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{{Short description|Subregion of Asia}}
{{Merge to|Siberia|discuss=Talk:Siberia#Merge proposal (2)|date=November 2023}}
{{see also|Siberia|European Russia}}
{{See also|European Russia|Siberia}}

{{Short description|Subregion of the Asian continent}}
{{Infobox continent
{{Infobox continent
|title = North Asia
|title = North Asia
|image = Siberia (orthographic projection).svg
|image = North Asia (orthographic projection).svg
|area = {{convert|13,100,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|area = {{convert|13,100,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|population = 37 million (2021 census)
|population = 37 million (2021 census)
|density = 2.6 per km<sup>2</sup> (7.4 per mi<sup>2</sup>)
|density = 2.6 per km<sup>2</sup> (7.4 per mi<sup>2</sup>)
|GDP_nominal = $480 billion (2021)<ref name="rosstat.gov.ru">{{Cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRP_s_1998.xlsx|title=Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2016-2021гг.}}</ref>
|GDP_nominal = $600 billion (2022)<ref name=GDP>{{citation |url= https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRP_s_1998.xlsx
|title=Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2016–2022 гг.
|publisher= rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP =
|GDP_per_capita = $13,000 (2021)
|GDP_PPP = $1.3 trillion (2022)
|GDP_per_capita = $16,000 (2022)
|HDI =
|HDI =
|ethnic_groups = Majority [[Slavs|Slavic]]<br>Minority [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]], [[Mongolic peoples|Mongolic]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] peoples
|ethnic_groups = Majority [[Slavs|Slavic]]<br>Minority [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]], [[Mongolic peoples|Mongolic]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] peoples
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|footnotes =
|footnotes =
}}
}}

{{Chinese
{{Chinese
| rus = Северная Азия
| rus = Северная Азия
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}}
}}


'''North Asia''' or '''Northern Asia''', also referred to as '''Siberia''', is the northern region of [[Asia]], which is defined in [[Geography|geographical]] terms and is coextensive with the Asian part of [[Russia]], and consists of three [[federal districts of Russia]]: [[Ural Federal District|Ural]], [[Siberian Federal District|Siberian]], and the [[Far Eastern Federal District|Far Eastern]]. North Asia is bordered by the [[Arctic Ocean]] to its north; by [[Eastern Europe]] to its west; by [[Central Asia|Central]] and [[East Asia]] to its south; and by the [[Pacific Ocean]] and [[North America]] to its east. It covers an area of {{Convert|13,100,000|km2|sqmi}}, or 8.8% of [[Earth]]'s total land area; and is the largest subregion of Asia by area, {{vague|date=December 2022}} but is also the least populated, {{vague|date=December 2022}} with a population of around 37 million, accounting for merely 0.74% of Asia's population.
'''North Asia''' or '''Northern Asia''' is the northern region of [[Asia]], which is defined in [[geography|geographical]] terms and consists of three [[federal districts of Russia]]: [[Ural Federal District|Ural]], [[Siberian Federal District|Siberian]], and the [[Far Eastern Federal District|Far Eastern]]. The region forms the bulk of the Asian part of [[Russia]]. North Asia is bordered by the [[Arctic Ocean]] to its north; by [[Eastern Europe]] to its west; by [[Central Asia]] and [[East Asia]] to its south; and by the [[Pacific Ocean]] and [[Northern America]] to its east. It covers an area of {{Convert|13,100,000|km2|sqmi}}, or 8.8% of [[Earth]]'s total land area; and is the largest subregion of Asia by area, occupying approx. 29.4% of Asia's land area, but is also the least populated, with a population of around 37 million, accounting for merely 0.74% of Asia's population.


Topographically, the region is dominated by the [[Eurasian Plate]], except for its eastern part, which lies on the [[North American Plate|North American]], [[Amurian Plate|Amurian]], and [[Okhotsk Plate]]s. It is divided by three major plains: the [[West Siberian Plain]], [[Central Siberian Plateau]], and Verhoyansk-Chukotka collision zone. The [[Uralian orogeny]] in the west raised Ural Mountains, the informal [[boundary between Asia and Europe]]. Tectonic and volcanic activities are frequently occurred in the eastern part of the region as part of the [[Ring of Fire]], evidenced by the formation of [[Island arc|island arcs]] such as the [[Kuril Islands]] and ultra-prominent peaks such as [[Klyuchevskaya Sopka]], [[Kronotsky]], and [[Koryaksky]]. The central part of North Asia is a [[large igneous province]] called the [[Siberian Traps]], formed by a massive eruption occurred 250 million years ago. The formation of the traps coincided with the [[Permian–Triassic extinction event]].
Topographically, the region is dominated by the [[Eurasian Plate]], except for its eastern part, which lies on the [[North American Plate|North American]], [[Amurian Plate|Amurian]], and [[Okhotsk Plate]]s. It is divided by three major plains: the [[West Siberian Plain]], [[Central Siberian Plateau]], and Verhoyansk-Chukotka collision zone. The [[Uralian orogeny]] in the west raised Ural Mountains, the informal [[boundary between Asia and Europe]]. Tectonic and volcanic activities are frequently occurred in the eastern part of the region as part of the [[Ring of Fire]], evidenced by the formation of [[Island arc|island arcs]] such as the [[Kuril Islands]] and ultra-prominent peaks such as [[Klyuchevskaya Sopka]], [[Kronotsky]], and [[Koryaksky]]. The central part of North Asia is a [[large igneous province]] called the [[Siberian Traps]], formed by a massive eruption occurred 250 million years ago. The formation of the traps coincided with the [[Permian–Triassic extinction event]].


North Asia, geographically, is a subregion of Asia. However, because it was colonised and incorporated into Russia, some international organisations either consider or classify North Asia as part of Eastern Europe along with European Russia. [[Culture of Europe|European cultural]] influences, specifically [[Russian culture|Russian]], are predominant in the entire region, due to it experiencing [[Russian conquest of Siberia|Russian emigration from Europe]] starting from the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKPaLi1d1O4C&q=russian+culture|title=Siberia: A Cultural History|last=Haywood|first=A. J.|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199754182|language=en}}</ref> [[Slavs]] and other [[Indo-European peoples|Indo-Europeans]] make up the vast majority of North Asia's population, and over 85% of the region's population is of [[Demographics of Siberia|European descent]].<ref name="2010Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/result-december-2011.ppt |title=ВПН-2010 |website=Perepis-2010.ru |access-date=2016-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118212344/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/result-december-2011.ppt |archive-date=2012-01-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm |title=ВПН-2010 |website=Gks.ru |access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref>
North Asia, geographically, is a subregion of Asia. However, because it was colonised and incorporated into Russia, some international organisations either consider or classify North Asia as part of Eastern Europe along with European Russia. [[Culture of Europe|European cultural]] influences, specifically [[Russian culture|Russian]], are predominant in the entire region, due to it experiencing [[Russian conquest of Siberia|Russian emigration from Europe]] starting from the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKPaLi1d1O4C&q=russian+culture|title=Siberia: A Cultural History|last=Haywood|first=A. J.|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199754182|language=en}}</ref> [[Slavs]] and other [[Indo-European peoples|Indo-Europeans]] make up the vast majority of North Asia's population, and over 85% of the region's population is of [[Demographics of Siberia|European descent]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/result-december-2011.ppt |title=ВПН-2010 |website=Perepis-2010.ru |access-date=2016-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118212344/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/result-december-2011.ppt |archive-date=2012-01-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm |title=ВПН-2010 |website=Gks.ru |access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref>


== History ==
==History==
{{Further|History of human settlement in the Ural Mountains|History of Siberia|Outer Manchuria}}
{{Further|History of human settlement in the Ural Mountains|History of Siberia|Outer Manchuria}}
[[File:Collier's new encyclopedia - a loose-leaf and self-revising reference work with 515 illustrations and ninety-six maps (1921) (14781887444).jpg|thumb|Map of Northern Asia in 1921]]
[[File:Collier's new encyclopedia - a loose-leaf and self-revising reference work with 515 illustrations and ninety-six maps (1921) (14781887444).jpg|thumb|Map of Northern Asia in 1921]]

The region was first populated by [[Hominini|hominins]] in the [[Late Pleistocene]], approximately 100,000 years ago,<ref name="Slon">{{cite journal | vauthors = Slon V, Viola B, Renaud G, Gansauge M, Benazzi S, Sawyer S, Hublin J, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Kelso J, Prüfer K, Meyer M, Pääbo S | title = A fourth Denisovan individual | journal = Science Advances | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = e1700186 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28695206 | pmc = 5501502 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.1700186 | bibcode = 2017SciA....3E0186S }}</ref> and modern humans are confirmed to arrived in the region by 45,000 years ago<ref name="SciAm">{{cite web| url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/45-000-year-old-mans-genome-sequenced/ |title= 45,000-Year-Old Man's Genome Sequenced| author= Callaway, Ewen & Nature magazine |website=Scientific American |date= 23 October 2014|access-date= 24 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=October 23, 2014 |title= Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia |journal=Nature |volume=514 |issue= 7523 |pages= 445–49 |doi= 10.1038/nature13810 |pmid=25341783 |pmc=4753769 |last1=Fu |first1=Q |last2=Li |first2=H |last3=Moorjani |first3=P |last4=Jay |first4=F |last5=Slepchenko |first5=SM |last6=Bondarev |first6=AA |last7=Johnson |first7=PL |last8=Aximu-Petri |first8=A |last9=Prüfer |first9=K |last10=de Filippo |first10=C |last11=Meyer |first11=M |last12=Zwyns |first12=N |last13=Salazar-García |first13=DC |last14=Kuzmin |first14=YV |last15=Keates |first15=SG |last16=Kosintsev |first16=PA |last17=Razhev |first17=DI |last18=Richards |first18=MP |last19=Peristov |first19=NV |last20=Lachmann |first20=M |last21=Douka |first21=K |last22=Higham |first22=TF |last23=Slatkin |first23=M |last24=Hublin |first24=JJ |last25=Reich |first25=D |last26=Kelso |first26=J |last27=Viola |first27=TB |last28=Pääbo |first28=S |bibcode= 2014Natur.514..445F}}</ref> with the first humans in the region having West Eurasian origins.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Kılınç|first1=Gülşah Merve|last2=Kashuba|first2=Natalija|last3=Yaka|first3=Reyhan|last4=Sümer|first4=Arev Pelin|last5=Yüncü|first5=Eren|last6=Shergin|first6=Dmitrij|last7=Ivanov|first7=Grigorij Leonidovich|last8=Kichigin|first8=Dmitrii|last9=Pestereva|first9=Kjunnej|date=2018-06-12|title=Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|page=8969|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-27325-0|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5997703|pmid=29895902|bibcode=2018NatSR...8.8969K}}</ref> Its [[Neolithic]] culture is characterized by characteristic stone production techniques and the presence of pottery of eastern origin.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Bronze Age]] began during the 3rd millennium BCE,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dupuy|first=Paula Doumani|title=Online Only -- Archaeology |date=2016-06-02|chapter=Bronze Age Central Asia|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935413-e-15|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.15|isbn=978-0-19-993541-3}}</ref> with influences of [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] cultures as evidenced by the [[Andronovo culture]]. During the 1st millennium BCE, [[Polity|polities]] such as the [[Scythians]] and [[Xiongnu]]s emerged in the region, who often clashed with its Persian and [[Dynasties in Chinese history|Chinese]] neighbors in the south. The [[Göktürks]] dominated southern Siberia during the 1st millennium CE, while in the early 2nd millennium, the [[Mongol Empire]] and its [[Division of the Mongol Empire|successor states]] ruled the region. The [[Khanate of Sibir]] was one of the last independent [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] states in North Asia before its [[Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir|conquest]] by the [[Tsardom of Russia]] in the 16th century. Russia would then gradually [[Amur Annexation|annex]] the region into its territory until the [[Convention of Peking]] was signed in 1860. After the [[October Revolution]] in 1917, the region was [[Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War|contested]] between the Bolsheviks and Whites until the [[Soviet Union]] asserted full control in 1923. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left Russia as the administrator of the region.
The region was first populated by [[Hominini|hominins]] in the [[Late Pleistocene]], approximately 100,000 years ago,<ref name="Slon">{{cite journal | vauthors = Slon V, Viola B, Renaud G, Gansauge M, Benazzi S, Sawyer S, Hublin J, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Kelso J, Prüfer K, Meyer M, Pääbo S | title = A fourth Denisovan individual | journal = Science Advances | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = e1700186 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28695206 | pmc = 5501502 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.1700186 | bibcode = 2017SciA....3E0186S }}</ref> and modern humans are confirmed to arrived in the region by 45,000 years ago<ref name="SciAm">{{cite web| url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/45-000-year-old-mans-genome-sequenced/ |title= 45,000-Year-Old Man's Genome Sequenced| author= Callaway, Ewen & Nature magazine |website=Scientific American |date= 23 October 2014|access-date= 24 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=October 23, 2014 |title= Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia |journal=Nature |volume=514 |issue= 7523 |pages= 445–49 |doi= 10.1038/nature13810 |pmid=25341783 |pmc=4753769 |last1=Fu |first1=Q |last2=Li |first2=H |last3=Moorjani |first3=P |last4=Jay |first4=F |last5=Slepchenko |first5=SM |last6=Bondarev |first6=AA |last7=Johnson |first7=PL |last8=Aximu-Petri |first8=A |last9=Prüfer |first9=K |last10=de Filippo |first10=C |last11=Meyer |first11=M |last12=Zwyns |first12=N |last13=Salazar-García |first13=DC |last14=Kuzmin |first14=YV |last15=Keates |first15=SG |last16=Kosintsev |first16=PA |last17=Razhev |first17=DI |last18=Richards |first18=MP |last19=Peristov |first19=NV |last20=Lachmann |first20=M |last21=Douka |first21=K |last22=Higham |first22=TF |last23=Slatkin |first23=M |last24=Hublin |first24=JJ |last25=Reich |first25=D |last26=Kelso |first26=J |last27=Viola |first27=TB |last28=Pääbo |first28=S |bibcode= 2014Natur.514..445F}}</ref> with the first humans in the region having West Eurasian origins.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Kılınç|first1=Gülşah Merve|last2=Kashuba|first2=Natalija|last3=Yaka|first3=Reyhan|last4=Sümer|first4=Arev Pelin|last5=Yüncü|first5=Eren|last6=Shergin|first6=Dmitrij|last7=Ivanov|first7=Grigorij Leonidovich|last8=Kichigin|first8=Dmitrii|last9=Pestereva|first9=Kjunnej|date=2018-06-12|title=Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|page=8969|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-27325-0|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5997703|pmid=29895902|bibcode=2018NatSR...8.8969K}}</ref> Its [[Neolithic]] culture is characterized by characteristic stone production techniques and the presence of pottery of eastern origin.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Bronze Age]] began during the 3rd millennium BCE,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dupuy|first=Paula Doumani|title=Online Only -- Archaeology |date=2016-06-02|chapter=Bronze Age Central Asia|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935413-e-15|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.15|isbn=978-0-19-993541-3}}</ref> with influences of [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] cultures as evidenced by the [[Andronovo culture]]. During the 1st millennium BCE, [[Polity|polities]] such as the [[Scythians]] and [[Xiongnu]]s emerged in the region, who often clashed with its Persian and [[Dynasties in Chinese history|Chinese]] neighbors in the south. The [[Göktürks]] dominated southern Siberia during the 1st millennium CE, while in the early 2nd millennium, the [[Mongol Empire]] and its [[Division of the Mongol Empire|successor states]] ruled the region. The [[Khanate of Sibir]] was one of the last independent [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] states in North Asia before its [[Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir|conquest]] by the [[Tsardom of Russia]] in the 16th century. Russia would then gradually [[Amur Annexation|annex]] the region into its territory until the [[Convention of Peking]] was signed in 1860. After the [[October Revolution]] in 1917, the region was [[Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War|contested]] between the Bolsheviks and Whites until the [[Soviet Union]] asserted full control in 1923. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left Russia as the administrator of the region.


== Geography ==
==Geography==
{{Further|Geography of Siberia|Geography of Russia#Northeast Siberia and Kamchatka}}
{{See also|Geography of Siberia}}
{{Further|Geography of Russia#Northeast Siberia and Kamchatka}}

[[File:Тишина озера Дюпкун.jpg|thumb|[[Putorana Plateau]]]]
[[File:Koryaksky Volcano (24026021905).jpg|thumb|[[Kamchatka Peninsula]]]]
[[File:Koryaksky Volcano (24026021905).jpg|thumb|[[Kamchatka Peninsula]]]]
[[File:Тишина озера Дюпкун.jpg|thumb|[[Putorana Plateau]]]]


For geographical and statistical reasons, the [[United Nations geoscheme]] and various other classification schemes will not subdivide countries, and thus place all of Russia in [[Europe]] or the [[Eastern Europe]] subregion.
For geographical and statistical reasons, the [[United Nations geoscheme]] and various other classification schemes will not subdivide countries, and thus place all of Russia in [[Europe]] or the [[Eastern Europe]] subregion.
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There are no mountain chains in North Asia to prevent air currents from the [[Arctic]] flowing down over the [[plain]]s of [[Siberia]] and [[Turkestan]].<ref name="Chambers">{{cite book|title=Chambers's Information for the People|url=https://archive.org/details/chamberssinform02chamgoog|author=William Chambers and Robert Chambers|publisher=W. & R. Chambers|year=1875|location=London and Edinburgh|pages=274–276|isbn=9780665469145 }}</ref>
There are no mountain chains in North Asia to prevent air currents from the [[Arctic]] flowing down over the [[plain]]s of [[Siberia]] and [[Turkestan]].<ref name="Chambers">{{cite book|title=Chambers's Information for the People|url=https://archive.org/details/chamberssinform02chamgoog|author=William Chambers and Robert Chambers|publisher=W. & R. Chambers|year=1875|location=London and Edinburgh|pages=274–276|isbn=9780665469145 }}</ref>


The [[plateau]] and plains of Northern Asia comprise the [[West Siberian plain|West Siberian lowlands]]; the [[Angara Shield]], with the [[Taimyr Peninsula]], the coastal lowlands ([[North Siberian Lowland]] and [[East Siberian Lowland]]), the [[Central Siberian Plateau]], ([[Putorana Plateau]], [[Lena Plateau]], [[Anabar Plateau]], [[Tunguska Plateau]], [[Vilyuy Plateau]], and the [[Lena-Angara Plateau]]); and the [[Lena–Vilyuy Lowland]].<ref name="Bridges">{{cite book |author=Edwin Michael Bridges |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/worldgeomorpholo0000brid/page/124/mode/2up |title=World Geomorphology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-28965-8 |pages=124–126 |chapter=Northern Asia |chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Western Siberia]] is usually regarded as the Northwest Asia, [[Kazakhstan]] also sometimes included there. However, Northwest Asia sometimes refers to [[Caucasus]] or nearby provinces.{{source needed|date=May 2020}}
The [[plateau]] and plains of North Asia comprise the [[West Siberian Plain|West Siberian Lowlands]]; the [[Siberia (continent)|Angara Shield]], with the [[Taymyr Peninsula]], the coastal lowlands (the [[East Siberian Lowland]] and the [[North Siberian Lowland]]), and the [[Central Siberian Plateau]] (the [[Anabar Plateau]], the [[Lena Plateau]], the [[Lena-Angara Plateau]], the [[Putorana Plateau]], the [[Tunguska Plateau]], and the [[Vilyuy Plateau]]); and the [[Central Yakutian Lowland]].<ref name="Bridges">{{cite book |author=Edwin Michael Bridges |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/worldgeomorpholo0000brid/page/124/mode/2up |title=World Geomorphology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-28965-8 |pages=124–126 |chapter=Northern Asia |chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Western Siberia]] is usually regarded as the Northwest Asia, [[Kazakhstan]] also sometimes included there. However, Northwest Asia sometimes refers to the [[South Caucasus]] or its nearby areas.{{Source needed|date=May 2020}}


=== Geomorphology ===
===Geomorphology===
{{Further|Geology of Asia|Geology of Russia}}
{{Further|Geology of Asia|Geology of Russia}}


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The Angara Shield also underlies the lowlands of the [[Ob River]], but to the south and east in the Central Asian mountains and in the [[East Siberian Mountains]] there are folded and faulted mountains of [[Lower Palaeozoic]] rocks.<ref name="Bridges" />
The Angara Shield also underlies the lowlands of the [[Ob River]], but to the south and east in the Central Asian mountains and in the [[East Siberian Mountains]] there are folded and faulted mountains of [[Lower Palaeozoic]] rocks.<ref name="Bridges" />


== Demographics ==
==Demographics==
{{further|Demographics of Siberia|Indigenous peoples of Siberia|Demographics of the Russian Far East}}
{{Further|Demographics of Siberia|Indigenous peoples of Siberia|Demographics of the Russian Far East}}
[[File:125 - Wladiwostok 2015 (24056935489).jpg|thumb|260px|[[Russians]] in [[Vladivostok]], on Russia's Pacific Coast]]
[[File:125 - Wladiwostok 2015 (24056935489).jpg|thumb|260px|[[Russians]] in [[Vladivostok]], on Russia's Pacific Coast]]
Most estimates are that there are around 33 million [[Russian nationality law|Russian citizens]] living east of the [[Ural Mountains]], a widely recognized but informal geographical divide between Europe and Asia. Of these Russian citizens of Siberia, most are [[Slavs|Slavic]]-origin [[Russians]] and russified [[Ukrainians in Russia|Ukrainians]].<ref>"[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/180304.shtml Ukrainians in Russia's Far East try to maintain community life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051255/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/180304.shtml |date=2016-03-04 }}". ''The Ukrainian Weekly''. 4 May 2003.</ref> The [[Turkic peoples]] who are native to some parts of Siberia and native [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]] and [[Mongolic peoples]] are now a minority in North Asia due to the [[Russification]] process during the last three centuries. Russian census records indicate they make up only an estimated 10% of the region's population, with the largest being the [[Buryats]] numbering at 445,175, and the [[Yakuts]] at 443,852. According to the 2002 census, there are 500,000 [[Siberian Tatars|Tatars in Siberia]], but 300,000 of them are [[Volga Tatars]] who settled in Siberia during periods of colonization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm|title=Фотоатлас "Сибирские татары"|date=February 27, 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020227012304/http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm|archive-date=2002-02-27}}</ref> Other ethnic groups that live in the region and make a significant portion include ethnic [[Volga Germans|Germans]] numbering about 400,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Siberian Germans |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/siberian-germans |work=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>


Most estimates are that there are around 33 million [[Russian nationality law|Russian citizens]] living east of the [[Ural Mountains]], a widely recognized but informal geographical divide between Europe and Asia. Of these Russian citizens of Siberia, most are [[Slavs|Slavic]]-origin [[Russians]] and Russified [[Ukrainians in Russia|Ukrainians]].<ref>"[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/180304.shtml Ukrainians in Russia's Far East try to maintain community life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051255/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/180304.shtml |date=2016-03-04 }}". ''The Ukrainian Weekly''. 4 May 2003.</ref> The [[Turkic peoples]] who are native to some parts of Siberia and native [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]] and [[Mongolic peoples]] are now a minority in North Asia due to the [[Russification]] process during the last three centuries. Russian census records indicate they make up only an estimated 10% of the region's population, with the largest being the [[Buryats]] numbering at 445,175, and the [[Yakuts]] at 443,852. According to the 2002 census, there are 500,000 [[Siberian Tatars|Tatars in Siberia]], but 300,000 of them are [[Volga Tatars]] who settled in Siberia during periods of colonization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm|title=Фотоатлас "Сибирские татары"|date=February 27, 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020227012304/http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm|archive-date=2002-02-27}}</ref> Other ethnic groups that live in the region and make a significant portion include ethnic [[Volga Germans|Germans]] numbering about 400,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Siberian Germans |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/siberian-germans |work=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
In 1875, Chambers reported the population of Northern Asia to be 8 million.<ref name="Chambers" /> Between 1801 and 1914, an estimated 7 million settlers moved from [[European Russia]] to [[Siberia]], 85% during the quarter-century before [[World War I]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/pss/1848991|jstor=1848991|last1=Fisher|first1=Raymond H.|title=Reviewed work: The Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant in Resettlement from Emancipation to the First World War, Donald W. Treadgold|journal=The American Historical Review|year=1958|volume=63|issue=4|pages=989–990|doi=10.2307/1848991}}</ref>

In 1875, Chambers reported the population of North Asia to be 8 million.<ref name="Chambers" /> Between 1801 and 1914, an estimated 7 million settlers moved from [[European Russia]] to [[Siberia]], 85% during the quarter-century before [[World War I]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/pss/1848991|jstor=1848991|last1=Fisher|first1=Raymond H.|title=Reviewed work: The Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant in Resettlement from Emancipation to the First World War, Donald W. Treadgold|journal=The American Historical Review|year=1958|volume=63|issue=4|pages=989–990|doi=10.2307/1848991}}</ref>


{{Largest cities
{{Largest cities
| country = North Asia
| country = North Asia
| stat_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2017/bul_dr/mun_obr2017.rar|title=31. Численность населения городов и поселков городского типа по федеральным округам и субъектам Российской Федерации на 1 января 2017 года|publisher= [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service]]|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/Russia-Cities.html|title=Russia: Federal Districts and Major Cities|publisher=Citypopulation.de|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>
| stat_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref> [[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]]<ref>{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>
| list_by_pop = <!-- link to the list of cities in the given country, if possible sorted by population -->
| list_by_pop = <!-- link to the list of cities in the given country, if possible sorted by population -->
| div_name = Region
| div_name = Region
| div_link = <!-- the template will automatically create a link for "div_name of country" (e.g. Provinces of Chile), if this doesn't work you can use this field -->
| div_link = <!-- the template will automatically create a link for "div_name of country" (e.g. Provinces of Chile), if this doesn't work you can use this field -->


| city_1 = Novosibirsk| div_1 = Siberia| pop_1 = 1,602,915| img_1 = Оперный театр4.jpg
| city_1 = Novosibirsk| div_1 = Siberia| pop_1 = 1,633,595| img_1 = Оперный театр4.jpg
| city_2 = Yekaterinburg| div_2 = Ural (region)| pop_2 = 1,455,514| img_2 = E-burg asv2019-05 img46 view from VysotSky.jpg
| city_2 = Yekaterinburg| div_2 = Ural (region)| pop_2 = 1,544,376| img_2 = E-burg asv2019-05 img46 view from VysotSky.jpg
| city_3 = Chelyabinsk| div_3 = Ural (region)| pop_3 = 1,198,858 | img_3 = Кировка.jpg
| city_3 = Chelyabinsk| div_3 = Ural (region)| pop_3 = 1,189,525 | img_3 = Кировка.jpg
| city_4 = Omsk| div_4 = Siberia| pop_4 = 1,178,391| img_4 = Assumption Cathedral, Omsk.jpg
| city_4 = Krasnoyarsk| div_4 = Siberia| pop_4 = 1,187,771| img_4 = Krs riverport.jpg
| city_5 = Krasnoyarsk| div_5 = Siberia| pop_5 = 1,082,933
| city_5 = Omsk| div_5 = Siberia| pop_5 = 1,125,695
| city_6 = Tyumen| div_6 = Ural (region)| pop_6 = 744,554
| city_6 = Tyumen| div_6 = Ural (region)| pop_6 = 847,488
| city_7 = Barnaul| div_7 = Siberia| pop_7 = 633,301
| city_7 = Barnaul| div_7 = Siberia| pop_7 = 630,877
| city_8 = Irkutsk| div_8 = Siberia| pop_8 = 623,736
| city_8 = Khabarovsk| div_8 = Russian Far East| pop_8 = 617,441
| city_9 = Khabarovsk| div_9 = Russian Far East| pop_9 = 616,242
| city_9 = Irkutsk| div_9 = Siberia| pop_9 = 617,264
| city_10 = Vladivostok| div_10 = Russian Far East| pop_10 = 606,589
| city_10 = Vladivostok| div_10 = Russian Far East| pop_10 = 603,519


}}
}}


== Administration ==
==Administration==

[[File:Subdivisions of Asian Russia (Siberia).jpg|thumb|Subdivisions of Asian Russia (Siberia)]]
[[File:Subdivisions of Asian Russia (Siberia).jpg|thumb|Subdivisions of Asian Russia (Siberia)]]


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{{Portal|Asia|Geography|Russia|Siberia}}
{{Portal|Asia|Geography|Russia|Siberia}}
<!-- {{main|Outline of North Asia|Index of North Asia-related articles}} -->
<!-- {{main|Outline of North Asia|Index of North Asia-related articles}} -->
<!-- *[[Bibliography of North Asia]] -->
<!-- * [[Bibliography of North Asia]] -->
*[[Arctic|Arctic Region]]
* [[Arctic|Arctic Region]]
*[[Far North (Russia)|Far North]]
* [[Far North (Russia)|Far North]]
*[[European Russia]]
* [[European Russia]]
*[[Asia]]
* [[Asia]]
*[[Geography of Asia]]
* [[Geography of Asia]]
*[[Northeast Asia]]
* [[Northeast Asia]]
*[[Russian Far East]]
* [[Russian Far East]]
*[[Ural (region)|Ural region]]
* [[Ural (region)|Ural region]]
*[[Siberian High]], a semipermament anticyclone
* [[Siberian High]], a semipermament anticyclone


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist|30em}}


== External links ==
==External links==
<!-- {{Wikipedia-Books}} -->
<!-- {{Wikipedia-Books}} -->
* {{Commons inline}}
* {{Commons inline}}
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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:North Asia| ]]
[[Category:Asia-Pacific]]
[[Category:Asia-Pacific]]
[[Category:Geography of Asia]]
[[Category:Geography of Asia]]

Revision as of 13:18, 4 August 2024

North Asia
Area13,100,000 km2 (5,100,000 sq mi)
Population37 million (2021 census)
Population density2.6 per km2 (7.4 per mi2)
GDP (PPP)$1.3 trillion (2022)
GDP (nominal)$600 billion (2022)[1]
GDP per capita$16,000 (2022)
Ethnic groupsMajority Slavic
Minority Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic peoples
ReligionsMajority Orthodox Christian
DemonymSiberian, North Asian
Countries Russia
Languages
Official languages
Time zones
Internet TLD.ru
Calling codeZone 7
Largest cities
UN M49 code151Eastern Europe
150Europe
001World
North Asia
Russian name
RussianСеверная Азия
RomanizationSevernaya Aziya

North Asia or Northern Asia is the northern region of Asia, which is defined in geographical terms and consists of three federal districts of Russia: Ural, Siberian, and the Far Eastern. The region forms the bulk of the Asian part of Russia. North Asia is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to its north; by Eastern Europe to its west; by Central Asia and East Asia to its south; and by the Pacific Ocean and Northern America to its east. It covers an area of 13,100,000 square kilometres (5,100,000 sq mi), or 8.8% of Earth's total land area; and is the largest subregion of Asia by area, occupying approx. 29.4% of Asia's land area, but is also the least populated, with a population of around 37 million, accounting for merely 0.74% of Asia's population.

Topographically, the region is dominated by the Eurasian Plate, except for its eastern part, which lies on the North American, Amurian, and Okhotsk Plates. It is divided by three major plains: the West Siberian Plain, Central Siberian Plateau, and Verhoyansk-Chukotka collision zone. The Uralian orogeny in the west raised Ural Mountains, the informal boundary between Asia and Europe. Tectonic and volcanic activities are frequently occurred in the eastern part of the region as part of the Ring of Fire, evidenced by the formation of island arcs such as the Kuril Islands and ultra-prominent peaks such as Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Kronotsky, and Koryaksky. The central part of North Asia is a large igneous province called the Siberian Traps, formed by a massive eruption occurred 250 million years ago. The formation of the traps coincided with the Permian–Triassic extinction event.

North Asia, geographically, is a subregion of Asia. However, because it was colonised and incorporated into Russia, some international organisations either consider or classify North Asia as part of Eastern Europe along with European Russia. European cultural influences, specifically Russian, are predominant in the entire region, due to it experiencing Russian emigration from Europe starting from the 16th century.[2] Slavs and other Indo-Europeans make up the vast majority of North Asia's population, and over 85% of the region's population is of European descent.[3][4]

History

Map of Northern Asia in 1921

The region was first populated by hominins in the Late Pleistocene, approximately 100,000 years ago,[5] and modern humans are confirmed to arrived in the region by 45,000 years ago[6][7] with the first humans in the region having West Eurasian origins.[8] Its Neolithic culture is characterized by characteristic stone production techniques and the presence of pottery of eastern origin.[8] The Bronze Age began during the 3rd millennium BCE,[9] with influences of Indo-Iranian cultures as evidenced by the Andronovo culture. During the 1st millennium BCE, polities such as the Scythians and Xiongnus emerged in the region, who often clashed with its Persian and Chinese neighbors in the south. The Göktürks dominated southern Siberia during the 1st millennium CE, while in the early 2nd millennium, the Mongol Empire and its successor states ruled the region. The Khanate of Sibir was one of the last independent Turkic states in North Asia before its conquest by the Tsardom of Russia in the 16th century. Russia would then gradually annex the region into its territory until the Convention of Peking was signed in 1860. After the October Revolution in 1917, the region was contested between the Bolsheviks and Whites until the Soviet Union asserted full control in 1923. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left Russia as the administrator of the region.

Geography

Kamchatka Peninsula
Putorana Plateau

For geographical and statistical reasons, the United Nations geoscheme and various other classification schemes will not subdivide countries, and thus place all of Russia in Europe or the Eastern Europe subregion.

There are no mountain chains in North Asia to prevent air currents from the Arctic flowing down over the plains of Siberia and Turkestan.[10]

The plateau and plains of North Asia comprise the West Siberian Lowlands; the Angara Shield, with the Taymyr Peninsula, the coastal lowlands (the East Siberian Lowland and the North Siberian Lowland), and the Central Siberian Plateau (the Anabar Plateau, the Lena Plateau, the Lena-Angara Plateau, the Putorana Plateau, the Tunguska Plateau, and the Vilyuy Plateau); and the Central Yakutian Lowland.[11] Western Siberia is usually regarded as the Northwest Asia, Kazakhstan also sometimes included there. However, Northwest Asia sometimes refers to the South Caucasus or its nearby areas.[citation needed]

Geomorphology

The geomorphology of Northern Asia in general is imperfectly known, although the deposits and mountain ranges are well known.[11]

To compensate for new sea floor having been created in the Siberian basin, the whole of the Eurasian Plate has pivoted about a point in the New Siberian Islands, causing compression in the Verkhoyansk mountains, which were formed along the eastern margin of the Angara Shield by tectonic uplift during the Mesozoic Era. There is a southern boundary to this across the northern margin of the Alpine folds of Afghanistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan, which at the east of Brahmaputra turns to run south towards the Bay of Bengal along the line of the Naga Hills and the Arakan Yoma, continues around Indonesia, and follows the edge of the continental shelf along the eastern seaboard of China. The Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate meet across the neck of Alaska, following the line of the Aleutian Trench, rather than meeting at the Bering Straits.[11]

Northern Asia is built around the Angara Shield, which lies between the Yenisey River and the Lena River. It developed from fragments of Laurasia, whose rocks were mainly Precambrian crystalline rocks, gneisses, and schists, and Gondwana. These rocks can be found in the Angara Shield, Inner Mongolian-Korean Shield, Ordes Shield, and Southeast Asia Shield. The fragments have been subject to orogenesis around their margins, giving a complex of plateaux and mountain ranges. One can find outcrops of these rocks in unfolded sections of the Shields. Their presence has been confirmed below Mesozoic and later sediments.[11]

There are three main periods of mountain building in Northern Asia, although it has occurred many times. The outer fold mountains that are on the margins of the Shields and that only affected Asia north of the line of the Himalayas, are attributed to the Caledonian and Hercynian orogenies of the late Palaeozoic Era. The Alpine orogeny caused extensive folding and faulting of Mesozoic and early Tertiary sediments from the Tethys geosyncline. The Tibetan and Mongolian plateaux, and the structural basins of Tarim, Qaidam, and Junggar, are delimited by major east–west lithospheric faults that were probably the results of stresses caused by the impact of the Indian Plate against Laurasia. Erosion of the mountains caused by this orogeny has created a large amount of sediment, which has been transported southwards to produce the alluvial plains of India, China, and Cambodia, and which has also been deposited in large amounts in the Tarim and Dzungarian basins.[11]

Northern Asia was glaciated in the Pleistocene, but this played a less significant part in the geology of the area compared to the part that it played in North America and Europe. The Scandinavian ice sheet extended to the east of the Urals, covering the northern two thirds of the Ob Basin and extending onto the Angara Shield between the Yenisei River and the Lena River. There are legacies of mountain glaciation to be found on the east Siberian mountains, on the mountains of the Kamchatka Peninsula, on the Altai, on Tian Shan, and on other small areas of mountains, ice caps remain on the islands of Severnaya Zemlya and Novaya Zemlya, and several Central Asian mountains still have individual glaciers. North Asia itself has permafrost, ranging in depths from 30 to 600 metres and covering an area of 9.6 million km2.[11]

Several of the mountainous regions are volcanic, with both the Koryak Mountains and the Kamchatka Peninsula having active volcanoes. The Anadyr Plateau is formed from igneous rocks. The Mongolian Plateau has an area of basaltic lavas and volcanic cones.[11]

The Angara Shield also underlies the lowlands of the Ob River, but to the south and east in the Central Asian mountains and in the East Siberian Mountains there are folded and faulted mountains of Lower Palaeozoic rocks.[11]

Demographics

Russians in Vladivostok, on Russia's Pacific Coast

Most estimates are that there are around 33 million Russian citizens living east of the Ural Mountains, a widely recognized but informal geographical divide between Europe and Asia. Of these Russian citizens of Siberia, most are Slavic-origin Russians and Russified Ukrainians.[12] The Turkic peoples who are native to some parts of Siberia and native Tungusic and Mongolic peoples are now a minority in North Asia due to the Russification process during the last three centuries. Russian census records indicate they make up only an estimated 10% of the region's population, with the largest being the Buryats numbering at 445,175, and the Yakuts at 443,852. According to the 2002 census, there are 500,000 Tatars in Siberia, but 300,000 of them are Volga Tatars who settled in Siberia during periods of colonization.[13] Other ethnic groups that live in the region and make a significant portion include ethnic Germans numbering about 400,000.[14]

In 1875, Chambers reported the population of North Asia to be 8 million.[10] Between 1801 and 1914, an estimated 7 million settlers moved from European Russia to Siberia, 85% during the quarter-century before World War I.[15]

 
 
Largest cities or towns in North Asia
Rank Region Pop.
Novosibirsk
Novosibirsk
Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg
1 Novosibirsk Siberia 1,633,595 Chelyabinsk
Chelyabinsk
Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk
2 Yekaterinburg Ural (region) 1,544,376
3 Chelyabinsk Ural (region) 1,189,525
4 Krasnoyarsk Siberia 1,187,771
5 Omsk Siberia 1,125,695
6 Tyumen Ural (region) 847,488
7 Barnaul Siberia 630,877
8 Khabarovsk Russian Far East 617,441
9 Irkutsk Siberia 617,264
10 Vladivostok Russian Far East 603,519

Administration

Subdivisions of Asian Russia (Siberia)
Federal Subjects Capital Area
km2
Population
2010
Kurgan Oblast Kurgan 71,000 910,807
Sverdlovsk Oblast Yekaterinburg 194,800 4,297,747
Tyumen Oblast Tyumen 143,520 3,395,755
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (Yugra) Khanty-Mansiysk 534,800 1,532,243
Chelyabinsk Oblast Chelyabinsk 87,900 3,476,217
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Salekhard 750,300 522,904
Ural Federal District Yekaterinburg 1,818,500 12,080,526
Altai Republic Gorno-Altaysk 92,900 206,168
Altai Krai Barnaul 168,000 2,419,755
Irkutsk Oblast Irkutsk 774,800 2,248,750
Kemerovo Oblast Kemerovo 95,700 2,763,135
Krasnoyarsk Krai Krasnoyarsk 2,366,800 2,828,187
Novosibirsk Oblast Novosibirsk 177,800 2,665,911
Omsk Oblast Omsk 141,100 1,977,665
Tomsk Oblast Tomsk 314,400 1,047,394
Tuva Republic Kyzyl 168,600 307,930
Republic of Khakassia Abakan 61,600 532,403
Siberian Federal District Novosibirsk 4,361,800 17,178,298
Amur Oblast Blagoveshchensk 361,900 830,103
Republic of Buryatia Ulan-Ude 351,300 971,021
Jewish Autonomous Oblast Birobidzhan 36,300 176,558
Zabaykalsky Krai Chita 431,900 1,107,107
Kamchatka Krai Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 464,300 322,079
Magadan Oblast Magadan 462,500 156,996
Primorsky Krai Vladivostok 164,700 1,956,497
Sakha Republic Yakutsk 3,083,500 958,528
Sakhalin Oblast Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 87,100 497,973
Khabarovsk Krai Khabarovsk 787,600 1,343,869
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Anadyr 721,500 50,526
Far Eastern Federal District Vladivostok 6,952,600 8,371,257
North Asia 13,132,900 37,630,081

See also

References

  1. ^ Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2016–2022 гг., rosstat.gov.ru
  2. ^ Haywood, A. J. (2010). Siberia: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199754182.
  3. ^ "ВПН-2010". Perepis-2010.ru. Archived from the original on 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  4. ^ "ВПН-2010". Gks.ru. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
  5. ^ Slon V, Viola B, Renaud G, Gansauge M, Benazzi S, Sawyer S, Hublin J, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Kelso J, Prüfer K, Meyer M, Pääbo S (July 2017). "A fourth Denisovan individual". Science Advances. 3 (7): e1700186. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E0186S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700186. PMC 5501502. PMID 28695206.
  6. ^ Callaway, Ewen & Nature magazine (23 October 2014). "45,000-Year-Old Man's Genome Sequenced". Scientific American. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  7. ^ Fu, Q; Li, H; Moorjani, P; Jay, F; Slepchenko, SM; Bondarev, AA; Johnson, PL; Aximu-Petri, A; Prüfer, K; de Filippo, C; Meyer, M; Zwyns, N; Salazar-García, DC; Kuzmin, YV; Keates, SG; Kosintsev, PA; Razhev, DI; Richards, MP; Peristov, NV; Lachmann, M; Douka, K; Higham, TF; Slatkin, M; Hublin, JJ; Reich, D; Kelso, J; Viola, TB; Pääbo, S (October 23, 2014). "Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia". Nature. 514 (7523): 445–49. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..445F. doi:10.1038/nature13810. PMC 4753769. PMID 25341783.
  8. ^ a b Kılınç, Gülşah Merve; Kashuba, Natalija; Yaka, Reyhan; Sümer, Arev Pelin; Yüncü, Eren; Shergin, Dmitrij; Ivanov, Grigorij Leonidovich; Kichigin, Dmitrii; Pestereva, Kjunnej (2018-06-12). "Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 8969. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.8969K. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27325-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5997703. PMID 29895902.
  9. ^ Dupuy, Paula Doumani (2016-06-02). "Bronze Age Central Asia". Online Only -- Archaeology. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.15. ISBN 978-0-19-993541-3.
  10. ^ a b William Chambers and Robert Chambers (1875). Chambers's Information for the People. London and Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers. pp. 274–276. ISBN 9780665469145.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Edwin Michael Bridges (1990). "Northern Asia". World Geomorphology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–126. ISBN 978-0-521-28965-8.
  12. ^ "Ukrainians in Russia's Far East try to maintain community life Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine". The Ukrainian Weekly. 4 May 2003.
  13. ^ "Фотоатлас "Сибирские татары"". February 27, 2002. Archived from the original on 2002-02-27.
  14. ^ "Siberian Germans". Encyclopedia.com.
  15. ^ Fisher, Raymond H. (1958). "Reviewed work: The Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant in Resettlement from Emancipation to the First World War, Donald W. Treadgold". The American Historical Review. 63 (4): 989–990. doi:10.2307/1848991. JSTOR 1848991.
  16. ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  17. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.