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The '''Kingdom of Reman''' or '''Kingdom of Rahman''' ({{lang-ms|Kerajaan Reman}}; [[Jawi script|Jawi]]: كراجأن رمان; {{Lang-th|รามัน}}; {{RTGS|''Raman''}}) was a [[landlocked]] semi-independent [[Malay people|Malay]] kingdom established in northern [[Malay Peninsula]].
The '''Kingdom of Reman''' or '''Kingdom of Rahman''' ({{lang-ms|Kerajaan Reman}}; [[Jawi script|Jawi]]: كراجأن رمان; {{Lang-th|รามัน}}; {{RTGS|''Raman''}}) was a [[landlocked]] semi-independent [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] kingdom in the northern [[Malay Peninsula]].


It was one of seven regions of [[Pattani Kingdom]], an autonomous tributary state of [[Thailand|Siam]], between 1810 and 1902. Tuan Mansor, a member of the [[Patani (historical region)|Patani]] aristocracy, ascended to the throne in 1810.
It was one of seven regions of [[Patani Kingdom]], an autonomous tributary state of [[Thailand|Siam]], between 1810 and 1902. Tuan Mansor, a member of the [[Patani (historical region)|Patani]] aristocracy, ascended to the throne in 1810.


The state's territory straddles the present-day [[Malaysia-Thailand border]], covering [[Raman District|Amphoe Raman]] in [[Yala province]] in [[Thailand]], as well as [[Hulu Perak District|Upper Perak region]] and parts of [[Jeli District|Jeli]] and [[Gua Musang District|Upper Kelantan]] regions in [[Malaysia]].
The state's territory straddles the present-day [[Malaysia–Thailand border]], covering [[Raman District|Amphoe Raman]] in [[Yala province]] in [[Thailand]], as well as [[Hulu Perak District]] and parts of [[Jeli District|Jeli]] and [[Gua Musang District|Upper Kelantan]] regions in [[Malaysia]].


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The name of the state may be derived from a [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Patani Malay]] word ''rama' '', [[cognate]] to [[standard Malay]] ''ramai'', meaning "a large assembly". It is likely named after a growing settlement founded in the area around the late 18th century.
The name of the state may be derived from a [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Patani Malay]] word ''rama''', [[cognate]] to [[standard Malay]] ''ramai'', meaning "a large assembly". It is likely named after a growing settlement founded in the area around the late 18th century.


The earliest English-language reference of the state was made in 1818, between an agreement by the [[List of governors of Penang#Governors of Prince of Wales Island|Governor of Prince of Wales' Island (Penang)]], [[John Alexander Bannerman|John Bannerman]] to Tuan Long Mansur, the king of Reman in [[Pengkalan Hulu|Kroh]]; another reference was written in 1824 by [[John Anderson (diplomatic writer)|John Anderson]], a Scottish diplomatic agent who stated Reman as one of the seven ''federated states'' of Patani. The territory was also referred to as ''Rahman'' and ''Rehman'' in English, and ''Raman'' (รามัน) in Thai.
The earliest English-language reference of the state was made in 1818, between an agreement by the [[List of governors of Penang#Governors of Prince of Wales Island|Governor of Prince of Wales' Island (Penang)]], [[John Alexander Bannerman|John Bannerman]] to Tuan Long Mansur, the king of Reman in [[Pengkalan Hulu|Kroh]]; another reference was written in 1824 by [[John Anderson (diplomatic writer)|John Anderson]], a Scottish diplomatic agent who stated Reman as one of the seven ''federated states'' of Patani. The territory was also referred to as ''Rahman'' and ''Rehman'' in English, and ''Raman'' (รามัน) in Thai.


[[Henry Burney]], a British commercial traveller and diplomat for the [[British East India Company]], recorded in 1826 that Reman was one of the fourteen polities that pay tribute to the Siamese through their representatives in the [[changwat|provinces]] of [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Province|Nakhon Si Thammarat]] and [[Songkhla]].<ref name="Tiki Mambang 2016">{{harvnb|Tiki Mambang|2016}}</ref><ref name="Boon 2010">{{harvnb|Boon|2010}}</ref>
[[Henry Burney]], a British commercial traveller and diplomat for the British [[East India Company]], recorded in 1826 that Reman was one of the fourteen polities that pay tribute to the Siamese through their representatives in the [[Provinces of Thailand|provinces]] of [[Nakhon Si Thammarat province|Nakhon Si Thammarat]] and [[Songkhla province|Songkhla]].<ref name="Tiki Mambang 2016">{{harvnb|Tiki Mambang|2016}}</ref><ref name="Boon 2010">{{harvnb|Boon|2010}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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[[File:Map of Siam in 1900.png|thumb|Map of Reman as vassal of Siam in 1900]]
[[File:Map of Siam in 1900.png|thumb|Map of Reman as vassal of Siam in 1900]]
[[File:Peta negeri reman.jpg|thumb|right|A 19th century map of Reman, showing the location in the interior of the upper Peninsula. A landlocked kingdom, it is surrounded by clockwise from north: the Malay states of Jala, Legeh, Perak and Kedah respectively. [[Kota Baru, Thailand|Kota Baru]], the administrative capital of the kingdom can also be seen in the map.]]
[[File:Peta negeri reman.jpg|thumb|right|A 19th century map of Reman, showing the location in the interior of the upper Peninsula. A landlocked kingdom, it is surrounded by clockwise from north: the Malay states of Jala, Legeh, Perak and Kedah respectively. [[Kota Baru, Thailand|Kota Baru]], the administrative capital of the kingdom can also be seen in the map.]]
The state of Reman was founded on territory carved out from the neighbouring principalities of [[Pattani Province|Pujut]], [[Yala Province|Jalor]] and [[Ra-ngae District|Legeh]], all part of the Patani Kingdom, in the early 19th century.<ref name="Tiki Mambang 2016"/><ref name="Orang Kelantan 2017">{{harvnb|Orang Kelantan|2017}}</ref> It emerged as a single polity under Tuan Tok Nik Tok Leh in 1810. Tuan Tok Nik, also known as Tuan Mansor, a Patani nobleman, was appointed to manage the [[tin mining|mining operations]] in the area during the reign of [[Pattani Kingdom#Chronology of rulers|Muhammad Raja Bakar]], the Sultan of Patani.<ref name="Orang Kelantan 2017"/> In the late 18th century, he and his followers settled in the [[Hulu Perak|Kroh Plateau]], an area that was receiving a mass [[Human migration|exodus]] of people fleeing from the civil unrest in the Patani plains further north since the Siamese reconquest in 1785.<ref name="Boon 2010">{{harvnb|Boon|2010}}</ref>
The state of Reman was founded on territory carved out from the neighbouring principalities of [[Pattani province|Pujut]], [[Yala province|Jalor]] and [[Ra-ngae district|Legeh]], all part of the Patani Kingdom, in the early 19th century.<ref name="Tiki Mambang 2016"/><ref name="Orang Kelantan 2017">{{harvnb|Orang Kelantan|2017}}</ref> It emerged as a single polity under Tuan Tok Nik Tok Leh in 1810. Tuan Tok Nik, also known as Tuan Mansor, a Patani nobleman, was appointed to manage the [[tin mining|mining operations]] in the area during the reign of Sultan [[Pattani Kingdom#Chronology of rulers|Muhammad Raja Bakar]] of Patani.<ref name="Orang Kelantan 2017"/> In the late 18th century, he and his followers settled in the [[Hulu Perak|Kroh Plateau]], an area that was receiving a mass [[Human migration|exodus]] of people fleeing from the civil unrest in the Patani plains further north since the Siamese reconquest in 1785.<ref name="Boon 2010">{{harvnb|Boon|2010}}</ref>


By 1808, Tuan Tok Nik, desiring for more political [[autonomy]] for the area, began his campaign for independence from Patani suzerainty. The campaign rapidly spiraled into a [[civil war]]. The [[Thailand|Siamese]], mobilised its forces to attack the Patani Kingdom as well. The Siamese emerged victorious, and the Patani Kingdom was severely weakened by the two-front incursion.<ref name="Orang Kelantan 2017"/>
By 1808, Tuan Tok Nik, desiring for more political [[autonomy]] for the area, began his campaign for independence from Patani suzerainty. The campaign rapidly spiraled into a [[civil war]]. The [[Thailand|Siamese]], mobilised its forces to attack the Patani Kingdom as well. The Siamese emerged victorious, and the Patani Kingdom was severely weakened by the two-front incursion.<ref name="Orang Kelantan 2017"/>


The Thais subsequently reorganised Patani in 1810 into a [[confederation]] of 7 semi-autonomous chiefdoms. The chiefdoms consist of [[Amphoe Ra-ngae|Legeh]], [[Amphoe Nong Chik|Nongchick]], [[Pattani Sultanate|Patani]], Reman, [[Amphoe Sai Buri|Saiburi]], [[Yala Province|Yala]] and [[Amphoe Yaring|yaring]]. Each chiefdom was granted a high degree of autonomy and administrative powers were devolved to the Malay kingss. A portion of local revenue was paid to the Siamese as tribute. Loyalty to the [[King of Thailand|crown]] was observed and any rebellion against the Siamese was not tolerated.
The Siamese subsequently reorganised Patani in 1810 into a [[confederation]] of 7 semi-autonomous chiefdoms. The chiefdoms consist of [[Amphoe Ra-ngae|Legeh]], [[Amphoe Nong Chik|Nongchick]], [[Patani Kingdom|Patani]], Reman, [[Amphoe Sai Buri|Saiburi]], [[Yala province|Yala]] and [[Amphoe Yaring|yaring]]. Each chiefdom was granted a high degree of autonomy and administrative powers were devolved to the Malay kings. A portion of local revenue was paid to the Siamese as tribute. Loyalty to the [[King of Thailand|crown]] was observed and any rebellion against the Siamese was not tolerated.


Tuan Tok Nik was affirmed as the ruler of Reman. Spanning an area between the upper reach of [[Pattani River|Sungai Pattani]] to [[Ra-ngae District|Sungai Mas]] in the north and [[Lenggong]] down south, Reman was the largest state in the confederation.<ref name="Boon 2010">{{harvnb|Boon|2010}}</ref>
Tuan Tok Nik was affirmed as the ruler of Reman. Spanning an area between the upper reach of [[Pattani River|Sungai Pattani]] to [[Ra-ngae district|Sungai Mas]] in the north and [[Lenggong]] in the south, Reman was the largest state in the confederation.<ref name="Boon 2010">{{harvnb|Boon|2010}}</ref>


===The Perak-Reman War of 1826===
===The Perak-Reman War of 1826===
A territorial dispute between Reman and [[Perak]] led to conflict between the two states, primarily around what is today the towns of Klian Intan and [[Pengkalan Hulu]] in [[Hulu Perak|Upper Perak]] region. Previously a border outpost [[Perak]] and [[Pattani Kingdom|Patani]] in the 18th century, the mineral-rich area was captured in 1790, becoming an integral part of Reman state.
A territorial dispute between Reman and [[Perak]] led to conflict between the two states, primarily around what is today the towns of Klian Intan and [[Pengkalan Hulu]] in the [[Hulu Perak District|Hulu Perak]] region. Previously a border outpost between [[Perak]] and [[Pattani Kingdom|Patani]] in the 18th century, the mineral-rich area was captured in 1790, becoming an integral part of the Reman state.


In 1826, [[Perak Sultanate#Siak Dynasty|Sultan Abdullah Muazzam Shah]] of Perak sought the assistance of the [[British East India Company]] to regain control of the resource-rich territory. Perakian forces were deployed to the plateau for their campaign into Reman. The king of Reman Tuan Mansor, withdrew his forces from Kubu Kapeh to Klian Intan and later to Kuala Kepayang. It took several years for Reman to reconquer the area.<ref name="Sembangkuala 2010">{{harvnb|Sembangkuala|2010}}</ref>
In 1826, [[Sultan of Perak#Siak dynasty|Sultan Abdullah Muazzam Shah]] of Perak sought the assistance of the British [[East India Company]] to regain control of the resource-rich territory. Perakian forces were deployed to the plateau for their campaign into Reman. The King of Reman Tuan Mansor, withdrew his forces from Kubu Kapeh to Klian Intan and later to Kuala Kepayang. It took several years for Reman to reconquer the area.<ref name="Sembangkuala 2010">{{harvnb|Sembangkuala|2010}}</ref>


===Post-War recovery and growth===
===Post-War recovery and growth===
[[File:Elephants of Gerik.jpg|thumb|The Elephants of Gerik, taken in c. 1900. The Reman Kings were known to own hundreds of elephants, using the [[Working animal|beast of burden]] as the primary workhorse both in the field and in military. ]]
[[File:Elephants of Gerik.jpg|thumb|The Elephants of Gerik, taken in c. 1900. The Reman Kings were known to own hundreds of elephants, using the [[Working animal|beast of burden]] as the primary workhorse both in the field and in military. ]]
[[File:Siam in 1893, During Rama V's Reign.jpg|left|thumb|Reman under Siamese influence in 1893]]
The kingdom's strategic location between the east and west coast of the peninsula fueled its growth throughout the 19th century.<ref name="Sembangkuala 2010">{{harvnb|Sembangkuala|2010}}</ref> The border conflict with Perak was followed by a period of relative stability and unprecedented prosperity due to the restoration of mining activities in the region, under the auspices of Toh Nang Patani, a local noble. Though sporadic border skirmishes with Perak continued, they were usually won by Reman [[militia]], commanded by Mengkong Deleha, a renowned Reman fighter.<ref name="Boon 2010">{{harvnb|Boon|2010}}</ref>
The kingdom's strategic location between the east and west coast of the peninsula fueled its growth throughout the 19th century.<ref name="Sembangkuala 2010">{{harvnb|Sembangkuala|2010}}</ref> The border conflict with Perak was followed by a period of relative stability and unprecedented prosperity due to the restoration of mining activities in the region, under the auspices of Toh Nang Patani, a local noble. Though sporadic border skirmishes with Perak continued, they were usually won by Reman [[militia]], commanded by Mengkong Deleha, a renowned Reman fighter.<ref name="Boon 2010">{{harvnb|Boon|2010}}</ref>


Hostilities between Reman and Perak formally come to an end in 1882 when both parties sought to formalise the border. Under British mediation, both states agreed that the new border shall be located along ''Bukit Nasha'' (5.3571123,101.0294051), some 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) southwest of [[Gerik]] town. ''Bukit Nasha'', alternately ''Bukit Nak Sah'' (''Nasha Hill'') is an abbreviation of ''{{transl|zsm|Nak disahkan satu perjanjian}}'' (for the ratification of a treaty).<ref name="Utusan Malaysia 1998">{{harvnb|Utusan Malaysia|1998}}</ref>
Hostilities between Reman and Perak formally come to an end in 1882 when both parties sought to formalise the border. Under British mediation, both states agreed that the new border would be located along ''Bukit Nasha'' (5.3571123,101.0294051), some 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) southwest of [[Gerik]] town. ''Bukit Nasha'', alternately ''Bukit Nak Sah'' (''Nasha Hill'') is an abbreviation of ''{{transl|zsm|Nak disahkan satu perjanjian}}'' (for the ratification of a treaty).<ref name="Utusan Malaysia 1998">{{harvnb|Utusan Malaysia|1998}}</ref>


The border was adjusted in 1899, when the border was shifted north to Kerunai, thus transferring Gerik town to the [[Federated Malay States]], which Perak became part of, four years prior. Several [[boundary marker]]s were erected, with each pillar standing 1 metre high and 1 metre wide.<ref name="Utusan Malaysia 1998"/>
The border was adjusted in 1899, when the border was shifted north to Kerunai, thus transferring Gerik town to the [[Federated Malay States]], which Perak had become part of four years prior. Several [[boundary marker]]s were erected, with each pillar standing 1 metre high and 1 metre wide.<ref name="Utusan Malaysia 1998"/>


===Independence movement===
===Independence movement===
[[File:Tuan Lebeh Long Raya.jpg|thumb|150px|Tuan Lebeh, the ''Long Raya'' (crown prince) of Reman Kingdom. He was convicted after the allegations of an uprising against the Siamese rule in 1902.]]
[[File:Tuan Lebeh Long Raya.jpg|thumb|150px|Tuan Lebeh, the ''Long Raya'' (crown prince) of Reman Kingdom. He was convicted after the allegations of an uprising against the Siamese rule in 1902.]]


The rise of nationalist movements in Reman was a result of wider Pan-Patani [[Early Malay nationalism|Malay nationalism]] in the region. It was a result of loss of local [[sovereignty]] to Siamese hands in 1785. Nationalist movements in the area in the late 19th century called for a restoration of an ideal sovereign Pattani kingdom, hoping to protect native lands and interests without interference from the Siamese government.<ref name="Khairul 2017">{{harvnb|Khairul|2017}}</ref>
The rise of nationalist movements in Reman was a result of wider Pan-Patani [[Early Malay nationalism|Malay nationalism]] in the region. It was a result of loss of local [[sovereignty]] to the Siamese in 1785. Nationalist movements in the area in the late 19th century called for a restoration of a sovereign Patani kingdom, hoping to protect native lands and interests without interference from the Siamese government.<ref name="Khairul 2017">{{harvnb|Khairul|2017}}</ref>


In 1902, the Siamese, alarmed by the nationalist movements in the south, began a major military crackdown against the Malay leaders who were suspected of involvement. Among the political elites that were arrested by the Siamese forces includes Tuan Lebeh Long Raya, the ''Raja Muda'' (crown prince) of Reman; Abdul Kadir Kamaruddin Syah, the Sultan of Patani and Tengku Abdul Mutallib, the King of Teluban.<ref>{{harvnb|Khairul|2016}}</ref>
In 1902, the Siamese, alarmed by the nationalist movements in the south, began a major military crackdown against the Malay leaders who were suspected of involvement. Among the political elite arrested by the Siamese forces were Tuan Lebeh Long Raya, the ''Raja Muda'' (crown prince) of Reman; Abdul Kadir Kamaruddin Syah, the Sultan of Patani and Tengku Abdul Mutallib, the King of Teluban.<ref>{{harvnb|Khairul|2016}}</ref>


===Dissolution and annexation===
===Dissolution and annexation===
Tuan Lebeh was then charged in the Siamese court in [[Singgora]]. The trial found the crown prince of Reman to be guilty of [[treason]] and he was offered two sentence options: a 25 years imprisonment in [[Songkhla|Singgora]] or 20 years in [[Bangkok]]. Tuan Lebeh opted for the second sentence. He was then transferred to Bangkok via a Siamese vessel, ''Chamroen'' ({{Lang-th|จำเริญ}}). The ship sank during the voyage to Bangkok and the prince was believed to be perished in the disaster. Devastated by the news, the king died a few weeks later, without an [[heir apparent]].<ref name="Sembangkuala 2010">{{harvnb|Sembangkuala|2010}}</ref>
Tuan Lebeh was then charged in the Siamese court in [[Singgora]]. The trial found the ''Raja Muda'' of Reman to be guilty of [[treason]] and was offered two sentence options: a 25 years imprisonment in [[Songkhla|Singgora]] or 20 years in [[Bangkok]]. Tuan Lebeh opted for the second sentence. He was then transferred to Bangkok via a Siamese vessel, ''Chamroen'' ({{Lang-th|จำเริญ}}). The ship sank during the voyage to Bangkok and the prince was believed have died in the disaster. The king was devastated by the news and died a few weeks later, without an [[heir apparent]].<ref name="Sembangkuala 2010">{{harvnb|Sembangkuala|2010}}</ref>


The same year also marked the beginning of Siamese moves to strip whatever was left of local autonomy in Pattani. In 1906 Pattani was once again reorganised into a [[monthon]] or division ({{Lang-th|มณฑลปัตตานี}}; {{RTGS|''Monthon Pattani''}}) and administered by a Siamese governor. The newly created division was then divided into three provinces ({{Lang-th|จังหวัด}}; {{RTGS|''[[changwat]]''}}) - Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat, each headed by a high commissioner. Under the new system, Reman was absorbed into [[Yala Province|Yala changwat]] as ''Amphoe Yala''.<ref name="Khairul 2017">{{harvnb|Khairul|2017}}</ref>
The same year also marked the beginning of Siamese moves to strip whatever was left of local autonomy in Patani. In 1906 Patani was once again reorganised into a [[monthon]] or division ({{Lang-th|มณฑลปัตตานี}}; {{RTGS|''Monthon Pattani''}}) and administered by a Siamese governor. The newly created division was then divided into three provinces – Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat, each headed by a high commissioner. Under the new system, Reman was absorbed into [[Yala province]] as ''Amphoe Yala''.<ref name="Khairul 2017">{{harvnb|Khairul|2017}}</ref>


===Aftermath===
===Aftermath===
<blockquote class="toccolours" style="text-align:justify; width:45%; float:right; padding: 10px; display:table; margin-left:10px;">"..Setul would not be of no great values to us, and although we might do doubt put forward a very good claim to its part of Kedah and secure it by insistence, I am inclined to think it would be more Politics to turn our claim to account by agreeing to renounce Setul if the Siamese Government will in its stead hand over to us the Lang-kawi Islands and that portion of Raman which comprise the watershed of the Perak River. Both these would constitute more velueable posessions to us than Setul. The Lang-kawi Islands furnish magnificent anchourages and such have been coveted by various foreign powers, whilst the lower part of Reman is rich in Tin"
<blockquote class="toccolours" style="text-align:justify; width:45%; float:right; padding: 10px; display:table; margin-left:10px;">"..Setul would not be of no great values to us, and although we might do doubt put forward a very good claim to its part of Kedah and secure it by insistence, I am inclined to think it would be more Politics to turn our claim to account by agreeing to renounce Setul if the Siamese Government will in its stead hand over to us the Lang-kawi Islands and that portion of Raman which comprise the watershed of the Perak River. Both these would constitute more velueable posessions to us than Setul. The Lang-kawi Islands furnish magnificent anchourages and such have been coveted by various foreign powers, whilst the lower part of Reman is rich in Tin"
<p style="text-align: right;">— [[Ralph Paget]], [[List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Thailand|British Minister to Thailand]], in his letter to [[Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon|Edward Grey]], [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs]] (29 April 1907)<ref>[http://exhibitions.nlb.gov.sg/aksara/4/gallery-4-p6.html AKSARA-The Passage of Malay Scripts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225044625/http://exhibitions.nlb.gov.sg/aksara/4/gallery-4-p6.html |date=25 February 2012 }}. Exhibitions.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved on 26 October 2010.</ref></blockquote>
<p style="text-align: right;">— [[Ralph Paget]], [[List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Thailand|British Minister to Thailand]], in his letter to [[Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon|Edward Grey]], [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs]] (29 April 1907)<ref>[http://exhibitions.nlb.gov.sg/aksara/4/gallery-4-p6.html AKSARA-The Passage of Malay Scripts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225044625/http://exhibitions.nlb.gov.sg/aksara/4/gallery-4-p6.html |date=25 February 2012 }}. Exhibitions.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved on 26 October 2010.</ref></p></blockquote>


Ignited by colonial ambitions, the [[British Empire|British]] aimed to expand its territories in the [[Far East|far east]]. By the dawn of the 20th century, it had already acquired a collection of polities consisting of [[crown colonies]] and [[protectorates]] in the central and southern parts of the Malay peninsula. The British incorporated the areas into the [[Straits Settlements]] and the [[Federated Malay States]] between 1786 and 1895 respectively.
Ignited by colonial ambitions, the [[British Empire|British]] aimed to expand their territories in the [[Far East|far east]]. By the dawn of the 20th century, they had already acquired a collection of polities consisting of [[crown colonies]] and [[protectorates]] in the central and southern parts of the [[Malay Peninsula]]. Between 1786 and 1895 the British incorporated the areas into the [[Straits Settlements]] and the [[Federated Malay States]] respectively.


In 1909, alarmed by the growing ties between the [[German Empire|German colonial powers]] and the Siamese, especially in the [[Malay Peninsula|peninsula]], the British sought to enter an agreement with the Siamese. The acquisition of the northern states was deemed essential for the British, as it was strategically located by the mouth of [[Straits of Malacca]] and rich with [[tin]], an important commodity for the [[industrial revolution]] and trade by the late 19th century. This led to the [[Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909]] that [[Partition (politics)|broke]] the peninsula between Siamese and British jurisdictions.
In 1909, alarmed by the growing ties between the [[German Empire|German colonial powers]] and the Siamese, especially in the [[Malay Peninsula|peninsula]], the British sought to enter an agreement with the Siamese. The acquisition of the northern states was deemed essential for the British, as it was strategically located by the mouth of the [[Strait of Malacca]] and rich with [[tin]], an important commodity for the [[Industrial Revolution]] and trade by the late 19th century. This led to the [[Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909]] that [[Partition (politics)|split]] the peninsula between Siamese and British jurisdictions.


[[File:Siamese flag in Reman.png|thumb|The [[flag of Siam]] was last lowered in Reman Hilir (southern Reman) on 16 July 1909, marking the end of the Siamese rule in the territory. ]]
[[File:Siamese flag in Reman.png|thumb|The [[flag of Siam]] was last lowered in Reman Hilir (southern Reman) on 16 July 1909, marking the end of the Siamese rule in the territory. ]]
One of the prospective areas for British expansion included Reman district, which by then had been absorbed into Yala Province in 1906. The area was known to be rich in [[Gold mining|gold ore]], as well as holding one of the largest [[tin]] reserves in the whole peninsula.<ref>{{harvnb|Ruxton|2016}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Thailand.org|}}</ref> During the discussion between the Siamese and the British, the British agreed to abandon its claims for [[Satun Province|Satun]] in exchange for the [[Langkawi]] archipelago and the Lower Reman region. The UK was also required to provide a loan to finance the construction of the [[State Railway of Thailand#Southern Line|south line]] of [[State Railway of Thailand|Siamese State Railway]] which cost £4 million [[Pound sterling|pounds]] (1909).<ref name="Thamsook Numnoncla 1971">{{harvnb|Thamsook Numnoncla|1971}}</ref>
One of the prospective areas for British expansion included the Reman district, which had been absorbed into Yala province in 1906. The area was known to be rich in [[Gold mining|gold ore]], as well as holding one of the largest [[tin]] reserves in the peninsula.<ref>{{harvnb|Ruxton|2016}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Thailand.org|}}</ref> During the discussion between the Siamese and the British, the British agreed to abandon its claims on [[Satun province|Satun]] in exchange for the [[Langkawi]] archipelago and the Lower Reman region. The UK was also required to provide a loan to finance the construction of the [[State Railway of Thailand#Southern Line|south line]] of [[State Railway of Thailand|Siamese State Railway]] which cost £4 million [[Pound sterling|pounds]] (1909).<ref name="Thamsook Numnoncla 1971">{{harvnb|Thamsook Numnoncla|1971}}</ref>


===Partition of the old kingdom, partial cession to the FMS===
===Partition of the old kingdom, partial cession to the Federated Malay States===
The 1909 treaty split the territory of the old kingdom into two jurisdictions. Reman Hulu (upper Reman) in the north, remained within Siam, as an [[amphoe]] of [[Yala Province]], while Reman Hilir (Lower Reman) in the south, which included [[Pengkalan Hulu|Kroh]], was ceded to [[Perak]] State of the [[Federated Malay States]], as part of [[Hulu Perak|Upper Perak]] region. A cession ceremony was held on 16 July 1909 in Kroh. The ceremony was attended by: Wan Muhammad Isa, Orang Kaya Menteri; Wan Muhammad Salleh, Orang Kaya-Kaya Seri Adika Raja; [[Ernest Woodford Birch|E.W. Birch]], the [[List of British Residents of Perak|British Resident of Perak]]; A.S. Jelf, MCS, Assistant Secretary to British Resident of Perak; H. Berkeley, District [[Magistrate]]; G. Simpson, Police Inspector of [[Kuala Kangsar]]; J.D. Kemp, Manager of Rahman Hydrolic Tin Limited, Klian Intan and Keluong Wan Husain, a noble from [[Betong, Thailand|Betong, Siam]].
The 1909 treaty split the territory of the old kingdom into two jurisdictions. Reman Hulu in the north, remained within Siam, as an [[amphoe]] of [[Yala province]], while Reman Hilir in the south, which included [[Pengkalan Hulu|Kroh]], was ceded to [[Perak]] in the [[Federated Malay States]], as part of the [[Hulu Perak District|Hulu Perak]] region. A cession ceremony was held on 16 July 1909 in Kroh. The ceremony was attended by: Wan Muhammad Isa, Orang Kaya Menteri; Wan Muhammad Salleh, Orang Kaya-Kaya Seri Adika Raja; [[Ernest Woodford Birch|E.W. Birch]], the [[List of British Residents of Perak|British Resident of Perak]]; A.S. Jelf, MCS, Assistant Secretary to British Resident of Perak; H. Berkeley, District [[Magistrate]]; G. Simpson, Police Inspector of [[Kuala Kangsar]]; J.D. Kemp, Manager of Rahman Hydrolic Tin Limited, Klian Intan and Keluong Wan Husain, a noble from [[Betong, Thailand|Betong, Siam]].


Wan Husain, as the Siamese plenipotentiary, announced the transfer of sovereignty from Siam to the United Kingdom. It was followed by a flag raising ceremony, symbolising the end of Siamese rule and beginning of Perak's sovereignty in the lower Reman area.<ref>{{harvnb|Arkib Negara Malaysia|}}</ref>
Wan Husain, as the Siamese plenipotentiary, announced the transfer of sovereignty from Siam to the United Kingdom. It was followed by a flag raising ceremony, symbolising the end of Siamese rule and beginning of Perak's sovereignty in the Lower Reman area.<ref>{{harvnb|Arkib Negara Malaysia|}}</ref>


==Rulers of Reman, 1810–1902==
==Rulers of Reman, 1810–1902==
Throughout its history, Reman was ruled by the descendants of Tuan Tok Nik Tok Leh, the founding father of Reman.
Reman was ruled by Tuan Tok Nik Tok Leh – the founding father of Reman – and his descendants.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 144: Line 143:
|source =A ''pantun'' from Raja Andak to Tuan Tok Nik, 1826.<ref name="Sembangkuala 2010">{{harvnb|Sembangkuala|2010}}</ref>
|source =A ''pantun'' from Raja Andak to Tuan Tok Nik, 1826.<ref name="Sembangkuala 2010">{{harvnb|Sembangkuala|2010}}</ref>
}}
}}
A century rule of Reman has established a mark in the two separate territories ([[Yala Province|Yala]] and [[Hulu Perak]]) that once form an integral [[Territory|domain]] of the kingdom. The areas till today are marked by a Patani-Reman influence, bind together with a common culture, linguistic and heritage as a result from the emigration from the [[Pattani Province|Patani lowlands]] during the Reman period.
The Kingdom of Reman left a mark in [[Yala province]] and [[Hulu Perak District]] which had once form an integral [[Territory|domain]] of the kingdom. The areas are marked by a Patani-Reman influence, bound together with a common culture, language and heritage as a result from the emigration from the [[Pattani Province|Patani lowlands]] during the Reman period.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}


Several monuments can be witnessed as testaments of the former splendor of the Reman Kingdom. This includes Istana Singgah (The Visiting Palace), the [[palace|palatial residence]] of the royal family in lower Reman. It is credited as one of the best example of the traditional architecture in the Kingdom. Located in [[Kroh|Kampung Selarong]], it was built in the late 19th century as a secondary palace away from the administrative centre of the kingdom in [[Raman District|Kota Baru]] (in present-day [[Yala Province|Yala]]). The manor was once a [[fortress]] of Tuan Lebeh before he was being arrested by the Siamese authorities due to a suspected uprising plot for Patani independence. The [[cemetery|final resting place]] of Permaisuri Cik Neng, the Queen of Reman is also located nearby the palatial grounds, her death in 1915 was widely believed due to her devastation after the demise of the crown prince. The residence is currently privately owned by the descendants of Reman royal family.<ref>{{harvnb|Dolasoh|2017}}</ref>
There are several monuments to the Reman Kingdom. These include the Istana Singgah (The Visiting Palace), the [[palace|palatial residence]] of the royal family in Lower Reman. It is credited as one of the best example of the traditional architecture in the kingdom. Located in [[Kroh|Kampung Selarong]], it was built in the late 19th century as a secondary palace away from the administrative centre of the kingdom in [[Raman District|Kota Baru]] (in present-day [[Yala Province|Yala]]). The manor was once a [[fortress]] of Tuan Lebeh before he was being arrested by the Siamese authorities due to a suspected uprising plot for Patani independence. The [[cemetery|final resting place]] of Permaisuri Cik Neng, the Queen of Reman is also located nearby the palatial grounds, her death in 1915 was widely believed due to her devastation after the demise of the crown prince. The residence is currently privately owned by the descendants of the Reman royal family.<ref>{{harvnb|Dolasoh|2017}}</ref>


The waves of migration from the plains of Patani also bought a strong Patani based [[Malay dialect|linguistic heritage]]. The Reman dialect is largely based on [[Pattani Malay|Patani form]] of Malay, nonetheless it has incorporated various peculiar features that denotes influence from the [[Perak Malay|Perakian]] and [[Kedahan Malay]] dialects. It constitute as a [[dialect continuum]] between the East and the West Coast Malay language. In Perak, the variant is also known locally as Longat Pattani Batu Kurau.<ref>{{harvnb|Hazuki.R |2017}}</ref>
The waves of migration from the plains of Patani also bought a strong Patani based [[Malay dialect|linguistic heritage]]. The Reman dialect is largely based on [[Patani Malay]], nonetheless it has incorporated various peculiar features that denotes influence from the [[Perak Malay|Perakian]] and [[Kedahan Malay]] dialects. It constitute as a [[dialect continuum]] between the East and the West Coast Malay language. In Perak, the variant is also known locally as Longat Pattani Batu Kurau.<ref>{{harvnb|Hazuki. R|2017}}</ref>


Various namesake of areas in Hulu Perak was derived from the Patani settlers to Reman, this includes [[Kroh]] (murky), a town that derives its name from the muddy [[reservoir]] built by the Reman settlers to clean the [[Asian elephants|domesticated elephants]] owned by the king. The area has been renamed as [[Pengkalan Hulu]] in 1985.<ref>{{harvnb|Pejabat Daerah dan Tanah Pengkalan Hulu|2017}}</ref> While [[Gerik]], a major settlement established in Reman during the rule of Tuan Jagong owes its name from "Gerit", an [[onomatopoeia]] for the sounds made by the [[Bamboo rat]], a native rodent that can be found in abundance in area.<ref>{{harvnb|Amal Espraza|2017}}</ref>
Various namesake of areas in Hulu Perak were derived from the Patani settlers in Reman, this includes [[Kroh]] (murky), a town that derives its name from the muddy [[reservoir]] built by the Reman settlers to clean the [[Asian elephants|domesticated elephants]] owned by the king. The area was renamed as [[Pengkalan Hulu]] in 1985.{{CN|date=September 2023}} While [[Gerik]], a major settlement established in Reman during the rule of Tuan Jagong owes its name from "Gerit", an [[onomatopoeia]] for the sounds made by the [[Bamboo rat]], a native rodent that can be found in abundance in area.<ref>{{harvnb|Amal Espraza|2017}}</ref>


The Reman heritage is also widely survived in the [[Malaysian literature|local literature]] and [[Malay folklore|folklore]]. Among the prominent literature that composed during the Reman period was a ''[[pantun]]'' crafted by Tuan Tok Nik Tok Leh to Raja Andak, the wife of Dato’ Seri Lela, the commander of the Perakian troops during the Perak-Reman war of 1826. The pantun between Tuan Tok Nik to Raja Andak narrated the [[Concubinage|forbidden love]] between the two parties from the two rivalling sides of the war.<ref name="Sembangkuala 2010">{{harvnb|Sembangkuala|2010}}</ref> Another prominent figure of Reman oral literature includes Mengkong Dehela, a local warrior, he is a central figure that largely credited on leading and defending Reman territories. Details of his epic battles are largely recorded in the local lore.<ref name="Boon 2010">{{harvnb|Boon|2010}}</ref>
Reman heritage can be seen in [[Malaysian literature|local literature]] and [[Malay folklore|folklore]]. Among the prominent literature composed during the Reman period was a ''[[pantun]]'' created by Tuan Tok Nik Tok Leh for Raja Andak, the wife of Dato’ Seri Lela, the commander of the Perakian troops during the Perak-Reman war of 1826. The pantun narrated the [[Concubinage|forbidden love]] between the two parties from the two rival sides of the war.<ref name="Sembangkuala 2010">{{harvnb|Sembangkuala|2010}}</ref> Another prominent figure of Reman oral literature includes Mengkong Dehela, a local warrior, he is a central figure that largely credited with leading and defending Reman territories. Details of his epic battles are largely recorded in the local lore.<ref name="Boon 2010">{{harvnb|Boon|2010}}</ref>


Another visible legacy of the Reman period includes ''batu tanda'' ([[boundary marker]]), built in 1899 under the agreement between Perak and Reman, it signifies the historical border between the two states. The pillars still standing today despite a major [[Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909|border reformation]] in 1909, a reminder of the bygone era.<ref name="Utusan Malaysia 1998"/>
Another visible legacy of the Reman period includes ''batu tanda'' ([[boundary marker]]), built in 1899 under the agreement between Perak and Reman, it signifies the historical border between the two states. The pillars still standing today despite a major [[Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909|border reformation]] in 1909.<ref name="Utusan Malaysia 1998"/>


==References==
==References==
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* {{citation
* {{citation
| last = Amal Espraza
| last = Amal Espraza
| first =
| title = Sejarah Dan Asal Usul Gerik, Perak
| title = Sejarah Dan Asal Usul Gerik, Perak
| publisher =
| publisher =
| year =
| year = 2017
| url = http://www.orangperak.com/sejarah-dan-asal-usul-gerik-perak.html
| url = http://www.orangperak.com/sejarah-dan-asal-usul-gerik-perak.html
}}
}}
* {{citation
* {{citation
| last = Arkib Negara Malaysia
| last = Arkib Negara Malaysia
| first =
| title = Penyerahan Daerah-Daerah Takluk Reman Kepada Perak
| title = Penyerahan Daerah-Daerah Takluk Reman Kepada Perak
| publisher = Arkib Negara Malaysia
| publisher = Arkib Negara Malaysia
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* {{citation
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| title = Legeh
| publisher =
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| title = Loghat Patani Batu Kurau Dimartabatkan Dalam Buku Keresing Kerenyeh
| title = Loghat Patani Batu Kurau Dimartabatkan Dalam Buku Keresing Kerenyeh
| publisher =
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| url = http://www.orangperak.com/loghat-patani-batu-kurau-dimartabatkan-dalam-buku-keresing-kerenyeh.html
| url = http://www.orangperak.com/loghat-patani-batu-kurau-dimartabatkan-dalam-buku-keresing-kerenyeh.html
}}
}}
* {{citation
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| title = Chapter 3: The Government of Pattani in the period of Decline
| title = Chapter 3: The Government of Pattani in the period of Decline
| publisher = History of Pattani
| publisher = History of Pattani
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| title = Tokoh-tokoh pejuang Melayu Pattani
| title = Tokoh-tokoh pejuang Melayu Pattani
| publisher = Sejarah Kerajaan Melayu Pattani
| publisher = Sejarah Kerajaan Melayu Pattani
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* {{citation
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| last = Muhd Nur Iman Ramli
| last = Muhd Nur Iman Ramli
| first =
| title = Raja Bersiung
| title = Raja Bersiung
| publisher = Publishing House Sdn. Bhd.
| publisher = Publishing House Sdn. Bhd.
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| last = Orang Kelantan
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| title = Legeh Dan Reman, Terpahat Dalam Sejarah Kelantan
| title = Legeh Dan Reman, Terpahat Dalam Sejarah Kelantan
| publisher =
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| url = http://www.orangkelantan.com/legeh-dan-reman-terpahat-dalam-sejarah-kelantan.html
| url = http://www.orangkelantan.com/legeh-dan-reman-terpahat-dalam-sejarah-kelantan.html
}}
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| title = Pengkalan Hulu Dahulunya Ada Negeri Reman Yang Berdaulat
| title = Pengkalan Hulu Dahulunya Ada Negeri Reman Yang Berdaulat
| date =2 January 2019
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[[Category:Former countries in Thai history|Reman, Kingdom of]]
[[Category:Former countries in Thai history|Reman, Kingdom of]]
[[Category:Former sultanates|Reman, Kingdom of]]
[[Category:Former sultanates|Reman, Kingdom of]]
[[Category:Malay Peninsula|Reman, Kingdom of]]
[[Category:Malay kingdoms|Reman, Kingdom of]]
[[Category:Peninsular Malaysia|Reman, Kingdom of]]
[[Category:Southern Thailand|Reman, Kingdom of]]
[[Category:Southern Thailand|Reman, Kingdom of]]
[[Category:Muslim dynasties|Reman, Kingdom of]]
[[Category:Muslim dynasties|Reman, Kingdom of]]

Revision as of 14:51, 1 August 2024

"Reman" redirects here. For the industrial process, see Remanufacturing.

Reman Kingdom
Kerajaan Reman (ms)
كراجأن رمان (jawi)
รามัน (th)
1810–1902
Southern Siam and northern Malaya in 1900, with Reman located in the centre.
Southern Siam and northern Malaya in 1900, with Reman located in the centre.
StatusAutonomy of Patani Kingdom
Protectorate of Siam
CapitalKota Baru
Common languagesMalay, Reman Malay
Religion
Sunni Islam
GovernmentMonarchy
Raja 
• 1810–1836
Tuan Tok Nik Tok Leh/Tuan Mansur
• 1849–1867
Tuan Nik Ulu/Tuan Kundur
• 1867–1875
Tuan Timur
• 1875–1901
Tuan Jagung/Tengku Abdul Kandis
History 
• Reorganisation of former Patani Kingdom
1810
1902
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Patani Kingdom
Rattanakosin Kingdom
Federated Malay States
Today part ofThailand
Malaysia

The Kingdom of Reman or Kingdom of Rahman (Malay: Kerajaan Reman; Jawi: كراجأن رمان; Thai: รามัน; RTGS: Raman) was a landlocked semi-independent Malay kingdom in the northern Malay Peninsula.

It was one of seven regions of Patani Kingdom, an autonomous tributary state of Siam, between 1810 and 1902. Tuan Mansor, a member of the Patani aristocracy, ascended to the throne in 1810.

The state's territory straddles the present-day Malaysia–Thailand border, covering Amphoe Raman in Yala province in Thailand, as well as Hulu Perak District and parts of Jeli and Upper Kelantan regions in Malaysia.

Etymology

The name of the state may be derived from a Patani Malay word rama', cognate to standard Malay ramai, meaning "a large assembly". It is likely named after a growing settlement founded in the area around the late 18th century.

The earliest English-language reference of the state was made in 1818, between an agreement by the Governor of Prince of Wales' Island (Penang), John Bannerman to Tuan Long Mansur, the king of Reman in Kroh; another reference was written in 1824 by John Anderson, a Scottish diplomatic agent who stated Reman as one of the seven federated states of Patani. The territory was also referred to as Rahman and Rehman in English, and Raman (รามัน) in Thai.

Henry Burney, a British commercial traveller and diplomat for the British East India Company, recorded in 1826 that Reman was one of the fourteen polities that pay tribute to the Siamese through their representatives in the provinces of Nakhon Si Thammarat and Songkhla.[1][2]

History

Origin

Map of Reman as vassal of Siam in 1900
A 19th century map of Reman, showing the location in the interior of the upper Peninsula. A landlocked kingdom, it is surrounded by clockwise from north: the Malay states of Jala, Legeh, Perak and Kedah respectively. Kota Baru, the administrative capital of the kingdom can also be seen in the map.

The state of Reman was founded on territory carved out from the neighbouring principalities of Pujut, Jalor and Legeh, all part of the Patani Kingdom, in the early 19th century.[1][3] It emerged as a single polity under Tuan Tok Nik Tok Leh in 1810. Tuan Tok Nik, also known as Tuan Mansor, a Patani nobleman, was appointed to manage the mining operations in the area during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Raja Bakar of Patani.[3] In the late 18th century, he and his followers settled in the Kroh Plateau, an area that was receiving a mass exodus of people fleeing from the civil unrest in the Patani plains further north since the Siamese reconquest in 1785.[2]

By 1808, Tuan Tok Nik, desiring for more political autonomy for the area, began his campaign for independence from Patani suzerainty. The campaign rapidly spiraled into a civil war. The Siamese, mobilised its forces to attack the Patani Kingdom as well. The Siamese emerged victorious, and the Patani Kingdom was severely weakened by the two-front incursion.[3]

The Siamese subsequently reorganised Patani in 1810 into a confederation of 7 semi-autonomous chiefdoms. The chiefdoms consist of Legeh, Nongchick, Patani, Reman, Saiburi, Yala and yaring. Each chiefdom was granted a high degree of autonomy and administrative powers were devolved to the Malay kings. A portion of local revenue was paid to the Siamese as tribute. Loyalty to the crown was observed and any rebellion against the Siamese was not tolerated.

Tuan Tok Nik was affirmed as the ruler of Reman. Spanning an area between the upper reach of Sungai Pattani to Sungai Mas in the north and Lenggong in the south, Reman was the largest state in the confederation.[2]

The Perak-Reman War of 1826

A territorial dispute between Reman and Perak led to conflict between the two states, primarily around what is today the towns of Klian Intan and Pengkalan Hulu in the Hulu Perak region. Previously a border outpost between Perak and Patani in the 18th century, the mineral-rich area was captured in 1790, becoming an integral part of the Reman state.

In 1826, Sultan Abdullah Muazzam Shah of Perak sought the assistance of the British East India Company to regain control of the resource-rich territory. Perakian forces were deployed to the plateau for their campaign into Reman. The King of Reman Tuan Mansor, withdrew his forces from Kubu Kapeh to Klian Intan and later to Kuala Kepayang. It took several years for Reman to reconquer the area.[4]

Post-War recovery and growth

The Elephants of Gerik, taken in c. 1900. The Reman Kings were known to own hundreds of elephants, using the beast of burden as the primary workhorse both in the field and in military.

The kingdom's strategic location between the east and west coast of the peninsula fueled its growth throughout the 19th century.[4] The border conflict with Perak was followed by a period of relative stability and unprecedented prosperity due to the restoration of mining activities in the region, under the auspices of Toh Nang Patani, a local noble. Though sporadic border skirmishes with Perak continued, they were usually won by Reman militia, commanded by Mengkong Deleha, a renowned Reman fighter.[2]

Hostilities between Reman and Perak formally come to an end in 1882 when both parties sought to formalise the border. Under British mediation, both states agreed that the new border would be located along Bukit Nasha (5.3571123,101.0294051), some 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) southwest of Gerik town. Bukit Nasha, alternately Bukit Nak Sah (Nasha Hill) is an abbreviation of Nak disahkan satu perjanjian (for the ratification of a treaty).[5]

The border was adjusted in 1899, when the border was shifted north to Kerunai, thus transferring Gerik town to the Federated Malay States, which Perak had become part of four years prior. Several boundary markers were erected, with each pillar standing 1 metre high and 1 metre wide.[5]

Independence movement

Tuan Lebeh, the Long Raya (crown prince) of Reman Kingdom. He was convicted after the allegations of an uprising against the Siamese rule in 1902.

The rise of nationalist movements in Reman was a result of wider Pan-Patani Malay nationalism in the region. It was a result of loss of local sovereignty to the Siamese in 1785. Nationalist movements in the area in the late 19th century called for a restoration of a sovereign Patani kingdom, hoping to protect native lands and interests without interference from the Siamese government.[6]

In 1902, the Siamese, alarmed by the nationalist movements in the south, began a major military crackdown against the Malay leaders who were suspected of involvement. Among the political elite arrested by the Siamese forces were Tuan Lebeh Long Raya, the Raja Muda (crown prince) of Reman; Abdul Kadir Kamaruddin Syah, the Sultan of Patani and Tengku Abdul Mutallib, the King of Teluban.[7]

Dissolution and annexation

Tuan Lebeh was then charged in the Siamese court in Singgora. The trial found the Raja Muda of Reman to be guilty of treason and was offered two sentence options: a 25 years imprisonment in Singgora or 20 years in Bangkok. Tuan Lebeh opted for the second sentence. He was then transferred to Bangkok via a Siamese vessel, Chamroen (Thai: จำเริญ). The ship sank during the voyage to Bangkok and the prince was believed have died in the disaster. The king was devastated by the news and died a few weeks later, without an heir apparent.[4]

The same year also marked the beginning of Siamese moves to strip whatever was left of local autonomy in Patani. In 1906 Patani was once again reorganised into a monthon or division (Thai: มณฑลปัตตานี; RTGS: Monthon Pattani) and administered by a Siamese governor. The newly created division was then divided into three provinces – Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat, each headed by a high commissioner. Under the new system, Reman was absorbed into Yala province as Amphoe Yala.[6]

Aftermath

"..Setul would not be of no great values to us, and although we might do doubt put forward a very good claim to its part of Kedah and secure it by insistence, I am inclined to think it would be more Politics to turn our claim to account by agreeing to renounce Setul if the Siamese Government will in its stead hand over to us the Lang-kawi Islands and that portion of Raman which comprise the watershed of the Perak River. Both these would constitute more velueable posessions to us than Setul. The Lang-kawi Islands furnish magnificent anchourages and such have been coveted by various foreign powers, whilst the lower part of Reman is rich in Tin"

— Ralph Paget, British Minister to Thailand, in his letter to Edward Grey, Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs (29 April 1907)[8]

Ignited by colonial ambitions, the British aimed to expand their territories in the far east. By the dawn of the 20th century, they had already acquired a collection of polities consisting of crown colonies and protectorates in the central and southern parts of the Malay Peninsula. Between 1786 and 1895 the British incorporated the areas into the Straits Settlements and the Federated Malay States respectively.

In 1909, alarmed by the growing ties between the German colonial powers and the Siamese, especially in the peninsula, the British sought to enter an agreement with the Siamese. The acquisition of the northern states was deemed essential for the British, as it was strategically located by the mouth of the Strait of Malacca and rich with tin, an important commodity for the Industrial Revolution and trade by the late 19th century. This led to the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 that split the peninsula between Siamese and British jurisdictions.

The flag of Siam was last lowered in Reman Hilir (southern Reman) on 16 July 1909, marking the end of the Siamese rule in the territory.

One of the prospective areas for British expansion included the Reman district, which had been absorbed into Yala province in 1906. The area was known to be rich in gold ore, as well as holding one of the largest tin reserves in the peninsula.[9][10] During the discussion between the Siamese and the British, the British agreed to abandon its claims on Satun in exchange for the Langkawi archipelago and the Lower Reman region. The UK was also required to provide a loan to finance the construction of the south line of Siamese State Railway which cost £4 million pounds (1909).[11]

Partition of the old kingdom, partial cession to the Federated Malay States

The 1909 treaty split the territory of the old kingdom into two jurisdictions. Reman Hulu in the north, remained within Siam, as an amphoe of Yala province, while Reman Hilir in the south, which included Kroh, was ceded to Perak in the Federated Malay States, as part of the Hulu Perak region. A cession ceremony was held on 16 July 1909 in Kroh. The ceremony was attended by: Wan Muhammad Isa, Orang Kaya Menteri; Wan Muhammad Salleh, Orang Kaya-Kaya Seri Adika Raja; E.W. Birch, the British Resident of Perak; A.S. Jelf, MCS, Assistant Secretary to British Resident of Perak; H. Berkeley, District Magistrate; G. Simpson, Police Inspector of Kuala Kangsar; J.D. Kemp, Manager of Rahman Hydrolic Tin Limited, Klian Intan and Keluong Wan Husain, a noble from Betong, Siam.

Wan Husain, as the Siamese plenipotentiary, announced the transfer of sovereignty from Siam to the United Kingdom. It was followed by a flag raising ceremony, symbolising the end of Siamese rule and beginning of Perak's sovereignty in the Lower Reman area.[12]

Rulers of Reman, 1810–1902

Reman was ruled by Tuan Tok Nik Tok Leh – the founding father of Reman – and his descendants.

Raja (The King of) Reman In office
Tuan Tok Nik Tok Leh/Tuan Mansur 1810–1836
DYMM Tuan Nik Ulu/Tuan Kundur 1849–1867
DYMM Tuan Timur 1867–1875
DYMM Tuan Jagung/Tengku Abdul Kandis 1875–1901

Influence and legacy

Batang kenanga di tepi telaga,
Buat galah perahu Che Nyonya,
Seperti bunga di lengkar naga,
Carilah akal menyuntingnya.

Branches of Cananga, along the well,
Acted as an oar for Miss Nyonya,
Akin to a blossom, curled by a dragon,
Seek a way to win your desire.

A pantun from Raja Andak to Tuan Tok Nik, 1826.[4]

The Kingdom of Reman left a mark in Yala province and Hulu Perak District which had once form an integral domain of the kingdom. The areas are marked by a Patani-Reman influence, bound together with a common culture, language and heritage as a result from the emigration from the Patani lowlands during the Reman period.[citation needed]

There are several monuments to the Reman Kingdom. These include the Istana Singgah (The Visiting Palace), the palatial residence of the royal family in Lower Reman. It is credited as one of the best example of the traditional architecture in the kingdom. Located in Kampung Selarong, it was built in the late 19th century as a secondary palace away from the administrative centre of the kingdom in Kota Baru (in present-day Yala). The manor was once a fortress of Tuan Lebeh before he was being arrested by the Siamese authorities due to a suspected uprising plot for Patani independence. The final resting place of Permaisuri Cik Neng, the Queen of Reman is also located nearby the palatial grounds, her death in 1915 was widely believed due to her devastation after the demise of the crown prince. The residence is currently privately owned by the descendants of the Reman royal family.[13]

The waves of migration from the plains of Patani also bought a strong Patani based linguistic heritage. The Reman dialect is largely based on Patani Malay, nonetheless it has incorporated various peculiar features that denotes influence from the Perakian and Kedahan Malay dialects. It constitute as a dialect continuum between the East and the West Coast Malay language. In Perak, the variant is also known locally as Longat Pattani Batu Kurau.[14]

Various namesake of areas in Hulu Perak were derived from the Patani settlers in Reman, this includes Kroh (murky), a town that derives its name from the muddy reservoir built by the Reman settlers to clean the domesticated elephants owned by the king. The area was renamed as Pengkalan Hulu in 1985.[citation needed] While Gerik, a major settlement established in Reman during the rule of Tuan Jagong owes its name from "Gerit", an onomatopoeia for the sounds made by the Bamboo rat, a native rodent that can be found in abundance in area.[15]

Reman heritage can be seen in local literature and folklore. Among the prominent literature composed during the Reman period was a pantun created by Tuan Tok Nik Tok Leh for Raja Andak, the wife of Dato’ Seri Lela, the commander of the Perakian troops during the Perak-Reman war of 1826. The pantun narrated the forbidden love between the two parties from the two rival sides of the war.[4] Another prominent figure of Reman oral literature includes Mengkong Dehela, a local warrior, he is a central figure that largely credited with leading and defending Reman territories. Details of his epic battles are largely recorded in the local lore.[2]

Another visible legacy of the Reman period includes batu tanda (boundary marker), built in 1899 under the agreement between Perak and Reman, it signifies the historical border between the two states. The pillars still standing today despite a major border reformation in 1909.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b Tiki Mambang 2016
  2. ^ a b c d e Boon 2010
  3. ^ a b c Orang Kelantan 2017
  4. ^ a b c d e Sembangkuala 2010
  5. ^ a b c Utusan Malaysia 1998
  6. ^ a b Khairul 2017
  7. ^ Khairul 2016
  8. ^ AKSARA-The Passage of Malay Scripts Archived 25 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Exhibitions.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved on 26 October 2010.
  9. ^ Ruxton 2016
  10. ^ Thailand.org
  11. ^ Thamsook Numnoncla 1971
  12. ^ Arkib Negara Malaysia
  13. ^ Dolasoh 2017
  14. ^ Hazuki. R 2017
  15. ^ Amal Espraza 2017

Bibliography

  • Amal Espraza (2017), Sejarah Dan Asal Usul Gerik, Perak
  • Arkib Negara Malaysia, Penyerahan Daerah-Daerah Takluk Reman Kepada Perak, Arkib Negara Malaysia, archived from the original on 10 September 2019, retrieved 15 October 2017
  • Boon, Raymond (2010), The Raja States (Muang), Ma-lai-sia lah
  • Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Legeh
  • Dolasoh, DJ (2017), Istana kayu lebih 100 tahun, Harian Metro
  • Hazuki. R (2017), Loghat Patani Batu Kurau Dimartabatkan Dalam Buku Keresing Kerenyeh
  • Khairul (2017), Chapter 3: The Government of Pattani in the period of Decline, History of Pattani
  • Khairul (2016), Tokoh-tokoh pejuang Melayu Pattani, Sejarah Kerajaan Melayu Pattani
  • Muhd Nur Iman Ramli (1980), Raja Bersiung, Publishing House Sdn. Bhd., ISBN 978-967-411-909-6
  • Orang Kelantan (2017), Legeh Dan Reman, Terpahat Dalam Sejarah Kelantan
  • Rahul (2 January 2019), Pengkalan Hulu Dahulunya Ada Negeri Reman Yang Berdaulat
  • Ruxton, Ian (2016), The Diaries of Sir Ernest Mason Satow, 1883-1888: A Diplomat In Siam, Japan, Britain and Elsewhere, Lulu.com, ISBN 978-136-546-2429[self-published source?]
  • Sembangkuala (2010), The state of Reman in Hulu Perak
  • Thailand.org, Siam FLag - Reman
  • Tiki Mambang (2016), Sejarah Itu Teladan: Asal Usul Reman
  • Tongkat Ali (2010), Negeri Rahman, hilangnya sebutir permata, archived from the original on 19 August 2011, retrieved 15 October 2017
  • Thamsook Numnoncla (1971), The First American Advisers in Thai History (PDF)
  • Utusan Malaysia (1998), Perang saudara di Hulu Perak, archived from the original on 15 October 2017, retrieved 15 October 2017
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