778 m) – [[Kamień (nad Rzepedzią)|Kamień]] (717 m) – [[Komańcza]] - [[Cisna]] - [[Ustrzyki Górne]] - [[Wołosate]].
+**[[Somár]] - [[sedlo Baba]] - [[Dolná Rakova]] - [[Končini]] - [[Brezová pod Bradlom]] - [[Polianka, Slovakia|Polianka]] - [[Myjava]] - [[Veľká Javorina]] - [[Nové Mesto nad Váhom]] - [[Machnáč]] - [[Trenčín]] - [[Košecké Rovné]] - [[Fačkovské sedlo]] - [[Kunešov]] - [[Kraľová studňa]] - [[Donovaly]] - [[Chopok]] - [[Čertovica]] - [[Telgárt]] - [[Skalisko]] - [[Štós-kúpele]] - [[Skalisko]] - [[Chata Lajoška]] - [[Košice]] - [[Malý Šariš]] - [[Prešov]] - [[Miháľov]] - [[Kurimka]] - [[Dukla]] - [[Iwonicz-Zdrój]] – [[Rymanów-Zdrój]] - [[Puławy (województwo podkarpackie)|Puławy]] – [[Tokarnia (peak)|Tokarnia]] (778 m) – [[Kamień (nad Rzepedzią)|Kamień]] (717 m) – [[Komańcza]] - [[Cisna]] - [[Ustrzyki Górne]] - [[Wołosate]].
-==Hillclimb==
+==Motorsport==
-The mountain was used as a round in the [[2014 International Hill Climb Cup]].
+The mountains were used as a round in the [[2014 International Hill Climb Cup]].
 ==Literature==
@@ Line 87: / Line 91: @@
 ==Bibliography==
-* Rosa Lehmann, "Social(ist) engineering. Taming the devils of the Polish Bieszczady," ''Communist and Post-Communist Studies'', 42,3 (2009), 423-444.
+* Rosa Lehmann, "Social(ist) engineering. Taming the devils of the Polish Bieszczady," ''Communist and Post-Communist Studies'', 42,3 (2009), 423–444.
 ==External links==
+{{sister project links|auto=1}}
-{{Wikivoyage|Bieszczady}}
-{{commons and category}}
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070124022739/http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/pnp/bies.htm Bieszczady National Park] - in English, with many links.
 * [http://www.zgodzinski.com/galeria/6_g-bieszczady-2005_0.html Bieszczady Photo Gallery (2005)]
@@ Line 98: / Line 101: @@
 * [http://vimeo.com/groups/bieszczady/videos/46561794 The movie "Bieszczady in 38 hours," showing the beautiful landscape of Bieszczady Mountains in Poland]
 * [http://vimeo.com/groups/bieszczady/videos/46561794 The movie "Bieszczady in 38 hours," showing the beautiful landscape of Bieszczady Mountains in Poland]
-* [https://www.am-cycling.com/bieszczady/ Bieszczady Photostory]
+* [https://www.am-cycling.com/bieszczady/ Bieszczady Photostory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228125413/https://www.am-cycling.com/bieszczady/ |date=2016-12-28 }}
 {{Authority control}}

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