Jump to content

Ernst Stromer: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
 
(33 intermediate revisions by 24 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|German paleontologist}}
{{short description|German paleontologist}}
{{no footnotes|date=September 2018}}
{{no footnotes|date=September 2018}}
{{Tone|date=September 2018}}
{{Tone|date=September 2018|section}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
Line 8: Line 9:
|caption = Stromer in 1914 next to the femur of a ''[[Bahariasaurus]]''
|caption = Stromer in 1914 next to the femur of a ''[[Bahariasaurus]]''
|birth_name = Ernst Freiherr Stromer von Reichenbach
|birth_name = Ernst Freiherr Stromer von Reichenbach
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1871|6|12}}
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1871|6|12|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Nürnberg]], [[German Empire]]
|birth_place = [[Nürnberg]], [[German Empire]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1952|12|18|1871|6|12}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1952|12|18|1871|6|12|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Erlangen]], [[West Germany]]
|death_place = [[Erlangen]], [[West Germany]]
|fields = [[Paleontology]]
|fields = [[Paleontology]]
Line 16: Line 17:
}}
}}


'''Ernst Freiherr Stromer von Reichenbach''' (12 June 1871 – in [[Nürnberg]]; 18 December 1952 in [[Erlangen]]) was a German [[paleontology|paleontologist]]. He is best remembered for his expedition to [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]], which discovered the first known remains of ''[[Spinosaurus]]''.
'''Ernst Freiherr Stromer von Reichenbach''' (born on 12th of June, 1871 in [[Nürnberg]], died on 18th of December, 1952 in [[Erlangen]]) was a German [[paleontology|paleontologist]] best remembered for his expedition to [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]], during which the discovery of the first known remains of ''[[Spinosaurus]]'' was made.


He described the following [[Cretaceous]] [[dinosaur]]s from [[Egypt]]: ''[[Aegyptosaurus]]'', ''[[Bahariasaurus]]'', ''[[Carcharodontosaurus]]'', and the enigmatic theropod, ''[[Spinosaurus aegyptiacus]]''. Stromer also described the giant [[crocodilian]] ''[[Stomatosuchus]]''. The fossil [[bird]] genus ''Stromeria'', named in his honor by [[Kálmán Lambrecht]] in 1929, is today [[synonym (zoology)|synonymized]] with ''[[Eremopezus]]''. The sauropod ''[[Paralititan stromeri]]'' is also named in his honor. The majority of his fossil discoveries were destroyed during World War Two and only photographs of some remain.
Stromer described several discoveries made in Egypt, including a few dinosaurs from the [[Cretaceous]] period discovered in [[Egypt]] (''[[Aegyptosaurus]],'' ''[[Bahariasaurus]]'', and ''[[Carcharodontosaurus]]''), an enigmatic theropod (''[[Spinosaurus aegyptiacus]]'') and a giant [[crocodilian]] (''[[Stomatosuchus]]'').

In 1929 fossil [[bird]] genus ''Stromeria'' (now included in the genus ''[[Eremopezus]]'') were named in Stromer’s honour by [[Kálmán Lambrecht]]. Smith et al. (2001) also named the sauropod ''[[Paralititan|Paralititan stromeri]]'' in his honour.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Joshua B. |last2=Lamanna |first2=Matthew C. |last3=Lacovara |first3=Kenneth J. |last4=Dodson |first4=Peter |last5=Smith |first5=Jennifer R. |last6=Poole |first6=Jason C. |last7=Giegengack |first7=Robert |last8=Attia |first8=Yousry |date=2001 |title=A Giant Sauropod Dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous Mangrove Deposit in Egypt |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1060561 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=292 |issue=5522 |pages=1704–1706 |doi=10.1126/science.1060561 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>

Many of the fossils discovered by Stromer were destroyed during [[World War II]], leaving today’s scientists only a few photographs of the previously existing specimens to rely on.


==Biography==
==Biography==
Ernst Stromer had an aristocratic standing in German society (the "[[Freiherr]]" in his name roughly equals "baron" in English); his father had been the mayor in his home city of [[Nuremberg]], and his ancestors had been lawyers, courtiers, scientists, architects, and other leaders. Stromer had quite some distaste towards the [[Nazi party]].
Ernst Stromer had an aristocratic standing in German society (the "[[Freiherr]]" in his name roughly equals "baron" in English); his father had been the mayor in his home city of [[Nuremberg]], and his ancestors had been lawyers, courtiers, scientists, architects, and other leaders. Stromer had quite some distaste towards the [[Nazi party]].


Ernst Stromer was married to Elisabeth Rennebaum (1886-1977) in 1920 and had three sons (Ulman, Wolfgang, and Gerhart), all of whom became soldiers in the German army. Two died, while the third, Wolfgang, was taken prisoner by the Soviets. Many assumed that he had died, until he was returned to Germany in 1950.
Ernst Stromer was married to Elisabeth Rennebaum (1886-1977) in 1920 and had three sons (Ulman, Wolfgang, and Gerhart), all of whom served in the German army during [[World War II]] . Two died during the conflict, while the third, Wolfgang, was taken prisoner by the Soviets and was believed to have died until he was returned to Germany in 1950.


== Egypt Expedition==
== Egypt Expedition==
Line 29: Line 34:
===Arrival===
===Arrival===


On 7 November 1910, Stromer arrived for a paleontological expedition in [[Alexandria]], Egypt, aboard the [[Norddeutscher Lloyd]] steamship ''Cleopatra''. Stromer was still aboard the ship two days later, however, because the ship had been put into quarantine; a physician had revealed a third-class passenger to have a disease he suspected to be [[cholera]].
On 7 November 1910, Stromer arrived in [[Alexandria]], Egypt, aboard the [[Norddeutscher Lloyd]] steamship ''Cleopatra''. After a two-day setback imposed by a temporary quarantine, the expedition set out by train to arrive in [[Cairo]] the next day.


After checking into the hotel in Cairo, Stromer found a letter of welcome waiting for him at the post office from the director of the Geological Survey of Egypt. Stromer visited the office of George Steindorff, a reputable German [[Egyptologist]], as a matter of courtesy and to plan the future expedition.
Finally, on Wednesday, 9 November, the doctor announced that the passengers could be released and, after a night's stay at a hotel, Stromer and his companions set out by train to arrive in [[Cairo]] the next day.


After checking into the hotel in Cairo, Stromer found a letter of welcome waiting for him at the post office from the director of the Geological Survey of Egypt. Stromer was a man who observed the formalities, and the second thing he did that afternoon was to visit the office of George Steindorff, a reputable German [[Egyptologist]], as a matter of courtesy and to plan the future expedition.
On 14 November, Stromer went to meet with John Ball, the founder of the Desert Survey Department of the Geological Survey of Egypt. In that year, the survey had published the first [[topographic]] map of Egypt and was finishing a geological map that was to be published in 1911. Both sources were invaluable to Stromer, now planning his upcoming expedition to [[Bahariya]], an area of the Western Desert that was little known.


⚫
[[Richard Markgraf]], a German guide who lived South of Cairo, met Stromer during the winter of 1901–1902 and got along very well. Markgraf was Stromer's ''Sammler'', or fossil collector, for 10½ years, and became Stromer's friend. Markgraf, however, was often ill. It is unclear whether the cause was [[malaria]], intestinal bleeding from [[typhoid]], or [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] amebic [[dysentery]].
On 14 November, Stromer went to meet with John Ball, the founder of the Desert Survey Department of the Geological Survey of Egypt. In that year, the survey had published the first [[topographic]] map of Egypt, and was finishing a geological map that was to be published in 1911. Both sources were invaluable to Stromer, now planning his upcoming expedition to [[Bahariya]], an area of the Western Desert that was little known.


⚫
The plan for the expedition contained three parts; first, Stromer and Markgraf would travel northwest from Cairo to Wadi el Natrun. After exploring the area for a few weeks, they would return to Cairo, replenish their supplies, and afterward head south to [[Luxor]] to explore the eastern slopes of the [[Nile]] Valley. The last part of the expedition would be spent exploring the [[Bahariya Oasis]].
On 15 November, Stromer was worried. There was a missing person; Richard Markgraf was a person of [[European ethnic groups|European]] descent who had fallen in love with the Western Desert and stayed there. Markgraf had lived in a small village just south of Cairo, known as Sinnuris. There is no record of how Markgraf came to Stromer's attention.

⚫
Markgraf and Stromer met during the winter of 1901–1902, and got along very well. Markgraf was Stromer's ''Sammler'', or fossil collector, for 10½ years, and became Stromer's friend. Markgraf, however, was often ill. It is unclear whether the cause was [[malaria]], intestinal bleeding from [[typhoid]], or [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] amebic [[dysentery]].



⚫
The plan for the expedition contained three parts; first, Stromer and Markgraf would travel northwest from Cairo to Wadi el Natrun. After exploring the area for a few weeks, they would return to Cairo, replenish their supplies, and afterwards head south to [[Luxor]] to explore the eastern slopes of the [[Nile]] Valley.

However, gaining permission to enter the desert was no longer easy. Even in 1910, tension was growing between Germany and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], and both were wary of the other country's activities anywhere in the world. However, Stromer finally got the permits.


=== Beginning of the expedition ===
=== Beginning of the expedition ===
Stromer and Markgraf began the expedition with the goal of discovering fossil mammals to support Stromer’s theory of an African origin of humanity.
Stromer and Markgraf took the train from Cairo to Giza, where they joined their camel driver, Oraan. At 9:40&nbsp;am on 19 November, they began hiking across Giza plateau. Stromer was intent on finding the [[fossil]]s of early [[mammal]]s in North Africa. At the time, it was widely believed that mankind had originated in Europe of the northern continents, not Africa, but Stromer believed otherwise.


⚫
Stromer's 1910 journals from Wadi el Natrun reveal that he worked all through the day, hiking for miles, climbing hills, and hammering pieces of rock from outcroppings throughout the valley. He discovered sharks' teeth, broken shells of ancient turtles, and the occasional jaw of a prehistoric [[crocodile]]. Despite these discoveries, his failure to uncover ancient mammals left him disappointed and he returned to Cairo.
Stromer was not to find early mammals on his expedition, though, but something completely different; he was about to make a huge discovery: Egypt's only known [[dinosaur]]s.


Markgraf, who stayed in Wadi el Natron after Stromer’s return to Cairo, discovered the skull of ''[[Libypithecus markgrafi]]''.
⚫
Stromer's 1910 journals of his days at Wadi el Natrun reveal that he worked all through the day, hiking for miles, climbing hills, and hammering pieces of rock from outcroppings throughout the valley. Though he worked hard, almost tirelessly, the weeks he spent at Wadi el Natrun were largely unsuccessful. He found endless sharks' teeth, broken shells of ancient turtles, and the occasional jaw of a prehistoric [[crocodile]], but no mammals. By December, he returned to Cairo, disappointed.


The second stage of the expedition took them to a location far up the Nile in December. This location yielded little success.
Markgraf, however, was instructed to stay behind and continue the search. Stromer was delighted when, a week or so later, Markgraf presented to their employer the skull of a small monkey. It was named after Markgraf: ''Libypithecus markgrafi''.


The second stage of the expedition took them to a location far up the Nile in December. There was no more luck there than there had been in Wade el Natrun.
The third stage of the expedition was delayed due to Markgraf becoming ill and being unable to proceed to the Bahariya Oasis. Stromer found a [[dragoman]] who could function as a guide and translator.


⚫
On 3 January 1911, the expedition left for the [[Western Desert (Egypt)|Western Desert]]. The caravan was significantly slowed as they had to find grazing areas for the camels because one of the team members hadn’t bought fodder for the animals.
To complicate matters, Markgraf had fallen ill again and would not be able to accompany Stromer on the third and most vital part of the expedition: the part that would take them to Bahariya Oasis. Stromer knew little Arabic and was completely unfamiliar with the remote reaches of Egypt's Western Desert. He suddenly felt bereft and abandoned, and his expedition was threatened.


After more than a week of walking, they arrived in the Bahariya Oasis on January 11, 1911. Due to the inaccuracy of the understanding of the geologic history of the Bahariya Oasis in 1911, Stromer erroneously believed the oasis to date to the Eocene rather than Cretaceous.
Stromer did eventually find a [[dragoman]] who could function as a guide and translator, however, to make things easier. The permits to explore the Western Desert were not so easily obtained.

On 3 January 1911, he and the rest of his crew boarded a train and set off for the Western Desert. The train line ended at the southern edge of the Bahariya Oasis. They spent the night in a simple canvas tent, eating a simple dinner of chicken and rice. By noon the next day, they were deep in the desert and the expedition to Bahariya was finally beginning.

⚫
The caravan was significantly slowed as they had to find grazing areas, a rarity in the desert, for the camels because one of the team members had skimped on buying fodder for the animals. Stromer could do nothing but fume.

The sunlight was so bright reflecting off of the white rocks that Stromer often had to wear his prescription sunglasses, and the air was so cold in the middle of winter that he more often than not walked beside the camels instead of riding, simply to generate some heat to stay warm.

Finally, after more than a week of marching, they arrived at their destination on 11 January 1911. Stromer thought that the rock in the valley came from the [[Eocene]] Epoch, where he would have found the skeletons of mammals, because he, like most other scientists of the time, believed the Eocene Epoch to be just a few million years before, and the end of the [[Cretaceous]] to be just a couple of million years earlier than that.

He was off by tens of millions of years; Ernst Stromer had walked right into the age of the dinosaurs.


=== Discoveries ===
=== Discoveries ===
⚫
On 14 January, the weather eased and the expedition was able to begin. That first day, Stromer was able to find a fossilized shark [[vertebrae]], fish teeth, and some petrified wood. On January 18, he found "three large bones which I attempt to excavate and photograph. The upper extremity is heavily weathered and incomplete [but] measures 110 cm long and 15&nbsp;cm thick. The second and better one underneath is probably a femur [thighbone] and is wholly 95 cm long and, in the middle, also 15&nbsp;cm thick. The third is too deep in the ground and will require too much time to recover." He also discovered that morning an ischium (one of the pelvic bones of a dinosaur), another vertebrae with "a convex end," and what he described as "a gigantic claw". He cut up his mosquito netting and soaked them in a flour and water paste, covering the two larger bones in this wrapping.
The expedition team lived in a small town called Mandisha for the length of their stay. The day after Stromer's arrival, his plans to start exploring were stopped by worsening weather that included, of all things that could have hindered them in the desert, rain. He commenced to plan exploring the morning after, but around midnight a huge sandstorm blew into Mandisha that continued to rage on through the next day, forcing everyone to stay in the tent.

⚫
Finally, on 14 January, the weather eased and the expedition was able to begin. That first day, Stromer was able to find little more than a fossilized shark [[vertebrae]], fish teeth, and some petrified wood, but his enthusiasm was unhindered—on 18 January, his patience finally began to pay off—while walking around the south flank of el Diest he suddenly found "three large bones which I attempt to excavate and photograph. The upper extremity is heavily weathered and incomplete [but] measures 110 cm long and 15&nbsp;cm thick. The second and better one underneath is probably a femur [thighbone] and is wholly 95 cm long and, in the middle, also 15&nbsp;cm thick. The third is too deep in the ground and will require too much time to recover." He also discovered that morning an ischium (one of the pelvic bones of a dinosaur), another vertebrae with "a convex end," and what he described as "a gigantic claw". He cut up his mosquito netting and soaked them in a flour and water paste, covering the two larger bones in this wrapping.


[[Image:Spinosaurus vertebrae.png|thumb|220px|An illustration by Stromer detailing the [[Neural spine sail|neural spines]] of ''[[Spinosaurus]]'']]
[[Image:Spinosaurus vertebrae.png|thumb|220px|An illustration by Stromer detailing the [[Neural spine sail|neural spines]] of ''[[Spinosaurus]]'']]
Despite the huge success in el Dist, he still moved the entire team to the area near Gebel Hammad the next day. Several dinosaur, fish, and shark bones were found there, but after little more was recovered, they packed up and, two days later, left again—this time for the village of Ghauraq.
He moved the expedition to the area near Gebel Hammad the next day. Several dinosaur, fish, and shark bones were found there, but after little more was recovered, they packed up and, two days later, left for the village of Ghauraq.


On 18 February 1911, Stromer began his long trip back to Germany. Over the next few years, he would announce a series of surprising and unique finds of dinosaurs from the Bahariya Oasis, which should have made him one of the most famous paleontologists of his era; however, fame was elusive; he would be remembered for what he had lost rather than what he had found.
On 18 February 1911, Stromer began his long trip back to Germany where he would describe his finds including the large spinosaurid, ''[[Spinosaurus aegypticus]]'', and the carcharodontosaurid, ''[[Carcharodontosaurus saharicus]]''.


== Destruction of Stromer's collection==
== Destruction of Stromer's collection==
In 1944, towards the end of World War II, the vast majority of Stromer's fossil collection—including the only known (though incomplete) skeletons of ''[[Spinosaurus]]'' and ''[[Aegyptosaurus]]''—was destroyed when the museum in which it was held in [[Munich]] was bombed by the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[Royal Air Force]] during a raid.
In 1944, towards the end of [[World War II]], the vast majority of Stromer's fossil collection—including the only known (though incomplete) skeletons of ''[[Spinosaurus]]'' and ''[[Aegyptosaurus]]''—was destroyed when the museum in which it was held in [[Munich]] was bombed by the British [[Royal Air Force]] during a raid.

==References==
{{Reflist}}


== Sources ==
== Sources ==
Line 98: Line 86:


{{DEFAULTSORT:Stromer, Ernst}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stromer, Ernst}}
[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Nuremberg]]
[[Category:Scientists from Nuremberg]]

Latest revision as of 00:47, 1 August 2024

Ernst Stromer
Stromer in 1914 next to the femur of a Bahariasaurus
Born
Ernst Freiherr Stromer von Reichenbach

(1871-06-12)12 June 1871
Nürnberg, German Empire
Died18 December 1952(1952-12-18) (aged 81)
Erlangen, West Germany
Known fordiscovery of Spinosaurus
Scientific career
FieldsPaleontology

Ernst Freiherr Stromer von Reichenbach (born on 12th of June, 1871 in Nürnberg, died on 18th of December, 1952 in Erlangen) was a German paleontologist best remembered for his expedition to Egypt, during which the discovery of the first known remains of Spinosaurus was made.

Stromer described several discoveries made in Egypt, including a few dinosaurs from the Cretaceous period discovered in Egypt (Aegyptosaurus, Bahariasaurus, and Carcharodontosaurus), an enigmatic theropod (Spinosaurus aegyptiacus) and a giant crocodilian (Stomatosuchus).

In 1929 fossil bird genus Stromeria (now included in the genus Eremopezus) were named in Stromer’s honour by Kálmán Lambrecht. Smith et al. (2001) also named the sauropod Paralititan stromeri in his honour.[1]

Many of the fossils discovered by Stromer were destroyed during World War II, leaving today’s scientists only a few photographs of the previously existing specimens to rely on.

Biography

[edit]

Ernst Stromer had an aristocratic standing in German society (the "Freiherr" in his name roughly equals "baron" in English); his father had been the mayor in his home city of Nuremberg, and his ancestors had been lawyers, courtiers, scientists, architects, and other leaders. Stromer had quite some distaste towards the Nazi party.

Ernst Stromer was married to Elisabeth Rennebaum (1886-1977) in 1920 and had three sons (Ulman, Wolfgang, and Gerhart), all of whom served in the German army during World War II . Two died during the conflict, while the third, Wolfgang, was taken prisoner by the Soviets and was believed to have died until he was returned to Germany in 1950.

Egypt Expedition

[edit]

Arrival

[edit]

On 7 November 1910, Stromer arrived in Alexandria, Egypt, aboard the Norddeutscher Lloyd steamship Cleopatra. After a two-day setback imposed by a temporary quarantine, the expedition set out by train to arrive in Cairo the next day.

After checking into the hotel in Cairo, Stromer found a letter of welcome waiting for him at the post office from the director of the Geological Survey of Egypt. Stromer visited the office of George Steindorff, a reputable German Egyptologist, as a matter of courtesy and to plan the future expedition.

On 14 November, Stromer went to meet with John Ball, the founder of the Desert Survey Department of the Geological Survey of Egypt. In that year, the survey had published the first topographic map of Egypt and was finishing a geological map that was to be published in 1911. Both sources were invaluable to Stromer, now planning his upcoming expedition to Bahariya, an area of the Western Desert that was little known.

Richard Markgraf, a German guide who lived South of Cairo, met Stromer during the winter of 1901–1902 and got along very well. Markgraf was Stromer's Sammler, or fossil collector, for 10½ years, and became Stromer's friend. Markgraf, however, was often ill. It is unclear whether the cause was malaria, intestinal bleeding from typhoid, or chronic amebic dysentery.

The plan for the expedition contained three parts; first, Stromer and Markgraf would travel northwest from Cairo to Wadi el Natrun. After exploring the area for a few weeks, they would return to Cairo, replenish their supplies, and afterward head south to Luxor to explore the eastern slopes of the Nile Valley. The last part of the expedition would be spent exploring the Bahariya Oasis.

Beginning of the expedition

[edit]

Stromer and Markgraf began the expedition with the goal of discovering fossil mammals to support Stromer’s theory of an African origin of humanity.

Stromer's 1910 journals from Wadi el Natrun reveal that he worked all through the day, hiking for miles, climbing hills, and hammering pieces of rock from outcroppings throughout the valley. He discovered sharks' teeth, broken shells of ancient turtles, and the occasional jaw of a prehistoric crocodile. Despite these discoveries, his failure to uncover ancient mammals left him disappointed and he returned to Cairo.

Markgraf, who stayed in Wadi el Natron after Stromer’s return to Cairo, discovered the skull of Libypithecus markgrafi.

The second stage of the expedition took them to a location far up the Nile in December. This location yielded little success.

The third stage of the expedition was delayed due to Markgraf becoming ill and being unable to proceed to the Bahariya Oasis. Stromer found a dragoman who could function as a guide and translator.

On 3 January 1911, the expedition left for the Western Desert. The caravan was significantly slowed as they had to find grazing areas for the camels because one of the team members hadn’t bought fodder for the animals.

After more than a week of walking, they arrived in the Bahariya Oasis on January 11, 1911. Due to the inaccuracy of the understanding of the geologic history of the Bahariya Oasis in 1911, Stromer erroneously believed the oasis to date to the Eocene rather than Cretaceous.

Discoveries

[edit]

On 14 January, the weather eased and the expedition was able to begin. That first day, Stromer was able to find a fossilized shark vertebrae, fish teeth, and some petrified wood. On January 18, he found "three large bones which I attempt to excavate and photograph. The upper extremity is heavily weathered and incomplete [but] measures 110 cm long and 15 cm thick. The second and better one underneath is probably a femur [thighbone] and is wholly 95 cm long and, in the middle, also 15 cm thick. The third is too deep in the ground and will require too much time to recover." He also discovered that morning an ischium (one of the pelvic bones of a dinosaur), another vertebrae with "a convex end," and what he described as "a gigantic claw". He cut up his mosquito netting and soaked them in a flour and water paste, covering the two larger bones in this wrapping.

An illustration by Stromer detailing the neural spines of Spinosaurus

He moved the expedition to the area near Gebel Hammad the next day. Several dinosaur, fish, and shark bones were found there, but after little more was recovered, they packed up and, two days later, left for the village of Ghauraq.

On 18 February 1911, Stromer began his long trip back to Germany where he would describe his finds including the large spinosaurid, Spinosaurus aegypticus, and the carcharodontosaurid, Carcharodontosaurus saharicus.

Destruction of Stromer's collection

[edit]

In 1944, towards the end of World War II, the vast majority of Stromer's fossil collection—including the only known (though incomplete) skeletons of Spinosaurus and Aegyptosaurus—was destroyed when the museum in which it was held in Munich was bombed by the British Royal Air Force during a raid.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Smith, Joshua B.; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Lacovara, Kenneth J.; Dodson, Peter; Smith, Jennifer R.; Poole, Jason C.; Giegengack, Robert; Attia, Yousry (2001). "A Giant Sauropod Dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous Mangrove Deposit in Egypt". Science. 292 (5522): 1704–1706. doi:10.1126/science.1060561. ISSN 0036-8075.

Sources

[edit]
  • Nothdurft, William and Smith, Josh. Book. The Lost Dinosaurs of Egypt. Cosmos Studios, New York. 2002.
  • A Tribute to Ernst Stromer: Hundred Years of the Discovery of Spinosaurus aegypticus: Saubhik Ghosh: EKDIN, 11 and 12 July 2011 (www.ekdin.org)
  • Probst, Ernst: Der rätselhafte Spinosaurus. Leben und Werk des Forschers Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach. GRIN, München 2015
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Stromer&oldid=1237891000"