Near-open central vowel: Difference between revisions
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The '''near-open central vowel''', or '''near-low central vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[vowel]] sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɐ}}, a [[Turned a|rotated lowercase double- |
The '''near-open central vowel''', or '''near-low central vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[vowel]] sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɐ}}, a [[Turned a|rotated lowercase double-story a]]. |
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In English this vowel is most typically transcribed with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ʌ}}, i.e. as if it were [[open-mid back unrounded vowel|open-mid back]]. That pronunciation is still found in some dialects, but |
In English this vowel is most typically transcribed with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ʌ}}, i.e. as if it were [[open-mid back unrounded vowel|open-mid back]]. That pronunciation is still found in some dialects, but many speakers use a central vowel like {{IPA|[ɐ]}} or [[Open-mid central unrounded vowel|{{IPA|[ɜ]|cat=no}}]]. To avoid the [[trap–strut merger]], Standard Southern British English is moving away from the {{IPA|[ɐ]}} quality towards {{IPAblink|ʌ}} found in RP spoken in the first half of the 20th century (e.g. in [[Daniel Jones (phonetician)|Daniel Jones]]'s speech).{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=122}} |
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Much like {{angbr IPA|ə}}, {{angbr IPA|ɐ}} is a versatile symbol that is not defined for [[roundedness]]{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=166}} and that can be used for vowels that are near-open central,{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=186}} near-open near-front,{{sfnp|Anonby|2011|p=378}} near-open near-back,{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|pp=68, 70}} open-mid central,{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}} open central{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|pp=64–65}} or an (often unstressed) vowel with variable height, backness and/or roundedness that is produced in that general area.{{sfnp|Krech et al.|2009|p=86}} For open central unrounded vowels transcribed with {{angbr IPA|ɐ}}, see [[open central unrounded vowel]]. |
Much like {{angbr IPA|ə}}, {{angbr IPA|ɐ}} is a versatile symbol that is not defined for [[roundedness]]{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=166}} and that can be used for vowels that are near-open central,{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=186}} near-open near-front,{{sfnp|Anonby|2011|p=378}} near-open near-back,{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|pp=68, 70}} open-mid central,{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}} open central{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|pp=64–65}} or an (often unstressed) vowel with variable height, backness and/or roundedness that is produced in that general area.{{sfnp|Krech et al.|2009|p=86}} For open central unrounded vowels transcribed with {{angbr IPA|ɐ}}, see [[open central unrounded vowel]]. |
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! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes |
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes |
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| colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|bn|[[Adyghe language#Alphabet|сэ]]}} / ''s'''ă''''' || {{IPA|[sɐ]}} || 'I' || Varies between near-open and open-mid {{ |
| colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|bn|[[Adyghe language#Alphabet|сэ]]}} / ''s'''ă''''' || {{IPA|[sɐ]}} || 'I' || Varies between near-open and open-mid {{IPA|[ɜ]}}. See [[Adyghe phonology]] |
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| colspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]{{sfnp|Khan|2010|p=222}} || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|পা]]}} / [[Romanization of Bengali|''p'''a''''']] || {{IPA|[pɐ]}} || 'leg' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|a}}. See [[Bengali phonology]] |
| colspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]{{sfnp|Khan|2010|p=222}} || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|পা]]}} / [[Romanization of Bengali|''p'''a''''']] || {{IPA|[pɐ]}} || 'leg' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|a}}. See [[Bengali phonology]] |
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| colspan="2" | [[Burmese language|Burmese]]{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|p=293}} || {{lang|bm|[[Burmese alphabet|မ'''တ်''']]}}/maat ||{{IPA|[mɐʔ]}} || 'vertical' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} in syllables closed by a glottal stop and when nasalized; realized as fully open {{IPAblink|ä}} in open oral syllables.{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|pp=292–293}} |
| colspan="2" | [[Burmese language|Burmese]]{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|p=293}} || {{lang|bm|[[Burmese alphabet|မ'''တ်''']]}}/maat ||{{IPA|[mɐʔ]}} || 'vertical' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} in syllables closed by a glottal stop and when nasalized; realized as fully open {{IPAblink|ä}} in open oral syllables.{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|pp=292–293}} |
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| [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || [[Barcelona metropolitan area]]{{sfnp|Rafel|1999|p=14}}{{sfnp|Harrison|1997|pp=2}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|'''e'''mm'''a'''g'''a'''tz'''e'''mar]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɐm(ː)ɐɣ̞ɐd͡z̺ɐˈmä]}} || 'to store' || |
| [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || [[Barcelona metropolitan area]]{{sfnp|Rafel|1999|p=14}}{{sfnp|Harrison|1997|pp=2}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|'''e'''mm'''a'''g'''a'''tz'''e'''mar]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɐm(ː)ɐɣ̞ɐd͡z̺ɐˈmä]}} || 'to store' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ə}} in other Eastern dialects. See [[Catalan phonology]] |
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| rowspan="2" | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Cantonese]]{{sfnp|Zee|1999|p=59}} || {{lang|yue-Hani|[[Chinese characters|心]]}} / {{lang|yue-Latn|[[Jyutping|s'''a'''m1]]}} || {{IPA|[sɐ̝m˥]}} || 'heart' || Open-mid.{{sfnp|Zee|1999|p=59}} See [[Cantonese phonology]] |
| rowspan="2" | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Cantonese]]{{sfnp|Zee|1999|p=59}} || {{lang|yue-Hani|[[Chinese characters|心]]}} / {{lang|yue-Latn|[[Jyutping|s'''a'''m1]]}} || {{IPA|[sɐ̝m˥]}} || 'heart' || Open-mid.{{sfnp|Zee|1999|p=59}} See [[Cantonese phonology]] |
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|{{IPA|[kɐʔ˦]}}|| 'to cut' || Appears only in closed syllables; the exact height and backness is somewhat variable.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|p=328}} |
|{{IPA|[kɐʔ˦]}}|| 'to cut' || Appears only in closed syllables; the exact height and backness is somewhat variable.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|p=328}} |
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| colspan="2" | [[Danish language|Danish]]{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=58}} || {{lang|da|[[Danish orthography|fatt'''er''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈfætɐ]}} || 'understands' || |
| colspan="2" | [[Danish language|Danish]]{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=58}} || {{lang|da|[[Danish orthography|fatt'''er''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈfætɐ]}} || 'understands' || Typically realized the same as {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, i.e. {{IPAblink|ɒ|ɒ̽}}. Other possible realizations are {{IPA|[ɐ]}} and {{IPAblink|ɤ̞|ə̠}}.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=58}} See [[Danish phonology]] |
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| [[Dinka language|Dinka]] || Luanyjang{{sfnp|Remijsen|Manyang|2009|pp=117, 119}} || ''l'''a'''ŋ''|| {{IPA|[lɐ́ŋ]}} || 'berry' || Short allophone of {{IPA|/a/}}; varies between near-open {{IPA|[ɐ]}} and open-mid {{IPA|[ɐ̝]}}.{{sfnp|Remijsen|Manyang|2009|pp=117, 119}} |
| [[Dinka language|Dinka]] || Luanyjang{{sfnp|Remijsen|Manyang|2009|pp=117, 119}} || ''l'''a'''ŋ''|| {{IPA|[lɐ́ŋ]}} || 'berry' || Short allophone of {{IPA|/a/}}; varies between near-open {{IPA|[ɐ]}} and open-mid {{IPA|[ɐ̝]}}.{{sfnp|Remijsen|Manyang|2009|pp=117, 119}} |
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|{{IPA|[buˈlʌɲːɐ]}} |
|{{IPA|[buˈlʌɲːɐ]}} |
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|'[[Bologna]]' |
|'[[Bologna]]' |
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|Centralized /a/. |
|Centralized {{IPA|/a/}}. |
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| rowspan="8" |[[English language|English]] |
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|[[Australian English|Australia]] |
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|''[[English orthography|c'''al'''m]]'' |
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|[kɐːm] |
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|'calm' |
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|Central. See [[Australian English phonology]] |
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| [[Cockney]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}}{{sfnp|Hughes|Trudgill|1979|p=35}} || {{IPA|[nɐ̟ʔ]}} || Near-front.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}} |
| [[Cockney]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}}{{sfnp|Hughes|Trudgill|1979|p=35}} || {{IPA|[nɐ̟ʔ]}} || Near-front.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}} |
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| [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=98}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[nɐʔt]}} || Varies between near-open near-front {{IPA|[ɐ̟]}}, near-open central {{IPA|[ɐ]}}, open near-front {{IPAblink|a|a̠}} and open central {{IPAblink|ɐ̞}}.{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=98}} See [[New Zealand English phonology]] |
| [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=98}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[nɐʔt]}} || Varies between near-open near-front {{IPA|[ɐ̟]}}, near-open central {{IPA|[ɐ]}}, open near-front {{IPAblink|a|a̠}} and open central {{IPAblink|ɐ̞}}.{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=98}} See [[New Zealand English phonology]] |
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| [[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=186}} || See [[English phonology]] |
| [[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=122}}{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=186}} || Increasingly retracted to {{IPAblink|ʌ}} to avoid the [[trap-strut merger]].{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=122}} See [[English phonology]] |
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| [[Inland Northern American English|Inland Northern American]]<ref>{{citation|last1=Labov|first1=William|last2=Ash|first2=Sharon|last3=Boberg|first3=Charles|year=1997|title=A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html|access-date=March 15, 2013}}</ref> || ''[[English orthography|b'''e'''t]]'' || {{IPA|[bɐt]}} || 'bet' || Variation of {{IPA|/ɛ/}} used in some places whose accents have undergone the [[Northern cities vowel shift]]. |
| [[Inland Northern American English|Inland Northern American]]<ref>{{citation|last1=Labov|first1=William|last2=Ash|first2=Sharon|last3=Boberg|first3=Charles|year=1997|title=A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html|access-date=March 15, 2013}}</ref> || ''[[English orthography|b'''e'''t]]'' || {{IPA|[bɐt]}} || 'bet' || Variation of {{IPA|/ɛ/}} used in some places whose accents have undergone the [[Northern cities vowel shift]]. |
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| [[Estuary English|Middle Class London]]<ref name="alt188">{{Harvcoltxt|Altendorf|Watt|2004|p=188}}. The authors differentiate between symbols {{IPA|[ɒ̟]}} and {{IPA|[ɒ̈]}}; the former denotes a more back vowel.</ref> || ''[[English orthography|l'''o'''t]]'' || {{IPA|[lɐ̹ʔt]}} || 'lot' || Rounded; can be back {{IPAblink|ɒ}} instead.<ref name="alt188"/> See [[English phonology]] |
| [[Estuary English|Middle Class London]]<ref name="alt188">{{Harvcoltxt|Altendorf|Watt|2004|p=188}}. The authors differentiate between symbols {{IPA|[ɒ̟]}} and {{IPA|[ɒ̈]}}; the former denotes a more back vowel.</ref> || ''[[English orthography|l'''o'''t]]'' || {{IPA|[lɐ̹ʔt]}} || 'lot' || Rounded; can be back {{IPAblink|ɒ}} instead.<ref name="alt188"/> See [[English phonology]] |
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| [[Australian English|Australian]]{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=64}} || ''[[English orthography|comm'''a''']]'' || {{IPA|[ˈkɔmɐ]}} || 'comma' || Alternatively lowered from word-final {{IPAblink|ə}}.{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=163}} See [[Australian English phonology]] |
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| colspan="2" | [[Galician language|Galician]] |
| colspan="2" | [[Galician language|Galician]] |
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| Realization of final unstressed {{IPA|/a/}}. See [[Galician phonology]] |
| Realization of final unstressed {{IPA|/a/}}. See [[Galician phonology]] |
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| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Krech et al.|2009|p=86}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography| |
| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Krech et al.|2009|p=86}}{{sfnp|Rathcke|Mooshammer|2020|pp=48–50}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|Op'''er''']]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|De-Oper.ogg|[ˈoːpɐ]}} || 'opera' || The exact height, backness and roundedness is somewhere between {{IPAblink|ä}} and {{IPAblink|ɔ}}, depending on the environment. Sometimes, an opening diphthong of the {{IPA|[əɐ̯]}}-type is used instead.{{sfnp|Krech et al.|2009|p=86}} In Northern Standard German, the short {{IPAblink|ä}} is raised to {{IPA|[ɐ]}} when unstressed, rendering {{lang|de|Opa}} 'grandpa' homophonous with {{lang|de|Oper}}.{{sfnp|Rathcke|Mooshammer|2020|pp=48–50}} See [[Standard German phonology]] |
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| Regional northern accents<!--NOT 'dialects', the source talks about Standard German spoken with Northern German accents-->{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} || {{lang|de|[[German alphabet|k'''o'''mmen]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkʰɐmən]}} || 'to come' || Varies between central {{IPA|[ɐ]}} and back {{IPA|[ɑ]}}; corresponds to an open-mid rounded {{IPAblink|ɔ}} in Standard German.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} See [[Standard German phonology]] |
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| [[Greek language|Greek]] || [[Modern Greek|Modern]] Standard{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=25}} || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|'''α'''κ'''α'''κί'''α''']]}} / [[Romanization of Greek|'''''a'''k'''a'''kí'''a''''']] || {{IPA|[ɐkɐˈc̠i.ɐ]}} || 'acacia' || Most often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|a}}. See [[Modern Greek phonology]] |
| [[Greek language|Greek]] || [[Modern Greek|Modern]] Standard{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=25}} || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|'''α'''κ'''α'''κί'''α''']]}} / [[Romanization of Greek|'''''a'''k'''a'''kí'''a''''']] || {{IPA|[ɐkɐˈc̠i.ɐ]}} || 'acacia' || Most often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|a}}. See [[Modern Greek phonology]] |
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| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]]{{sfnp|Lee|1999|p=121}} || {{lang|ko-Hang|[[Hangul|하나]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|h'''a'''n'''a''']]}} || {{IPA|[hɐnɐ]}} || align tr="center"| 'one' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|a}}. See [[Korean phonology]] |
| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]]{{sfnp|Lee|1999|p=121}} || {{lang|ko-Hang|[[Hangul|하나]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|h'''a'''n'''a''']]}} || {{IPA|[hɐnɐ]}} || align tr="center"| 'one' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|a}}. See [[Korean phonology]] |
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| colspan="2" | [[Kumzari language|Kumzari]]{{sfnp|Anonby|2011|p=378}} || {{ |
| colspan="2" | [[Kumzari language|Kumzari]]{{sfnp|Anonby|2011|p=378}} || {{Uninastaliq |گپ}} / {{lang|zum|g'''a'''p}} || {{IPA|[ɡɐ̟p]}} || 'large' || Near-front.{{sfnp|Anonby|2011|p=378}} |
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| rowspan="2" | [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] || [[Maastrichtian dialect|Maastrichtian]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|pp=158–159, 162}} || {{lang|li|v'''äö'''l}} || {{IPA|[vɐ̹ːl]}} || 'much' || Rounded; contrasts with the open-mid {{IPAblink|ɞː}} in words with Accent 2 ({{IPA|[ɐ̹ː]}} itself is always toneless).{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|pp=159, 161–162, 164}} It may be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɶː}}, as it is a phonological front vowel. |
| rowspan="2" | [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] || [[Maastrichtian dialect|Maastrichtian]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|pp=158–159, 162}} || {{lang|li|v'''äö'''l}} || {{IPA|[vɐ̹ːl]}} || 'much' || Rounded; contrasts with the open-mid {{IPAblink|ɞː}} in words with Accent 2 ({{IPA|[ɐ̹ː]}} itself is always toneless).{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|pp=159, 161–162, 164}} It may be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɶː}}, as it is a phonological front vowel. |
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| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]|| Moldavian dialects{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=29}} || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|b'''ă'''rbat]]}} || {{IPA|[bɐrˈbat]}} || 'man' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ə}} in standard Romanian. See [[Romanian phonology]] |
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]|| Moldavian dialects{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=29}} || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|b'''ă'''rbat]]}} || {{IPA|[bɐrˈbat]}} || 'man' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ə}} in standard Romanian. See [[Romanian phonology]] |
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| [[Russian language|Russian]] || Standard [[Moscow]]{{sfnp|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=225}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|гол'''о'''ва]]}} / ''gol'''o'''va''|| {{Audio-IPA|Ru-голова.ogg|[ɡəɫ̪ɐˈvä]}} || 'head' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʌ}} in standard [[Saint Petersburg]] pronunciation;{{sfnp|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=225}} occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See [[Russian phonology]] |
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| colspan="2" | [[Sabiny language|Sabiny]]<ref name="sabiny1">{{cite web|title=UPSID 4)S|url=http://menzerath.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/S/S0161.html|access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref> || {{example needed|date=January 2016}} || || || Contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels.<ref name="sabiny2">{{cite web|title=UPSID SEBEI|url=http://menzerath.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L4209.html|access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref> |
| colspan="2" | [[Sabiny language|Sabiny]]<ref name="sabiny1">{{cite web|title=UPSID 4)S|url=http://menzerath.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/S/S0161.html|access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref> || {{example needed|date=January 2016}} || || || Contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels.<ref name="sabiny2">{{cite web|title=UPSID SEBEI|url=http://menzerath.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L4209.html|access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref> |
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|isbn=978-1-316-63926-9 |
|isbn=978-1-316-63926-9 |
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs3DwAAQBAJ |
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs3DwAAQBAJ |
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}} |
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* {{citation |
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|last=Cruttenden |
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|first=Alan |
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|year=2014 |
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|title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English |
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|publisher=Routledge |
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|edition=8th |
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|isbn=9781444183092 |
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ |
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}} |
}} |
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* {{citation |
* {{citation |
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|url=http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000042%5C00000071.pdf |
|url=http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000042%5C00000071.pdf |
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|isbn=978-84-7283-446-0 |
|isbn=978-84-7283-446-0 |
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}} |
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* {{citation |
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|last1=Rathcke |
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|first1=Tamara |
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|last2=Mooshammer |
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|first2=Christine |
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|year=2020 |
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|title=‘Grandpa’ or ‘opera’? Production and perception of unstressed /a/ and /əʁ/ in German |
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|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |
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|volume=52 |
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|issue=1 |
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|pages=33–58 |
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|doi=10.1017/S0025100320000110 |
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|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/grandpa-or-opera-production-and-perception-of-unstressed-a-and-r-in-german/40C93837169B8630610D848BF8C848F8 |
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|doi-access=free |
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}} |
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* {{citation |
* {{citation |
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|doi = 10.1017/S0025100308003605 |
|doi = 10.1017/S0025100308003605 |
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|doi-access= free |
|doi-access= free |
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|hdl= 20.500.11820/ccca8aff-adb2-42c0-9daa-f1e5777ee69f |
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* {{citation |
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Latest revision as of 06:02, 2 August 2024
Near-open central vowel | |||
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ɐ | |||
IPA Number | 324 | ||
Audio sample | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ɐ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+0250 | ||
X-SAMPA | 6 | ||
Braille | |||
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IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
The near-open central vowel, or near-low central vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɐ⟩, a rotated lowercase double-story a.
In English this vowel is most typically transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʌ⟩, i.e. as if it were open-mid back. That pronunciation is still found in some dialects, but many speakers use a central vowel like [ɐ] or [ɜ]. To avoid the trap–strut merger, Standard Southern British English is moving away from the [ɐ] quality towards [ʌ] found in RP spoken in the first half of the 20th century (e.g. in Daniel Jones's speech).[2]
Much like ⟨ə⟩, ⟨ɐ⟩ is a versatile symbol that is not defined for roundedness[3] and that can be used for vowels that are near-open central,[4] near-open near-front,[5] near-open near-back,[6] open-mid central,[7] open central[8] or an (often unstressed) vowel with variable height, backness and/or roundedness that is produced in that general area.[9] For open central unrounded vowels transcribed with ⟨ɐ⟩, see open central unrounded vowel.
When the usual transcription of the near-open near-front and the near-open near-back variants is different from ⟨ɐ⟩, they are listed in near-open front unrounded vowel and open back unrounded vowel or open back rounded vowel, respectively.
The near-open central unrounded vowel is sometimes the only open vowel in a language[10] and then is typically transcribed with ⟨a⟩.
Features
[edit]- Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is undefined for roundedness, which means that it can be either rounded or unrounded. In practice however, the unrounded variant is more common.
Occurrence
[edit]In the following list, ⟨ɐ⟩ is assumed to be unrounded. The rounded variant is transcribed as ⟨ɐ̹⟩. Some instances of the latter may actually be fully open.
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | сэ / să | [sɐ] | 'I' | Varies between near-open and open-mid [ɜ]. See Adyghe phonology | |
Bengali[11] | পা / pa | [pɐ] | 'leg' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. See Bengali phonology | |
Bulgarian[7] | пара/para | [pɐˈra] | 'coin' | Unstressed allophone of /ɤ/ and /a/.[7] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩. See Bulgarian phonology | |
Burmese[12] | မတ်/maat | [mɐʔ] | 'vertical' | Allophone of /a/ in syllables closed by a glottal stop and when nasalized; realized as fully open [ä] in open oral syllables.[13] | |
Catalan | Barcelona metropolitan area[14][15] | emmagatzemar | [ɐm(ː)ɐɣ̞ɐd͡z̺ɐˈmä] | 'to store' | Corresponds to [ə] in other Eastern dialects. See Catalan phonology |
Chinese | Cantonese[16] | 心 / sam1 | [sɐ̝m˥] | 'heart' | Open-mid.[16] See Cantonese phonology |
Shanghainese[17] | 砍 | [kɐʔ˦] | 'to cut' | Appears only in closed syllables; the exact height and backness is somewhat variable.[17] | |
Danish[18] | fatter | [ˈfætɐ] | 'understands' | Typically realized the same as /ɔ/, i.e. [ɒ̽]. Other possible realizations are [ɐ] and [ə̠].[18] See Danish phonology | |
Dinka | Luanyjang[19] | laŋ | [lɐ́ŋ] | 'berry' | Short allophone of /a/; varies between near-open [ɐ] and open-mid [ɐ̝].[19] |
Emilian | Bulåggna | [buˈlʌɲːɐ] | 'Bologna' | Centralized /a/. | |
English | California[20] | nut | [nɐt] | 'nut' | See English phonology |
Cockney[21][22] | [nɐ̟ʔ] | Near-front.[21] | |||
East Anglian[23] | [nɐʔ] | Used in some places (e.g. Colchester) instead of the traditional [ʌ].[23] | |||
New Zealand[24] | [nɐʔt] | Varies between near-open near-front [ɐ̟], near-open central [ɐ], open near-front [a̠] and open central [ɐ̞].[24] See New Zealand English phonology | |||
Received Pronunciation[2][4] | Increasingly retracted to [ʌ] to avoid the trap-strut merger.[2] See English phonology | ||||
Inland Northern American[25] | bet | [bɐt] | 'bet' | Variation of /ɛ/ used in some places whose accents have undergone the Northern cities vowel shift. | |
Middle Class London[26] | lot | [lɐ̹ʔt] | 'lot' | Rounded; can be back [ɒ] instead.[26] See English phonology | |
Australian[27] | comma | [ˈkɔmɐ] | 'comma' | Alternatively lowered from word-final [ə].[28] See Australian English phonology | |
Galician | feita | [ˈfejt̪ɐ] | 'done' | Realization of final unstressed /a/. See Galician phonology | |
German | Standard[9][29] | Oper | 'opera' | The exact height, backness and roundedness is somewhere between [ä] and [ɔ], depending on the environment. Sometimes, an opening diphthong of the [əɐ̯]-type is used instead.[9] In Northern Standard German, the short [ä] is raised to [ɐ] when unstressed, rendering Opa 'grandpa' homophonous with Oper.[29] See Standard German phonology | |
Regional northern accents[30] | kommen | [ˈkʰɐmən] | 'to come' | Varies between central [ɐ] and back [ɑ]; corresponds to an open-mid rounded [ɔ] in Standard German.[30] See Standard German phonology | |
Greek | Modern Standard[10] | ακακία / akakía | [ɐkɐˈc̠i.ɐ] | 'acacia' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. See Modern Greek phonology |
Hausa[31] | [example needed] | Possible allophone of /a/, which can be as close as [ə] and as open as [ä].[31] | |||
Hindustani[32] | दस/دَس/das | [ˈd̪ɐs] | 'ten' | Common realization of /ə/.[32] See Hindustani phonology | |
Korean[33] | 하나 / hana | [hɐnɐ] | 'one' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. See Korean phonology | |
Kumzari[5] | گپ / gap | [ɡɐ̟p] | 'large' | Near-front.[5] | |
Limburgish | Maastrichtian[34] | väöl | [vɐ̹ːl] | 'much' | Rounded; contrasts with the open-mid [ɞː] in words with Accent 2 ([ɐ̹ː] itself is always toneless).[35] It may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɶː⟩, as it is a phonological front vowel. |
Venlo dialect[36] | aan | [ˈɐːn] | 'on' | Corresponds to [aː] in other dialects. | |
Lithuanian | kas | [kɐs̪] | 'what' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
Luxembourgish[6] | Kanner | [ˈkʰɑnɐ̠] | 'children' | Near-back.[37] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Malayalam | പത്ത് | [pɐt̪ːɨ̆] | 'ten' | See Malayalam phonology | |
Mapudungun[38] | karü | [ˈkɐ̝ʐɘ̝] | 'green' | Open-mid;[38] often transcribed in IPA with ⟨a⟩. | |
Norwegian | Østfold dialect[39] | bada | [ˈbɐ̹̂ːdɐ] | 'to bathe' | The example word illustrates both the rounded [ɐ̹] and the unrounded [ɐ]. |
Piedmontese | Eastern Piedmont | pauta | [ˈpɑwtɐ] | 'mud' | Common realization of final unstressed /a/. |
Portuguese[40][41] | aja | 'act' (subj.) | Closer [ɐ̝] in European Portuguese than in Brazilian Portuguese ([ɐ]).[40][41] See Portuguese phonology | ||
Punjabi[42] | ਖੰਡ / کھنڈ | [ˈkʰɐ̌ɳɖᵊ] | 'sugar' | Common realization of /ə/, the inherent vowel of Punjabi. See Punjabi phonology | |
ਪਊਆ / پوّا | [pɐwːä] | 'metric half pint' | Can occur as realization of tense /i/ or /u/ in some contexts followed by a geminate semi-vowel. | ||
Romanian | Moldavian dialects[43] | bărbat | [bɐrˈbat] | 'man' | Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Russian | Standard Moscow[44] | голова / golova | 'head' | Corresponds to [ʌ] in standard Saint Petersburg pronunciation;[44] occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology | |
Sabiny[45] | [example needed] | Contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels.[46] | |||
Ukrainian[47] | слива / slyva | [ˈslɪwɐ] | 'plum' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
Vietnamese[48] | chếch | [cɐ̆jk̚] | 'askance' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə̆⟩. See Vietnamese phonology | |
Xumi[49][50] | [tsʰɐ˦] | 'salt' | Near-open [ɐ] in Lower Xumi, open-mid [ɐ̝] in Upper Xumi. The latter phone may be transcribed with ⟨ɜ⟩. The example word is from Lower Xumi.[50][51] |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ a b c Cruttenden (2014), p. 122.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1999), p. 166.
- ^ a b Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 186.
- ^ a b c Anonby (2011), p. 378.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 68, 70.
- ^ a b c Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
- ^ Cox & Fletcher (2017), pp. 64–65.
- ^ a b c Krech et al. (2009), p. 86.
- ^ a b Arvaniti (2007), p. 25.
- ^ Khan (2010), p. 222.
- ^ Watkins (2001), p. 293.
- ^ Watkins (2001), pp. 292–293.
- ^ Rafel (1999), p. 14.
- ^ Harrison (1997), pp. 2.
- ^ a b Zee (1999), p. 59.
- ^ a b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005), p. 58.
- ^ a b Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 117, 119.
- ^ Ladefoged (1999), p. 42.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 305.
- ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
- ^ a b Trudgill (2004), p. 167.
- ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
- ^ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997), A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved March 15, 2013
- ^ a b Altendorf & Watt (2004:188). The authors differentiate between symbols [ɒ̟] and [ɒ̈]; the former denotes a more back vowel.
- ^ Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 64.
- ^ Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 163.
- ^ a b Rathcke & Mooshammer (2020), pp. 48–50.
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
- ^ a b Schuh & Yalwa (1999), pp. 90–91.
- ^ a b Ohala (1999), p. 102.
- ^ Lee (1999), p. 121.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 158–159, 162.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 159, 161–162, 164.
- ^ Peeters (1951), p. 39.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
- ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 92.
- ^ Jahr (1990:92)
- ^ a b Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ a b Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 229.
- ^ Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai (2016). "Chapter 4: Tone and Related Phenomena in Panjabi". Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar (in English and Punjabi). Abingdon: Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-315-76080-3.
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ a b Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 225.
- ^ "UPSID 4)S". Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ "UPSID SEBEI". Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Hoang (1965), p. 24.
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 369–370.
- ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 388–389.
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 369.
References
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- Anonby, Erik John (2011), "Kumzari", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41 (3): 375–380, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000314
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11, retrieved 2013-12-11
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- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 978-0-203-97876-4
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- Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605, hdl:20.500.11820/ccca8aff-adb2-42c0-9daa-f1e5777ee69f
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