Harkat-ul-Mujahideen: Difference between revisions

Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
	Flag of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
Leaders	Sajjad Afghani; Fazlur Rehman Khalil
Dates of operation	1985–present
Headquarters	Pakistan
Ideology	Islamism, jihadism
Notable attacks	Indian Airlines Flight 814
Status	Designated as a terrorist group by Bahrain; Canada; United Kingdom; United States; India;
Part of	United Jihad Council
Allies	State allies; Pakistan; Non-state allies; Al-Qaeda Al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent; ; Lashkar-e-Taiba; Jaish-e-Mohammed; Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind; Harkat-ul-Jihadi al-Islami; Hizbul Mujahideen;
Opponents	India
Battles and wars	Soviet-Afghan war Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir

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Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (Urdu: حرکت المجاہدین, lit. 'Mujahideen movement'; abbreviated HUM) is a Pakistan-based Islamist jihadist group operating primarily in Kashmir.^[9] The group have been considered as having links to Osama bin Laden and Mullah Omar.^[10]

The group has been designated as a terrorist organization by Bahrain, the United Nations, the United Kingdom and the United States. In response the organization changed its name to Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.^[9]^[11]^[12] The group splintered from Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami (HuJI), a Pakistani group formed in 1980 to fight the Soviet military in Afghanistan.^[7] The Government of India has declared and banned HuM as a jihad organisation.^[5]

Post Soviet–Afghan War

Harkat-ul-Mujahideen was originally formed as a splinter group of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami in 1985.^[12] In 1989, at the end of Soviet–Afghan war, the group entered Kashmiri politics by use of militants under the leadership of Sajjad Afghani and Muzaffar Ahmad Baba Alias Mukhtar. In 1993 the group merged with Harkat-ul-Jehad-al-Islami to form Harkat-ul-Ansar.^[12]

Immediately following the merger India arrested three senior members: Nasrullah Mansur Langaryal, chief of the former Harkat-ul Mujahideen in November 1993; Maulana Masood Azhar, General Secretary in February 1994, and Sajjad Afghani (Sajjad Sajid) in the same month in Srinagar. Muzaffar Ahmad Baba was killed in an encounter at Pandan Nowhatta with the BSF in January 1994.^{[citation needed]}

As a response the group carried out several kidnappings in an attempt to free their leaders, all of which failed. It was linked to the Kashmiri group al-Faran that kidnapped five Western tourists in Kashmir in July 1995; one, Hans Christian Ostrø, was killed in August 1995 and the other four reportedly were killed in December of the same year.

In 1997, the United States designated Harkat-ul-Ansar as a terrorist organization, and in response it renamed itself to Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.^[12]

In 1999, Sajjad was killed during a jailbreak which led to the hijacking, by the group, of Indian Airlines Flight 814 in December, which led to the release of Maulana Masood Azhar, Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh and Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar by the Indian Government. Azhar did not, however, return to the HUM, choosing instead to form the Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM), a rival militant group expressing a more radical line than the HUM, in early 2000.

Post 9/11 attacks

The group again came to the attention of the US after the 9/11 attacks, leading President George W. Bush to ban the group, this time under its Harkat-ul-Mujahideen moniker, on 25 September 2001.^[12]

The long-time leader of the group, Fazlur Rehman Khalil, in mid-February 2000 stepped down as HUM emir, turning the reins over to the popular Kashmiri commander and his second-in-command, Farooq Kashmiri. Khalil assumed the position of HUM Secretary General.

HUM is thought to have several thousand armed supporters located in Pakistani Kashmir, and India's southern Kashmir and Doda regions. It uses light and heavy machine guns, assault rifles, mortars, explosives, and rockets. HUM lost some of its membership due to defections to the Jaish-e-Mohammed.

The group is based in Muzaffarabad, Rawalpindi, and several other towns in Pakistan and Afghanistan, but members conduct insurgent and terrorist activities primarily in Kashmir.

The group's current leader, Fazlur Rehman Khalil, lives openly in the Islamabad suburb of Golra Sharif. He has denied having any contact with Osama bin Laden.^[13]

According to The New York Times, Osama Bin Laden's seized cellphones attest Harkat-ul-Mujahideen's continued contact with Osama Bin Laden and its bases and fighters shared with the Taliban over the years following the war in Afghanistan.^[8]

Designation as terrorist organization

The countries and organizations below have officially listed the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM) as a terrorist organization.

Country	Date	References
Bahrain		^[1]
Canada	27 November 2002	^[2]
India		^[14]
United Kingdom	14 October 2005	^[15]
United States		^[4]

Harkat ul-Ansar

Harkat ul-Ansar (HuA) was an Islamic terrorist organization founded by Abdelkader Mokhtari in 1993. It was the result of a merger between Harkat-ul-Mujahideen and Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami (HuJI). Many of its operations were conducted in Jammu and Kashmir.^[16]^[17]

Soon after its founding, several members of its leadership were arrested by Indian Security Forces. In November 1993, the former head of HuM, Nasrullah Mansur Langrayal, was arrested.^{[citation needed]} In February 1994, the HuA general secretary, Maulana Masood Azhar and chief commander, Sajjad Afghani, were captured in the Chattargul area of Anantnag district.^[17]

It was labeled a terrorist organization in 1997 by the United States because of its connections with Saudi terrorist Osama bin Laden.^[16]^[18] The ban severely limited the funding of the group, and as a result HuA was reorganized as a reincarnated Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. At the time, Azhar split from the group to form Jaish-e-Mohammed.^[16]^[19] In 1998, U.S.'s Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in its report stated, "HuA, an Islamic terrorist organisation that Pakistan supports in its proxy war against Indian forces in Kashmir, increasingly is using terrorist tactics against Westerners and random attacks on civilians that could involve Westerners to promote its pan-Islamic agenda." CIA also stated that Hua had abducted at least 13 persons, of which 12 were from western countries in the period from early 1994 to 1998.^[20]^[21]

References

^ ^a ^b "Bahrain Terrorist List (individuals – entities)". Mofa.gov.bh. 13 February 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
^ ^a ^b "About the listing process". Public Safety Canada. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ Terrorism Act 2000 (11, Schedule 2). 2000. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ ^a ^b "Country Reports on Terrorism 2011 Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ ^a ^b "List of Banned Organisations". Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI. Government of India. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
^ ^a ^b Pakistan Archived 19 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Mapping Militants. Stanford University.
^ ^a ^b In the Spotlight: Harkat ul-Jihad-I-Islami (HuJI)Center for Defense Information 16 August 2004 Archived 11 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b Carlotta Gall; Pir Zubair Shah; Eric Schmitt (24 June 2011). "Seized Cellphone Offers Clues To Bin Laden's Pakistani Links". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
^ ^a ^b Indictment of John Walker Lindh Archived 29 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine American Rhetoric February, 2002
^ Gutman, Roy (18 January 2020). How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban, and the Hijacking of ... – Roy Gutman – Google Books. US Institute of Peace Press. ISBN 9781601270245. Archived from the original on 18 January 2020.
^ "United States State Department". 2001-2009.state.gov. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Harkat-ul-Mujahideen". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
^ Terror leader lives freely near Pakistani capital Archived 13 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Dawn (newspaper), 16 June 2011
^ "NIA :: Banned Terrorist Organisations". Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ "Proscribed Organisations". Terrorism Act 2000 (sched. 2). UK Public General Acts. Vol. 2000 c. 11. 20 July 2000. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Harkat ul-Ansar". South Asia Terrorism Portal. 2001. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
^ ^a ^b Sahni, Sati (1999). "Who are the Harkat-ul-Ansar?". Rediff. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
^ "US puts Harakat and its affiliates on terror list". Dawn news. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
^ "Recast Harkat-ul-Ansar stoking anti-India sentiments in Kashmir". Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
^ "India fortifying case to put Jaish on ban list". The Hindu. 4 March 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
^ "Afridi's cousin killed in J&K: BSF". rediff.com. 12 September 2003. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2019.

[Mofa.gov.bh-1] "Bahrain Terrorist List (individuals – entities)". Mofa.gov.bh. 13 February 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.

[PublicSafetyCanada-2] "About the listing process". Public Safety Canada. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2018.

[3] Terrorism Act 2000 (11, Schedule 2). 2000. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[auto-4] "Country Reports on Terrorism 2011 Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2015.

[MHA_BanList-5] "List of Banned Organisations". Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI. Government of India. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.

[map-6] Pakistan Archived 19 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Mapping Militants. Stanford University.

[cdi.org-7] In the Spotlight: Harkat ul-Jihad-I-Islami (HuJI)Center for Defense Information 16 August 2004 Archived 11 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine

[cellphone-8] Carlotta Gall; Pir Zubair Shah; Eric Schmitt (24 June 2011). "Seized Cellphone Offers Clues To Bin Laden's Pakistani Links". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2011.

[Indictment_of_John_Walker_Lindh-9] Indictment of John Walker Lindh Archived 29 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine American Rhetoric February, 2002

[Roy-10] Gutman, Roy (18 January 2020). How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban, and the Hijacking of ... – Roy Gutman – Google Books. US Institute of Peace Press. ISBN 9781601270245. Archived from the original on 18 January 2020.

[11] "United States State Department". 2001-2009.state.gov. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2020.

[satp-12] "Harkat-ul-Mujahideen". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011.

[13] Terror leader lives freely near Pakistani capital Archived 13 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Dawn (newspaper), 16 June 2011

[14] "NIA :: Banned Terrorist Organisations". Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2015.

[15] "Proscribed Organisations". Terrorism Act 2000 (sched. 2). UK Public General Acts. Vol. 2000 c. 11. 20 July 2000. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013.

[satp-hua-16] "Harkat ul-Ansar". South Asia Terrorism Portal. 2001. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2009.

[rediff1999-17] Sahni, Sati (1999). "Who are the Harkat-ul-Ansar?". Rediff. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2009.

[18] "US puts Harakat and its affiliates on terror list". Dawn news. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2014.

[19] "Recast Harkat-ul-Ansar stoking anti-India sentiments in Kashmir". Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2013.

[The_Hindu_India_fortifying-20] "India fortifying case to put Jaish on ban list". The Hindu. 4 March 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2019.

[Afridi's_cousin-21] "Afridi's cousin killed in J&K: BSF". rediff.com. 12 September 2003. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2019.

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@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
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 |active=1985–present
 |ideology= [[Islamism]], [[jihadism]]
@@ Line 16: / Line 17: @@
 |area=
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-|partof=[[United Jihad Council]]<ref name="map">[http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/pak Pakistan]. ''Mapping Militants''. [[Stanford University]].</ref>
+|partof=[[United Jihad Council]]<ref name="map">[http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/pak Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319070309/http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/pak |date=19 March 2023 }}. ''Mapping Militants''. [[Stanford University]].</ref>
 |previous=
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+*{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Al-Qaeda]]<ref name=cellphone>{{cite news|title=Seized Cellphone Offers Clues To Bin Laden's Pakistani Links|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/asia/24pakistan.html?pagewanted=1&hp|access-date=24 June 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 June 2011|author=Carlotta Gall|author2=Pir Zubair Shah|author3=Eric Schmitt|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119214220/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/asia/24pakistan.html?pagewanted=1&hp|url-status=live}}</ref>
+**[[Al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent]]
 *{{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg}} [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]
 *{{flagicon image|Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg}} [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]
 *{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind]]
-*[[Al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent]]
 *[[Harkat-ul-Jihadi al-Islami]]
+*[[Hizbul Mujahideen]]<ref name="map"/>
-*[[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]]
+|opponents= {{flag|India}}
-<ref name="map">[http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/pak Pakistan]. ''Mapping Militants''. [[Stanford University]].</ref>
-|opponents= [[File:Flag_of_India.svg|22px]] [[India]]
 |battles= [[Soviet-Afghan war]]
 [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
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+*{{flag|United Kingdom}}<ref>{{cite act |title=[[Terrorism Act 2000]] |number=11 |year=2000 |article=2 |articletype=Schedule |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2 |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-date=21 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121085241/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
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+*{{flag|United States}}<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2011/195553.htm|title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2011 Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations|work=U.S. Department of State|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102184847/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2011/195553.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
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 }}
-'''Harkat-ul-Mujahideen- al-Islami''' ({{lang-ur|{{nq|حرکت المجاہدین الاسلامی}}}}; {{small|abbreviated}} '''HUM''') is a [[Pakistan]]-based Islamic jihad group operating primarily in [[Kashmir]].<ref name="Indictment of John Walker Lindh">[http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/lindhindictment.htm Indictment of John Walker Lindh] ''American Rhetoric'' February, 2002</ref>  The group have been considered as having links to [[Osama bin Laden]] and [[Al-Qaeda]].<br/>
+'''Harkat-ul-Mujahideen''' ({{lang-ur|{{nq|حرکت المجاہدین}}|lit=Mujahideen movement}}; {{small|abbreviated}} '''HUM''') is a [[Pakistan]]-based [[Islamist]] [[jihadist]] group operating primarily in [[Kashmir]].<ref name="Indictment of John Walker Lindh">[http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/lindhindictment.htm Indictment of John Walker Lindh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029074939/https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/lindhindictment.htm |date=29 October 2021 }} ''American Rhetoric'' February, 2002</ref> The group have been considered as having links to [[Osama bin Laden]] and [[Mullah Omar]].<ref name="Roy">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9eqvc-Ru3cC&pg=PA242|title=How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban, and the Hijacking of ... – Roy Gutman – Google Books|date=18 January 2020|isbn=9781601270245|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118124452/https://books.google.com/books?id=A9eqvc-Ru3cC&pg=PA242|archive-date=18 January 2020|last1=Gutman|first1=Roy|publisher=US Institute of Peace Press }}</ref>
-the group has been designated as a [[terrorist organization]]<!-- see link for inclusion of national bodies --> by Bahrain, the United Nations, the United Kingdom and the United States.  In response the organization changed its name to Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.<ref name="Indictment of John Walker Lindh"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm |title=United States State Department |publisher=2001-2009.state.gov |access-date=2020-07-24}}</ref><ref name='satp'>{{cite web | url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/harkatul_mujahideen.htm | title = Harkat-ul-Mujahideen | access-date = 2011-06-24 | publisher = South Asia Terrorism Portal}}</ref> The group splintered from [[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami]] (HuJI), a Pakistani group formed in 1980 to fight the Soviet military in Afghanistan.<ref>[http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm?DocumentID=2374&from_page=../index.cfm In the Spotlight: Harkat ul-Jihad-I-Islami (HuJI)]''Center for Defense Information'' 16 August 2004 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311124005/http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm?DocumentID=2374&from_page=..%2Findex.cfm |date=11 March 2009 }}</ref> The [[Government of India]] has declared and banned HuM as a jihad organisation.<ref name="MHA_BanList">{{cite web|title=List of Banned Organisations|url=https://mha.gov.in/banned-organisations|website=Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI|publisher=Government of India|access-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503233101/https://mha.gov.in/banned-organisations |archive-date= 3 May 2018}}</ref>
+The group has been designated as a [[terrorist organization]]<!-- see link for inclusion of national bodies --> by Bahrain, the United Nations, the United Kingdom and the United States.  In response the organization changed its name to Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.<ref name="Indictment of John Walker Lindh"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm |title=United States State Department |publisher=2001-2009.state.gov |access-date=2020-07-24 |archive-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117015042/https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name='satp'>{{cite web | url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/harkatul_mujahideen.htm | title = Harkat-ul-Mujahideen | access-date = 2011-06-24 | publisher = South Asia Terrorism Portal | archive-date = 29 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629184204/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/harkatul_mujahideen.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> The group splintered from [[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami]] (HuJI), a Pakistani group formed in 1980 to fight the Soviet military in Afghanistan.<ref name="cdi.org"/> The [[Government of India]] has declared and banned HuM as a jihad organisation.<ref name="MHA_BanList"/>
 ==Post Soviet–Afghan War==
@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 The group again came to the attention of the US after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|9/11 attacks]], leading President [[George W. Bush]] to ban the group, this time under its Harkat-ul-Mujahideen moniker, on 25 September 2001.<ref name='satp'/>
-Long-time leader of the group, [[Fazlur Rehman Khalil]], in mid-February 2000 stepped down as HUM ''emir'', turning the reins over to the popular Kashmiri commander and his second-in-command, Farooq Kashmiri. Khalil assumed the position of HUM Secretary General.
+The long-time leader of the group, [[Fazlur Rehman Khalil]], in mid-February 2000 stepped down as HUM ''emir'', turning the reins over to the popular Kashmiri commander and his second-in-command, Farooq Kashmiri. Khalil assumed the position of HUM Secretary General.
-HUM is thought to have several thousand armed supporters located in Pakistani Kashmir, and India's southern Kashmir and Doda regions. It uses light and heavy machineguns, assault rifles, mortars, explosives, and rockets. HUM lost some of its membership due to defections to the Jaish-e-Mohammed.
+HUM is thought to have several thousand armed supporters located in Pakistani Kashmir, and India's southern Kashmir and Doda regions. It uses light and heavy machine guns, assault rifles, mortars, explosives, and rockets. HUM lost some of its membership due to defections to the Jaish-e-Mohammed.
 The group is based in [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Rawalpindi]], and several other towns in Pakistan and Afghanistan, but members conduct insurgent and terrorist activities primarily in Kashmir.
-The group's current leader, Fazlur Rehman Khalil, lives openly in the [[Islamabad]] suburb of [[Golra Sharif]]. He has denied having any contact with Osama bin Laden.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2011/06/16/terror-leader-lives-freely-near-pakistani-capital.html Terror leader lives freely near Pakistani capital], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)]]'', 16 June 2011</ref>
+The group's current leader, Fazlur Rehman Khalil, lives openly in the [[Islamabad]] suburb of [[Golra Sharif]]. He has denied having any contact with Osama bin Laden.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2011/06/16/terror-leader-lives-freely-near-pakistani-capital.html Terror leader lives freely near Pakistani capital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313041521/http://www.dawn.com/2011/06/16/terror-leader-lives-freely-near-pakistani-capital.html |date=13 March 2012 }}, ''[[Dawn (newspaper)]]'', 16 June 2011</ref>
-According to ''The New York Times'', Osama Bin Laden's seized cellphones attest Harkat-ul-Mujahideen's continued contact with Osama Bin Laden and its bases and fighters shared with the [[Taliban]] over the years following the [[war in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]].<ref name=cellphone>{{cite news|title=Seized Cellphone Offers Clues To Bin Laden's Pakistani Links|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/asia/24pakistan.html?pagewanted=1&hp|access-date=24 June 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 June 2011|author=Carlotta Gall|author2=Pir Zubair Shah|author3=Eric Schmitt}}</ref>
+According to ''The New York Times'', Osama Bin Laden's seized cellphones attest Harkat-ul-Mujahideen's continued contact with Osama Bin Laden and its bases and fighters shared with the [[Taliban]] over the years following the [[war in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]].<ref name=cellphone/>
 ==Designation as terrorist organization==
-Countries and organizations below have officially listed the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM) as a terrorist organization.
+The countries and organizations below have officially listed the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM) as a terrorist organization.
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 |{{BHR}}
 |
+|<ref name="Mofa.gov.bh"/>
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=12342&language=en-US |title=Bahrain Terrorist List (individuals – entities) |publisher=Mofa.gov.bh |date=2014-02-13 |access-date=2020-07-24}}</ref>
 |-
 |{{flag|Canada}}
 |27 November 2002
+|<ref name="PublicSafetyCanada"/>
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx|title=About the listing process|publisher=Public Safety Canada|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref>
 |-
 |{{flag|India}}
@@ Line 94: / Line 94: @@
 |{{flag|United Kingdom}}
 |14 October 2005
-|<ref>{{cite act |title=[[Terrorism Act 2000]] |number=11 |year=2000 |article=2 |articletype=Schedule |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2}}</ref>
+|<ref>{{cite act |title=Terrorism Act 2000 |title-link=Terrorism Act 2000 |date=2000-07-20 |orig-section=sched. 2 |chapter=Proscribed Organisations |reporter=UK Public General Acts |volume=2000 c. 11 |chapter-url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121085241/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2 |archive-date=2013-01-21 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 |{{flag|United States}}
 |
+|<ref name="auto"/>
-|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2011/195553.htm|title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2011 Chapter 6. Foreign Terrorist Organizations|work=U.S. Department of State|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>
 |}
 ==Harkat ul-Ansar==
-{{Redirect|Harakat al-Ansar|former Baloch jihadist group also known as “Harakat al-Ansar”|Harakat Ansar Iran}}
+{{Redirect|Harakat al-Ansar|former Baloch jihadist group also known as "Harakat al-Ansar"|Harakat Ansar Iran}}
 '''Harkat ul-Ansar''' ('''HuA''') was an [[Islam]]ic terrorist organization founded by [[Abdelkader Mokhtari]] in 1993. It was the result of a merger between Harkat-ul-Mujahideen and [[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami]] (HuJI). Many of its operations were conducted in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=satp-hua>{{cite web
   | title = Harkat ul-Ansar
@@ Line 108: / Line 108: @@
   | date = 2001
   | url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/harkat_ul_ansar_or_harkat_ul_jehad_e_islami.htm
-  | access-date = 2009-02-04}}</ref><ref name=rediff1999>{{cite news
+  | access-date = 2009-02-04
+  | archive-date = 4 February 2009
+  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090204072846/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/harkat_ul_ansar_or_harkat_ul_jehad_e_islami.htm
+  | url-status = live
+  }}</ref><ref name=rediff1999>{{cite news
   | last = Sahni
   | first = Sati
@@ Line 115: / Line 119: @@
   | date = 1999
   | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/dec/31harkat.htm
-  | access-date = 2009-02-04}}</ref>
+  | access-date = 2009-02-04
+  | archive-date = 5 November 2021
+  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211105214521/https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/dec/31harkat.htm
+  | url-status = live
+  }}</ref>
 Soon after its founding, several members of its leadership were arrested by [[Indian Security Forces]]. In November 1993, the former head of HuM, Nasrullah Mansur Langrayal, was arrested.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} In February 1994, the HuA general secretary, [[Maulana Masood Azhar]] and chief commander, [[Sajjad Afghani]], were captured in the Chattargul area of [[Anantnag district]].<ref name=rediff1999/>
-It was labeled a terrorist organization in 1997 by the [[United States]] because of its connections with [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] terrorist [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref name=satp-hua/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1123996|title= US puts Harakat and its affiliates on terror list|access-date=8 August 2014|publisher=Dawn news}}</ref> The ban severely limited the funding of the group, and as a result HuA was reorganized as a reincarnated Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.  At the time, Azhar split from the group to form [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].<ref name=satp-hua/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/Recast-Harkat-ul-Ansar-stoking-anti-India-sentiments-in-Kashmir/articleshow/19206329.cms|title=Recast Harkat-ul-Ansar stoking anti-India sentiments in Kashmir|access-date=26 May 2013|publisher=Times of India}}</ref> In 1998, U.S.'s [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) in its report stated, "HuA, an Islamic terrorist organisation that Pakistan supports in its proxy war against Indian forces in Kashmir, increasingly is using terrorist tactics against Westerners and random attacks on civilians that could involve Westerners to promote its pan-Islamic agenda." CIA also stated that Hua had abducted at least 13 persons of which 12 were from western countries in the period from early 1994 to 1998.<ref name="The Hindu India fortifying">{{cite news |title=India fortifying case to put Jaish on ban list |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/india-fortifying-case-to-put-jaish-on-ban-list/article26426600.ece |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=4 March 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Afridi's cousin">{{cite news |title=Afridi's cousin killed in J&K: BSF |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/12jk.htm |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=rediff.com |date=12 September 2003}}</ref>
+It was labeled a terrorist organization in 1997 by the [[United States]] because of its connections with [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] terrorist [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref name=satp-hua/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1123996|title=US puts Harakat and its affiliates on terror list|access-date=8 August 2014|publisher=Dawn news|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119214219/https://www.dawn.com/news/1123996|url-status=live}}</ref> The ban severely limited the funding of the group, and as a result HuA was reorganized as a reincarnated Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.  At the time, Azhar split from the group to form [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].<ref name=satp-hua/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Recast-Harkat-ul-Ansar-stoking-anti-India-sentiments-in-Kashmir/articleshow/19206329.cms|title=Recast Harkat-ul-Ansar stoking anti-India sentiments in Kashmir|access-date=26 May 2013|publisher=Times of India|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409020311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/recast-harkat-ul-ansar-stoking-anti-india-sentiments-in-kashmir/articleshow/19206329.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1998, U.S.'s [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) in its report stated, "HuA, an Islamic terrorist organisation that Pakistan supports in its proxy war against Indian forces in Kashmir, increasingly is using terrorist tactics against Westerners and random attacks on civilians that could involve Westerners to promote its pan-Islamic agenda." CIA also stated that Hua had abducted at least 13 persons, of which 12 were from western countries in the period from early 1994 to 1998.<ref name="The Hindu India fortifying">{{cite news |title=India fortifying case to put Jaish on ban list |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/india-fortifying-case-to-put-jaish-on-ban-list/article26426600.ece |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=4 March 2019 |language=en-IN |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028113929/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/india-fortifying-case-to-put-jaish-on-ban-list/article26426600.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Afridi's cousin">{{cite news |title=Afridi's cousin killed in J&K: BSF |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/12jk.htm |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=rediff.com |date=12 September 2003 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102121943/https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/12jk.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
 == See also ==
@@ Line 140: / Line 148: @@
 [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom]]
 [[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States]]
-[[Category:Groups affiliated with al-Qaeda]]
+[[Category:Al-Qaeda allied groups]]
 [[Category:1985 establishments in Pakistan]]
 [[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada]]

v t e Kashmir separatist movement
Political parties	All Parties Hurriyat Conference All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference Balawaristan National Front Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party Jammu Kashmir Democratic Liberation Party Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front United Kashmir People's National Party
Militant organisations	Hizbul Mujahideen Lashkar-e-Taiba Jaish-e-Mohammed Harkat-ul-Mujahideen People's Anti-Fascist Front The Resistance Front
Separatists	Abdul Hamid Khan Afzal Guru Amanullah Khan Ashiq Hussain Faktoo Asiya Andrabi Ayub Thakur Abdullah Yusuf Azzam Ashraf Sehrai Burhan Wani Farooq Ahmed Dar Hafiz Saeed Hamid Gada Hashim Qureshi Maqbool Bhat Masood Azhar Masarat Alam Mirwaiz Umar Farooq Mohammad Abbas Ansari Muhammad Ahsan Dar Riyaz Naikoo Sardar Arif Shahid Sayeed Salahudeen Sheikh Abdul Aziz Syed Ali Shah Geelani Yasin Malik
History	Kashmir conflict Kashmir war Kashmir insurgency 1988 Gilgit massacre 2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre 2001 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre Amarnath land transfer controversy 2010 Kashmir unrest Sopore massacre 2016–2017 Kashmir unrest 2019 Kashmir lockdown
Nationalism	Kashmiriyat
Related	Human rights abuses Mass graves OHCHR reports on Kashmir Over Ground Workers Stone pelting

v t e Organisations designated as terrorist organisations by Government of India
Jammu and Kashmir	Al-Badr Dukhtaran-e-Millat Hizbul Mujahideen
Northeast India	All Tripura Tiger Force Kamtapur Liberation Organisation Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup Kangleipak Communist Party National Democratic Front of Bodoland National Liberation Front of Tripura People's Liberation Army of Manipur People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak
Punjab	Babbar Khalsa Khalistan Commando Force Khalistan Zindabad Force Sikhs for Justice
Others	Akhil Bharat Nepali Ekta Samaj Communist Party of India (Maoist) Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War Deendar Anjuman Indian Mujahideen International Sikh Youth Federation Maoist Communist Centre of India Popular Front of India Students' Islamic Movement of India Tamil Nadu Liberation Army Tamil National Retrieval Troops United Liberation Front of Assam United National Liberation Front
International	Al-Qaeda Harkat-ul-Mujahideen Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Jaish-e-Mohammed Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh Lashkar-e-Taiba Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam