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'''Wall''' is a small village and [[civil parish]]<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ons.gov.uk/about-statistics/geography/products/geog-products-area/names-codes/administrative/index.html|title = Names and codes for Administrative Geography|date = 31 December 2008|publisher = Office for National Statistics|access-date = 15 September 2009}}</ref> in [[Staffordshire]], England, just south of [[Lichfield]]. It lies on the site of the [[Roman Britain|Roman]] settlement of [[Letocetum]]. |
'''Wall''' is a small village and [[civil parish]]<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ons.gov.uk/about-statistics/geography/products/geog-products-area/names-codes/administrative/index.html|title = Names and codes for Administrative Geography|date = 31 December 2008|publisher = Office for National Statistics|access-date = 15 September 2009}}</ref> in [[Staffordshire]], England, just south of [[Lichfield]]. It lies on the site of the [[Roman Britain|Roman]] settlement of [[Letocetum]]. |
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Wall has an infrequent bus service operated by [[Arriva Midlands]], numbered 35B. It operates every 2 hours Monday to Saturday. The route goes from Walsall to Lichfield via Aldridge, Stonnall and Shenstone.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.arrivabus.co.uk/midlands/|title=Arriva Bus Services/accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===Letocetum=== |
===Letocetum=== |
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{{main|Letocetum}} |
{{main|Letocetum}} |
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The earliest evidence of settlement in Wall is the discovery of flints dating to the [[Neolithic]] period found in the upper part of Wall village.<ref name=staf>{{Citation | last =Greenslade | first =M.W. | title =A History of the County of Stafford: Volume XIV: Lichfield| publisher = Victoria County History| year =1990 | isbn =978-0-19-722778-7 }}</ref> |
The earliest evidence of settlement in Wall is the discovery of flints dating to the [[Neolithic]] period found in the upper part of Wall village.<ref name=staf>{{Citation | last =Greenslade | first =M.W. | title =A History of the County of Stafford: Volume XIV: Lichfield| publisher = Victoria County History| year =1990 | isbn =978-0-19-722778-7 }}</ref> The first detailed evidence of human settlement comes in the 1st century. A [[Roman fort]] named ''Etocetum'' (reflecting an [[Common Brittonic|indigenous]] name reconstructed as *''Lētocaiton'' or "Greywood") was established at Wall in or soon after AD 50 to accommodate [[Legio XIV Gemina|Legio XIV]], then advancing towards [[Wales]]. |
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The first detailed evidence of human settlement comes in the 1st century. A [[Roman fort]] named '''Etocetum''' (reflecting an [[Common Brittonic|indigenous]] name reconstructed as *''Lētocaiton'' or "Greywood") was established at Wall in or soon after AD 50 to accommodate [[Legio XIV Gemina|Legio XIV]], then advancing towards [[Wales]]. |
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A fort was certainly built in the upper area of the village near to the present church in 50s or 60s and [[Watling Street]] was constructed to the south in the 70s. A [[Public bathing|bath house]] and [[mansio]] was built on the lower ground south west of the fort in the late 1st century for use by its soldiers. It was later used by the inhabitants of a civilian settlement which grew up around Watling Street. |
A fort was certainly built in the upper area of the village near to the present church in 50s or 60s and [[Watling Street]] was constructed to the south in the 70s. A [[Public bathing|bath house]] and [[mansio]] was built on the lower ground south west of the fort in the late 1st century for use by its soldiers. It was later used by the inhabitants of a civilian settlement which grew up around Watling Street. |
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[[File:Letocetum view from St.John the Baptist Church.jpg|thumb|[[Letocetum]] in 2023]] |
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In the 2nd century the settlement covered approximately {{convert|30|acres}} west of the later Wall Lane. By the 1st or 2nd century there was a burial area beyond the western end of the settlement.<ref name=staf/> The settlement was mentioned in the [[Antonine Itinerary]]. |
In the 2nd century the settlement covered approximately {{convert|30|acres}} west of the later Wall Lane. By the 1st or 2nd century there was a burial area beyond the western end of the settlement.<ref name=staf/> The settlement was mentioned in the [[Antonine Itinerary]]. |
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In the late 3rd or early 4th century the eastern part of the settlement of approximately {{convert|6|acres}}, between the present Wall Lane and Green Lane and straddling Watling Street, was enclosed with a stone wall surrounded by an earth [[Defensive wall|rampart]] and ditches. Civilians continued to live inside the settlement and on its outskirts in the late 4th century. The settlement appears to have declined rapidly soon after the Romans left Britain in AD 410 and the focus of settlement shifted to [[Lichfield]].<ref name=staf/> Despite this shift of population, |
In the late 3rd or early 4th century the eastern part of the settlement of approximately {{convert|6|acres}}, between the present Wall Lane and Green Lane and straddling Watling Street, was enclosed with a stone wall surrounded by an earth [[Defensive wall|rampart]] and ditches. Civilians continued to live inside the settlement and on its outskirts in the late 4th century. The settlement appears to have declined rapidly soon after the Romans left Britain in AD 410 and the focus of settlement shifted to [[Lichfield]].<ref name=staf/> Despite this shift of population, David Ford identifies the community as the {{nowrap|Cair Luit Coyd}}<ref>[[Nennius]] ({{abbr|attrib.|Traditional attribution}}). [[Theodor Mommsen]] ({{abbr|ed.|Editor}}). [[s:la:Historia Brittonum#VI. CIVITATES BRITANNIAE|''Historia Brittonum'', VI.]] Composed after AD 830. {{in lang|la}} Hosted at [[s:la:Main Page|Latin Wikisource]].</ref> ("[[Caer|Fort]] Grey Woods") listed by [[Nennius]] among the 28 cities of [[Sub-Roman Britain|Britain]] in his ''[[Historia Brittonum|History of the Britains]]''.<ref name=nashford>Ford, David Nash. "[http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/nenniuscities.html The 28 Cities of Britain]" at Britannia. 2000.</ref> |
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===Modern Wall=== |
===Modern Wall=== |
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Development of Wall since the Romans has been slow, and it has never developed beyond a small village. The earliest medieval settlement may have been on the higher ground |
Development of Wall since the Romans has been slow, and it has never developed beyond a small village. The earliest medieval settlement may have been on the higher ground. Wall House on Green Lane, although dating from the 18th century, is probably on the site of the medieval manor house. Wall Hall to the south also dates from the mid 18th century but replaced a house which existed in the 17th century. By the late 18th century several dwellings were built on Watling Street west of Manor Farm and formed the lower part of the village. |
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In |
In 1839 the church was built, and in 1843 was consecrated as the [[Church of England parish church]] of St John. The architects were [[George Gilbert Scott]] and [[William Bonython Moffatt|William Moffatt]]. The church consists of a [[nave]], a [[chancel]] and a west [[steeple]]. The steeple has a three-stage tower with diagonal [[buttress]]es and a west door; it is square at the base, rises to become octagonal, and is surmounted by a spire with [[lucarne]]s. The east window has three lights and is in [[Perpendicular Gothic|Perpendicular]] style.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pevsner |first=Nikolaus |author-link=Nikolaus Pevsner |year=1974 |title=Staffordshire |series=[[Pevsner Architectural Guides#Buildings of England|The Buildings of England]] |place=Harmondsworth |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=0-14-071046-9 |pages=291–292}}</ref><ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1294770|desc=Church of St. John|access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> |
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The Trooper Inn existed by 1851. In the 1950s ten council houses were built on a road called The Butts. The re-routing of the [[A5 road (Great Britain)|A5]] around Wall |
The Trooper Inn existed by 1851. In the 1950s ten council houses were built on a road called The Butts. The re-routing of the [[A5 road (Great Britain)|A5]] around Wall in 1965 relieved the village of traffic, re-establishing its quiet nature.<ref name=staf/> |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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'''Geology''' |
'''Geology''' |
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The north of the parish including Pipehill, Aldershawe and east parts of Wall are underlain with Bromsgrove Sandstone. The south of the parish including west Wall, Hilton and Chesterfield are underlain by Wildmoor Sandstone. A narrow gravel terrace runs north west from Wall to a point south of Pipehill where it merges into an area of Boulder Clay. South of Wall glaciofluvial deposits overlie the area including, Hilton and Chesterfield. |
The north of the parish including Pipehill, Aldershawe and east parts of Wall are underlain with Bromsgrove Sandstone. The south of the parish including west Wall, Hilton and Chesterfield are underlain by Wildmoor Sandstone. A narrow gravel terrace runs north west from Wall to a point south of Pipehill where it merges into an area of Boulder Clay. South of Wall [[glaciofluvial deposits]] overlie the area including, Hilton and Chesterfield. |
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'''Hydrology''' |
'''Hydrology''' |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Wall, Staffordshire}} |
{{Commons category|Wall, Staffordshire}} |
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* [ |
* [https://www.stmichaelmaryjohn.org.uk St John's Church, Wall] |
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{{Lichfield (district)}} |
{{Lichfield (district)}} |
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Latest revision as of 01:11, 29 July 2024
| Wall | |
|---|---|
 St John's Church in the 19th century | |
  Wall Location within Staffordshire | |
| Population | 433 (2011) [1] |
| OS grid reference | SK103070 |
| Civil parish |
|
| District | |
| Shire county | |
| Region | |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Lichfield |
| Postcode district | WS14 |
| Dialling code | 01543 |
| Police | Staffordshire |
| Fire | Staffordshire |
| Ambulance | West Midlands |
| UK Parliament | |
Wall is a small village and civil parish[3] in Staffordshire, England, just south of Lichfield. It lies on the site of the Roman settlement of Letocetum.
The parish includes the small villages of Pipehill, Hilton and Chesterfield, and the tiny hamlet of Aldershawe, which is about 1⁄2 mi (800 m) north of the village of Wall.
The nearby junction of the A5 and A5127 roads and the M6 Toll motorway is often referred to as 'Wall Island'.
History
[edit]
Letocetum
[edit]The earliest evidence of settlement in Wall is the discovery of flints dating to the Neolithic period found in the upper part of Wall village.[4] The first detailed evidence of human settlement comes in the 1st century. A Roman fort named Etocetum (reflecting an indigenous name reconstructed as *Lētocaiton or "Greywood") was established at Wall in or soon after AD 50 to accommodate Legio XIV, then advancing towards Wales.
A fort was certainly built in the upper area of the village near to the present church in 50s or 60s and Watling Street was constructed to the south in the 70s. A bath house and mansio was built on the lower ground south west of the fort in the late 1st century for use by its soldiers. It was later used by the inhabitants of a civilian settlement which grew up around Watling Street.
In the 2nd century the settlement covered approximately 30 acres (12 ha) west of the later Wall Lane. By the 1st or 2nd century there was a burial area beyond the western end of the settlement.[4] The settlement was mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary.
In the late 3rd or early 4th century the eastern part of the settlement of approximately 6 acres (2.4 ha), between the present Wall Lane and Green Lane and straddling Watling Street, was enclosed with a stone wall surrounded by an earth rampart and ditches. Civilians continued to live inside the settlement and on its outskirts in the late 4th century. The settlement appears to have declined rapidly soon after the Romans left Britain in AD 410 and the focus of settlement shifted to Lichfield.[4] Despite this shift of population, David Ford identifies the community as the Cair Luit Coyd[5] ("Fort Grey Woods") listed by Nennius among the 28 cities of Britain in his History of the Britains.[6]
Modern Wall
[edit]Development of Wall since the Romans has been slow, and it has never developed beyond a small village. The earliest medieval settlement may have been on the higher ground. Wall House on Green Lane, although dating from the 18th century, is probably on the site of the medieval manor house. Wall Hall to the south also dates from the mid 18th century but replaced a house which existed in the 17th century. By the late 18th century several dwellings were built on Watling Street west of Manor Farm and formed the lower part of the village.
In 1839 the church was built, and in 1843 was consecrated as the Church of England parish church of St John. The architects were George Gilbert Scott and William Moffatt. The church consists of a nave, a chancel and a west steeple. The steeple has a three-stage tower with diagonal buttresses and a west door; it is square at the base, rises to become octagonal, and is surmounted by a spire with lucarnes. The east window has three lights and is in Perpendicular style.[7][8]
The Trooper Inn existed by 1851. In the 1950s ten council houses were built on a road called The Butts. The re-routing of the A5 around Wall in 1965 relieved the village of traffic, re-establishing its quiet nature.[4]
Geography
[edit]Topography
The upper part of Wall village lies at an elevation of 114 m on the edge of a plateau; the lower part to the south of Watling Street lies 16 m lower. At Aldershawe the land lies at 130 m, and it is the same level at Pipehill and Muckley Corner.
Geology
The north of the parish including Pipehill, Aldershawe and east parts of Wall are underlain with Bromsgrove Sandstone. The south of the parish including west Wall, Hilton and Chesterfield are underlain by Wildmoor Sandstone. A narrow gravel terrace runs north west from Wall to a point south of Pipehill where it merges into an area of Boulder Clay. South of Wall glaciofluvial deposits overlie the area including, Hilton and Chesterfield.
Hydrology
Black brook runs below the gravel terrace west of Wall. Crane brook runs through Hilton and Chesterfield and is the source for Hilton's main street name of 'Cranebrook Lane'. A spring south of Pipe Grange feeds a stream which flows east to Leamonsley Brook. A spring rising in Aldershawe was used for centuries as the source for drinking water for the city of Lichfield. Conduits were dug from Aldershawe to Lichfield where they supplied water from various conduits around the city.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Civil Parish population 2011". Retrieved 2 December 2015.
- ^ "United Kingdom Parliament". Retrieved 18 September 2009.
- ^ "Names and codes for Administrative Geography". Office for National Statistics. 31 December 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
- ^ a b c d Greenslade, M.W. (1990), A History of the County of Stafford: Volume XIV: Lichfield, Victoria County History, ISBN 978-0-19-722778-7
- ^ Nennius (attrib.). Theodor Mommsen (ed.). Historia Brittonum, VI. Composed after AD 830. (in Latin) Hosted at Latin Wikisource.
- ^ Ford, David Nash. "The 28 Cities of Britain" at Britannia. 2000.
- ^ Pevsner, Nikolaus (1974). Staffordshire. The Buildings of England. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 291–292. ISBN 0-14-071046-9.
- ^ Historic England. "Church of St. John (1294770)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
External links
[edit]