Jump to content

HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
add map
 
(6 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Power transmission line between Corsica, Sardinia and mainland Italy}}
{{Infobox power transmission line
{{Infobox power transmission line
| name = HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia
| name = HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia
| photo = HGÜ Italien-Korsika-Sardinien.jpg
| photo = HGÜ Italien-Korsika-Sardinien.jpg
| caption = Pylon of the HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia
| caption = Pylon of the HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia
| map =
| map = {{maplink |type=line |frame=yes |plain=yes |frame-align=center |zoom=4}}
| country = Italy<br/>France
| country = Italy<br/>France
| state =
| state =
Line 36: Line 37:
| circuits_no =
| circuits_no =
}}
}}
The '''HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia''' (also called '''SACOI'''; Sardinia–Corsica–Italy) is an [[HVDC]] interconnection used for the exchange of [[electricity|electric]] [[energy]] between the [[Italy|Italian mainland]], [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]]. It is unusual, having more than two [[HVDC converter station|converter station]]s as part of a single HVDC system, and (as of 2012) is one of only two ''Multi-terminal'' HVDC systems in operation in the world (the other multi-terminal scheme being the [[Quebec – New England Transmission]] system linking northeastern United States with [[Quebec]] in Canada). [[File:HVDC Map SACOI.svg|thumb|right|Map showing route of cable and line]]
The '''HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia''' (also called '''SACOI'''; Sardinia–Corsica–Italy) is an [[HVDC]] interconnection used for the exchange of [[electricity|electric]] [[energy]] between the [[Italy|Italian mainland]], [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]]. It is unusual, having more than two [[HVDC converter station|converter station]]s as part of a single HVDC system, and (as of 2012) is one of only two ''multi-terminal'' HVDC systems in operation in the world (the other multi-terminal scheme being the [[Quebec – New England Transmission]] system linking northeastern United States with [[Quebec]] in Canada). [[File:HVDC Map SACOI.svg|thumb|right|Map showing route of cable and line]]


The scheme is a monopole using a mixture of [[Overhead line]] and [[High-voltage cable|submarine cable]] for the 200&nbsp;kV high voltage conductor, and sea return for the neutral current. The overhead lines and submarine cables are duplicated, with both circuits being installed on the same towers.<ref name="Natale">Natale, M., Lane, F.J., Calverley, T.E., The Sardinian–Italian Mainland HVDC interconnection, [[Institution of Electrical Engineers|IEE]] Conf. Pub No. 22, p42 - Sept 1966.</ref>
The scheme is a monopole using a mixture of [[overhead line]] and [[High-voltage cable|submarine cable]] for the 200&nbsp;kV high voltage conductor, and sea return for the neutral current. The overhead lines and submarine cables are duplicated, with both circuits being installed on the same towers.<ref name="Natale">Natale, M., Lane, F.J., Calverley, T.E., The Sardinian–Italian Mainland HVDC interconnection, [[Institution of Electrical Engineers|IEE]] Conf. Pub No. 22, p42 - Sept 1966.</ref>


The scheme was constructed in three phases.
The scheme was constructed in three phases.
Line 46: Line 47:
=== Converter stations ===
=== Converter stations ===


When originally completed in 1968 by [[English Electric]], the scheme comprised two converter stations, at San Dalmazio in [[Tuscany]] on the Italian mainland, which was situated close to a production area and offered a connection to two 220 kV-lines, and [[Codrongianos]] on Sardinia. Each converter station was rated at 200&nbsp;kV, 200&nbsp;MW and consisted of two 6-pulse converter bridges in series. Normal operation was with both bridges in service but the scheme could be operated at 50% of rated voltage and power by bypassing one converter group at each end, to allow maintenance to be carried out.
When originally completed in 1968 by [[English Electric]], the scheme comprised two converter stations, at San Dalmazio in [[Tuscany]] on the Italian mainland, which was situated close to a production area and offered a connection to two 220&nbsp;kV lines, and [[Codrongianos]] on Sardinia. Each converter station was rated at 200&nbsp;kV, 200&nbsp;MW and consisted of two 6-pulse converter bridges in series. Normal operation was with both bridges in service but the scheme could be operated at 50% of rated voltage and power by bypassing one converter group at each end, to allow maintenance to be carried out.


Each 6-pulse converter bridge consisted of 6 main [[Mercury-arc valve]]s plus a 7th for high-speed bypass operations. Each valve was rated at 1000&nbsp;A dc and had four anode columns in parallel, with air cooling used for both the anodes and cathodes of the valve.
Each 6-pulse converter bridge consisted of 6 main [[mercury-arc valve]]s plus a 7th for high-speed bypass operations. Each valve was rated at 1000&nbsp;A dc and had four anode columns in parallel, with air cooling used for both the anodes and cathodes of the valve.


The original scheme was commissioned during 1967 and put into commercial operation in January 1968.<ref>Ciallella, V., Grattarola, P., Taschini, A., Martin, C.J.B., Willis, D.B., Testing and operating experience of the Sardinia–Italian Mainland D.C. link, [[International Council on Large Electric Systems|CIGRÉ]] session, Paris, 1968, paper reference 43-09.</ref>
The original scheme was commissioned during 1967 and put into commercial operation in January 1968.<ref>Ciallella, V., Grattarola, P., Taschini, A., Martin, C.J.B., Willis, D.B., Testing and operating experience of the Sardinia–Italian Mainland D.C. link, [[International Council on Large Electric Systems|CIGRÉ]] session, Paris, 1968, paper reference 43-09.</ref>


The mercury arc valves were as well in San Dalmazio as in Codrongianos situated in a hall with a length of 60 metres, a width of 20 metres and a height of 15 metres. The valves are still in these halls, however the mercury was removed, after the decommissioning of the mercury arc system in 1992.
The mercury arc valves were as well in San Dalmazio as in Codrongianos situated in a hall with a length of 60 metres, a width of 20 metres and a height of 15 metres. The valves are still in these halls, however the mercury was removed, after the decommissioning of the mercury arc system in 1992.
Line 56: Line 57:
=== Transmission lines and cables ===
=== Transmission lines and cables ===


The scheme consists of three overhead line sections: one on the Italian mainland with a length of {{convert|22|km}}, one on Corsica with a length of {{convert|156|km}} and one on Sardinia with a length of {{convert|86|km}}. The overhead line sections use twin conductors (each rated at 1000&nbsp;Adc) connected in parallel. Each conductor has an aluminium conductor cross section of 628&nbsp;mm<sup>2</sup> in Sardinia and Italy, and 755&nbsp;mm<sup>2</sup> on Corsica.<ref name="Natale"/>
The scheme consists of three overhead line sections: one on the Italian mainland with a length of {{convert|22|km}}, one on Corsica with a length of {{convert|156|km}} and one on Sardinia with a length of {{convert|86|km}}. The overhead line sections use twin conductors (each rated at 1000&nbsp;A dc) connected in parallel. Each aluminium conductor has a cross section of 628&nbsp;mm<sup>2</sup> in Sardinia and Italy, and 755&nbsp;mm<sup>2</sup> on Corsica.<ref name="Natale"/>


In addition to this, there are two submarine [[Electrical cable|cable]] sections: {{convert|105|km}} between Italy and Corsica and {{convert|16|km}} between Sardinia and Corsica. The cables have conductor cross-sections of 1080&nbsp;mm<sup>2</sup> on land and 420&nbsp;mm<sup>2</sup> for the sea cables.
In addition to this, there are two submarine [[Electrical cable|cable]] sections: {{convert|105|km}} between Italy and Corsica and {{convert|16|km}} between Corsica and Sardinia. The conductor cross-sections are 1080&nbsp;mm<sup>2</sup> on land and 420&nbsp;mm<sup>2</sup> for the submarine lengths.


=== Sea electrodes ===
=== Sea electrodes ===


The scheme was designed to export power from coal-fired power stations on Sardinia to the Italian mainland, and thus was only required to operate in one direction. Although the converter stations are inherently capable of operating in either direction of power transmission, advantage was taken of the unidirectional power-flow requirement to economise on the design of the sea electrodes. The sea return current enters the sea at the Sardinian end ([[Anode]]) and leaves the sea at the mainland end ([[Cathode]]). The mainland electrode consists of bare copper (a section of insulated copper cable with the insulation stripped off), which would corrode rapidly if used as an anode but suffers no degradation when used as a cathode. However, the anode electrode on Sardinia required a more sophisticated design using platinum-coated titanium pipe, subdivided into 30 sub-electrodes, in order to prevent corrosion.<ref>Compendium of HVDC Schemes, [[International Council on Large Electric Systems|CIGRÉ]] Technical Brochure No. 003, 1987, pp44&ndash;50.</ref>
The scheme was designed to export power from coal-fired power stations on Sardinia to the Italian mainland, and thus was only required to operate in one direction. Although the converter stations are inherently capable of operating in either direction of power transmission, advantage was taken of the unidirectional power-flow requirement to economise on the design of the sea electrodes. The sea return current enters the sea at the Sardinian end ([[anode]]) and leaves the sea at the mainland end ([[cathode]]). The mainland electrode consists of bare copper (a section of insulated copper cable with the insulation stripped off), which would corrode rapidly if used as an anode but suffers no degradation when used as a cathode. However, the anode electrode on Sardinia required a more sophisticated design using platinum-coated titanium pipe, subdivided into 30 sub-electrodes, in order to prevent corrosion.<ref>Compendium of HVDC Schemes, [[International Council on Large Electric Systems|CIGRÉ]] Technical Brochure No. 003, 1987, pp44&ndash;50.</ref>


== Corsica tap (1988) ==
== Corsica tap (1988) ==


In 1988 a third converter station, rated at 50&nbsp;MW, along with a reversible ground electrode, was installed at [[Lucciana]] on [[Corsica]], making the scheme into a multi-terminal scheme for the first time.<ref>Mazzoldi, F., Taisne, J.P., Martin, C.J.B., Rowe, B.A., Adaptation of the control equipment to permit 3-terminal operation of the HVDC link between Sardinia, Corsica and mainland Italy, [[IEEE]] Summer power meeting, 1988</ref><ref>Collet-Billon, V. Taisne, J.P., Charles, P., The SACOI (Sardinai-Corsica-Italy) multiterminal link: commissioning tests of the Corsican station Lucciana, [[International Council on Large Electric Systems|CIGRÉ]] session, Paris, 1988, paper reference 14-12.</ref> In order to allow power to be either imported into, or exported from Corsica even though the direction of power flow is always from Sardinia to Italy, the Lucciana converter station was equipped with high-speed changeover switchgear.
In 1988 a third converter station, rated at 50&nbsp;MW, along with a reversible ground electrode, was installed at [[Lucciana]] on [[Corsica]], making the scheme into a multi-terminal scheme for the first time.<ref>Mazzoldi, F., Taisne, J.P., Martin, C.J.B., Rowe, B.A., Adaptation of the control equipment to permit 3-terminal operation of the HVDC link between Sardinia, Corsica and mainland Italy, [[IEEE]] Summer power meeting, 1988</ref><ref>Collet-Billon, V. Taisne, J.P., Charles, P., The SACOI (Sardinai-Corsica-Italy) multiterminal link: commissioning tests of the Corsican station Lucciana, [[International Council on Large Electric Systems|CIGRÉ]] session, Paris, 1988, paper reference 14-12.</ref> In order to allow power to be either imported into or exported from Corsica (even though the direction of power flow is always from Sardinia to Italy), the Lucciana converter station was equipped with high-speed changeover switchgear.


Unlike the two original converters, the Lucciana converter station was built with air-insulated, air-cooled [[Thyristor]] valves, supplied by [[Alstom|CGE Alstom]]
Unlike the two original converters, the Lucciana converter station was built with air-insulated, air-cooled [[thyristor]] valves, supplied by [[Alstom|CGE Alstom]]


== SACOI 2 - 1992 upgrade ==
== SACOI 2 - 1992 upgrade ==


In 1992 the mercury arc converters at Condrongianos and San Dalmazio were decommissioned and two new converters stations were built, using air-cooled, air-insulated thyristor valves similar to those supplied for the connection at Lucciana. At the Sardinian end, the new converter station was built next to the existing station but at the mainland end a new converter station was built at [[Suvereto]], as this site offered in opposite to San Dalmazio an interconnection to the 380 kV grid. At the same time, the rating of the scheme was increased to 300&nbsp;MW, keeping the same voltage of 200&nbsp;kV.<ref>Arcidiacono, V., Corsi, S., Pincella, C., Gasparini, E., Piffer, A., Toffolo, G., Ricci, P., Vascellari, S., Zafferani, G., System commissioning tests for the SACOI-2 HVDc three-terminal link, [[International Council on Large Electric Systems|CIGRÉ]] session, Paris, 1994, paper reference 14-107.</ref>
In 1992 the mercury arc converters at Codrongianos and San Dalmazio were decommissioned and two new converters stations were built, using air-cooled, air-insulated thyristor valves similar to those supplied for the connection at Lucciana. At the Sardinian end, the new converter station was built next to the existing station but at the mainland end a new converter station was built at [[Suvereto]], as this site offered in opposite to San Dalmazio an interconnection to the 380 kV grid. At the same time, the rating of the scheme was increased to 300&nbsp;MW, keeping the same voltage of 200&nbsp;kV.<ref>Arcidiacono, V., Corsi, S., Pincella, C., Gasparini, E., Piffer, A., Toffolo, G., Ricci, P., Vascellari, S., Zafferani, G., System commissioning tests for the SACOI-2 HVDc three-terminal link, [[International Council on Large Electric Systems|CIGRÉ]] session, Paris, 1994, paper reference 14-107.</ref>
As well as in Suvereto as in Codrongianos, the converters are situated in halls with a length of 38 metres, a width of 15 metres and a height of 11 metres.
As well as in Suvereto as in Codrongianos, the converters are situated in halls with a length of 38 metres, a width of 15 metres and a height of 11 metres.


== SACOI 3 ==
== SACOI 3 ==
{{update section|date=February 2019}}
{{update section|date=February 2019}}
It is planned to replace the existing scheme with a bipolar system with a transmission rate of 400 MW called SACOI 3. It will also operate with a voltage of 200 kV. While the overhead lines can be used without modification, the underground and subsea cables have to be replaced for the higher transmission rate. Two new converters will also be built at the existing sites in Suvereto and Codrongianos
It is planned to replace the existing scheme with a bipolar system with a transmission rate of 400 MW called SACOI 3. It will also operate with a voltage of 200&nbsp;kV. While the overhead lines can be used without modification, the underground and underwater cables have to be replaced for the higher transmission rate. Two new converters will also be built at the existing sites in Suvereto and Codrongianos.

Public consultation for the project took place in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SA.CO.I. 3: the important work on renewing the historical electrical connection between Tuscany, Corsica and Sardinia - Terna spa |url=https://www.terna.it/en/projects/public-engagement/terna-meets-tuscany-sardinia |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.terna.it |language=en}}</ref>


==Sites==
==Sites==
Line 298: Line 301:
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1968]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1968]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1988]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1988]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Italy]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in France]]

Latest revision as of 23:00, 27 July 2024

HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia
Pylon of the HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia
Pylon of the HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia
Map
Map of HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia
Location
CountryItaly
France
FromSuvereto 43°03′10″N 10°41′42″E / 43.05278°N 10.69500°E / 43.05278; 10.69500 (Suvereto HVDC converter station)
Passes throughLucciana, Corsica 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E / 42.52778°N 9.44972°E / 42.52778; 9.44972 (Lucciana HVDC converter station)
ToCodrongianos, Sardinia 40°39′07″N 8°42′48″E / 40.65194°N 8.71333°E / 40.65194; 8.71333 (Codrongianus HVDC converter station (Sardinia))
Ownership information
OperatorTerna
Construction information
Manufacturer of substationsAnsaldo
English Electric
Alstom
Commissioned1967, 1988, 1992
Technical information
Typeoverhead lines
submarine cables
Type of currentHVDC
Total length385 km (239 mi)
Power rating300 MW
DC voltage200 kV
No. of poles1

The HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia (also called SACOI; Sardinia–Corsica–Italy) is an HVDC interconnection used for the exchange of electric energy between the Italian mainland, Corsica and Sardinia. It is unusual, having more than two converter stations as part of a single HVDC system, and (as of 2012) is one of only two multi-terminal HVDC systems in operation in the world (the other multi-terminal scheme being the Quebec – New England Transmission system linking northeastern United States with Quebec in Canada).

Map showing route of cable and line

The scheme is a monopole using a mixture of overhead line and submarine cable for the 200 kV high voltage conductor, and sea return for the neutral current. The overhead lines and submarine cables are duplicated, with both circuits being installed on the same towers.[1]

The scheme was constructed in three phases.

SACOI 1 - Mercury arc system (1968)

[edit]

Converter stations

[edit]

When originally completed in 1968 by English Electric, the scheme comprised two converter stations, at San Dalmazio in Tuscany on the Italian mainland, which was situated close to a production area and offered a connection to two 220 kV lines, and Codrongianos on Sardinia. Each converter station was rated at 200 kV, 200 MW and consisted of two 6-pulse converter bridges in series. Normal operation was with both bridges in service but the scheme could be operated at 50% of rated voltage and power by bypassing one converter group at each end, to allow maintenance to be carried out.

Each 6-pulse converter bridge consisted of 6 main mercury-arc valves plus a 7th for high-speed bypass operations. Each valve was rated at 1000 A dc and had four anode columns in parallel, with air cooling used for both the anodes and cathodes of the valve.

The original scheme was commissioned during 1967 and put into commercial operation in January 1968.[2]

The mercury arc valves were as well in San Dalmazio as in Codrongianos situated in a hall with a length of 60 metres, a width of 20 metres and a height of 15 metres. The valves are still in these halls, however the mercury was removed, after the decommissioning of the mercury arc system in 1992.

Transmission lines and cables

[edit]

The scheme consists of three overhead line sections: one on the Italian mainland with a length of 22 kilometres (14 mi), one on Corsica with a length of 156 kilometres (97 mi) and one on Sardinia with a length of 86 kilometres (53 mi). The overhead line sections use twin conductors (each rated at 1000 A dc) connected in parallel. Each aluminium conductor has a cross section of 628 mm2 in Sardinia and Italy, and 755 mm2 on Corsica.[1]

In addition to this, there are two submarine cable sections: 105 kilometres (65 mi) between Italy and Corsica and 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) between Corsica and Sardinia. The conductor cross-sections are 1080 mm2 on land and 420 mm2 for the submarine lengths.

Sea electrodes

[edit]

The scheme was designed to export power from coal-fired power stations on Sardinia to the Italian mainland, and thus was only required to operate in one direction. Although the converter stations are inherently capable of operating in either direction of power transmission, advantage was taken of the unidirectional power-flow requirement to economise on the design of the sea electrodes. The sea return current enters the sea at the Sardinian end (anode) and leaves the sea at the mainland end (cathode). The mainland electrode consists of bare copper (a section of insulated copper cable with the insulation stripped off), which would corrode rapidly if used as an anode but suffers no degradation when used as a cathode. However, the anode electrode on Sardinia required a more sophisticated design using platinum-coated titanium pipe, subdivided into 30 sub-electrodes, in order to prevent corrosion.[3]

Corsica tap (1988)

[edit]

In 1988 a third converter station, rated at 50 MW, along with a reversible ground electrode, was installed at Lucciana on Corsica, making the scheme into a multi-terminal scheme for the first time.[4][5] In order to allow power to be either imported into or exported from Corsica (even though the direction of power flow is always from Sardinia to Italy), the Lucciana converter station was equipped with high-speed changeover switchgear.

Unlike the two original converters, the Lucciana converter station was built with air-insulated, air-cooled thyristor valves, supplied by CGE Alstom

SACOI 2 - 1992 upgrade

[edit]

In 1992 the mercury arc converters at Codrongianos and San Dalmazio were decommissioned and two new converters stations were built, using air-cooled, air-insulated thyristor valves similar to those supplied for the connection at Lucciana. At the Sardinian end, the new converter station was built next to the existing station but at the mainland end a new converter station was built at Suvereto, as this site offered in opposite to San Dalmazio an interconnection to the 380 kV grid. At the same time, the rating of the scheme was increased to 300 MW, keeping the same voltage of 200 kV.[6] As well as in Suvereto as in Codrongianos, the converters are situated in halls with a length of 38 metres, a width of 15 metres and a height of 11 metres.

SACOI 3

[edit]

It is planned to replace the existing scheme with a bipolar system with a transmission rate of 400 MW called SACOI 3. It will also operate with a voltage of 200 kV. While the overhead lines can be used without modification, the underground and underwater cables have to be replaced for the higher transmission rate. Two new converters will also be built at the existing sites in Suvereto and Codrongianos.

Public consultation for the project took place in 2023.[7]

Sites

[edit]
Site Coordinates
San Dalmazio HVDC converter station (abandoned) 43°15′43″N 10°55′05″E / 43.26194°N 10.91806°E / 43.26194; 10.91806 (San Dalmazio HVDC converter station)
Suvereto HVDC converter station (Tuscany, Italian Mainland) 43°03′10″N 10°41′42″E / 43.05278°N 10.69500°E / 43.05278; 10.69500 (Suvereto HVDC converter station (Tuscany, Italian Mainland))
Salivoli Cable Terminal (Tuscany, Italian Mainland) 42°56′23″N 10°30′29″E / 42.93972°N 10.50806°E / 42.93972; 10.50806 (Salivoli Cable Terminal (Tuscany, Italian Mainland))
La Sdriscia Electrode Line Branch (Tuscany, Italian Mainland) 42°59′26″N 10°35′08″E / 42.99056°N 10.58556°E / 42.99056; 10.58556 (La Sdriscia Electrode Line Branch (Tuscany, Italian Mainland))
La Torracia Electrode Line Terminal (Tuscany, Italian Mainland) 43°01′08″N 10°31′25″E / 43.01889°N 10.52361°E / 43.01889; 10.52361 (La Torracia Electrode Line Terminal (Tuscany, Italian Mainland))
Salivoli Cable Landing Point (Tuscany, Italian Mainland) 42°56′7″N 10°29′59″E / 42.93528°N 10.49972°E / 42.93528; 10.49972 (Salivoli Cable Landing Point (Tuscany, Italian Mainland))
Bastia Cable Terminal (Corsica) 42°39′57″N 9°25′59″E / 42.66583°N 9.43306°E / 42.66583; 9.43306 (Bastia Cable Terminal (Corsica))
Lucciana HVDC converter station (Corsica) 42°31′40″N 9°26′59″E / 42.52778°N 9.44972°E / 42.52778; 9.44972 (Lucciana HVDC converter station (Corsica))
Lucciana Electrode Line Branch (Lucciana, Corsica, France) 42°31′35″N 9°27′3″E / 42.52639°N 9.45083°E / 42.52639; 9.45083 (Lucciana Electrode Line Branch (Lucciana, Corsica, France))
Lucciana Electrode Line Cable Termination West (Lucciana, Corsica, France) 42°31′36″N 9°27′20″E / 42.52667°N 9.45556°E / 42.52667; 9.45556 (Lucciana Electrode Line Cable Termination West (Lucciana, Corsica, France))
Lucciana Electrode Line Cable Termination East (Lucciana, Corsica, France) 42°31′37″N 9°27′22″E / 42.52694°N 9.45611°E / 42.52694; 9.45611 (Lucciana Electrode Line Cable Termination East (Lucciana, Corsica, France))
Casanova Electrode Line Terminal (Casanova, Corsica, France) 42°32′12″N 9°28′51″E / 42.53667°N 9.48083°E / 42.53667; 9.48083 (Casanova Electrode Line Terminal (Casanova, Corsica, France))
Pruniccia Electrode Line Terminal (Pruniccia, Corsica, France) 42°32′34″N 9°29′48″E / 42.54278°N 9.49667°E / 42.54278; 9.49667 (Pruniccia Electrode Line Terminal (Pruniccia, Corsica, France))
La Marana Electrode (Casanova, Corsica, France) 42°33′33″N 9°30′56″E / 42.55917°N 9.51556°E / 42.55917; 9.51556 (La Marana Electrode (La Marana, Corsica, France))
Bonifacio Cable Terminal (Corse) 41°22′16″N 9°12′10″E / 41.37111°N 9.20278°E / 41.37111; 9.20278 (Bonifacio Cable Terminal (Corsica))
Santa Teresa Cable Terminal (Sardinia) 41°14′49″N 9°10′55″E / 41.24694°N 9.18194°E / 41.24694; 9.18194 (Santa Teresa Cable Terminal (Sardinia))
Punta Tramontana Electrode (Sardinia) 40°52′57″N 8°37′55″E / 40.88250°N 8.63194°E / 40.88250; 8.63194 (Punta Tramontana Electrode (Sardinia))
Punta Tramontana Electrode Line Terminal (Sardinia) 40°52′45″N 8°38′00″E / 40.87917°N 8.63333°E / 40.87917; 8.63333 (Punta Tramontana Electrode Line Terminal (Sardinia))
Codrongianus HVDC converter station (Sardinia) 40°39′07″N 8°42′48″E / 40.65194°N 8.71333°E / 40.65194; 8.71333 (Codrongianus HVDC converter station (Sardinia))

Waypoints

[edit]
List of waypoints
Italy Mainland
Electrode Line on Italian Mainland
Corsica
Electrode Line in Corsica
Sardinia
Electrode Line in Sardinia

See also

[edit]
  • SAPEI, the new HVDC interconnection between Sardinia and the Italian mainland.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Natale, M., Lane, F.J., Calverley, T.E., The Sardinian–Italian Mainland HVDC interconnection, IEE Conf. Pub No. 22, p42 - Sept 1966.
  2. ^ Ciallella, V., Grattarola, P., Taschini, A., Martin, C.J.B., Willis, D.B., Testing and operating experience of the Sardinia–Italian Mainland D.C. link, CIGRÉ session, Paris, 1968, paper reference 43-09.
  3. ^ Compendium of HVDC Schemes, CIGRÉ Technical Brochure No. 003, 1987, pp44–50.
  4. ^ Mazzoldi, F., Taisne, J.P., Martin, C.J.B., Rowe, B.A., Adaptation of the control equipment to permit 3-terminal operation of the HVDC link between Sardinia, Corsica and mainland Italy, IEEE Summer power meeting, 1988
  5. ^ Collet-Billon, V. Taisne, J.P., Charles, P., The SACOI (Sardinai-Corsica-Italy) multiterminal link: commissioning tests of the Corsican station Lucciana, CIGRÉ session, Paris, 1988, paper reference 14-12.
  6. ^ Arcidiacono, V., Corsi, S., Pincella, C., Gasparini, E., Piffer, A., Toffolo, G., Ricci, P., Vascellari, S., Zafferani, G., System commissioning tests for the SACOI-2 HVDc three-terminal link, CIGRÉ session, Paris, 1994, paper reference 14-107.
  7. ^ "SA.CO.I. 3: the important work on renewing the historical electrical connection between Tuscany, Corsica and Sardinia - Terna spa". www.terna.it. Retrieved 2023-08-09.
[edit]
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

Wikimedia Commons has media related to HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HVDC_Italy–Corsica–Sardinia&oldid=1237057074"