Senebkay: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Egyptian pharaoh}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} |
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{{Infobox pharaoh |
{{Infobox pharaoh |
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| Name=Senebkay |
| Name = Senebkay |
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| alt_name = Seneb Kay |
| alt_name = Seneb Kay |
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| Image= Cartouche Senebkay by Khruner.jpg |
| Image = File:Cartouche Senebkay by Khruner.jpg |
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| image_size= |
| image_size = |
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| caption= Drawing of Senebkay's cartouche |
| caption = Drawing of Senebkay's [[cartouche]], from his tomb at Abydos |
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| Predecessor= |
| Predecessor = ? |
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| Successor=? |
| Successor = ? |
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| Spouse |
| Spouse = |
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| reign = |
| reign = {{circa}} 1650 BC |
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| Children |
| Children = |
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| Dynasty=uncertain, [[Abydos Dynasty]] or [[Sixteenth dynasty of Egypt|16th Dynasty]] |
| Dynasty = uncertain, [[Abydos Dynasty]] or [[Sixteenth dynasty of Egypt|16th Dynasty]] |
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| Father |
| Father = |
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| Mother |
| Mother = |
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| Born= |
| Born = 17th century BCE |
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| Died= |
| Died = 17th century BCE (35-40 yrs old) |
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| Burial= Abydos, tomb CS9 |
| Burial = Abydos, tomb CS9 |
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| Monuments= |
| Monuments = |
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| NomenHiero |
| NomenHiero = |
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| Nomen= Senebkay<br>''Snb-k3jj''<br><hiero>G39-N5-<-s-n:b-D28-i-i-></hiero> |
| Nomen = Senebkay<br />''Snb-k3jj''<br /><hiero>G39-N5-<-s-n:b-D28-i-i-></hiero> |
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| PrenomenHiero= |
| PrenomenHiero = |
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| Prenomen=Woseribre<br>''Wsr-jb-Rˁ''<br/>''Powerful is the Heart of Re''<br><hiero>ra-wsr-s-r:ib*Z1</hiero><ref> |
| Prenomen = Woseribre<br />''Wsr-jb-Rˁ''<br />''Powerful is the Heart of Re''<br /><hiero>ra-wsr-s-r:ib*Z1</hiero><ref name="Wegner2015">{{cite journal |last1=Wegner |first1=Josef |title=A ROYAL NECROPOLIS AT SOUTH ABYDOS: New Light on Egypt's Second Intermediate Period |journal=[[Near Eastern Archaeology (journal)|Near Eastern Archaeology]] |date=June 2015 |volume=78 |issue=2 |at=p. 74; Fig. 9 |doi=10.5615/neareastarch.78.2.0068|s2cid=163519900 }}</ref> |
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| HorusHiero |
| HorusHiero = |
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| NebtyHiero |
| NebtyHiero = |
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| GoldenHiero= |
| GoldenHiero = |
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| Golden |
| Golden = |
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| Nebty |
| Nebty = |
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| Horus |
| Horus = |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Woseribre Senebkay''' (alternatively '''Seneb Kay''') was an [[ancient Egypt]]ian [[pharaoh]] during the [[Second Intermediate Period]]. The discovery of his tomb in January 2014 supports the existence of an independent [[Abydos Dynasty]], contemporary with the [[Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Fifteenth]] and [[Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Sixteenth Dynasties]] during the |
'''Woseribre Senebkay''' (alternatively '''Seneb Kay''') was an [[ancient Egypt]]ian [[pharaoh]] during the [[Second Intermediate Period]]. The discovery of his tomb in January 2014 supports the existence of an independent [[Abydos Dynasty]], contemporary with the [[Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Fifteenth]] and [[Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Sixteenth Dynasties]] during the Second Intermediate Period.<ref name="pennmuseum">{{cite press release |url=http://www.penn.museum/press-releases/1032-pharaoh-senebkay-discovery-josef-wegner.html |title=Giant Sarcophagus Leads Penn Museum Team in Egypt To the Tomb of a Previously Unknown Pharaoh |publisher=[[Penn Museum]] |date=January 2014 |access-date=16 January 2014 |archive-date=20 April 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420164031/http://www.penn.museum/press-releases/1032-pharaoh-senebkay-discovery-josef-wegner.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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== |
==Attestation== |
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His primary attestation is his tomb (CS9) at Abydos. |
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He might also appear in the [[Turin Canon]], where there appear two kings with the throne name "Weser... re" (the names are only partly preserved). |
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| ⚫ | Senebkay's tomb (CS9) was discovered in 2014 by [[Josef W. Wegner]] of the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and a team of Egyptian archaeologists in the southern part of [[Abydos, Egypt]].<ref>{{cite news | |
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A further possible object with his name is a [[Birth Tusk|magical wand]] bearing the name ''[[Sebkay]]''. The wand was found at [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] but could refer to one or possibly two kings of the earlier [[Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt|13th Dynasty]].<ref>[http://www.archaiologia.gr/en/blog/2014/01/16/finding-a-lost-pharaoh/ finding-a-lost-pharaoh] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140128070556/http://www.archaiologia.gr/en/blog/2014/01/16/finding-a-lost-pharaoh/ |date=28 January 2014 }} archaeology and arts Retrieved 28 January 2014</ref> The existence of the so-called Abydos Dynasty was first proposed by [[Detlef Franke]]<ref name="Franke1988">{{cite journal |first=Detlef |last=Franke |title=Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches. Teil II: Die sogenannte Zweite Zwischenzeit Altägyptens |journal=Orientalia |volume=57 |year=1988 |pages=259 }}</ref> and later further developed by [[Kim Ryholt]] in 1997.<ref name="pennmuseum" /> |
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| ⚫ | The tomb did not house many funerary goods and may have been robbed in ancient times. |
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==Burial== |
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===Tomb=== |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Senebkay's tomb (CS9) was discovered in 2014 by [[Josef W. Wegner]] of the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and a team of Egyptian archaeologists in the southern part of [[Abydos, Egypt]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/new-pharaoh-discovered-egypt-king-seneb-kay-had-longest-rule-his-time-1541842 |title=New Pharaoh Discovered In Egypt, King Seneb Kay Had 'The Longest Rule' Of His Time |first=Zoe |last=Mintz |date=15 January 2014 |work=International Business Times |access-date=15 January 2014 |archive-date=16 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116131612/http://www.ibtimes.com/new-pharaoh-discovered-egypt-king-seneb-kay-had-longest-rule-his-time-1541842 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/pharaonic-tomb-discovered-egypt-21544141 | title = New Pharaonic Tomb Discovered in Egypt | publisher = ABC News | author = The Associated Press | location = Cairo | date = 15 January 2014 | access-date = 28 June 2020 | archive-date = 28 January 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140128193717/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/pharaonic-tomb-discovered-egypt-21544141 | url-status = live }}</ref> The four-chamber tomb has a decorated [[limestone]] burial chamber. Most blocks of the chamber were reused from older structures, such as the stela of [[Idudju-iker]]. On the east, short wall there is a painted depiction of the two [[Wadjet]]-eyes. Left and right are standing the goddess [[Neith]] and [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]]. Over the scene is depicted a winged sun disc. On the North wall is depicted a standing goddess; her name is destroyed. There are short text lines mentioning the deities [[Duamutef]] and [[Qebehsenuf]]. In the center of the wall appears the cartouche with the king's name Senebkay. The South wall is much destroyed. There are visible the remains of two female deities. Texts mention the deities [[Amset]] and [[Hapi (Son of Horus)|Hapi]].<ref>Wegner, Josef: ''Raise yourself up: Mortuary Imaginary in the Tomb of Woseribre Seneb-Kay'', in: G. Miniaci, M. Betrò, S. Quirke (editors): ''Company of Images, Modelling the Imaginary World of Middle Kingdom Egypt (2000-1500 BC)'', (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 262), Leuven, Paris, Bristol, CT, 2017, {{ISBN|978-90-429-3495-5}}, pp. 485-487.</ref> The head of the king was once decorated with a mummy mask.<ref name="Wegner26">Wegner, Josef: ''Kings of Abydos, solving an Ancient Egyptian Mystery'', in: ''Current World Archaeology, Magazine'', 64, April/May 2014, Volume 6, no. 4, p. 26</ref> The texts record the pharaoh's titulary and call him the "king of [[Upper and Lower Egypt]], Woseribre, the son of [[Ra|Re]], Senebkay".<ref name="pennmuseum" /> Senebkay's name was found inscribed inside a royal [[cartouche]]. Some of the burial equipment, such as the wooden canopic box, were taken from older tombs. The remains of the canopic box was originally inscribed for a king Sobekhotep,<ref name="Wegner26" /> likely from the nearby tomb [[S 10 (Abydos)|S10]], now believed to belong to [[Sobekhotep IV]].<ref>Wegner, Josef W. (2015). "A royal necropolis at south Abydos: New Light on Egypt's Second Intermediate Period". Near Eastern Archaeology. 78 (2): 69–70. See p. 70</ref> |
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===Death=== |
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The skeleton of Senebkay show he died at the age of 35-40 from multiple battlewounds.<ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/150303-pharaoh-senebkay-forensic-skeleton-abydos-egypt-archaeology |title=Pharaoh of "Lost Dynasty" Died Brutal Death, Forensic Study Reveals |access-date=4 March 2015 |publisher=[[National Geographic]] |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240119052639/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/150303-pharaoh-senebkay-forensic-skeleton-abydos-egypt-archaeology |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The tomb did not house many funerary goods and may have been robbed in ancient times.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} The king was around {{convert|5|ft|10|in|m|abbr=off}} tall and died between the ages of 35 and 40.<ref name="disc2015" /> Studies on his skeleton reveal he was most likely killed in battle. There are eighteen wounds on his bones, impacting his lower back, feet and ankles. The cutting angles suggest he was hit from below, perhaps while he was on a chariot or on horseback. Upon falling to the ground, he was killed by several axe blows to the skull. The curvature of the wounds on the skull indicate the use of [[battle axe]]s contemporary to [[Second Intermediate Period of Egypt|the Second Intermediate Period]].<ref name=disc2015>{{cite web|publisher=Discovery|last=Lorenzi|first=Rossella|url=http://news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/pharaoh-brutally-killed-in-battle-analysis-shows-150225.htm|title=Pharaoh Brutally Killed in Battle, Analysis Shows|date=25 February 2015|access-date=3 March 2015|archive-date=11 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511113352/http://news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/pharaoh-brutally-killed-in-battle-analysis-shows-150225.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Senebkay Woseribre}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Senebkay Woseribre}} |
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[[Category:17th-century BC |
[[Category:17th-century BC pharaohs]] |
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[[Category:Pharaohs of the Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt]] |
[[Category:Pharaohs of the Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt]] |
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[[Category:2014 archaeological discoveries]] |
[[Category:2014 archaeological discoveries]] |
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Revision as of 15:32, 3 August 2024
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| Seneb Kay | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Drawing of Senebkay's cartouche, from his tomb at Abydos | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pharaoh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reign | c. 1650 BC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | ? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Successor | ? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Born | 17th century BCE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 17th century BCE (35-40 yrs old) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Burial | Abydos, tomb CS9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dynasty | uncertain, Abydos Dynasty or 16th Dynasty | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Woseribre Senebkay (alternatively Seneb Kay) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh during the Second Intermediate Period. The discovery of his tomb in January 2014 supports the existence of an independent Abydos Dynasty, contemporary with the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties during the Second Intermediate Period.[2]
Attestation
His primary attestation is his tomb (CS9) at Abydos.
He might also appear in the Turin Canon, where there appear two kings with the throne name "Weser... re" (the names are only partly preserved).
A further possible object with his name is a magical wand bearing the name Sebkay. The wand was found at Abydos but could refer to one or possibly two kings of the earlier 13th Dynasty.[3] The existence of the so-called Abydos Dynasty was first proposed by Detlef Franke[4] and later further developed by Kim Ryholt in 1997.[2]
Burial
Tomb
Senebkay's tomb (CS9) was discovered in 2014 by Josef W. Wegner of the University of Pennsylvania and a team of Egyptian archaeologists in the southern part of Abydos, Egypt.[5][6] The four-chamber tomb has a decorated limestone burial chamber. Most blocks of the chamber were reused from older structures, such as the stela of Idudju-iker. On the east, short wall there is a painted depiction of the two Wadjet-eyes. Left and right are standing the goddess Neith and Nut. Over the scene is depicted a winged sun disc. On the North wall is depicted a standing goddess; her name is destroyed. There are short text lines mentioning the deities Duamutef and Qebehsenuf. In the center of the wall appears the cartouche with the king's name Senebkay. The South wall is much destroyed. There are visible the remains of two female deities. Texts mention the deities Amset and Hapi.[7] The head of the king was once decorated with a mummy mask.[8] The texts record the pharaoh's titulary and call him the "king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Woseribre, the son of Re, Senebkay".[2] Senebkay's name was found inscribed inside a royal cartouche. Some of the burial equipment, such as the wooden canopic box, were taken from older tombs. The remains of the canopic box was originally inscribed for a king Sobekhotep,[8] likely from the nearby tomb S10, now believed to belong to Sobekhotep IV.[9]
Death
The skeleton of Senebkay show he died at the age of 35-40 from multiple battlewounds.[10]
The tomb did not house many funerary goods and may have been robbed in ancient times.[citation needed] The king was around 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 metres) tall and died between the ages of 35 and 40.[11] Studies on his skeleton reveal he was most likely killed in battle. There are eighteen wounds on his bones, impacting his lower back, feet and ankles. The cutting angles suggest he was hit from below, perhaps while he was on a chariot or on horseback. Upon falling to the ground, he was killed by several axe blows to the skull. The curvature of the wounds on the skull indicate the use of battle axes contemporary to the Second Intermediate Period.[11]
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Senebkay.
References
- ^ Wegner, Josef (June 2015). "A ROYAL NECROPOLIS AT SOUTH ABYDOS: New Light on Egypt's Second Intermediate Period". Near Eastern Archaeology. 78 (2). p. 74; Fig. 9. doi:10.5615/neareastarch.78.2.0068. S2CID 163519900.
- ^ a b c "Giant Sarcophagus Leads Penn Museum Team in Egypt To the Tomb of a Previously Unknown Pharaoh" (Press release). Penn Museum. January 2014. Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- ^ finding-a-lost-pharaoh Archived 28 January 2014 at archive.today archaeology and arts Retrieved 28 January 2014
- ^ Franke, Detlef (1988). "Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches. Teil II: Die sogenannte Zweite Zwischenzeit Altägyptens". Orientalia. 57: 259.
- ^ Mintz, Zoe (15 January 2014). "New Pharaoh Discovered In Egypt, King Seneb Kay Had 'The Longest Rule' Of His Time". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
- ^ The Associated Press (15 January 2014). "New Pharaonic Tomb Discovered in Egypt". Cairo: ABC News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
- ^ Wegner, Josef: Raise yourself up: Mortuary Imaginary in the Tomb of Woseribre Seneb-Kay, in: G. Miniaci, M. Betrò, S. Quirke (editors): Company of Images, Modelling the Imaginary World of Middle Kingdom Egypt (2000-1500 BC), (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 262), Leuven, Paris, Bristol, CT, 2017, ISBN 978-90-429-3495-5, pp. 485-487.
- ^ a b Wegner, Josef: Kings of Abydos, solving an Ancient Egyptian Mystery, in: Current World Archaeology, Magazine, 64, April/May 2014, Volume 6, no. 4, p. 26
- ^ Wegner, Josef W. (2015). "A royal necropolis at south Abydos: New Light on Egypt's Second Intermediate Period". Near Eastern Archaeology. 78 (2): 69–70. See p. 70
- ^ "Pharaoh of "Lost Dynasty" Died Brutal Death, Forensic Study Reveals" (Press release). National Geographic. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ a b Lorenzi, Rossella (25 February 2015). "Pharaoh Brutally Killed in Battle, Analysis Shows". Discovery. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
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