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{{Short description|Celebration in Antigua}}
{{Short description|Celebration in Antigua}}
{{More sources needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox holiday
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Antigua Carnival
| holiday_name = Antigua Carnival
| type = cultural
| type = cultural
| image = Antigua Carnival logo.png
| image = Antigua Carnival logo.png
| imagesize =
| imagesize =
| caption = Antigua Carnival logo
| caption = Antigua Carnival logo
| official_name =
| official_name =
| nickname =
| nickname =
| observedby = [[Antigua]] ([[Antigua and Barbuda]])
| observedby = [[Antigua]] ([[Antigua and Barbuda]])
| litcolor =
| litcolor =
| longtype = Cultural
| longtype = Cultural
| significance = celebration of [[emancipation]]
| significance = celebration of [[emancipation]]
| date = late July through early August
| date = late July through early August
| date2019 =
| date2019 =
| date2020 =
| date2020 =
| celebrations = processions, music, dancing, and the use of masquerade
| celebrations = processions, music, dancing, and the use of masquerade
| relatedto = [[Caribbean Carnival]], [[Carnival]], [[Christmas]], [[Emancipation]], [[Calypso Music|Calypso]], [[Soca music|Soca]], [[Pan music]], [[Zouk (musical movement)|Zouk]]
| relatedto = [[Caribbean Carnival]], [[Carnival]], [[Christmas]], [[Emancipation]], [[Calypso Music|Calypso]], [[Soca music|Soca]], [[Pan music]], [[Zouk (musical movement)|Zouk]]
Line 25: Line 24:
}}
}}
{{Culture of Antigua and Barbuda}}
{{Culture of Antigua and Barbuda}}
The '''Antiguan Carnival''' is a celebration of [[emancipation]] from slavery, held annually on the island of [[Antigua]]. It is a thirteen-day festival of colorful [[Costume|costumes]], [[Beauty pageant|beauty pageants]], [[Talent show|talent shows]], and music.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=History of Antigua's Carnival |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/about/history |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Antigua's Carnival {{!}} Antigua Barbuda Festivals Commission |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-17 |title=Antigua’s Carnival |url=https://www.visitantiguabarbuda.com/antiguas-carnival/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Visit Antigua & Barbuda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=8 of the best Caribbean carnivals |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/best-caribbean-carnivals |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Travel |language=en}}</ref> The festival begins in late July and ends the first Tuesday in August, known as Carnival Tuesday.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":02" /> Both Carnival Monday and Carnival Tuesday are public holidays on the island.<ref name=":22" /> Antiguan Carnival replaced the Old Time [[Christmas]] Festival in 1957,<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12" /> with hopes of inspiring [[tourism]] in [[Antigua and Barbuda]].<ref name=":22" /> Some elements of the Old Time Christmas Festival remain in the modern Carnival celebrations.
The '''Antiguan Carnival''' is a celebration of [[emancipation]] from slavery, held annually on the island of [[Antigua]]. It is a thirteen-day festival of colorful [[costume]]s, [[beauty pageant]]s, [[talent show]]s, and music.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=History of Antigua's Carnival |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/about/history |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Antigua's Carnival {{!}} Antigua Barbuda Festivals Commission |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-17 |title=Antigua's Carnival |url=https://www.visitantiguabarbuda.com/antiguas-carnival/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Visit Antigua & Barbuda |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=8 of the best Caribbean carnivals |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/best-caribbean-carnivals |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Travel |language=en}}</ref> The festival begins in late July and ends the first Tuesday in August, known as Carnival Tuesday.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":02" /> Both Carnival Monday and Carnival Tuesday are public holidays on the island.<ref name=":22" /> Antiguan Carnival replaced the Old Time [[Christmas]] Festival in 1957,<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12" /> with hopes of inspiring [[tourism]] in [[Antigua and Barbuda]].<ref name=":22" /> Some elements of the Old Time Christmas Festival remain in the modern Carnival celebrations.


One of the biggest events of Antiguan Carnival is that of the [[j'ouvert]] (or juvé), in which brass and [[Steel band|steel bands]] perform for much of the island's population, starting early in the morning.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":02" /> Other major events of Antiguan Carnival include the Party Monarch and [[Calypso Monarch]] competitions of Calypsonians, the Panorama steel band competition, the Parade of Bands, the [[Miss Antigua & Barbuda|Miss Antigua Pageant]], and the Caribbean Queen's Competition.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-17 |title=Eight bands to battle in this year’s 2023 panorama competition |url=https://antigua.news/2023/07/17/eight-bands-to-battle-in-this-years-2023-panorama-competition/ |work=Antigua News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-08 |title=Antigua and Barbuda Gears Up for “Caribbean’s Greatest Summer Festival” |url=https://www.caribjournal.com/2022/06/08/antigua-barbuda-caribbean-summer-festival/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Caribbean Journal |language=en}}</ref> The festival also includes numerous smaller festivities, such as local [[Concert|concerts]], food fairs, [[Parade|parades]], and cultural shows.<ref name=":02" />
One of the biggest events of Antiguan Carnival is that of the [[j'ouvert]] (or juvé), in which brass and [[steel band]]s perform for much of the island's population, starting early in the morning.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":02" /> Other major events of Antiguan Carnival include the Party Monarch and [[Calypso Monarch]] competitions of Calypsonians, the Panorama steel band competition, the Parade of Bands, the [[Miss Antigua & Barbuda|Miss Antigua Pageant]], and the Caribbean Queen's Competition.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-17 |title=Eight bands to battle in this year's 2023 panorama competition |url=https://antigua.news/2023/07/17/eight-bands-to-battle-in-this-years-2023-panorama-competition/ |work=Antigua News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-08 |title=Antigua and Barbuda Gears Up for "Caribbean's Greatest Summer Festival" |url=https://www.caribjournal.com/2022/06/08/antigua-barbuda-caribbean-summer-festival/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Caribbean Journal |language=en}}</ref> The festival also includes numerous smaller festivities, such as local [[concert]]s, food fairs, [[parade]]s, and cultural shows.<ref name=":02" />


==History of Carnival==
==History of Carnival==


=== Emancipation ===
=== Emancipation ===
The history of Antigua's Carnival begins in the 1800s with the abolition of slavery.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-17 |title=Antigua’s Carnival |url=https://www.visitantiguabarbuda.com/antiguas-carnival/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Visit Antigua & Barbuda |language=en-US}}</ref> On August 1, 1834, enslaved Africans were emancipated in Antigua and other British colonies, per the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|Slavery Abolition Act 1833.]] On that day, Antiguans took to the streets to celebrate their freedom and express their joy.<ref name=":022" /> Antigua was the only British colony in the Caribbean where the enslaved population was freed unconditionally, as opposed to via [[indentured servitude]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Manning |first=Frank E. |date=1978 |title=Carnival in Antigua (Caribbean Sea): An Indigenous Festival in a Tourist Economy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40459231 |journal=Anthropos |volume=73 |issue=1/2 |pages=191–204 |issn=0257-9774}}</ref> Over the years there was a return to this informal celebration of emancipation. Antiguans celebrated August 1st with picnics, family reunions, and other small celebrations.<ref name=":03" /> Today's Carnival is a formal, island-wide celebration of emancipation.
The history of Antigua's Carnival begins in the 1800s with the abolition of slavery.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-17 |title=Antigua's Carnival |url=https://www.visitantiguabarbuda.com/antiguas-carnival/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Visit Antigua & Barbuda |language=en-US}}</ref> On August 1, 1834, enslaved Africans were emancipated in Antigua and other British colonies, per the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]]. On that day, Antiguans took to the streets to celebrate their freedom and express their joy.<ref name=":022" /> Antigua was the only British colony in the Caribbean where the enslaved population was freed unconditionally, as opposed to via [[indentured servitude]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Manning |first=Frank E. |date=1978 |title=Carnival in Antigua (Caribbean Sea): An Indigenous Festival in a Tourist Economy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40459231 |journal=Anthropos |volume=73 |issue=1/2 |pages=191–204 |jstor=40459231 |issn=0257-9774}}</ref> Over the years there was a return to this informal celebration of emancipation. Antiguans celebrated August 1st with picnics, family reunions, and other small celebrations.<ref name=":03" /> Today's Carnival is a formal, island-wide celebration of emancipation.


=== Christmas Festival ===
=== Christmas Festival ===
In the early-to-mid 1900s, before Carnival, Antigua's Old Time Christmas Festival was a popular and culturally significant annual festival. Traditions of the festival included both music and dance, especially related to [[Masquerade ceremony|masquerades]] and iron bands. Many other elements of the Old Time Christmas Festival are still seen in the modern Carnival today. For instance, the "highland fling" was a common Christmas Festival dance performed by people wearing Scottish kilts, masks made of wire and bearing whips of cowhide.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Hernandez |first=Skye |date=1996-11-01 |title=Caribbean Christmas |url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-22/caribbean-christmas |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Caribbean Beat Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Dancers wearing banana leaves and animal horns took part in the "John Bull,"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholls |first=Robert W. |date=2009 |title=Running John Bull: The Provenance of a Masquerade in the Lesser Antilles |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40646511 |journal=Folklore |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=133–156 |issn=0015-587X}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-12 |title=Ole Time Christmas |url=https://cpoise.gov.ag/2023/12/12/ole-time-christmas-traditions/ |website=cpoise.gov.ag |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Department of Culture}}</ref> while [[Carol (music)|carolers]] paraded with long poles covered in lanterns (called "carol trees")<ref name=":32" /> singing with accompaniment by the [[concertina]]. [[Stilts|Stilt]] dancers in robes, called the [[Moko jumbie|Moko Jumbie]], Jumpa-Ben or Long Ghosts,<ref name=":42" /> were also common, and were accompanied by [[Kettle drum|kettle]] and [[Bass drum|bass drums]], [[Fife (instrument)|fife]], [[Triangle (musical instrument)|triangle]] (cling-a-ching) and the boompipe, made from a plumbing joint one meter long. The Old Time Christmas Festival took place annually until 1957, when it was replaced by the modern-day Carnival.<ref name=":222">{{Cite web |title=History of Antigua's Carnival |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/about/history |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Antigua's Carnival {{!}} Antigua Barbuda Festivals Commission |language=en-gb}}</ref>
In the early-to-mid 1900s, before Carnival, Antigua's Old Time Christmas Festival was a popular and culturally significant annual festival. Traditions of the festival included both music and dance, especially related to [[Masquerade ceremony|masquerades]] and iron bands. Many other elements of the Old Time Christmas Festival are still seen in the modern Carnival today. For instance, the "highland fling" was a common Christmas Festival dance performed by people wearing Scottish kilts, masks made of wire and bearing whips of cowhide.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Hernandez |first=Skye |date=1996-11-01 |title=Caribbean Christmas |url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-22/caribbean-christmas |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Caribbean Beat Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> Dancers wearing banana leaves and animal horns took part in the "John Bull,"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholls |first=Robert W. |date=2009 |title=Running John Bull: The Provenance of a Masquerade in the Lesser Antilles |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40646511 |journal=Folklore |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=133–156 |doi=10.1080/00155870902969293 |jstor=40646511 |issn=0015-587X}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-12 |title=Ole Time Christmas |url=https://cpoise.gov.ag/2023/12/12/ole-time-christmas-traditions/ |website=cpoise.gov.ag |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Department of Culture}}</ref> while [[Carol (music)|carolers]] paraded with long poles covered in lanterns (called "carol trees")<ref name=":32" /> singing with accompaniment by the [[concertina]]. [[Stilts|Stilt]] dancers in robes, called the [[Moko jumbie|Moko Jumbie]], Jumpa-Ben or Long Ghosts,<ref name=":42" /> were also common, and were accompanied by [[Kettle drum|kettle]] and [[bass drum]]s, [[Fife (instrument)|fife]], [[Triangle (musical instrument)|triangle]] (cling-a-ching) and the boompipe, made from a plumbing joint one meter long. The Old Time Christmas Festival took place annually until 1957, when it was replaced by the modern-day Carnival.<ref name=":222">{{Cite web |title=History of Antigua's Carnival |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/about/history |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Antigua's Carnival {{!}} Antigua Barbuda Festivals Commission |language=en-gb}}</ref>


=== 1950s and inaugural Carnival ===
=== 1950s and inaugural Carnival ===
On June 3, 1953, a single-day carnival was organized as part of [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II's]] [[coronation]] celebration.<ref name=":222" /> Thousands of Antiguans celebrated with a parade, floats, and a children's carnival.<ref name=":222" /> Due to the success of the festival, Antiguans lobbied having an annual summertime festival.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=3 August 2023 |title=Antigua Carnival: Fun facts about ‘the Caribbean’s greatest summer festival’ |url=https://antiguaobserver.com/antigua-carnival-fun-facts-about-the-caribbeans-greatest-summer-festival/ |work=Antigua Observer}}</ref><ref name=":222" /> Three years later, John Ferdie Shoul (chairman of the carnival) and Maurice Ambrose (builder and musician) worked together to create a plan for a Carnival that celebrated emancipation and served as a tourist attraction.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":222" />
On June 3, 1953, a single-day carnival was organized as part of [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II's]] [[coronation]] celebration.<ref name=":222" /> Thousands of Antiguans celebrated with a parade, floats, and a children's carnival.<ref name=":222" /> Due to the success of the festival, Antiguans lobbied having an annual summertime festival.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=3 August 2023 |title=Antigua Carnival: Fun facts about 'the Caribbean's greatest summer festival' |url=https://antiguaobserver.com/antigua-carnival-fun-facts-about-the-caribbeans-greatest-summer-festival/ |work=Antigua Observer}}</ref><ref name=":222" /> Three years later, John Ferdie Shoul (chairman of the carnival) and Maurice Ambrose (builder and musician) worked together to create a plan for a Carnival that celebrated emancipation and served as a tourist attraction.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":222" />


On August 1, 1957, Antigua celebrated its first official Carnival.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":222" /> Mr. Shoul secured Carnival Monday as a public holiday.<ref name=":222" /> The festival included a parade with floats sponsored by local businesses.<ref name=":222" /> The inaugural Carnival Queen show was held at the Deluxe Cinema, and Miss Gloria White was crowned Antigua's first Carnival queen.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":222" /> A Calypso competition was also held at the Deluxe Cinema, and the winner was Mighty Styler.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":222" />
On August 1, 1957, Antigua celebrated its first official Carnival.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":222" /> Mr. Shoul secured Carnival Monday as a public holiday.<ref name=":222" /> The festival included a parade with floats sponsored by local businesses.<ref name=":222" /> The inaugural Carnival Queen show was held at the Deluxe Cinema, and Miss Gloria White was crowned Antigua's first Carnival queen.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":222" /> A Calypso competition was also held at the Deluxe Cinema, and the winner was Mighty Styler.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":222" />


After the inaugural 1957 Carnival, the Carnival Committee was started by Hon Edmund Lake (Minister of Social Services).<ref name=":1" /> John Ferdinand Shoul was elected as the first Carnival Committee Chairman.<ref name=":1" />
After the inaugural 1957 Carnival, the Carnival Committee was started by Hon Edmund Lake (Minister of Social Services).<ref name=":1" /> John Ferdinand Shoul was elected as the first Carnival Committee Chairman.<ref name=":1" />


=== Musical origins ===
=== Musical origins ===
There are several different musical forms featured during Carnival. [[Calypso music|Calypso]], the oldest, has its roots in slavery; a common explanation of its origins is that it began as a way for slaves, who were forbidden to speak in the fields, to communicate with each other. It is a polyglot, improvisational form that depends largely upon the skill of a soloist, (the calypsonian) who weaves the sounds of many cultures into a lyrical whole. Calypso competitions have long been a highlight of Carnival.
There are several different musical forms featured during Carnival. [[Calypso music|Calypso]], the oldest, has its roots in slavery; a common explanation of its origins is that it began as a way for slaves, who were forbidden to speak in the fields, to communicate with each other. It is a polyglot, improvisational form that depends largely upon the skill of a soloist, (the calypsonian) who weaves the sounds of many cultures into a lyrical whole. Calypso competitions have long been a highlight of Carnival.


Steel drum music was created when the [[bamboo]] percussion instruments traditionally used to back up calypso were replaced by hammered steel pans cut from [[Drum (container)|oil drums]]. Whereas there is no dispute that the steel pan was developed in [[Trinidad]], the indigenous development of the steel band in Antigua and Barbuda was an outgrowth of the iron bands which were prominent at Christmas time. Steel drum music has been an important part of Carnival since that time, and Antigua is home to many of the Caribbean's finest steel bands. [[Soca music|Soca]] is a musical form that grafts the slower beat of American [[soul music]] to the upbeat tempos of calypso. Soca began in the 1970s, and by the middle of the 1980s it had become an integral feature of Carnival.
Steel drum music was created when the [[bamboo]] percussion instruments traditionally used to back up calypso were replaced by hammered steel pans cut from [[Drum (container)|oil drums]]. Whereas there is no dispute that the steel pan was developed in [[Trinidad]], the indigenous development of the steel band in Antigua and Barbuda was an outgrowth of the iron bands which were prominent at Christmas time. Steel drum music has been an important part of Carnival since that time, and Antigua is home to many of the Caribbean's finest steel bands. [[Soca music|Soca]] is a musical form that grafts the slower beat of American [[soul music]] to the upbeat tempos of calypso. Soca began in the 1970s, and by the middle of the 1980s it had become an integral feature of Carnival.


== Parades and mas' ==
== Parades and mas' ==
Antigua's carnival has multiple parades and costumed events called ''mas''', short for ''masquerade.''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-06 |title=60 years of Carnival: How Antigua keeps tradition alive |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40704176 |access-date=2024-05-10 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholls |first=Robert W. |date=2009 |title=Running John Bull: The Provenance of a Masquerade in the Lesser Antilles |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40646511 |journal=Folklore |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=133–156 |issn=0015-587X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manning |first=Frank E. |date=1978 |title=Carnival in Antigua (Caribbean Sea): An Indigenous Festival in a Tourist Economy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40459231 |journal=Anthropos |volume=73 |issue=1/2 |pages=191–204 |issn=0257-9774}}</ref> Historically, mas' in the Caribbean involved paraders dressed up in big, elaborate costumes depicting real-life figures of the past in order to tell stories of the past.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Henry |first=Frances |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPfADwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PR7&dq=mas',+is+often+decried+by+traditionalists.+They+hark+back+to+the+days+of+massive+historical+mas',+huge+and+elaborate+costuming+clothing+and+real-life+figures+tell+stories&hl=en |title=Carnival Is Woman: Feminism and Performance in Caribbean Mas |last2=Plaza |first2=Dwaine |date=2019-12-30 |publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-1-4968-2548-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=The Essence Of Mas: Traditional Carnival Characters That Tell The Stories Of Our Ancestors |url=https://www.essence.com/culture/mas-traditional-carnival-costumes/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Essence |language=en-US}}</ref> Today there are many different types of mas' during the Carnival of Antigua and other Caribbean islands.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Compass |first=Caribbean |date=2023-03-16 |title=Dirty Mas and Pretty Mas – Two Faces of Trinidad Carnival |url=https://caribbeancompass.com/dirty-mas-and-pretty-mas-two-faces-of-trinidad-carnival/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Caribbean Compass |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aarons |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWZsEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&q=caribbean+carnivals+different+types+of+mas'&hl=en |title=Archiving Caribbean Identity: Records, Community, and Memory |last2=Bastian |first2=Jeannette A. |last3=Griffin |first3=Stanley Hazley |date=2022-06-12 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-59071-5 |language=en}}</ref> Participating in the costumed parades is known as "playing mas'."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=8 of the best Caribbean carnivals |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/best-caribbean-carnivals |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=National Geographic: Travel |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Allsopp |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmvSk13sIc0C&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA444&dq=caribbean+%22playing+mas%22&hl=en |title=Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage |last2=Allsopp |first2=Jeannette |date=2003 |publisher=University of the West Indies Press |isbn=978-976-640-145-0 |language=en}}</ref>
Antigua's carnival has multiple parades and costumed events called ''mas''', short for ''masquerade.''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-06 |title=60 years of Carnival: How Antigua keeps tradition alive |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40704176 |access-date=2024-05-10 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholls |first=Robert W. |date=2009 |title=Running John Bull: The Provenance of a Masquerade in the Lesser Antilles |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40646511 |journal=Folklore |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=133–156 |doi=10.1080/00155870902969293 |jstor=40646511 |issn=0015-587X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Manning |first=Frank E. |date=1978 |title=Carnival in Antigua (Caribbean Sea): An Indigenous Festival in a Tourist Economy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40459231 |journal=Anthropos |volume=73 |issue=1/2 |pages=191–204 |jstor=40459231 |issn=0257-9774}}</ref> Historically, mas' in the Caribbean involved paraders dressed up in big, elaborate costumes depicting real-life figures of the past in order to tell stories of the past.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Henry |first1=Frances |author-link=Frances Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPfADwAAQBAJ&dq=mas',+is+often+decried+by+traditionalists.+They+hark+back+to+the+days+of+massive+historical+mas',+huge+and+elaborate+costuming+clothing+and+real-life+figures+tell+stories&pg=PR7 |title=Carnival Is Woman: Feminism and Performance in Caribbean Mas |last2=Plaza |first2=Dwaine |date=2019-12-30 |publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-1-4968-2548-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=The Essence Of Mas: Traditional Carnival Characters That Tell The Stories Of Our Ancestors |url=https://www.essence.com/culture/mas-traditional-carnival-costumes/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Essence |language=en-US}}</ref> Today there are many different types of mas' during the Carnival of Antigua and other Caribbean islands.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Compass |first=Caribbean |date=2023-03-16 |title=Dirty Mas and Pretty Mas – Two Faces of Trinidad Carnival |url=https://caribbeancompass.com/dirty-mas-and-pretty-mas-two-faces-of-trinidad-carnival/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Caribbean Compass |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Aarons |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWZsEAAAQBAJ&q=caribbean+carnivals+different+types+of+mas' |title=Archiving Caribbean Identity: Records, Community, and Memory |last2=Bastian |first2=Jeannette A. |last3=Griffin |first3=Stanley Hazley |date=2022-06-12 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-59071-5 |language=en}}</ref> Participating in the costumed parades is known as "playing mas'."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=8 of the best Caribbean carnivals |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/best-caribbean-carnivals |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=National Geographic: Travel |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Allsopp |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmvSk13sIc0C&dq=caribbean+%22playing+mas%22&pg=PA444 |title=Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage |last2=Allsopp |first2=Jeannette |date=2003 |publisher=University of the West Indies Press |isbn=978-976-640-145-0 |language=en}}</ref>


===Opening Parade and Ceremony===
===Opening Parade and Ceremony===
[[File:Anucarnival2.JPG|right|thumb|400x400px|Carnival Patrons on parade in [[Antigua]]]]
[[File:Anucarnival2.JPG|right|thumb|400x400px|Carnival Patrons on parade in [[Antigua]]]]
Antigua's carnival officially kicks off with an Opening Parade through the city of [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Antigua Carnival: General Information |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/presscenter/general-information |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=antiguacarnival.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Barzey |first=Ursula Petula |date=2019-04-23 |title=7 Things To Know About Antigua Carnival, The Caribbean's Greatest Summer Festival |url=https://www.caribbeanandco.com/things-to-know-about-antigua-carnival/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Caribbean & Co. |language=en-US}}</ref> Bands and troupes come out in [[T-shirt|T-shirts]] bearing the insignia of their respective companies. [[Float (parade)|Parade floats]], which were popular in the past, have begun to see a resurgence in their popularity. The participants of carnival competitions also appear in the parade.
Antigua's carnival officially kicks off with an Opening Parade through the city of [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Antigua Carnival: General Information |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/presscenter/general-information |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=antiguacarnival.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Barzey |first=Ursula Petula |date=2019-04-23 |title=7 Things To Know About Antigua Carnival, The Caribbean's Greatest Summer Festival |url=https://www.caribbeanandco.com/things-to-know-about-antigua-carnival/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Caribbean & Co. |language=en-US}}</ref> Bands and troupes come out in [[T-shirt]]s bearing the insignia of their respective companies. [[Float (parade)|Parade floats]], which were popular in the past, have begun to see a resurgence in their popularity. The participants of carnival competitions also appear in the parade.


The Opening Parade usually begins near Parliament Drive or Independence Avenue,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Official Parade Routes 2019 |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/resources/paraderoutes/official-parade-routes-2019 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=antiguacarnival.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Byron |first=Anglina |date=2023-07-20 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Know official parade route for Antigua Carnival 2023 |url=https://associatestimes.com/exclusive-know-official-parade-route-for-antigua-carnival-2023/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Associates Times a Caribbean News website |language=en-US}}</ref> and always concludes at "Carnival City"<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 14, 2023 |title=Motorists told to make way for Carnival launch on Saturday |url=https://antiguaobserver.com/motorists-told-to-make-way-for-carnival-launch-on-saturday/ |work=Antigua Observer}}</ref> (the official title given to the [[Antigua Recreation Ground]], or ARG, during the carnival season).<ref name=":2222">{{Cite web |title=History of Antigua's Carnival |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/about/history |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Antigua's Carnival {{!}} Antigua Barbuda Festivals Commission |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Butters |first=Stephen |title=Landscape as Record: Archiving the Antigua Recreation Ground |date=2022 |work=Archiving Caribbean Identity |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003105299-7/landscape-record-stephen-butters |access-date=2024-05-10 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003105299-7/landscape-record-stephen-butters |isbn=978-1-003-10529-9}}</ref>
The Opening Parade usually begins near Parliament Drive or Independence Avenue,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Official Parade Routes 2019 |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/resources/paraderoutes/official-parade-routes-2019 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=antiguacarnival.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Byron |first=Anglina |date=2023-07-20 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Know official parade route for Antigua Carnival 2023 |url=https://associatestimes.com/exclusive-know-official-parade-route-for-antigua-carnival-2023/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Associates Times a Caribbean News website |language=en-US}}</ref> and always concludes at "Carnival City"<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 14, 2023 |title=Motorists told to make way for Carnival launch on Saturday |url=https://antiguaobserver.com/motorists-told-to-make-way-for-carnival-launch-on-saturday/ |work=Antigua Observer}}</ref> (the official title given to the [[Antigua Recreation Ground]], or ARG, during the carnival season).<ref name=":2222">{{Cite web |title=History of Antigua's Carnival |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/about/history |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Antigua's Carnival {{!}} Antigua Barbuda Festivals Commission |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Butters |first=Stephen |title=Landscape as Record: Archiving the Antigua Recreation Ground |date=2022 |work=Archiving Caribbean Identity |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003105299-7/landscape-record-stephen-butters |access-date=2024-05-10 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003105299-7 |isbn=978-1-003-10529-9}}</ref>


Following the parade the Opening Ceremony takes place in Carnival City.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions: What does a typical schedule for Antigua’s Carnival look like? |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/about/faqs |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Antigua's Carnival {{!}} Antigua Barbuda Festivals Commission |language=en-gb}}</ref> During the ceremony, Carnival is declared as officially beginning.<ref name=":04" /> Contestants for the various carnival competitions make a final public appearance before their shows. The ceremony usually finishes with [[fireworks]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
Following the parade the Opening Ceremony takes place in Carnival City.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions: What does a typical schedule for Antigua's Carnival look like? |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/about/faqs |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Antigua's Carnival {{!}} Antigua Barbuda Festivals Commission |language=en-gb}}</ref> During the ceremony, Carnival is declared as officially beginning.<ref name=":04" /> Contestants for the various carnival competitions make a final public appearance before their shows. The ceremony usually finishes with [[fireworks]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}


=== Children's Carnival ===
=== Children's Carnival ===
While much of Antigua's Carnival is suited for adults only, an entire day has been designated for youths: the Children's Carnival, or Junior Carnival.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/component/content/article/faqs-49 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=antiguacarnival.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> The Children's Carnival Parade (or Junior Carnival Parade) let's children participate in a carnival parade in a family-friendly environment.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions: Is Antigua’s Carnival Children Friendly? |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/about/faqs |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Antigua's Carnival {{!}} Antigua Barbuda Festivals Commission |language=}}</ref> Children in the parade wear costumes portraying different themes taken from fairy tales, etc. [[Cheerleading]] has also become a part of the Junior Carnival Parade. The children march through the streets and finish the parade at Carnival City.
While much of Antigua's Carnival is suited for adults only, an entire day has been designated for youths: the Children's Carnival, or Junior Carnival.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/component/content/article/faqs-49 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=antiguacarnival.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> The Children's Carnival Parade (or Junior Carnival Parade) let's children participate in a carnival parade in a family-friendly environment.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions: Is Antigua's Carnival Children Friendly? |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/about/faqs |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Antigua's Carnival {{!}} Antigua Barbuda Festivals Commission |language=}}</ref> Children in the parade wear costumes portraying different themes taken from fairy tales, etc. [[Cheerleading]] has also become a part of the Junior Carnival Parade. The children march through the streets and finish the parade at Carnival City.


===J'ouvert===
===J'ouvert===
J’ouvert is a Caribbean carnival celebration of ancestors as well as liberation,<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=August 7, 2023 |title=J’ouvert hits the streets in Antigua and Barbuda, marking the last two days of carnival |url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/jouvert-hits-the-streets-in-antigua-and-barbuda-marking-the-last-two-days-of-carnival/ |work=Dominica News Online}}</ref> a popular part of many Caribbean carnivals. On Antigua, J'ouvert is a celebration of freedom from slavery on the island.<ref name=":04" /><ref name=":5" />
J'ouvert is a Caribbean carnival celebration of ancestors as well as liberation,<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=August 7, 2023 |title=J'ouvert hits the streets in Antigua and Barbuda, marking the last two days of carnival |url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/jouvert-hits-the-streets-in-antigua-and-barbuda-marking-the-last-two-days-of-carnival/ |work=Dominica News Online}}</ref> a popular part of many Caribbean carnivals. On Antigua, J'ouvert is a celebration of freedom from slavery on the island.<ref name=":04" /><ref name=":5" />


The term ''j'ouvert'' comes from a French creole word ''jour ouvert,'' meaning "daybreak".<ref name=":4" /> Patrons gather around 3:00 or 4:00 AM on Carnival Monday and meet in St. John's.<ref name=":04" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 10, 2024 |title=Antigua to celebrate Caribbean’s greatest summer festival- Carnival 2024, event unveiled |url=https://associatestimes.com/antigua-to-celebrate-caribbeans-greatest-summer-festival-carnival-2024-event-unveiled/ |work=Associates Times}}</ref> There, they find their favorite bands ("jam bands") and follow them marching and dancing (i.e. "jam" with them) along the route. There is drinking,<ref name=":5" /> painting of bodies with paint, mud, and [[Creosote|pitch oil]],<ref name=":6" /> and people wearing colourful costumes.<ref name=":5" /> The event usually concludes around 10:00 AM.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":04" />
The term ''j'ouvert'' comes from a French creole word ''jour ouvert,'' meaning "daybreak".<ref name=":4" /> Patrons gather around 3:00 or 4:00 AM on Carnival Monday and meet in St. John's.<ref name=":04" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 10, 2024 |title=Antigua to celebrate Caribbean's greatest summer festival- Carnival 2024, event unveiled |url=https://associatestimes.com/antigua-to-celebrate-caribbeans-greatest-summer-festival-carnival-2024-event-unveiled/ |work=Associates Times}}</ref> There, they find their favorite bands ("jam bands") and follow them marching and dancing (i.e. "jam" with them) along the route. There is drinking,<ref name=":5" /> painting of bodies with paint, mud, and [[Creosote|pitch oil]],<ref name=":6" /> and people wearing colourful costumes.<ref name=":5" /> The event usually concludes around 10:00 AM.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":04" />


===Carnival Monday and Tuesday===
===Carnival Monday and Tuesday===
Antigua's Carnival festivities conclude on the first Monday and Tuesday in August, dubbed Carnival Monday and Tuesday.<ref name=":04" /> Both Carnival Monday and Carnival Tuesday are official holidays.<ref name=":2222" />
Antigua's Carnival festivities conclude on the first Monday and Tuesday in August, dubbed Carnival Monday and Tuesday.<ref name=":04" /> Both Carnival Monday and Carnival Tuesday are official holidays.<ref name=":2222" />


After J'ouvert on Monday morning, revelers come back into St. Johns in the afternoon for the Carnival Monday parade, where they enjoy music and costumed parading. Competitions also take place on Carnival Monday.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2013-07-29 |title=Antigua Begins 2013 Carnival |url=https://www.caribjournal.com/2013/07/29/antigua-begins-2013-carnival/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Caribbean Journal |language=en}}</ref> On Tuesday, all of the troupes, bands, and floats all come together in St. John's for a final parade.<ref name=":04" /> The parade culminates at Carnival City.<ref name=":04" /> During Carnival Monday and Tuesday, there takes place the judging of troupes and groups takes place.<ref name=":04" /> Troupes are awarded prizes and the [[Road March]] king is decided upon.
After J'ouvert on Monday morning, revelers come back into St. Johns in the afternoon for the Carnival Monday parade, where they enjoy music and costumed parading. Competitions also take place on Carnival Monday.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2013-07-29 |title=Antigua Begins 2013 Carnival |url=https://www.caribjournal.com/2013/07/29/antigua-begins-2013-carnival/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Caribbean Journal |language=en}}</ref> On Tuesday, all of the troupes, bands, and floats all come together in St. John's for a final parade.<ref name=":04" /> The parade culminates at Carnival City.<ref name=":04" /> During Carnival Monday and Tuesday, there takes place the judging of troupes and groups takes place.<ref name=":04" /> Troupes are awarded prizes and the [[Road March]] king is decided upon.[[File:Anucarnival1.JPG|thumb|300x300px|Revellers on Carnival Tuesday.]]


List of Antiguan Mas' Troupes and Groups:{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
List of Antiguan Mas' Troupes and Groups:{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

* Vitus
* Vitus
* Dynamics
* Dynamics
Line 90: Line 88:
* Insane
* Insane


==Pageants==
== Pageants ==
=== Mr & Miss Teenage Pageant ===
[[Image:Anucarnival1.JPG|thumb|300px|Revellers on Carnival Tuesday.]]
The Mr & Miss Teenage Pageant (formerly the Teenage Pageant, Teen Splash, and Teen Explosion)<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2017 |title=Re-branded Again! Teen Splash, Teen Explosion now Mr and Ms Teenage Pageant |url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/re-branded-again-teen-splash-teen-explosion-now-mr-and-ms-teenage-pageant/#google_vignette |pages=Antigua News Room}}</ref> is a highly anticipated show during carnival. [[Teenagers|Teens]] from different [[secondary school]]s around Antigua (specifically performing arts students)<ref name=":04" /> compete against each other. The teens compete against each other in the following judged segments: Best Interview, Uniform Evolution, Cultural Personality, Best Introduction Speech, and Best performing Talent.<ref name=":05">{{Cite web |title=Antigua's Carnival kicks off with Mr and Miss Teenage Pageant 2023 {{!}} Loop Caribbean News |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/antiguas-carnival-kicks-mr-and-miss-teenage-pageant |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Loop News |language=en}}</ref>


One Mr Teenage and one Miss Teenage are crowned, although in the past, the competition has alternated between having two verses one winner.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} Additionally, the following awards are given: Most Helpful, Most Congenial, Most Photogenic, and Best Promotional Video.<ref name=":05" />
===Teen Splash===
Teen Splash formerly the Teenage Pageant is a highly anticipated show on the carnival calendar. It pits youth of both sexes from different secondary schools around Antigua against each other. In the past there was a Mister and Miss Teen Splash but at present there is only one winner. The teens come up against each other in four segments:
* Personality and Aspiration
* Performing Talent
* Research
* Question and Answer


===Queen of Carnival===
===Queen of Carnival===
The Queen of Carnival show is the most prestigious and coveted [[Beauty contest|pageant]] title in Antigua and Barbuda. Beautiful young ladies from all over the island take part in the competition that has propelled many into the public eye. Many doors can be opened for the winner of such a "Queen Show". The young ladies compete in the following rounds to prove that they are superior to the other delegates:
The Queen of Carnival pageant, or "Queen Show", is one of two competitions that took place at the inaugural Antigua Carnival in 1957.[https://antiguacarnival.com/about/history<nowiki>] Today, it is the most prestigious and coveted </nowiki>[[Beauty contest|pageant]] title in Antigua and Barbuda. Women from all over the island take part in the competition that has propelled many into the public eye.

* Talent segment
Contestants compete in the following judged segments: Interview, Swimwear, Talent, Carnival Costume, and Evening Wear.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=July 24, 2023 |title=Antigua: Ischikelle Corbin crowned Queen of Carnival 2023 |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/antigua-ischikelle-corbin-crowned-queen-carnival-2023 |work=Loop Caribbean News}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Monica |date=28 July 2023 |title=Antigua Barbuda Carnival Queen 2023 1st runner up Jahkaydah Isaac pens down emotional note |url=https://wicnews.com/caribbean/antigua-barbuda-carnival-queen-2023-1st-runner-up-jahkaydah-isaac-pens-down-emotional-note-234757474/ |work=WIC News}}</ref> One Queen of Carnival is crowned. A first runner-up and a second runner-up are named. Additionally, the following awards are given: Miss Congenial, Most Photogenic, and Leadership.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":23" />
* Evening Wear

* Carnival Costume
Many additional opportunities can open for the winner, as the pageant is a platform to select a representative for other pageants, such as the Jaycees Caribbean Queen Show.<ref name=":04" />
* Swimwear
* Interview segment


===Jaycees Caribbean Queen Show===
===Jaycees Caribbean Queen Show===
The Jaycees Caribbean Queen show has taken place since the 1970s. Competitors from across the Caribbean region compete for the title of Jaycees Caribbean Queen. Contestants from islands such as [[Anguilla]], [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Barbados]], [[British Virgin Islands]], [[Dominica]], [[Guyana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Nevis]], [[St. Kitts]], [[St. Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent (island)|St. Vincent]], [[St. Croix]], and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] enter every year. Antigua's representative in the competition is always the winner of Antigua's Queen of Carnival pageant just days before.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antigua and Barbuda wins Miss Jaycees 2023 Queen title {{!}} Loop Caribbean News |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/antigua-and-barbuda-wins-miss-jaycees-2023-queen-title |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Loop News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wong |first=Melissa |date=August 1, 2023 |title=Antigua and Barbuda wins Miss Jaycees 2023 Queen title |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/antigua-and-barbuda-wins-miss-jaycees-2023-queen-title |work=Loop Caribbean News}}</ref>
[https://web.archive.org/web/20150801141734/http://jayceesqueenshow.com/ Jaycees Caribbean Queen Show Official Website]


Contestants compete in the following judged segments: Interview, Swimwear, Talent, Modeling, and Evening Wear.<ref name=":33">{{Cite news |date=August 2, 2024 |title=Antigua and Barbuda sweeps Jaycees Queen show: Ischikelle Corbin reigns supreme |url=https://antiguaobserver.com/antigua-and-barbuda-sweeps-jaycees-queen-show-ischikelle-corbin-reigns-supreme/ |pages=Antigua Observer}}</ref> One Jaycees Caribbean Queen is crowned. A first runner-up and a second runner-up are named. Additionally, the following awards are given: Miss Congeniality, Most Photogenic, and Most True to the Theme.<ref name=":33" /> Notable former Jaycees Caribbean Queens have been Kai Davis, Jermilla Kirwan, Shelana George, and [[Shermain Jeremy]] (all four of [[Antigua]]), as well as [[Princess Best]] (of Barbados).{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
Organized by the Junior Chamber of Antigua and Barbuda, the Jaycees Caribbean Queen show has been existing since the 70s. The show sees competitors from across the Caribbean region compete for the coveted Jaycess crown. Territories such as, [[Anguilla]], [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[Barbados]], [[British Virgin Islands]], [[Dominica]], [[Guyana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Nevis]], [[St. Kitts]], [[St. Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent (island)|St. Vincent]], [[St. Croix]], and [[Trinidad and Tobago]] enter every year.


The pageant is organized by the [[Junior Chamber International]] (JCI) of Antigua and Barbuda as of 2023,<ref name=":33" /> and is sponsored by the [[Antigua Cruise Port]] (ACP) and the [[Government of Antigua and Barbuda]] as of 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 24, 2024 |title=Jaycees Queen Show 2024 returns after previous cancellation |url=https://antiguaobserver.com/jaycees-queen-show-2024-returns-after-previous-cancellation/ |pages=Antigua Observer}}</ref>
Antigua's representative is always the winner of the Antigua Queen of Carnival Competition just days before.


==Calypso and soca competitions==
Notable former Jaycees Queens have been Kai Davis, Jermilla Kirwan, Shelana George, [[Shermain Jeremy]] (all four of [[Antigua]]) and [[Princess Best]] (of Barbados).
[[Calypso music|Calypso]] is central to Antigua's Carnival, and many Caribbean carnivals.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":06">{{Cite news |date=2017-08-01 |title=Caribbean voice: How calypso went from plantation to politics |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40787523 |access-date=2024-05-12 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Antigua's inaugural Carnival in 1957 featured a calypso competition.<ref name=":22" /> [[Soca music|Soca]] has gained popularity in Antigua and Barbuda, surpassing calypso.<ref name=":5" /> Today, multiple calypso and soca competitions feature in Antigua's Carnival.


==Calypso and Soca==
=== Calypso Monarch ===
The Calypso Monarch competition is a celebration and reflection of Antigua's African history and cultural heritage.<ref name=":04" /> The calypso competition is one of the most popular shows of the Carnival season. It is also one of Antiguan Carnival's oldest competitions, as it took place as the inaugural Carnival in 1957.<ref name=":22" />
⚫
===Junior Calypso===
The Junior Calypso competition seeks to keep the Calypso art form alive in the nation's children. The competition is divided into two segments, the 5 to 12 category and the 13 to 19 category. Each child sings one calypso and is judged on criteria that include performance, lyrics, clarity, content and use of stage.


As of 2022, contestants compete in one of two categories: Bacchanal and Social Commentary.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Antonio |first=Makeida |date=August 2, 2022 |title=Two competitions in one: Zacari and Tian crowned Calypso Monarchs under new format |url=https://antiguaobserver.com/two-competitions-in-one-zacari-and-tian-crowned-calypso-monarchs-under-new-format/ |work=Antigua Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Knight |first=Carlena |date=25 July 2022 |title=Calypsonians weigh in on change to Carnival competition format |url=https://antiguaobserver.com/calypsonians-weigh-in-on-change-to-carnival-competition-format/ |work=Antigua Observer}}</ref> The competitors perform an original calypso song. Before 2022, one Calypso Monarch was crowned.<ref name=":15" /> Since the format change in 2022, two winners are crowned: one for Bacchanal category and one for the Social Commentary category.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Latrishka |date=August 5, 2023 |title=Antigua Carnival: New Calypso King crowned, fulfills promise to dad |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/antigua-carnival-new-calypso-king-crowned-fulfills-promise-dad |work=Loop Caribbean News}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> Second and third place winners are declared as well.
Many of the Junior Calypso winners have gone on to compete in the Calypso Monarch Competition.


⚫
=== Junior Calypso Monarch ===
Notable winners are:
The Junior Calypso (or Junior Calypso Monarch) competition seeks to keep the calypso art form alive in the nation's children.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-16 |title=[PRESS RELEASE] State Insurance Corporation Gives Full Support to Junior Calypso Competition |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/presscenter/pressreleases/press-releases/sicsupportsjrcalypso |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Antigua's Carnival {{!}} Antigua Barbuda Festivals Commission |language=en-gb}}</ref> The competition is divided into two segments: the 5 to 12 category and the 13 to 19 category.<ref name=":24">{{Cite news |date=July 31, 2023 |title=Ruez Titre, Empress Buchaman crowned Junior Calypso Monarchs |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/ruez-titre-empress-buchaman-crowned-junior-calypso-monarchs |work=Loop Caribbean News}}</ref> Each child performs an original calypso song and is judged on criteria that include performance, lyrics, clarity, content and use of stage.<ref name=":06" /> Two winners are crowned: one from each age category.<ref name=":24" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=August 1, 2023 |title=From climate change to youth violence: Junior calypsonians put issues of the day under the spotlight |url=https://antiguaobserver.com/from-climate-change-to-youth-violence-junior-calypsonians-put-issues-of-the-day-under-the-spotlight/#google_vignette |work=Antigua Observer}}</ref> Second and third place winners are declared for each age group, as well as an award for Most Creative.<ref name=":24" />
* Lyrics Man

* Thalia King
Junior Calypso winners have gone on to compete in regional competitions<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 13, 2017 |title=Junior calypso monarch to represent Antigua and Barbuda at regional competition |url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/junior-calypso-monarch-to-represent-antigua-and-barbuda-at-regional-competition/ |work=Antigua News Room}}</ref> as well as the Calypso Monarch Competition as an adult. Notable winners are: Lyrics Man, Thalia King, Lady Challenger, Young Destroyer, and A'Shante (A'Shante O'Keiffe).{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
* Lady Challenger
* Young Destroyer
*A'Shante (A'Shante O'Keiffe)


===Party Monarch===
===Party Monarch===
The Party Monarch show is a soca competition. It is the biggest and most well-attended show during Carnival.<ref name=":04" /> According to the Antigua Barbuda Festivals Commission, the show has attracted crowds as large as 16,000 people.<ref name=":04" />
The most well attended show for the Carnival season, Party Monarch, attracted over 11 thousand patrons in 2007 and approximately nine thousand in 2008. The competition is divided into two segments the Groovy and the Up-tempo. Ten competitors per segment compete for the title of Party Monarch. The Party Monarch sees many people of all ages come to listen to the local talent. The competitors sing [[Soca music|Soca]] songs.


Ten competitors per segment compete for the title of Party Monarch. The competition is divided into two categories: "Groovy" soca and "Jumpy" (or Up-tempo) soca.<ref name=":04" /><ref name=":34">{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Latrishka |date=August 7, 2023 |title=Women win Groovy and Jumpy competitions at Antigua's Party Monarch |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/women-win-groovy-and-jumpy-competitions-antiguas-party-monarch |work=Loop Caribbean News}}</ref> Contestants perform original soca songs. Two monarchs are crowned, one for each category. A first runner-up and a second runner-up are named in each category as well.<ref name=":34" />
The Party Monarch competitions are also the fastest growing competitions and the artist are really developing. Some pundits are also expressing the view that [[Antigua]]'s Soca is swiftly surpassing that of [[Trinidad]].


The Party Monarch competitions are also the fastest growing competition and the soca artists are developing and growing in popularity. Some pundits say that [[Antigua]]'s soca is swiftly surpassing that of [[Trinidad]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} Notable winners of the Party Monarch competition are: [[Claudette Peters|Claudette "CP" Peters]] (winning four times); Mervyn "Sleepy" Edwards (three times); and Toriano "Onyan" Edwards of the [[Burning Flames]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
The most notable winners of the Party Monarch competition are:
* [[Claudette Peters|Claudette "CP" Peters]] (winning four times)
* Mervyn "Sleepy" Edwards (three times)
* Toriano "Onyan" Edwards of the [[Burning Flames]]


=== Junior Party Monarch ===
⚫
==Panorama==
The Junior Part Monarch is a soca competition for youths.<ref name=":04" /> It began in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-07-23 |title=ECAB Recommits to the Junior Party Monarch Competition |url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/ecab-recommits-to-the-junior-party-monarch-competition/ |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Antigua News Room |language=en-US}}</ref> It is divided into two categories: "Groovy" soca and "Jumpy" soca.<ref name=":43">{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Latrishka |date=August 4, 2023 |title=Newcomers shine at Junior Party Monarch contest |url=https://antiguaobserver.com/newcomers-shine-at-junior-party-monarch-contest/ |work=Antigua Observer}}</ref> Each child sings one original soca song.<ref name=":04" /> Two winners are crowned: one in each category.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Latrishka |date=August 4, 2023 |title=Newcomers claim Junior Party Monarch Crowns in Antigua |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/newcomers-claim-junior-party-monarch-crowns-antigua |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Loop Caribbean News |language=en}}</ref> A first and second runner-up are named in each category,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019 |title=[Press Release] 2019 ECAB Junior Party Monarch Competition Results |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/presscenter/results/2019-ecab-junior-party-monarch-competition-results |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=antiguacarnival.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> and other awards may be given to contestants as well, such as Most Punctual.<ref name=":43" />
[[Steel Pan]] and Steel Orchestras are a big deal in Antigua with several pan yards around the island. These Pan players come into groups of about one hundred (some more, some less) and perform at Antigua's official Steel Pan competition, Panorama.


⚫
==Panorama==
Some of the Steel Bands that perform are:
[[Steel Pan|Steel pan]] is a central part of Antiguan history and culture.<ref name=":07">{{Cite news |date=2015-06-13 |title=The steel band hammering out the sound of Antigua |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-33060583 |access-date=2024-05-14 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Charminae |date=19 July 2023 |title=A short guide to the treasure trove of steelpan history |url=https://antiguaobserver.com/a-short-guide-to-the-treasure-trove-of-steelpan-history/ |work=Antigua Observer}}</ref> The island has many steel bands and steel orchestras (as the larger bands are called),<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-28 |title=The Sound of Paradise: The Story of Steelpan in Antigua and Barbuda |url=https://drifttravel.com/the-sound-of-paradise-the-story-of-steelpan-in-antigua-and-barbuda/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Drift Travel Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> as well as several "pan yards" where steel bands practice.<ref>{{Citation |title=panyard |date=2022-03-15 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=panyard&oldid=66154341 |access-date=2024-05-14 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dyde |first=Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PwpAQAAMAAJ&q=%22pan+yard%22 |title=Antigua and Barbuda: The Heart of the Caribbean |date=1999 |publisher=MacMillan education |isbn=978-0-333-74988-3 |language=en}}</ref> Each year, steel bands compete in Antigua's official steel pan competition, Panorama.<ref name=":04" />
*Gemonites
*Harmonites
*Ebonites
*Hell's Gate
*Halcyon
*East Vybes


Panorama is a large event during Carnival, as the show has gained massive public interest over the years.<ref name=":07" /><ref name=":04" /> During the event, steel bands battle on the main stage in a judged competition.<ref name=":04" /> Intense rivalry exists between the steel bands, who compete for the title of 'Panorama Champion'.<ref name=":04" />
Visit the Carnival website for the history of the Steel Orchestras:
* [http://www.antiguacarnival.com/datafiles/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=34&Itemid=41 History of Antigua's Steel Orchestras]


The first Panorama competition was held in 1949.<ref name=":25">{{Cite news |date=October 3, 2020 |title=National honour for Hell's Gate Steel Orchestra |url=https://antiguaobserver.com/national-honour-for-hells-gate-steel-orchestra/ |work=Antigua Observer}}</ref> The winner was Hell's Gate, the world's oldest operating steel orchestra (founded 1945).<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":07" /><ref name=":16" /> Hell's Gate has won first place more than 20 times since the inaugural competition, more times that any other steel band in the country.<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":16" /> Other steel bands that have performed at Panorama include: Gemonites, Harmonites, Ebonites, Halcyon, and East Vybes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-26 |title=[Press Release] ACB Celebrates 10 Years of Unbroken Commitment to Panorama Competition |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/presscenter/pressreleases/press-releases/acb-celebrates-10-years-of-unbroken-commitment-to-panorama-competition |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Antigua's Carnival {{!}} Antigua Barbuda Festivals Commission |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2019 |title=Nine bands to compete for 2018 Panorama title |url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/nine-bands-to-compete-for-2018-panorama-title/ |work=Antigua News Room}}</ref>
⚫
==Jam Bands==
⚫
[[Image:Tizzy.JPG|thumb|300px|"Tizzy" leading her jam band [[El-A-Kru]] on Carnival Tuesday]]
Jam bands, as they are called, are a significant part of the Carnival festivities. They lead the crowd during parades and they provide the music with which to dance. Several bands in Antigua have risen to much acclaim regionally and internationally.


⚫
== Jam bands ==
*[[Burning Flames]]
⚫
[[File:Tizzy.JPG|thumb|300x300px|"Tizzy" leading her jam band [[El-A-Kru]] on Carnival Tuesday]]
*[[Red Hot Flames]]
Jam bands are a significant part of the Carnival festivities.<ref name=":5" /> They lead the crowd during parades and they provide the music with which to dance. These bands play mostly soca music. Hundreds of patrons follow behind the various jam bands during Carnival parades such as J'ouvert.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2022 |title=Cabinet to meet with jam bands to discuss possible change to J'ouvert format |url=https://antiguaobserver.com/cabinet-to-meet-with-jam-bands-to-discuss-possible-change-to-jouvert-format/ |work=Antigua Observer}}</ref>
*[[El-A-Kru]]
*Taxik
*Revo Band
*High Intensity
*Lejah Band
*Dred and the Bald head
*Vision Band
*Tonic Band
*Tek Nine


Several bands in Antigua have risen to much acclaim regionally and internationally: [[Burning Flames]], [[Red Hot Flames]], [[El-A-Kru]], Taxik, Revo Band, High Intensity, Lejah Band, Dred and the Bald head, Vision Band, Tonic Band, and Tek Nine.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
These bands play mostly [[Soca music]] during the carnival season and attract hundreds of patrons who follow behind them to Carnival City.


==Unofficial Carnival events==
==Unofficial Carnival events==
Before and during the carnival season, many events take place that are not planned by the official carnival organizing body (Antigua and Barbuda Festivals Commission,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=General Information |url=https://antiguacarnival.com/presscenter/general-information |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=antiguacarnival.com |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Festival Commission |language=en-gb}}</ref> previously Carnival Development Committee).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2008-01-09 |title=Antigua's Minister of Tourism appoints New Chairperson of the Carnival Development Committee |url=https://sflcn.com/antiguas-minister-of-tourism-appoints-new-chairperson-of-the-carnival-development-committee/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=South Florida Caribbean News |language=en-US}}</ref> While not official, these events are an important part of the carnival season.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-06-26 |title=Antigua Carnival 2019 will be an expression of culture |url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/lifestyle/2019/06/26/antigua-carnival-2019-will-be-an-expression-of-culture/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Voice Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Monica |date=2023-07-12 |title=Antigua and Barbuda launches 'Carnival Is Calling' social media campaign, know details |url=https://wicnews.com/caribbean/antigua-and-barbuda-launches-carnival-is-calling-social-media-campaign-know-details-461556923/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=WIC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
During the Carnival season in [[Antigua]] there are many events that take place that are not planned by the official carnival organizing body (Carnival Development Committee). These, while not official, are a very important part of the carnival season for patrons.


Pre carnival events such Blue Jeans, White Fete and Red Eye are very popular parties that usually take place over the weekends of July leading up to carnival.
Pre-carnival events such "Blue Jeans", "White Fete, and "Red Eye" are very popular themed parties that usually take place over the weekends of July leading up to carnival. Many pre-carnival events are fundraisers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colours Fete |url=https://map.rotary.org/en/project/pages/project_detail.aspx?guid=0AB966F0-CE85-47B8-A133-414C984FAC51 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Rotary International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-04-18 |title=NOTICE: Antigua and Barbuda Red Cross Glow Walk |url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/notice-antigua-and-barbuda-red-cross-glow-walk/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Antigua News Room |language=en-US}}</ref>


"Lions Den" (or Lion's Carnival Dance) is a quintessential carnival jam hosted by the [[Lions Club]] Antigua.<ref name=":35">{{Cite web |title=Antigua Lions Club: Past Presidents |url=https://e-clubhouse.org/sites/antigua/page-9.php |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=e-clubhouse.org}}</ref><ref name=":44">{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-07-15 |title=Burning Flames to be inducted into the Soca Hall of Fame |url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/burning-flames-to-be-inducted-into-the-soca-hall-of-fame/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=Antigua News Room |language=en-US}}</ref> It is a big [[rave]] that draws crowds of thousands.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} Two of [[Antigua]]'s biggest bands, the Burning Flames and the Red Hot Flames, often perform.<ref name=":44" /> Antigua's Lion's Club first began hosting these carnival dances in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Letitia |date=2014-07-28 |title=Lions Club Takes A Break - ABS TV Radio Antigua & Barbuda |url=https://abstvradio.com/lions-club-takes-a-break/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":35" />
"Lions Den" hosted by the [[Lions Club]] Antigua is the quintessential carnival "jam". It is executed in the form of a big [[rave]] and draws crowds of thousands. Two of [[Antigua]]'s biggest bands, the [[Burning Flames]] and the [[Red Hot Flames]] perform.


==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of festivals in Antigua and Barbuda]]
* [[List of festivals in Antigua and Barbuda]]
*[[List of festivals in North America]]
* [[List of festivals in North America]]
* [[Antigua and Barbuda]]
* [[Antigua and Barbuda]]
* [[Romantic Rhythms Music Festival]]
* [[Romantic Rhythms Music Festival]]
Line 187: Line 159:
* [[Music of Antigua]]
* [[Music of Antigua]]
* [[Shermain Jeremy]] (Former Carnival Queen)
* [[Shermain Jeremy]] (Former Carnival Queen)
* [[Burning Flames]] ([[Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua]] Soca Band)
* [[Burning Flames]] (Antiguan Soca Band)
* [[Marie-Elena John]] Antiguan novelist whose work highlights the African origins of Caribbean carnival
* [[Marie-Elena John]] (Antiguan novelist whose work highlights the African origins of Caribbean carnival)

==Gallery==

<gallery>
Image:Anubatty.JPG|
</gallery>


== References ==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.Antiguacarnival.com Carnival official website]
* [http://www.Antiguacarnival.com Carnival official website]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imfGWDkTq0g Antigua Carnival 2005 BET Jazz via Youtube.com]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imfGWDkTq0g Antigua Carnival 2005 BET Jazz via Youtube.com]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-irXe3uSBtQ Antigua Carnival Slide Show Youtube.com]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-irXe3uSBtQ Antigua Carnival Slide Show Youtube.com]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070630010720/http://www.marie-elenajohn.com/excerpts.php Visual and textual information on the History of Carnival]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070630010720/http://www.marie-elenajohn.com/excerpts.php Visual and textual information on the History of Carnival]
*[http://www.trinibeat.com/features/profiles/115/claudette-cp-peters.html View Claudette CP Peters Profile]
* [http://www.trinibeat.com/features/profiles/115/claudette-cp-peters.html View Claudette CP Peters Profile]


{{Carnival around the world}}
{{Carnival around the world}}

Latest revision as of 20:49, 28 July 2024

Antigua Carnival
logo of Antigua Carnival, with abstract image of a person playing a steel drum and wearing colorful feathers
Antigua Carnival logo
Observed byAntigua (Antigua and Barbuda)
TypeCultural
Significancecelebration of emancipation
Celebrationsprocessions, music, dancing, and the use of masquerade
Datelate July through early August
2023 date27 July - 8 August
FrequencyAnnual
First time1957
Related toCaribbean Carnival, Carnival, Christmas, Emancipation, Calypso, Soca, Pan music, Zouk
Part of a series on the
Culture of Antigua and Barbuda
Society
Topics
Symbols
map Caribbean portal

The Antiguan Carnival is a celebration of emancipation from slavery, held annually on the island of Antigua. It is a thirteen-day festival of colorful costumes, beauty pageants, talent shows, and music.[1][2][3] The festival begins in late July and ends the first Tuesday in August, known as Carnival Tuesday.[1][2] Both Carnival Monday and Carnival Tuesday are public holidays on the island.[1] Antiguan Carnival replaced the Old Time Christmas Festival in 1957,[2][3] with hopes of inspiring tourism in Antigua and Barbuda.[1] Some elements of the Old Time Christmas Festival remain in the modern Carnival celebrations.

One of the biggest events of Antiguan Carnival is that of the j'ouvert (or juvé), in which brass and steel bands perform for much of the island's population, starting early in the morning.[1][2] Other major events of Antiguan Carnival include the Party Monarch and Calypso Monarch competitions of Calypsonians, the Panorama steel band competition, the Parade of Bands, the Miss Antigua Pageant, and the Caribbean Queen's Competition.[2][4][5] The festival also includes numerous smaller festivities, such as local concerts, food fairs, parades, and cultural shows.[2]

History of Carnival

[edit]

Emancipation

[edit]

The history of Antigua's Carnival begins in the 1800s with the abolition of slavery.[6] On August 1, 1834, enslaved Africans were emancipated in Antigua and other British colonies, per the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. On that day, Antiguans took to the streets to celebrate their freedom and express their joy.[6] Antigua was the only British colony in the Caribbean where the enslaved population was freed unconditionally, as opposed to via indentured servitude.[7] Over the years there was a return to this informal celebration of emancipation. Antiguans celebrated August 1st with picnics, family reunions, and other small celebrations.[7] Today's Carnival is a formal, island-wide celebration of emancipation.

Christmas Festival

[edit]

In the early-to-mid 1900s, before Carnival, Antigua's Old Time Christmas Festival was a popular and culturally significant annual festival. Traditions of the festival included both music and dance, especially related to masquerades and iron bands. Many other elements of the Old Time Christmas Festival are still seen in the modern Carnival today. For instance, the "highland fling" was a common Christmas Festival dance performed by people wearing Scottish kilts, masks made of wire and bearing whips of cowhide.[8] Dancers wearing banana leaves and animal horns took part in the "John Bull,"[9][10] while carolers paraded with long poles covered in lanterns (called "carol trees")[8] singing with accompaniment by the concertina. Stilt dancers in robes, called the Moko Jumbie, Jumpa-Ben or Long Ghosts,[10] were also common, and were accompanied by kettle and bass drums, fife, triangle (cling-a-ching) and the boompipe, made from a plumbing joint one meter long. The Old Time Christmas Festival took place annually until 1957, when it was replaced by the modern-day Carnival.[11]

1950s and inaugural Carnival

[edit]

On June 3, 1953, a single-day carnival was organized as part of Queen Elizabeth II's coronation celebration.[11] Thousands of Antiguans celebrated with a parade, floats, and a children's carnival.[11] Due to the success of the festival, Antiguans lobbied having an annual summertime festival.[12][11] Three years later, John Ferdie Shoul (chairman of the carnival) and Maurice Ambrose (builder and musician) worked together to create a plan for a Carnival that celebrated emancipation and served as a tourist attraction.[12][11]

On August 1, 1957, Antigua celebrated its first official Carnival.[12][11] Mr. Shoul secured Carnival Monday as a public holiday.[11] The festival included a parade with floats sponsored by local businesses.[11] The inaugural Carnival Queen show was held at the Deluxe Cinema, and Miss Gloria White was crowned Antigua's first Carnival queen.[12][11] A Calypso competition was also held at the Deluxe Cinema, and the winner was Mighty Styler.[12][11]

After the inaugural 1957 Carnival, the Carnival Committee was started by Hon Edmund Lake (Minister of Social Services).[12] John Ferdinand Shoul was elected as the first Carnival Committee Chairman.[12]

Musical origins

[edit]

There are several different musical forms featured during Carnival. Calypso, the oldest, has its roots in slavery; a common explanation of its origins is that it began as a way for slaves, who were forbidden to speak in the fields, to communicate with each other. It is a polyglot, improvisational form that depends largely upon the skill of a soloist, (the calypsonian) who weaves the sounds of many cultures into a lyrical whole. Calypso competitions have long been a highlight of Carnival.

Steel drum music was created when the bamboo percussion instruments traditionally used to back up calypso were replaced by hammered steel pans cut from oil drums. Whereas there is no dispute that the steel pan was developed in Trinidad, the indigenous development of the steel band in Antigua and Barbuda was an outgrowth of the iron bands which were prominent at Christmas time. Steel drum music has been an important part of Carnival since that time, and Antigua is home to many of the Caribbean's finest steel bands. Soca is a musical form that grafts the slower beat of American soul music to the upbeat tempos of calypso. Soca began in the 1970s, and by the middle of the 1980s it had become an integral feature of Carnival.

Parades and mas'

[edit]

Antigua's carnival has multiple parades and costumed events called mas', short for masquerade.[13][14][15] Historically, mas' in the Caribbean involved paraders dressed up in big, elaborate costumes depicting real-life figures of the past in order to tell stories of the past.[16][17] Today there are many different types of mas' during the Carnival of Antigua and other Caribbean islands.[16][17][18][19] Participating in the costumed parades is known as "playing mas'."[20][21]

Opening Parade and Ceremony

[edit]
Carnival Patrons on parade in Antigua

Antigua's carnival officially kicks off with an Opening Parade through the city of St. John's.[22][23] Bands and troupes come out in T-shirts bearing the insignia of their respective companies. Parade floats, which were popular in the past, have begun to see a resurgence in their popularity. The participants of carnival competitions also appear in the parade.

The Opening Parade usually begins near Parliament Drive or Independence Avenue,[24][25] and always concludes at "Carnival City"[24][26] (the official title given to the Antigua Recreation Ground, or ARG, during the carnival season).[27][28]

Following the parade the Opening Ceremony takes place in Carnival City.[29] During the ceremony, Carnival is declared as officially beginning.[29] Contestants for the various carnival competitions make a final public appearance before their shows. The ceremony usually finishes with fireworks.[citation needed]

Children's Carnival

[edit]

While much of Antigua's Carnival is suited for adults only, an entire day has been designated for youths: the Children's Carnival, or Junior Carnival.[30] The Children's Carnival Parade (or Junior Carnival Parade) let's children participate in a carnival parade in a family-friendly environment.[30][31] Children in the parade wear costumes portraying different themes taken from fairy tales, etc. Cheerleading has also become a part of the Junior Carnival Parade. The children march through the streets and finish the parade at Carnival City.

J'ouvert

[edit]

J'ouvert is a Caribbean carnival celebration of ancestors as well as liberation,[32] a popular part of many Caribbean carnivals. On Antigua, J'ouvert is a celebration of freedom from slavery on the island.[29][23]

The term j'ouvert comes from a French creole word jour ouvert, meaning "daybreak".[21] Patrons gather around 3:00 or 4:00 AM on Carnival Monday and meet in St. John's.[29][33] There, they find their favorite bands ("jam bands") and follow them marching and dancing (i.e. "jam" with them) along the route. There is drinking,[23] painting of bodies with paint, mud, and pitch oil,[32] and people wearing colourful costumes.[23] The event usually concludes around 10:00 AM.[23][29]

Carnival Monday and Tuesday

[edit]

Antigua's Carnival festivities conclude on the first Monday and Tuesday in August, dubbed Carnival Monday and Tuesday.[29] Both Carnival Monday and Carnival Tuesday are official holidays.[27]

After J'ouvert on Monday morning, revelers come back into St. Johns in the afternoon for the Carnival Monday parade, where they enjoy music and costumed parading. Competitions also take place on Carnival Monday.[34] On Tuesday, all of the troupes, bands, and floats all come together in St. John's for a final parade.[29] The parade culminates at Carnival City.[29] During Carnival Monday and Tuesday, there takes place the judging of troupes and groups takes place.[29] Troupes are awarded prizes and the Road March king is decided upon.

Revellers on Carnival Tuesday.

List of Antiguan Mas' Troupes and Groups:[citation needed]

  • Vitus
  • Dynamics
  • Revellers
  • Myst
  • Showcase
  • Exotic
  • Passion
  • Solid Mas
  • Wadadli Madness
  • Ali and Associates
  • Extreme Mas
  • Fantasy 268
  • Ali and Associates
  • Insane

Pageants

[edit]

Mr & Miss Teenage Pageant

[edit]

The Mr & Miss Teenage Pageant (formerly the Teenage Pageant, Teen Splash, and Teen Explosion)[35] is a highly anticipated show during carnival. Teens from different secondary schools around Antigua (specifically performing arts students)[29] compete against each other. The teens compete against each other in the following judged segments: Best Interview, Uniform Evolution, Cultural Personality, Best Introduction Speech, and Best performing Talent.[36]

One Mr Teenage and one Miss Teenage are crowned, although in the past, the competition has alternated between having two verses one winner.[citation needed] Additionally, the following awards are given: Most Helpful, Most Congenial, Most Photogenic, and Best Promotional Video.[36]

Queen of Carnival

[edit]

The Queen of Carnival pageant, or "Queen Show", is one of two competitions that took place at the inaugural Antigua Carnival in 1957.[https://antiguacarnival.com/about/history] Today, it is the most prestigious and coveted pageant title in Antigua and Barbuda. Women from all over the island take part in the competition that has propelled many into the public eye.

Contestants compete in the following judged segments: Interview, Swimwear, Talent, Carnival Costume, and Evening Wear.[37][38] One Queen of Carnival is crowned. A first runner-up and a second runner-up are named. Additionally, the following awards are given: Miss Congenial, Most Photogenic, and Leadership.[37][38]

Many additional opportunities can open for the winner, as the pageant is a platform to select a representative for other pageants, such as the Jaycees Caribbean Queen Show.[29]

Jaycees Caribbean Queen Show

[edit]

The Jaycees Caribbean Queen show has taken place since the 1970s. Competitors from across the Caribbean region compete for the title of Jaycees Caribbean Queen. Contestants from islands such as Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Guyana, Jamaica, Nevis, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, St. Croix, and Trinidad and Tobago enter every year. Antigua's representative in the competition is always the winner of Antigua's Queen of Carnival pageant just days before.[39][40]

Contestants compete in the following judged segments: Interview, Swimwear, Talent, Modeling, and Evening Wear.[41] One Jaycees Caribbean Queen is crowned. A first runner-up and a second runner-up are named. Additionally, the following awards are given: Miss Congeniality, Most Photogenic, and Most True to the Theme.[41] Notable former Jaycees Caribbean Queens have been Kai Davis, Jermilla Kirwan, Shelana George, and Shermain Jeremy (all four of Antigua), as well as Princess Best (of Barbados).[citation needed]

The pageant is organized by the Junior Chamber International (JCI) of Antigua and Barbuda as of 2023,[41] and is sponsored by the Antigua Cruise Port (ACP) and the Government of Antigua and Barbuda as of 2024.[42]

Calypso and soca competitions

[edit]

Calypso is central to Antigua's Carnival, and many Caribbean carnivals.[1][43] Antigua's inaugural Carnival in 1957 featured a calypso competition.[1] Soca has gained popularity in Antigua and Barbuda, surpassing calypso.[23] Today, multiple calypso and soca competitions feature in Antigua's Carnival.

Calypso Monarch

[edit]

The Calypso Monarch competition is a celebration and reflection of Antigua's African history and cultural heritage.[29] The calypso competition is one of the most popular shows of the Carnival season. It is also one of Antiguan Carnival's oldest competitions, as it took place as the inaugural Carnival in 1957.[1]

As of 2022, contestants compete in one of two categories: Bacchanal and Social Commentary.[44][45] The competitors perform an original calypso song. Before 2022, one Calypso Monarch was crowned.[44] Since the format change in 2022, two winners are crowned: one for Bacchanal category and one for the Social Commentary category.[46][44] Second and third place winners are declared as well.

Junior Calypso Monarch

[edit]

The Junior Calypso (or Junior Calypso Monarch) competition seeks to keep the calypso art form alive in the nation's children.[47] The competition is divided into two segments: the 5 to 12 category and the 13 to 19 category.[48] Each child performs an original calypso song and is judged on criteria that include performance, lyrics, clarity, content and use of stage.[43] Two winners are crowned: one from each age category.[48][49] Second and third place winners are declared for each age group, as well as an award for Most Creative.[48]

Junior Calypso winners have gone on to compete in regional competitions[50] as well as the Calypso Monarch Competition as an adult. Notable winners are: Lyrics Man, Thalia King, Lady Challenger, Young Destroyer, and A'Shante (A'Shante O'Keiffe).[citation needed]

Party Monarch

[edit]

The Party Monarch show is a soca competition. It is the biggest and most well-attended show during Carnival.[29] According to the Antigua Barbuda Festivals Commission, the show has attracted crowds as large as 16,000 people.[29]

Ten competitors per segment compete for the title of Party Monarch. The competition is divided into two categories: "Groovy" soca and "Jumpy" (or Up-tempo) soca.[29][51] Contestants perform original soca songs. Two monarchs are crowned, one for each category. A first runner-up and a second runner-up are named in each category as well.[51]

The Party Monarch competitions are also the fastest growing competition and the soca artists are developing and growing in popularity. Some pundits say that Antigua's soca is swiftly surpassing that of Trinidad.[citation needed] Notable winners of the Party Monarch competition are: Claudette "CP" Peters (winning four times); Mervyn "Sleepy" Edwards (three times); and Toriano "Onyan" Edwards of the Burning Flames.[citation needed]

Junior Party Monarch

[edit]

The Junior Part Monarch is a soca competition for youths.[29] It began in 2015.[52] It is divided into two categories: "Groovy" soca and "Jumpy" soca.[53] Each child sings one original soca song.[29] Two winners are crowned: one in each category.[54] A first and second runner-up are named in each category,[55] and other awards may be given to contestants as well, such as Most Punctual.[53]

Panorama

[edit]

Steel pan is a central part of Antiguan history and culture.[56][57] The island has many steel bands and steel orchestras (as the larger bands are called),[58] as well as several "pan yards" where steel bands practice.[59][60] Each year, steel bands compete in Antigua's official steel pan competition, Panorama.[29]

Panorama is a large event during Carnival, as the show has gained massive public interest over the years.[56][29] During the event, steel bands battle on the main stage in a judged competition.[29] Intense rivalry exists between the steel bands, who compete for the title of 'Panorama Champion'.[29]

The first Panorama competition was held in 1949.[61] The winner was Hell's Gate, the world's oldest operating steel orchestra (founded 1945).[61][56][58] Hell's Gate has won first place more than 20 times since the inaugural competition, more times that any other steel band in the country.[61][58] Other steel bands that have performed at Panorama include: Gemonites, Harmonites, Ebonites, Halcyon, and East Vybes.[62][63]

Jam bands

[edit]
"Tizzy" leading her jam band El-A-Kru on Carnival Tuesday

Jam bands are a significant part of the Carnival festivities.[23] They lead the crowd during parades and they provide the music with which to dance. These bands play mostly soca music. Hundreds of patrons follow behind the various jam bands during Carnival parades such as J'ouvert.[64]

Several bands in Antigua have risen to much acclaim regionally and internationally: Burning Flames, Red Hot Flames, El-A-Kru, Taxik, Revo Band, High Intensity, Lejah Band, Dred and the Bald head, Vision Band, Tonic Band, and Tek Nine.[citation needed]

Unofficial Carnival events

[edit]

Before and during the carnival season, many events take place that are not planned by the official carnival organizing body (Antigua and Barbuda Festivals Commission,[65] previously Carnival Development Committee).[66] While not official, these events are an important part of the carnival season.[67][68]

Pre-carnival events such "Blue Jeans", "White Fete, and "Red Eye" are very popular themed parties that usually take place over the weekends of July leading up to carnival. Many pre-carnival events are fundraisers.[69][70]

"Lions Den" (or Lion's Carnival Dance) is a quintessential carnival jam hosted by the Lions Club Antigua.[71][72] It is a big rave that draws crowds of thousands.[citation needed] Two of Antigua's biggest bands, the Burning Flames and the Red Hot Flames, often perform.[72] Antigua's Lion's Club first began hosting these carnival dances in the 1980s.[73][71]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ a b c d e f "Antigua's Carnival". Visit Antigua & Barbuda. 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
  3. ^ a b "8 of the best Caribbean carnivals". Travel. 2023-07-14. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
  4. ^ "Eight bands to battle in this year's 2023 panorama competition". Antigua News. 2023-07-17.
  5. ^ "Antigua and Barbuda Gears Up for "Caribbean's Greatest Summer Festival"". Caribbean Journal. 2022-06-08. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
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  7. ^ a b Manning, Frank E. (1978). "Carnival in Antigua (Caribbean Sea): An Indigenous Festival in a Tourist Economy". Anthropos. 73 (1/2): 191–204. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 40459231.
  8. ^ a b Hernandez, Skye (1996-11-01). "Caribbean Christmas". Caribbean Beat Magazine. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
  9. ^ Nicholls, Robert W. (2009). "Running John Bull: The Provenance of a Masquerade in the Lesser Antilles". Folklore. 120 (2): 133–156. doi:10.1080/00155870902969293. ISSN 0015-587X. JSTOR 40646511.
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  61. ^ a b c "National honour for Hell's Gate Steel Orchestra". Antigua Observer. October 3, 2020.
  62. ^ "[Press Release] ACB Celebrates 10 Years of Unbroken Commitment to Panorama Competition". Antigua's Carnival | Antigua Barbuda Festivals Commission. 2017-07-26. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
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  65. ^ "General Information". antiguacarnival.com. Antigua and Barbuda Festival Commission. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
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  67. ^ "Antigua Carnival 2019 will be an expression of culture". Voice Online. 2019-06-26. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
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  70. ^ "NOTICE: Antigua and Barbuda Red Cross Glow Walk". Antigua News Room. 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  71. ^ a b "Antigua Lions Club: Past Presidents". e-clubhouse.org. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
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  73. ^ Henry, Letitia (2014-07-28). "Lions Club Takes A Break - ABS TV Radio Antigua & Barbuda". Retrieved 2024-05-15.
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