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{{Short description|Supreme court of Poland}}
{{Infobox high court
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = {{nowrap|Supreme Court of Poland}}
| court_name = {{nowrap|Supreme Court of Poland}}
| image = Herb_Polski.svg
| image = Herb_Polski.svg
|native_name = {{lang-pl|Sąd Najwyższy}}
| native_name = {{lang-pl|Sąd Najwyższy}}
| imagesize = 100
| imagesize = 100
| established = {{start date and age|1917|9|1}}
| established = {{start date and age|1917|9|1}}
| country =[[Poland]]
| jurisdiction = [[Poland]]
| location = [[Warsaw]]
| location = [[Warsaw]]
| coordinates =
| coordinates =
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| website = {{URL|sn.pl}}
| website = {{URL|sn.pl}}
| chiefjudgetitle = First President of the Supreme Court
| chiefjudgetitle = First President of the Supreme Court
| chiefjudgename = [[Małgorzata Manowska]] (disputed)
| chiefjudgename = [[Małgorzata Manowska]]
| termstart = {{Start date and age|2020|5|25}}
| termstart = {{Start date and age|2020|5|25}}
}}
}}
{{Politics of Poland}}
{{Politics of Poland}}
[[File:Warszawa 9471.jpg|thumb|right|The Supreme Court building, Warsaw]]
[[File:Warszawa 9471.jpg|thumb|right|260px|The Supreme Court building, Warsaw]]
[[File:Hol główny Sąd Najwyższy w Warszawie 2018a.jpg|thumb|right|Hall of the Supreme Court building, Warsaw]]
[[File:Hol główny Sąd Najwyższy w Warszawie 2018a.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Hall of the Supreme Court building, Warsaw]]
The '''Supreme Court''' ({{lang-pl|Sąd Najwyższy}}) is the highest court in the [[Poland|Republic of Poland]]. It is located in the [[Krasiński Square]], [[Warsaw]].
The '''Supreme Court''' ({{lang-pl|Sąd Najwyższy}}) is the highest court in the [[Poland|Republic of Poland]]. It is located in the [[Krasiński Square]], [[Warsaw]].
[[File:Poland-00925 - National Library (31103382871).jpg|thumb|right|[[Krasiński Palace]], location of the Court in 1917–1939]]
[[File:Poland-00925 - National Library (31103382871).jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Krasiński Palace]], location of the Court in 1917–1939]]
One of the chambers of the Supreme Court, the Disciplinary Chamber, was suspended by a judgment of the CJEU. Despite the judgment, the chamber continues to operate. <ref>{{cite news|title =Poland must immediately suspend the application of the national provisions on the powers of the Disciplinary Chamber of the Supreme Court with regard to disciplinary cases concerning judges|url = https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2020-04/cp200047en.pdf|date = April 8, 2020|website=curia.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title =CJEU: the Disciplinary Chamber of the Polish Supreme Court may not conduct disciplinary proceedings against judges|url = https://ruleoflaw.pl/cjeu-the-disciplinary-chamber-of-the-polish-supreme-court-may-not-conduct-disciplinary-proceedings-against-judges/|date = April 8, 2020|website=ruleoflaw.pl}}</ref>


The legal basis for the competence and activities of the Supreme Court is the [[Constitution of Poland|Polish Constitution]], the Act on the Supreme Court and the Presidential Decree on the organisation of the Supreme Court.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 29 marca 2018 r. - Regulamin Sądu Najwyższego|url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20180000660|access-date=2020-11-04|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref>
The legal basis for the competence and activities of the Supreme Court is the [[Constitution of Poland|Polish Constitution]], the Act on the Supreme Court and the [[President of Poland|Presidential]] Decree on the organisation of the Supreme Court.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 29 marca 2018 r. - Regulamin Sądu Najwyższego|url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20180000660|access-date=2020-11-04|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
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After the [[Invasion of Poland|German invasion of Poland]], the Supreme Court ceased its work. After the Second World War, the Supreme Court was reinstated with new judges who were now in line with the [[Polish People's Republic|Soviet leadership]]. Its powers were reorganised by laws adopted in 1962 and 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ustawa z dnia 15 lutego 1962 r. o Sądzie Najwyższym.|url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19620110054|access-date=2020-11-04|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ustawa z dnia 20 września 1984 r. o Sądzie Najwyższym.|url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19840450241|access-date=2020-11-04|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref> At the turn of 1989 the Supreme Court was dissolved and re-established, but for the most part with the old judges from the communist era.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ustawa z dnia 20 grudnia 1989 r. o zmianie ustaw - Prawo o ustroju sądów powszechnych, o Sądzie Najwyższym, o Naczelnym Sądzie Administracyjnym, o Trybunale Konstytucyjnym, o ustroju sądów wojskowych i Prawo o notariacie.|url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19890730436|access-date=2020-11-04|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref>
After the [[Invasion of Poland|German invasion of Poland]], the Supreme Court ceased its work. After the Second World War, the Supreme Court was reinstated with new judges who were now in line with the [[Polish People's Republic|Soviet leadership]]. Its powers were reorganised by laws adopted in 1962 and 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ustawa z dnia 15 lutego 1962 r. o Sądzie Najwyższym.|url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19620110054|access-date=2020-11-04|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ustawa z dnia 20 września 1984 r. o Sądzie Najwyższym.|url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19840450241|access-date=2020-11-04|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref> At the turn of 1989 the Supreme Court was dissolved and re-established, but for the most part with the old judges from the communist era.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ustawa z dnia 20 grudnia 1989 r. o zmianie ustaw - Prawo o ustroju sądów powszechnych, o Sądzie Najwyższym, o Naczelnym Sądzie Administracyjnym, o Trybunale Konstytucyjnym, o ustroju sądów wojskowych i Prawo o notariacie.|url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19890730436|access-date=2020-11-04|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref>


In 2002 a new legal basis for the organisation of the Supreme Court was created, replacing the old one of 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ustawa z dnia 23 listopada 2002 r. o Sądzie Najwyższym.|url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20022402052|access-date=2020-11-04|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref>
In 2002 a new legal basis for the organisation of the Supreme Court was created, replacing the old one of 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ustawa z dnia 23 listopada 2002 r. o Sądzie Najwyższym.|url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20022402052|access-date=2020-11-04|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref>


===2017–2018 Constitutional Crisis===
===2017–2018 Constitutional Crisis===
{{further|2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis}}
{{further|2015–present Polish constitutional crisis}}
In 2017 the Polish government passed a law which would have forced all Supreme Court judges into mandatory retirement apart from those granted an extension by the [[Ministry of Justice (Poland)|Minister of Justice]]. The bill was passed in the [[Sejm|Polish Sejm]] and the [[Senate of Poland|Senate]] however following mass protests against the bill it was ultimately vetoed by [[President of Poland|President]] [[Andrzej Duda]] on 24 June 2017. A revised bill reduced mandatory retirement age of judges from 70 to 65. The bill was later signed by President Duda and came into force in July 2018. The law effectively retires 40% of the Supreme Court bench including the First President of the Supreme Court, [[Małgorzata Gersdorf|Malgorzata Gersdorf]].
In 2017 the Polish government passed a law which would have forced all Supreme Court judges into mandatory retirement apart from those granted an extension by the [[Ministry of Justice (Poland)|Minister of Justice]]. The bill was passed in the [[Sejm|Polish Sejm]] and the [[Senate of Poland|Senate]] however following mass protests against the bill it was ultimately vetoed by [[President of Poland|President]] [[Andrzej Duda]] on 24 June 2017. A revised bill reduced mandatory retirement age of judges from 70 to 65. The bill was later signed by President Duda and came into force in July 2018. The law effectively retires 40% of the Supreme Court bench including the First President of the Supreme Court, [[Małgorzata Gersdorf|Malgorzata Gersdorf]].


Polish opposition parties, the [[European Commission]], the [[European Parliament]], the Polish Supreme Court, and the National Council of the Judiciary have claimed the law is unconstitutional because it violates the principles of the independence of the judiciary. In August 2018 the Supreme Court sent questions to the [[European Court of Justice]] regarding the reforms. Under [[European Union law|Union law]] the court can prevent the [[Law of Poland|State law]] from coming into force if it undermines the [[treaties of the European Union]] regarding judicial independence.
Polish opposition parties, the [[European Commission]], the [[European Parliament]], the Polish Supreme Court, and the National Council of the Judiciary have claimed the law is unconstitutional because it violates the principles of the independence of the judiciary. In August 2018 the Supreme Court sent questions to the [[European Court of Justice]] regarding the reforms. Under [[European Union law|Union law]] the court can prevent the [[Law of Poland|State law]] from coming into force if it undermines the [[treaties of the European Union]] regarding judicial independence.


On 17 December 2018, President Duda signed a law that will reinstate the judges who had been forced out of their jobs.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Joanna Berendt|author2=Marc Santora|date=December 17, 2018|title=Poland Reverses Supreme Court Purge, Retreating From Conflict With E.U.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/17/world/europe/poland-supreme-court.html|access-date=December 18, 2018|website=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
On 17 December 2018, President Duda signed a law that will reinstate the judges who had been forced out of their jobs.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Joanna Berendt|author2=Marc Santora|date=December 17, 2018|title=Poland Reverses Supreme Court Purge, Retreating From Conflict With E.U.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/17/world/europe/poland-supreme-court.html|access-date=December 18, 2018|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>


On 8 April 2020 the EU Court of Justice ruled in a court case ("Commission v Poland") that the state of Poland "had failed to fulfil its obligations under [[European Union law|EU law]]". As a result, the Court granted "the Commission’s application for interim measures" which will likely be realised with [[Fine (penalty)|monetary fines]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|author=Court of Justice of the European Union|date=8 April 2020|title=Commission v Poland (Press Release)|url=https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2020-04/cp200047en.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=curia.europa.eu}}</ref>
On 8 April 2020 the EU Court of Justice ruled in a court case ("Commission v Poland") that the state of Poland "had failed to fulfil its obligations under [[European Union law|EU law]]". As a result, the Court granted "the Commission’s application for interim measures" which will likely be realised with [[Fine (penalty)|monetary fines]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Court of Justice of the European Union|date=8 April 2020|title=Commission v Poland (Press Release)|url=https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2020-04/cp200047en.pdf|website=curia.europa.eu}}</ref>


===CJUE suspension of the Disciplinary Chamber===
===CJEU suspension of the Disciplinary Chamber===
{{see also|Polish judicial disciplinary panel law}}

{{Confusing section|date=October 2021}}
On 12 October 2020, Adam Tomczyński a friend of Polish Minister of Justice, from that not recognized chamber have waived the immunity of Beata Morawiec ([[:pl:Beata Morawiec]]), judge of the District Court in [[Kraków]]. Moments after that the [[International Association of Judges|European Association of Judges]] expresses its unbreakable solidarity to Judge Beata Morawiec and to all independent Polish judges and ones again stated that "''The Disciplinary Chamber of the Polish Supreme Court is not a court and cannot continue to act as one''" and urges the European Commission to take all necessary measures to urgently reestablish the EU legal order in Poland. <ref name="TVN24_immunitet">{{cite news|date=12 October 2020|title=Izba Dyscyplinarna uchyliła immunitet sędzi Beacie Morawiec. Decyzja jest nieprawomocna|website=tvn24.pl|url=https://tvn24.pl/polska/sprawa-sedzi-beaty-morawiec-izba-dyscyplinarna-uchylila-immunitet-4718275|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://archive.today/emAhw|archivedate=12 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="EAJ_statement">{{cite news|date=12 October 2020|title=Statement of the EAJ on Judge Beata Morawiec (Poland)|website=iaj-uim.org|url=https://www.iaj-uim.org/news/statement-of-the-eaj-on-judge-beata-morawiec-poland/|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://archive.today/DZUGS|archivedate=12 October 2020}}</ref>
On 12 October 2020, Adam Tomczyński, a Judge from the Disciplinary Chamber, waived the immunity of [[:pl:Beata Morawiec|Beata Morawiec]], judge of the District Court in [[Kraków]]. Moments after that the [[International Association of Judges|European Association of Judges]] expressed its unbreakable solidarity to Judge Beata Morawiec and to all independent Polish judges and once again stated that "''The Disciplinary Chamber of the Polish Supreme Court is not a court and cannot continue to act as one''" and urges the European Commission to take all necessary measures to urgently reestablish the EU legal order in Poland.<ref name="TVN24_immunitet">{{cite news|date=12 October 2020|title=Izba Dyscyplinarna uchyliła immunitet sędzi Beacie Morawiec. Decyzja jest nieprawomocna|website=tvn24.pl|url=https://tvn24.pl/polska/sprawa-sedzi-beaty-morawiec-izba-dyscyplinarna-uchylila-immunitet-4718275|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201012203127/https://tvn24.pl/polska/sprawa-sedzi-beaty-morawiec-izba-dyscyplinarna-uchylila-immunitet-4718275%23|archive-date=12 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="EAJ_statement">{{cite news|date=12 October 2020|title=Statement of the EAJ on Judge Beata Morawiec (Poland)|website=iaj-uim.org|url=https://www.iaj-uim.org/news/statement-of-the-eaj-on-judge-beata-morawiec-poland/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201012203143/https://www.iaj-uim.org/iuw/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Statement-EAJ-Beata-Morawiec.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2020}}</ref>


==Function==
==Function==
The Supreme Court supervises the adjudication in:
The Supreme Court supervises the adjudication in:


* General courts: these are district, circuit, and appeal courts. They adjudicate in the areas of civil, criminal, family and labour law.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Kluwer|first=Wolters|title=Sąd Najwyższy - Art. 183. - Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej.|url=https://sip.lex.pl/akty-prawne/dzu-dziennik-ustaw/konstytucja-rzeczypospolitej-polskiej-16798613/art-183|access-date=2020-11-04|website=OpenLEX|language=pl}}</ref>
* General courts: these are district, circuit, and appeal courts. They adjudicate in the areas of civil, criminal, family and labour law.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Kluwer|first=Wolters|title=Sąd Najwyższy - Art. 183. - Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej.|url=https://sip.lex.pl/akty-prawne/dzu-dziennik-ustaw/konstytucja-rzeczypospolitej-polskiej-16798613/art-183|access-date=2020-11-04|website=OpenLEX|language=pl}}</ref>
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==Appointment of judges==
==Appointment of judges==
The [[President of the Republic of Poland|President of Poland]] appoints Supreme Court judges for an indefinite period. This is done upon a motion of the [[National Council of the Judiciary]]. The [[President of the Republic of Poland|President]] also selects the First President of the court from candidates presented by the General Assembly of the Supreme Court. The First President holds office for a six-year term, though he or she may be dismissed by the [[Sejm]] upon a motion by the President if found convicted of a crime.<ref name=":4" />
The [[President of the Republic of Poland|President of Poland]] appoints Supreme Court judges for an indefinite period. This is done upon a motion of the [[National Council of the Judiciary]]. The [[President of the Republic of Poland|President]] also selects the First President of the court from candidates presented by the General Assembly of the Supreme Court. The First President holds office for a six-year term. The First President may be dismissed by the [[Sejm]] upon a motion by the President if found convicted of a crime.<ref name=":4" />


In July 2018 a new law came into force which lowers the mandatory retirement age from 70 to 65.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Druk nr 2003|url=http://www.sejm.gov.pl/sejm8.nsf/PrzebiegProc.xsp?nr=2003|access-date=2020-11-04|website=www.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref> The introduction of this law is contested and the constitutionality of the law is being assessed. Critics have argued the law is aimed at removing non-pliant judges and installing appointees desired by the current government, led by the [[Law and Justice]] party.
In July 2018 a new law came into force which lowers the mandatory retirement age from 70 to 65.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Druk nr 2003|url=http://www.sejm.gov.pl/sejm8.nsf/PrzebiegProc.xsp?nr=2003|access-date=2020-11-04|website=www.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref> The introduction of this law is contested and the constitutionality of the law is being assessed. Critics have argued the law is aimed at removing non-pliant judges and installing appointees desired by the current government, led by the [[Law and Justice (Poland)|Law and Justice]] party.


There are 120 posts for judges.<ref name=":1" />
There are 120 posts for judges.<ref name=":1" />
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! style="text-align:center;" |Notes
! style="text-align:center;" |Notes
|-
|-
! colspan="7" |Republic of Poland
! colspan="7" |[[Second Polish Republic|Republic of Poland]]
|-
|-
| style="text-align:right;" |1.
| style="text-align:right;" |1.
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Stanisław Pomian-Srzednicki]]
| style="text-align:center;" |{{ill|Stanisław Pomian-Srzednicki|pl}}
|[[File:Stanisław Pomian Srzednicki (cropped).jpg|center|101px]]
|[[File:Stanisław Pomian Srzednicki (cropped).jpg|center|101px]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1 September 1917 – 28 February 1922
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1 September 1917 – 28 February 1922
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|-
|-
| style="text-align:right;" |2.
| style="text-align:right;" |2.
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Franciszek Nowodworski]]
| style="text-align:center;" |{{ill|Franciszek Nowodworski|pl}}
|[[File:Franciszek Nowodworski (cropped).jpg|center|101px]]
|[[File:Franciszek Nowodworski (cropped).jpg|center|101px]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1 March 1922 – 3 August 1924
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1 March 1922 – 3 August 1924
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|-
|-
| style="text-align:right;" |3.
| style="text-align:right;" |3.
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Władysław Seyda]]
| style="text-align:center;" |{{ill|Władysław Seyda|pl}}
|[[File:Władysław Seyda 1928 (cropped).jpg|center|101px]]
|[[File:Władysław Seyda 1928 (cropped).jpg|center|101px]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |22 September 1924 – 17 January 1929
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |22 September 1924 – 17 January 1929
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|-
|-
| style="text-align:right;" |4.
| style="text-align:right;" |4.
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Leon Supiński]]
| style="text-align:center;" |{{ill|Leon Supiński|pl}}
|[[File:Leon Supiński (cropped).jpg|center|101px]]
|[[File:Leon Supiński (cropped).jpg|center|101px]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |17 January 1929 – 1 September 1939
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |17 January 1929 – 1 September 1939
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| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leon Supiński (1874–1950) - Leksykon - Teatr NN|url=http://teatrnn.pl/leksykon/artykuly/leon-supinski-18741950/|access-date=2020-11-04|website=teatrnn.pl|language=pl}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leon Supiński (1874–1950) - Leksykon - Teatr NN|url=http://teatrnn.pl/leksykon/artykuly/leon-supinski-18741950/|access-date=2020-11-04|website=teatrnn.pl|language=pl}}</ref>
|-
|-
! colspan="7" |Polish People's Republic
! colspan="7" |[[Polish People's Republic]]
|-
|-
| style="text-align:right;" |5.
| style="text-align:right;" |5.
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Wacław Barcikowski]]
| style="text-align:center;" |{{ill|Wacław Barcikowski|pl}}
|[[File:Wacław Barcikowski.jpg|center|101px]]
|[[File:Wacław Barcikowski.jpg|center|101px]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |26 January 1945 – 12 November 1956
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |26 January 1945 – 12 November 1956
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|-
|-
| style="text-align:right;" |6.
| style="text-align:right;" |6.
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Jan Wasilkowski]]
| style="text-align:center;" |{{ill|Jan Wasilkowski|pl}}
|
|
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |12 December 1956 – 22 May 1967
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |12 December 1956 – 22 May 1967
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|-
|-
| style="text-align:right;" |7.
| style="text-align:right;" |7.
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Zbigniew Resich]]
| style="text-align:center;" |{{ill|Zbigniew Resich|pl}}
|
|
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |3 May 1967 – 21 January 1972
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |3 May 1967 – 21 January 1972
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|-
|-
| style="text-align:right;" |8.
| style="text-align:right;" |8.
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Jerzy Bafia]]
| style="text-align:center;" |{{ill|Jerzy Bafia|pl}}
|
|
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |21 January 1972 – 1 April 1976
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |21 January 1972 – 1 April 1976
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|-
|-
| style="text-align:right;" |9.
| style="text-align:right;" |9.
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Włodzimierz Berutowicz]]
| style="text-align:center;" |{{ill|Włodzimierz Berutowicz|pl}}
|
|
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1 April 1976 – 14 May 1987
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1 April 1976 – 14 May 1987
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|-
|-
|10.
|10.
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Adam Łopatka]]
| style="text-align:center;" |{{ill|Adam Łopatka|pl}}
|
|
|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" |14 May 1987 – 30 June 1990
|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" |14 May 1987 – 30 June 1990
Line 148: Line 149:
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Adam Łopatka nie żyje - Archiwum Rzeczpospolitej|url=https://archiwum.rp.pl/artykul/439385_prof_adam_lopatka_nie_zyje.html|access-date=2020-11-04|website=archiwum.rp.pl}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Adam Łopatka nie żyje - Archiwum Rzeczpospolitej|url=https://archiwum.rp.pl/artykul/439385_prof_adam_lopatka_nie_zyje.html|access-date=2020-11-04|website=archiwum.rp.pl}}</ref>
|-
|-
! colspan="7" |Republic of Poland
! colspan="7" |[[History of Poland (1989–present)|Republic of Poland]]
|-
|-
!No
!No
Line 159: Line 160:
|-
|-
| style="text-align:right;" |11.
| style="text-align:right;" |11.
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Adam Strzembosz]]
| style="text-align:center;" |{{ill|Adam Strzembosz|pl}}
|[[File:Adam Strzembosz (cropped).JPG|center|132x132px]]
|[[File:Adam Strzembosz (cropped).JPG|center|132x132px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |1 July 1990 – 17 October 1998
| style="text-align:center;" |1 July 1990 – 17 October 1998
Line 175: Line 176:
|-
|-
| style="text-align:right;" |13.
| style="text-align:right;" |13.
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Stanisław Dąbrowski (1947–2014)|Stanisław Dąbrowski]]
| style="text-align:center;" |{{ill|lt=Stanisław Dąbrowski|Stanisław Dąbrowski (1947–2014)|pl}}
|[[File:B. Komorowski nominacje sędziowskie 17 (cropped).JPG|center|101px]]
|[[File:B. Komorowski nominacje sędziowskie 17 (cropped).JPG|center|101px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |19 October 2010 – 9 January 2014
| style="text-align:center;" |19 October 2010 – 9 January 2014<br/>(died in office)<ref name="Dąbrowski"/>
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |[[Bronisław Komorowski]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |[[Bronisław Komorowski]]
|{{ayd|19 October 2010|9 January 2014}}
|{{ayd|19 October 2010|9 January 2014}}
| style="text-align:center;" |Died in office<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sąd Najwyższy - Pro memoria - SDąbrowskiWsp|url=http://www.sn.pl/promemoria/osoby/SitePages/SD%C4%85browskiWsp.aspx|access-date=2020-11-04|website=www.sn.pl}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Dąbrowski">{{Cite web|title=Sąd Najwyższy - Pro memoria - SDąbrowskiWsp|url=http://www.sn.pl/promemoria/osoby/SitePages/SD%C4%85browskiWsp.aspx|access-date=2020-11-04|website=www.sn.pl}}</ref>
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |–
| style="text-align:center;" |–
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Lech Krzysztof Paprzycki|Lech Paprzycki]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Lech Krzysztof Paprzycki|Lech Paprzycki]]
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |''9 January 2014 – 30 April 2014''
| style="text-align:center;" |''9 January 2014 – 30 April 2014''
Line 190: Line 191:
|-
|-
| style="text-align:right;" |14.
| style="text-align:right;" |14.
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Małgorzata Gersdorf]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Małgorzata Gersdorf]]{{efn|name="retirement"}}
|[[File:Małgorzata Gersdorf Sąd Najwyższy 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|101px]]
|[[File:Małgorzata Gersdorf Sąd Najwyższy 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|101px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |30 April 2014 – 30 April 2020
| style="text-align:center;" |30 April 2014 – 30 April 2020{{efn|name="retirement"}}
|{{ayd|30 April 2014|30 April 2020}}
|{{ayd|30 April 2014|30 April 2020}}{{efn|name="retirement"}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Pierwszy Prezes Sądu Najwyższego – prof. dr hab. Małgorzata Gersdorf|url=http://www.sn.pl/osadzienajwyzszym/SitePages/Organizacja.aspx?ListName=Org_PPSN|agency=sn.pl|accessdate=2018-07-21}}</ref><ref name="Małgorzata Gersdorf">{{cite web|title=Małgorzata Gersdorf I Prezesem Sądu Najwyższego|url=http://www.prezydent.pl/archiwum-bronislawa-komorowskiego/aktualnosci/nominacje/art,771,malgorzata-gersdorf-i-prezesem-sadu-najwyzszego.html|agency=Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej|date=30.04.2014|accessdate=2016-05-02}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Pierwszy Prezes Sądu Najwyższego – prof. dr hab. Małgorzata Gersdorf|url=http://www.sn.pl/osadzienajwyzszym/SitePages/Organizacja.aspx?ListName=Org_PPSN|agency=sn.pl|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref><ref name="Małgorzata Gersdorf">{{cite web|title=Małgorzata Gersdorf I Prezesem Sądu Najwyższego|url=http://www.prezydent.pl/archiwum-bronislawa-komorowskiego/aktualnosci/nominacje/art,771,malgorzata-gersdorf-i-prezesem-sadu-najwyzszego.html|agency=Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej|date=2014-04-30|access-date=2016-05-02}}</ref>
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |–
| style="text-align:center;" |–
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Józef Iwulski]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |''{{ill|Józef Iwulski|pl}}''
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |''4 July 2018 – 20 July 2018''
| style="text-align:center;" |''4 July 2018 – 20 July 2018''
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |[[Andrzej Duda]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |[[Andrzej Duda]]
|{{ayd|4 July 2018|20 July 2018}}
|{{ayd|4 July 2018|20 July 2018}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<small>''(disputed)<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=27 May 2020|title=Sędzia SN Włodzimierz Wróbel: Mamy do czynienia z sytuacją wielkiego alarmu w systemie prawa|url=https://oko.press/sedzia-sn-wlodzimierz-wrobel-mamy-do-czynienia-z-sytuacja-wielkiego-alarmu-w-systemie-prawa/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/je7yQ|archive-date=28 May 2020}}</ref>''</small> ''acting, rejected the appointment and insisted that Małgorzata Gersdorf remained in office''
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |<small>''(disputed)<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=27 May 2020|title=Sędzia SN Włodzimierz Wróbel: Mamy do czynienia z sytuacją wielkiego alarmu w systemie prawa|url=https://oko.press/sedzia-sn-wlodzimierz-wrobel-mamy-do-czynienia-z-sytuacja-wielkiego-alarmu-w-systemie-prawa/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200528094829/https://oko.press/sedzia-sn-wlodzimierz-wrobel-mamy-do-czynienia-z-sytuacja-wielkiego-alarmu-w-systemie-prawa/|archive-date=28 May 2020}}</ref>''</small><br/>''rejected appointment''{{efn|name="retirement"|Małgorzata Gersdorf and 26 of the 72 judges were forced out by mandatory retirement (set at 65 years old) starting on 4 July 2018. Józef Iwulski and Dariusz Zawistowski both insisted that Gersdorf remain in office, while the issue was brought before the [[European Court of Justice]]. Finally a Law reinstating the judges was signed on 17 December 2018, and Gersdorf fulfilled the remainder of her 6-year-term.}}
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |–
| style="text-align:center;" |–
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Dariusz Zawistowski]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |''{{ill|Dariusz Zawistowski|pl}}''
|[[File:Dariusz Zawistowski (cropped).JPG|center|101px]]
|[[File:Dariusz Zawistowski (cropped).JPG|center|101px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |''13 September – 31 December 2018''
| style="text-align:center;" |''13 September – 31 December 2018''
|{{ayd|13 September 2018|31 December 2018}}
|{{ayd|13 September 2018|31 December 2018}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<small>''(disputed)<ref name=":0" />''</small> ''acting, rejected the appointment and insisted that Małgorzata Gersdorf remained in office''
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |–
| style="text-align:center;" |–
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Kamil Zaradkiewicz]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |''{{ill|Kamil Zaradkiewicz|pl}}''
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |''1 May 2020 – 15 May 2020''
| style="text-align:center;" |''1 May 2020 – 15 May 2020''
|{{ayd|1 May 2020|15 May 2020}}
|{{ayd|1 May 2020|15 May 2020}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<small>''(disputed)<ref name=":0" />''</small> ''acting, resigned''
| style="text-align:center;" |<small>''(disputed)<ref name=":0" />''</small><br/>''resigned''
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |–
| style="text-align:center;" |–
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Aleksander Stępkowski]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |''{{ill|Aleksander Stępkowski|pl}}''
|[[File:Aleksander Stepkowski.png|center|101px]]
|[[File:Aleksander Stepkowski.png|center|101px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |''15 May 2020 – 25 May 2020''
| style="text-align:center;" |''15 May 2020 – 25 May 2020''
|{{ayd|15 May 2020|25 May 2020}}
|{{ayd|15 May 2020|25 May 2020}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<small>''(disputed)<ref name=":0" />''</small> ''acting''
| style="text-align:center;" |<small>''(disputed)<ref name=":0" />''</small>
|-
|-
| style="text-align:right;" |'''15.'''
| style="text-align:right;" |'''15.'''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Małgorzata Manowska|'''Małgorzata Manowska''']]
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[Małgorzata Manowska]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |'''25 May 2020 – present<ref name="PPSN2020">{{cite web|title=Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej / Aktualności / Nominacje / Małgorzata Manowska powołana na stanowisko I Prezesa Sądu Najwyższego|url=https://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/nominacje/art,171,malgorzata-manowska-i-prezes-sadu-najwyzszego.html|agency=www.prezydent.pl|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref>'''
| style="text-align:center;" |'''25 May 2020 – present<ref name="PPSN2020">{{cite web|title=Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej / Aktualności / Nominacje / Małgorzata Manowska powołana na stanowisko I Prezesa Sądu Najwyższego|url=https://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/nominacje/art,171,malgorzata-manowska-i-prezes-sadu-najwyzszego.html|agency=www.prezydent.pl|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>'''
|'''{{ayd|25 May 2020}}'''
|'''{{ayd|25 May 2020}}'''
| style="text-align:center;" |<small>'''''(disputed)<ref name=":0" />'''''</small>
| style="text-align:center;" |<small>'''''(disputed)<ref name=":0" />'''''</small>
Line 237: Line 237:


== Budget ==
== Budget ==
The budget of the Supreme Court is set in the annual budget of Poland. In 2019, expenditure amounted to approximately PLN 160 million and revenue to PLN 0.26 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ustawa budżetowa na rok 2019 z dnia 16 stycznia 2019 r.|url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20190000198/O/D20190198.pdf|work=Dz. U. poz. 198|agency=isap.sejm.gov.pl|pages=10, 37|date=1 lutego 2019|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref>
The budget of the Supreme Court is set in the annual budget of Poland. In 2019, expenditure amounted to approximately PLN 160 million and revenue to PLN 0.26 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ustawa budżetowa na rok 2019 z dnia 16 stycznia 2019 r.|url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20190000198/O/D20190198.pdf|work=Dz. U. poz. 198|agency=isap.sejm.gov.pl|pages=10, 37|date=1 February 2019|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 249: Line 249:
* A. Rzepliński: ''Sądownictwo w PRL.'' Polonia Book, London 1990.
* A. Rzepliński: ''Sądownictwo w PRL.'' Polonia Book, London 1990.
* S. Włodyka: ''Ustrój organów ochrony prawnej'', Warsaw 1975.
* S. Włodyka: ''Ustrój organów ochrony prawnej'', Warsaw 1975.

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}


== References ==
== References ==
Line 257: Line 260:
* [http://www.sn.pl/ Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland]
* [http://www.sn.pl/ Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland]
{{Poland_topics}}
{{Poland_topics}}
{{Europe topic|Supreme Court of|title=Supreme Courts of Europe|countries_only=yes|template=yes}}
{{Supreme Courts of Europe}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


Revision as of 18:54, 27 July 2024

Supreme Court of Poland
Polish: Sąd Najwyższy
Map
EstablishedSeptember 1, 1917; 107 years ago (1917-09-01)
JurisdictionPoland
LocationWarsaw
Composition methodPresidential nomination
Authorised byConstitution of Poland
Number of positions120 (by statute)
Websitesn.pl
First President of the Supreme Court
CurrentlyMałgorzata Manowska
SinceMay 25, 2020; 4 years ago (2020-05-25)
Politics of Poland
Government
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Elections
Political parties
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
Related topics
The Supreme Court building, Warsaw
Hall of the Supreme Court building, Warsaw

The Supreme Court (Polish: Sąd Najwyższy) is the highest court in the Republic of Poland. It is located in the Krasiński Square, Warsaw.

Krasiński Palace, location of the Court in 1917–1939

The legal basis for the competence and activities of the Supreme Court is the Polish Constitution, the Act on the Supreme Court and the Presidential Decree on the organisation of the Supreme Court.[1]

History

The Supreme Court followed on from the Court of Cassation of the Principality of Warsaw. It began its work in 1917 during the First World War as the Royal Imperial Supreme Court (Polish: Królewsko-Cesarski Sąd Najwyższy).[2][3] Pomian-Srzednicki was appointed the first president of the court. After Poland gained full independence in 1918, the Supreme Court was reformed by decree of 8 February 1919 and many judges who were considered to be loyal to the emperor were dismissed.[2]

After the German invasion of Poland, the Supreme Court ceased its work. After the Second World War, the Supreme Court was reinstated with new judges who were now in line with the Soviet leadership. Its powers were reorganised by laws adopted in 1962 and 1984.[4][5] At the turn of 1989 the Supreme Court was dissolved and re-established, but for the most part with the old judges from the communist era.[6]

In 2002 a new legal basis for the organisation of the Supreme Court was created, replacing the old one of 1984.[7]

2017–2018 Constitutional Crisis

Further information: 2015–present Polish constitutional crisis

In 2017 the Polish government passed a law which would have forced all Supreme Court judges into mandatory retirement apart from those granted an extension by the Minister of Justice. The bill was passed in the Polish Sejm and the Senate however following mass protests against the bill it was ultimately vetoed by President Andrzej Duda on 24 June 2017. A revised bill reduced mandatory retirement age of judges from 70 to 65. The bill was later signed by President Duda and came into force in July 2018. The law effectively retires 40% of the Supreme Court bench including the First President of the Supreme Court, Malgorzata Gersdorf.

Polish opposition parties, the European Commission, the European Parliament, the Polish Supreme Court, and the National Council of the Judiciary have claimed the law is unconstitutional because it violates the principles of the independence of the judiciary. In August 2018 the Supreme Court sent questions to the European Court of Justice regarding the reforms. Under Union law the court can prevent the State law from coming into force if it undermines the treaties of the European Union regarding judicial independence.

On 17 December 2018, President Duda signed a law that will reinstate the judges who had been forced out of their jobs.[8]

On 8 April 2020 the EU Court of Justice ruled in a court case ("Commission v Poland") that the state of Poland "had failed to fulfil its obligations under EU law". As a result, the Court granted "the Commission’s application for interim measures" which will likely be realised with monetary fines.[9]

CJEU suspension of the Disciplinary Chamber

See also: Polish judicial disciplinary panel law

On 12 October 2020, Adam Tomczyński, a Judge from the Disciplinary Chamber, waived the immunity of Beata Morawiec, judge of the District Court in Kraków. Moments after that the European Association of Judges expressed its unbreakable solidarity to Judge Beata Morawiec and to all independent Polish judges and once again stated that "The Disciplinary Chamber of the Polish Supreme Court is not a court and cannot continue to act as one" and urges the European Commission to take all necessary measures to urgently reestablish the EU legal order in Poland.[10][11]

Function

The Supreme Court supervises the adjudication in:

  • General courts: these are district, circuit, and appeal courts. They adjudicate in the areas of civil, criminal, family and labour law.[12]
  • Military courts: these are circuit and garrison courts. They deal with matters relating to crimes committed by soldiers in active service, civilian employees in military units, and prisoners of war.[12]

The Supreme Court is the court of last resort of appeal against judgements in the lower courts (except for administrative courts). It also passes resolutions to clarify specific legal provisions and resolve disputable questions in specific cases. These however are not (at least technically) legally binding.

Chambers

The Supreme Court has chambers for civil matters, criminal matters, labour and social security matters, exceptional supervision and public matters, and disciplinary matters.[13]

Appointment of judges

The President of Poland appoints Supreme Court judges for an indefinite period. This is done upon a motion of the National Council of the Judiciary. The President also selects the First President of the court from candidates presented by the General Assembly of the Supreme Court. The First President holds office for a six-year term. The First President may be dismissed by the Sejm upon a motion by the President if found convicted of a crime.[13]

In July 2018 a new law came into force which lowers the mandatory retirement age from 70 to 65.[14] The introduction of this law is contested and the constitutionality of the law is being assessed. Critics have argued the law is aimed at removing non-pliant judges and installing appointees desired by the current government, led by the Law and Justice party.

There are 120 posts for judges.[1]

List of First Presidents of the Supreme Court

No Name Image In office Term length Notes
Republic of Poland
1. Stanisław Pomian-Srzednicki [pl]
1 September 1917 – 28 February 1922 4 years, 180 days [15]
2. Franciszek Nowodworski [pl]
1 March 1922 – 3 August 1924 2 years, 155 days [16]
3. Władysław Seyda [pl]
22 September 1924 – 17 January 1929 4 years, 117 days [17]
4. Leon Supiński [pl]
17 January 1929 – 1 September 1939 10 years, 227 days [18]
Polish People's Republic
5. Wacław Barcikowski [pl]
26 January 1945 – 12 November 1956 11 years, 291 days [19]
6. Jan Wasilkowski [pl] 12 December 1956 – 22 May 1967 10 years, 161 days [20]
7. Zbigniew Resich [pl] 3 May 1967 – 21 January 1972 4 years, 263 days [21]
8. Jerzy Bafia [pl] 21 January 1972 – 1 April 1976 4 years, 71 days [22]
9. Włodzimierz Berutowicz [pl] 1 April 1976 – 14 May 1987 11 years, 43 days [23]
10. Adam Łopatka [pl] 14 May 1987 – 30 June 1990 3 years, 47 days [24]
Republic of Poland
No Name In office President of Poland Term length Notes
11. Adam Strzembosz [pl]
1 July 1990 – 17 October 1998 Wojciech Jaruzelski 8 years, 108 days [25]
12. Lech Gardocki
17 October 1998 – 18 October 2010[26] Aleksander Kwaśniewski 12 years, 1 day [27]
13. Stanisław Dąbrowski [pl]
19 October 2010 – 9 January 2014
(died in office)[28] 		Bronisław Komorowski 3 years, 82 days [28]
– Lech Paprzycki 9 January 2014 – 30 April 2014 111 days acting
14. Małgorzata Gersdorf[a]
30 April 2014 – 30 April 2020[a] 6 years, 0 days[a] [29][30]
– Józef Iwulski [pl] 4 July 2018 – 20 July 2018 Andrzej Duda 16 days (disputed)[31]
rejected appointment[a]
– Dariusz Zawistowski [pl]
13 September – 31 December 2018 109 days
– Kamil Zaradkiewicz [pl] 1 May 2020 – 15 May 2020 14 days (disputed)[31]
resigned
– Aleksander Stępkowski [pl]
15 May 2020 – 25 May 2020 10 days (disputed)[31]
15. Małgorzata Manowska 25 May 2020 – present[32] 4 years, 159 days (disputed)[31]

Location

From 1917 to 1939, the Supreme Court met in the Krasiński Palace, which had already housed the Court of Cassation of the Principality of Warsaw before 1812.[33] From 1945 to 1950 the Supreme Court met in Łódź due to the destruction of Warsaw in the Second World War. From 1950 to 1999 it met in the building now used by the Warsaw Higher Regional Court. Since 1999, the Supreme Court has had its seat on Krasiński Square, diagonally opposite the Krasiński Palace, which is known for its 86 Latin inscriptions.[1][34]

Budget

The budget of the Supreme Court is set in the annual budget of Poland. In 2019, expenditure amounted to approximately PLN 160 million and revenue to PLN 0.26 million.[35]

See also

Literature

  • L. Garlicki, Z. Resich, M. Rybicki, S. Włodyka: Sąd Najwyższy w PRL. 1983.
  • M. Pietrzak: Sąd Najwyższy w II Rzeczypospolitej. Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne, 1981.
  • A. Rzepliński: Sądownictwo w PRL. Polonia Book, London 1990.
  • S. Włodyka: Ustrój organów ochrony prawnej, Warsaw 1975.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Małgorzata Gersdorf and 26 of the 72 judges were forced out by mandatory retirement (set at 65 years old) starting on 4 July 2018. Józef Iwulski and Dariusz Zawistowski both insisted that Gersdorf remain in office, while the issue was brought before the European Court of Justice. Finally a Law reinstating the judges was signed on 17 December 2018, and Gersdorf fulfilled the remainder of her 6-year-term.

References

  1. ^ a b c "Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 29 marca 2018 r. - Regulamin Sądu Najwyższego". isap.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  2. ^ a b "Sąd Najwyższy - Historia". sadnajwyzszy (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  3. ^ Stępień-Załucka, Beata. (2016). Sprawowanie wymiaru sprawiedliwości przez Sąd Najwyższy w Polsce. Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-83-255-8067-4. OCLC 939906949.
  4. ^ "Ustawa z dnia 15 lutego 1962 r. o Sądzie Najwyższym". isap.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  5. ^ "Ustawa z dnia 20 września 1984 r. o Sądzie Najwyższym". isap.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  6. ^ "Ustawa z dnia 20 grudnia 1989 r. o zmianie ustaw - Prawo o ustroju sądów powszechnych, o Sądzie Najwyższym, o Naczelnym Sądzie Administracyjnym, o Trybunale Konstytucyjnym, o ustroju sądów wojskowych i Prawo o notariacie". isap.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  7. ^ "Ustawa z dnia 23 listopada 2002 r. o Sądzie Najwyższym". isap.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  8. ^ Joanna Berendt; Marc Santora (December 17, 2018). "Poland Reverses Supreme Court Purge, Retreating From Conflict With E.U." The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
  9. ^ Court of Justice of the European Union (8 April 2020). "Commission v Poland (Press Release)" (PDF). curia.europa.eu.
  10. ^ "Izba Dyscyplinarna uchyliła immunitet sędzi Beacie Morawiec. Decyzja jest nieprawomocna". tvn24.pl. 12 October 2020. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020.
  11. ^ "Statement of the EAJ on Judge Beata Morawiec (Poland)". iaj-uim.org. 12 October 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2020.
  12. ^ a b Kluwer, Wolters. "Sąd Najwyższy - Art. 183. - Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". OpenLEX (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-11-04.
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