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[[Image:Holaniku.png|thumb|MicroCSP collectors on the Big Island of Hawaii]]
[[Image:Holaniku.png|thumb|MicroCSP collectors on the Big Island of Hawaii]]


[[Energy in Hawaii|The energy sector in Hawaii]] has rapidly adopted solar power due to the high costs of electricity, and good solar resources, and has one of the highest per capita rates of [[solar power]] in the United States.<ref name=NYT2022>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/30/business/hawaii-solar-energy.html|title=Hit Hard by High Energy Costs, Hawaii Looks to the Sun|author=Ivan Penn|author2=Ruth Fremson|publisher=The New York Times|date=May 30, 2022}}</ref>
[[Energy in Hawaii|The energy sector in Hawaii]] has rapidly adopted solar power due to the high costs of electricity, and good solar resources, and has one of the highest per capita rates of [[solar power]] in the United States.<ref name=NYT2022>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/30/business/hawaii-solar-energy.html|title=Hit Hard by High Energy Costs, Hawaii Looks to the Sun|author=Ivan Penn|author2=Ruth Fremson|publisher=The New York Times|date=May 30, 2022}}</ref> Hawaii's [[United States energy independence|imported energy]] costs, mostly for imported petroleum and coal, are three to four times higher<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heco.com/vcmcontent/StaticFiles/pdf/2011_HECO_Interim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016113553/http://www.heco.com/vcmcontent/StaticFiles/pdf/2011_HECO_Interim.pdf|url-status=dead|title=PUC issues interim decision in Hawaiian Electric rate case|archive-date=October 16, 2011}}</ref> than the mainland, so Hawaii has motivation to become one of the highest users of [[solar energy]]. Hawaii was the first state in the United States to reach [[grid parity]] for photovoltaics. Its [[tropical]] location provides abundant ambient energy.
Hawaii's [[United States energy independence|imported energy]] costs, mostly for imported petroleum and coal, are three to four times higher<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heco.com/vcmcontent/StaticFiles/pdf/2011_HECO_Interim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016113553/http://www.heco.com/vcmcontent/StaticFiles/pdf/2011_HECO_Interim.pdf|url-status=dead|title=PUC issues interim decision in Hawaiian Electric rate case|archive-date=October 16, 2011}}</ref> than the mainland, so Hawaii has motivation to become one of the highest users of [[solar energy]]. Hawaii was the first state in the United States to reach [[grid parity]] for photovoltaics. Its [[tropical]] location provides abundant ambient energy.


Much of Hawaii's solar capacity is distributed solar panels on individual homes and businesses. Hawaii's grid has had to deal with this unique situation by developing new technology for balancing the energy flows in areas with large amounts of solar power. In 2017 distributed solar produced 913GWh which was 36% of all renewable energy produced in the state and about 9% of electricity sales. Utility-scale solar produced 212GWh, just over 1% of sales.<ref>[https://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/HSEO_2018_EnergyFactsFigures.pdf 2018 Energy Facts and Figures], Hawaii State Energy Office, June 2018</ref> In December 2016, Hawaii had 674MW of installed distributed solar capacity.<ref name="Hawaii Solar" /> The largest utility-scale solar farm in Hawaii is the 49 MW Kawailoa Solar project which opened in September 2019.<ref name="auto">[http://www.staradvertiser.com/2017/01/25/breaking-news/hawaiis-largest-solar-farm-goes-online-in-waianae/ Hawaii’s largest solar farm goes online in Waianae], ''Honolulu Star-Advertiser'', Kathryn Mykleseth, January 25, 2017</ref>
Much of Hawaii's solar capacity is distributed solar panels on individual homes and businesses. Hawaii's grid has had to deal with this unique situation by developing new technology for balancing the energy flows in areas with large amounts of solar power. In 2023, distributed solar produced 1,408 GWh while utility-scale solar produced 643 GWh.<ref name=":0" /> Hawaii had 1,808 MW of installed solar capacity in 2023.<ref name="Hawaii Solar" /> The largest utility-scale solar farm in Hawaii is the 60 MW Kuihelani Solar on Maui, which open in 2024 and includes 240 MWhr of battery storage<ref>[https://www.staradvertiser.com/2024/06/10/breaking-news/aes-hawaii-begins-operations-of-mauis-largest-solar-facility/ AES Hawai‘i begins operations of the state’s largest solar facility], ''Honolulu Star Advertiser'', June 10, 2024</ref> As of 2024, solar power produced 19.5% of Hawaii's electricity.<ref name="SEIA" />


==History==
==History==
[[File:Solar Panels @ Ala Moana (23715386935).jpg|thumb|Commercial rooftop solar installation in Honolulu]]
Hawaii has a [[renewable portfolio standard]] of 40% renewable energy by 2030 and 100% by 2045.<ref>[http://khon2.com/2015/06/08/new-law-requires-100-percent-renewable-energy-in-hawaii-by-2045/ New law requires 100-percent renewable energy in Hawaii by 2045], KHON2, Brigette Namata, June 8, 2015</ref> Hawaii had almost 200 MW of grid-connected photovoltaics in 2012. 16 MW of PV were installed in 2010, 40 MW in 2011, and 109 MW in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.slideshare.net/SEIA/us-solar-market-insight-report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418122702/http://www.slideshare.net/SEIA/us-solar-market-insight-report|url-status=dead|title=U.S. Solar Market Insight Report|archive-date=April 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seia.org/news/multimedia/shareable-graphics|title=2014 Top 10 Solar States}}</ref>
Hawaii has a [[renewable portfolio standard]] of 40% renewable energy by 2030 and 100% by 2045.<ref>[http://khon2.com/2015/06/08/new-law-requires-100-percent-renewable-energy-in-hawaii-by-2045/ New law requires 100-percent renewable energy in Hawaii by 2045], KHON2, Brigette Namata, June 8, 2015</ref> Hawaii had almost 200 MW of grid-connected photovoltaics in 2012. 16 MW of PV were installed in 2010, 40 MW in 2011, and 109 MW in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.slideshare.net/SEIA/us-solar-market-insight-report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418122702/http://www.slideshare.net/SEIA/us-solar-market-insight-report|url-status=dead|title=U.S. Solar Market Insight Report|archive-date=April 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seia.org/news/multimedia/shareable-graphics|title=2014 Top 10 Solar States}}</ref>


The electrical grids of the Hawaiian islands are each separate and relatively small. "Overbuilding" [[distributed solar]] in some areas has led to issues such as partial [[duck curve]], although [[Dynamic pricing#Time-based utility pricing|time-of-use pricing]] has reduced disadvantages.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.utilitydive.com/news/the-duck-is-learning-to-fly-in-california-and-hawaii/424061/ |title=The Duck is learning to fly in California and Hawaii|first=Jim |last=Lazar |date=8 August 2016|work=Utility Dive|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> Such overbuilding led the Hawaiian Electrical Company (HECO) to stop its [[net metering]] program, which reimbursed solar consumers generously for the excess electricity they exported back to the grid, in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.governing.com/topics/transportation-infrastructure/tns-hawaii-solar.html|title=End of Hawaii's Solar Credit Program Spells Trouble for Industry|website=www.governing.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-31}}</ref> As a result, residential solar installations fell as homeowners could no longer justify the costs because the payback time of the rooftop solar system made it cost-prohibitive.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/rooftop-solar-in-hawaii-crashes-with-loss-of-net-metering-lack-self-supply|title=Rooftop Solar in Oahu Crashes With Loss of Net Metering, Lack of Self-Supply Installs|access-date=2017-07-31}}</ref> Two successor programs - [https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/clean-energy-hawaii/producing-clean-energy/customer-self-supply-and-grid-supply-programs customer grid supply (CGS) and customer self-supply] - have proved less successful than net-metering did in promoting the growth of the industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2016/11/30/heco-sees-significant-uptick-in-self-supply-applications/|title=HECO sees significant uptick in self-supply applications|website=pv magazine USA|access-date=2017-07-31}}</ref> [[HECO]] has made connecting to the grid more difficult, leading to layoffs among the solar installation industry.<ref>[http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/26598892/pv-industry-struggles-following-heco-rule HECO rule pulled the plug on PV jobs], Hawaii News Now, Jim Mendoz, Sep 22, 2014</ref> In 2014, there were over 40,000 rooftop systems, over 10 percent of customers.<ref>[http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/A-Solar-Permit-Slowdown-is-Chilling-Oahus-Installer-Market A Solar Permit Slowdown Is Chilling Oahu’s Installer Market], greentechmedia, Eric Wesoff, June 12, 2014</ref> A proposed grid interconnection between Oahu and Maui would have allowed more renewable energy but was rejected as too costly.<ref>[http://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/HonStarAd_LinkingIsles_1.22.14.pdf Linking isles' energy grids will save money, state says], ''Honolulu Star-Advertiser'', Alan Yonan Jr., Jan 22, 2014</ref> By 2022, nearly a third of single family homes have solar panels.<ref name=NYT2022 />
The electrical grids of the Hawaiian islands are each separate and relatively small. "Overbuilding" [[distributed solar]] in some areas has led to issues such as partial [[duck curve]], although [[Dynamic pricing#Time-based utility pricing|time-of-use pricing]] has reduced disadvantages.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.utilitydive.com/news/the-duck-is-learning-to-fly-in-california-and-hawaii/424061/ |title=The Duck is learning to fly in California and Hawaii|first=Jim |last=Lazar |date=8 August 2016|work=Utility Dive|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> Such overbuilding led the Hawaiian Electrical Company (HECO) to stop its [[net metering]] program, which reimbursed solar consumers generously for the excess electricity they exported back to the grid, in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.governing.com/topics/transportation-infrastructure/tns-hawaii-solar.html|title=End of Hawaii's Solar Credit Program Spells Trouble for Industry|website=www.governing.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-31}}</ref> As a result, residential solar installations fell as homeowners could no longer justify the costs because the payback time of the rooftop solar system made it cost-prohibitive.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/rooftop-solar-in-hawaii-crashes-with-loss-of-net-metering-lack-self-supply|title=Rooftop Solar in Oahu Crashes With Loss of Net Metering, Lack of Self-Supply Installs|access-date=2017-07-31}}</ref> Two successor programs - [https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/clean-energy-hawaii/producing-clean-energy/customer-self-supply-and-grid-supply-programs customer grid supply (CGS) and customer self-supply] - have proved less successful than net-metering did in promoting the growth of the industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2016/11/30/heco-sees-significant-uptick-in-self-supply-applications/|title=HECO sees significant uptick in self-supply applications|website=pv magazine USA|access-date=2017-07-31}}</ref> [[HECO]] has made connecting to the grid more difficult, leading to layoffs among the solar installation industry.<ref>[http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/26598892/pv-industry-struggles-following-heco-rule HECO rule pulled the plug on PV jobs], Hawaii News Now, Jim Mendoz, Sep 22, 2014</ref> In 2014, there were over 40,000 rooftop systems, over 10 percent of customers.<ref>[http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/A-Solar-Permit-Slowdown-is-Chilling-Oahus-Installer-Market A Solar Permit Slowdown Is Chilling Oahu's Installer Market], greentechmedia, Eric Wesoff, June 12, 2014</ref> A proposed grid interconnection between Oahu and Maui would have allowed more renewable energy but was rejected as too costly.<ref>[http://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/HonStarAd_LinkingIsles_1.22.14.pdf Linking isles' energy grids will save money, state says], ''Honolulu Star-Advertiser'', Alan Yonan Jr., Jan 22, 2014</ref> By 2022, nearly a third of single family homes have solar panels.<ref name=NYT2022 />


HECO has limited homeowners' ability to install solar and connect to the grid. As of 2022, the only program available for private systems to supply power to the grid, Customer Grid Supply Plus, has limited capacity and requires inverters that meet HECO specifications. Approved inverters must allow the company to remotely turn off power transmission to the grid as needed.<ref>[https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/products-and-services/customer-renewable-programs/rooftop-solar/customer-grid-supply-plus HECO Customer Grid Supply Plus]</ref> The utility has gone full steam ahead with its own plans to build utility-scale solar, approving 110 MW on July 27, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2017/07/28/hawaii-approves-contracts-for-110-mw-ac-of-utility-scale-solar/|title=Hawaii approves contracts for 110 MW-AC of utility-scale solar|website=pv magazine USA|access-date=2017-07-31}}</ref>
HECO has limited homeowners' ability to install solar and connect to the grid. As of 2022, the only program available for private systems to supply power to the grid, Customer Grid Supply Plus, has limited capacity and requires inverters that meet HECO specifications. Approved inverters must allow the company to remotely turn off power transmission to the grid as needed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hawaiianelectric.com/products-and-services/customer-renewable-programs/rooftop-solar/customer-grid-supply-plus|title=Customer Grid-Supply Plus|website=www.hawaiianelectric.com}}</ref> The utility has gone full steam ahead with its own plans to build utility-scale solar, approving 110 MW on July 27, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2017/07/28/hawaii-approves-contracts-for-110-mw-ac-of-utility-scale-solar/|title=Hawaii approves contracts for 110 MW-AC of utility-scale solar|website=pv magazine USA|access-date=2017-07-31}}</ref>


[[Cyanotech]] has a 0.5 MW solar array on its algae farm at the [[Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii]].<ref>[https://energy.ehawaii.gov/epd/public/energy-project-details.html?rid=ed-6611d1f3b2a26f11 Cyanotech Solar Array], Hawaii Renewable Energy Projects Directory, Hawaii State Energy Office</ref>
[[Cyanotech]] has a 0.5 MW solar array on its algae farm at the [[Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii]].<ref>[https://energy.ehawaii.gov/epd/public/energy-project-details.html?rid=ed-6611d1f3b2a26f11 Cyanotech Solar Array], Hawaii Renewable Energy Projects Directory, Hawaii State Energy Office</ref>
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[[Kauai]] has rapidly adopted solar. In 2009, oil provided 91% of the island's electricity. In 2015, solar provided 15% with other renewables providing another 22% with oil providing 63%.<ref name="auto1">[http://www.utilitydive.com/news/inside-the-first-fully-dispatchable-utility-solar-storage-project-in-hawaii/408208/ Inside the first fully dispatchable utility solar-storage project in Hawaii], UtilityDive, Peter Maloney, October 29, 2015</ref> Diesel usage was expected to be reduced by {{convert|10|e6usgal|e3m3|abbr=off|sp=us}} in 2016 compared to 2008. On some days in 2016, solar power provided 77% of the electricity generation on Kauai.<ref>[http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2016/12/07/utility-lowers-rates-by-nearly-20-in-2016.html Utility lowers rates by nearly 20% in 2016], Duane Shimogawa, ''Pacific Business News'', December 7, 2016</ref>
[[Kauai]] has rapidly adopted solar. In 2009, oil provided 91% of the island's electricity. In 2015, solar provided 15% with other renewables providing another 22% with oil providing 63%.<ref name="auto1">[http://www.utilitydive.com/news/inside-the-first-fully-dispatchable-utility-solar-storage-project-in-hawaii/408208/ Inside the first fully dispatchable utility solar-storage project in Hawaii], UtilityDive, Peter Maloney, October 29, 2015</ref> Diesel usage was expected to be reduced by {{convert|10|e6usgal|e3m3|abbr=off|sp=us}} in 2016 compared to 2008. On some days in 2016, solar power provided 77% of the electricity generation on Kauai.<ref>[http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2016/12/07/utility-lowers-rates-by-nearly-20-in-2016.html Utility lowers rates by nearly 20% in 2016], Duane Shimogawa, ''Pacific Business News'', December 7, 2016</ref>


When it opened on November 2, 2015 on Kauai, the 12MW Anahola project was the largest solar project in Hawaii. It has 59,000 panels on {{convert|60|acre|ha|abbr=off}} of land and is expected to supply up to 20% of the island's momentary electricity demand and up to 5% of the annual demand.<ref>[http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/30466779/anahola-solar-array-set-to-generate-20-percent-of-kauais-electricity Anahola Solar Array set to generate 20% of Kauai's electricity], Hawaii News Now, Nov 8, 2014</ref> The Anahola project also incorporates a 6MW lithium-ion battery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://recsolar.com/press/rec-solar-kiuc-interconnection/|title=REC Solar & KIUC Connect Hawaii’s Largest Solar Project|first=Estelle|last=Soria|date=November 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hawaii Solar">[http://www.seia.org/state-solar-policy/hawaii Hawaii Solar], SEIA</ref> The 12 MW Kapaia solar plant is connected to a 13 MW / 52 [[MWh]] battery,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.utilitydive.com/news/solarcity-selects-tesla-batteries-for-kauai-solarstorage-project/414078/ |title=SolarCity selects Tesla batteries for Kauai solar+storage project|date= February 18, 2016|work=Utility Dive|access-date= October 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://electrek.co/2017/03/08/tesla-powerpack-2-project-hawaii-kauai-solar-power/ |title=Tesla launches its Powerpack 2 project in Hawaii, will help Island of Kauai get more out of its solar power|date=March 8, 2017|access-date=March 8, 2017}}</ref> and the power is priced at 13.9 c/kWh.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://kiuc.coopwebbuilder2.com/sites/kiuc/files/PDF/pr/pr2016-0216-solar.pdf |title=SolarCity Selects Battery System for Kauaʻi Co-op Solar Storage Project }}</ref> A 2018 project for 28 MW solar with 20 MW / 100 MWh batteries is priced at 11 c/kWh.<ref name=gtm-kauai>{{cite web|url= https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/aes-puts-energy-heavy-battery-behind-new-kauai-solar-peaker |title=AES’ New Kauai Solar-Storage ‘Peaker’ Shows How Fast Battery Costs Are Falling|date=January 16, 2017|access-date=January 24, 2017}}</ref> A 44MW solar farm with batteries to be completed in 2019 will bring the island to 70% renewable electricity while a pumped-storage hydro facility is under consideration which could bring the island to 90% renewable by 2023.
When it opened on November 2, 2015 on Kauai, the 12MW Anahola project was the largest solar project in Hawaii. It has 59,000 panels on {{convert|60|acre|ha|abbr=off}} of land and is expected to supply up to 20% of the island's momentary electricity demand and up to 5% of the annual demand.<ref>[http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/30466779/anahola-solar-array-set-to-generate-20-percent-of-kauais-electricity Anahola Solar Array set to generate 20% of Kauai's electricity], Hawaii News Now, Nov 8, 2014</ref> The Anahola project also incorporates a 6MW lithium-ion battery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://recsolar.com/press/rec-solar-kiuc-interconnection/|title=REC Solar & KIUC Connect Hawaii’s Largest Solar Project|first=Estelle|last=Soria|date=November 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hawaii Solar">[http://www.seia.org/state-solar-policy/hawaii Hawaii Solar], SEIA</ref> The 12 MW Kapaia solar plant is connected to a 13 MW / 52 [[MWh]] battery,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.utilitydive.com/news/solarcity-selects-tesla-batteries-for-kauai-solarstorage-project/414078/ |title=SolarCity selects Tesla batteries for Kauai solar+storage project|date= February 18, 2016|work=Utility Dive|access-date= October 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://electrek.co/2017/03/08/tesla-powerpack-2-project-hawaii-kauai-solar-power/ |title=Tesla launches its Powerpack 2 project in Hawaii, will help Island of Kauai get more out of its solar power|date=March 8, 2017|access-date=March 8, 2017}}</ref> and the power is priced at 13.9 c/kWh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kiuc.coopwebbuilder2.com/sites/kiuc/files/PDF/pr/pr2016-0216-solar.pdf|title=SolarCity Selects Battery System for Kauaʻi Co-op Solar Storage Project}}</ref> A 2018 project for 28 MW solar with 20 MW / 100 MWh batteries is priced at 11 c/kWh.<ref name=gtm-kauai>{{cite web|url= https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/aes-puts-energy-heavy-battery-behind-new-kauai-solar-peaker |title=AES’ New Kauai Solar-Storage ‘Peaker’ Shows How Fast Battery Costs Are Falling|date=January 16, 2017|access-date=January 24, 2017}}</ref> A 44MW solar farm with batteries to be completed in 2019 will bring the island to 70% renewable electricity while a pumped-storage hydro facility is under consideration which could bring the island to 90% renewable by 2023.


==Statistics==
==Statistics==
[[File:Hawaii electricity production by type.webp|thumb|Hawaii electricity production by type]]
In 2012 a typical solar system in Hawaii paid for itself in only 4 years, and returned a profit of over 4 times the cost over its life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solarpowerrocks.com/hawaii/|title=2020 Guide to Hawaii Solar Panels &#124; Incentives, Rebates, and Tax Credits}}</ref> Hawaii's 35% ($5000.00 Maximum) state tax credit is the second highest in the country, behind Louisiana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/imported-20101004182628/2011/6/10/isles-power-up-in-solar-rankings.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415004054/http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/imported-20101004182628/2011/6/10/isles-power-up-in-solar-rankings.html|url-status=dead|title=Isles power up in solar rankings|archive-date=April 15, 2013}}</ref> Hawaii offers a [[feed-in tariff]], but it does not meet the normal definition of a feed-in tariff, as it is less than the retail cost of electricity, and is therefore simply a [[Power Purchase Agreement]]. The Oahu Wind Integration Study<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu/PDFs/Oahu_Wind_Integration_Study.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516004950/http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu/PDFs/Oahu_Wind_Integration_Study.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Oahu Wind Integration Study|archive-date=May 16, 2011}}</ref> released a report detailing the impact on the Oahu grid and found that 500 MW of wind and 100 MW of solar power could provide Oahu up to 25% of its electricity while eliminating the need to burn approximately 2.8 million barrels of low sulfur fuel oil and 132,000 tons of coal each year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.solar-hawaii.org/2011/03/23/hawaii-study-wind-and-solar-can-reliably-supply-25-percent-of-oahu-electricity-needs/|title=Hawaii Study: Wind and Solar Can Reliably Supply 25% of Oahu's Electricity Needs|date=March 23, 2011|website=Solar Hawaii}}</ref>
In 2012 a typical solar system in Hawaii paid for itself in only 4 years, and returned a profit of over 4 times the cost over its life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solarreviews.com/solar-incentives/hawaii|title=Guide to Hawaii incentives & tax credits in 2022|website=www.solarreviews.com}}</ref> Hawaii's 35% ($5000.00 Maximum) state tax credit is the second highest in the country, behind Louisiana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/imported-20101004182628/2011/6/10/isles-power-up-in-solar-rankings.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415004054/http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/imported-20101004182628/2011/6/10/isles-power-up-in-solar-rankings.html|url-status=dead|title=Isles power up in solar rankings|archive-date=April 15, 2013}}</ref> Hawaii offers a [[feed-in tariff]], but it does not meet the normal definition of a feed-in tariff, as it is less than the retail cost of electricity, and is therefore simply a [[Power Purchase Agreement]]. The Oahu Wind Integration Study<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu/PDFs/Oahu_Wind_Integration_Study.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516004950/http://www.hnei.hawaii.edu/PDFs/Oahu_Wind_Integration_Study.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Oahu Wind Integration Study|archive-date=May 16, 2011}}</ref> released a report detailing the impact on the Oahu grid and found that 500 MW of wind and 100 MW of solar power could provide Oahu up to 25% of its electricity while eliminating the need to burn approximately 2.8 million barrels of low sulfur fuel oil and 132,000 tons of coal each year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.solar-hawaii.org/2011/03/23/hawaii-study-wind-and-solar-can-reliably-supply-25-percent-of-oahu-electricity-needs/|title=Hawaii Study: Wind and Solar Can Reliably Supply 25% of Oahu's Electricity Needs|date=March 23, 2011|website=Solar Hawaii}}</ref>

In 2010 Hawaii generated 56 GWh of energy by [[photovoltaics]]; this had risen to 2051 GWh in 2023.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/HSEO_FF_May2015.pdf|title=Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures May 2015}}</ref>


In 2010 Hawaii generated 56 GWh of energy by [[photovoltaics]], and 559 GWh in 2014.<ref>[http://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/HSEO_FF_May2015.pdf Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures May 2015]</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; text-align:right;"
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; text-align:right;"
! colspan="13" style="background-color: #cfb;" | Grid-Connected PV Capacity (MW)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Final-Solar-Report-7-3-14-W-2.pdf|title=U.S. Solar Market Trends 2013|author=Sherwood, Larry|publisher=Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC)|date=July 2014|access-date=2014-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Solar-Report-Final-July-2013-1.pdf |format= PDF |title= U.S. Solar Market Trends 2012 |last= Sherwood |first= Larry |publisher= Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC) |date=July 2013 |page= 16 |access-date= 2013-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/IRECSolarMarketTrends-2012-web.pdf|title=U.S. Solar Market Trends 2011|author=Sherwood, Larry|publisher=Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC)|date=August 2012|access-date=2012-08-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906231846/http://www.irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/IRECSolarMarketTrends-2012-web.pdf|archive-date=2012-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/IREC-Solar-Market-Trends-Report-June-2011-web.pdf|title=U.S. Solar Market Trends 2010|author=Sherwood, Larry|publisher=Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC)|date=June 2011|access-date=2011-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/IREC-Solar-Market-Trends-Report-2010_7-27-10_web1.pdf|title=U.S. Solar Market Trends 2009|author=Sherwood, Larry|publisher=Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC)|date=July 2010|access-date=2010-07-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925184512/http://irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/IREC-Solar-Market-Trends-Report-2010_7-27-10_web1.pdf|archive-date=2010-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://irecusa.org/fileadmin/user_upload/NationalOutreachDocs/SolarTrendsReports/IREC_Solar_Market_Trends_Report_2008.pdf |title=U.S. Solar Market Trends 2008 |last=Sherwood |first=Larry |publisher=Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC) |date=July 2009 |access-date=2010-07-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123030109/http://www.irecusa.org/fileadmin/user_upload/NationalOutreachDocs/SolarTrendsReports/IREC_Solar_Market_Trends_Report_2008.pdf |archive-date=2009-11-23 }}</ref><ref name="SEIA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.seia.org/state-solar-policy/hawaii-solar|title=Hawaii Solar|website=SEIA}}</ref>
! colspan="13" style="background-color: #cfb;" | Grid-Connected PV Capacity (MW)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Final-Solar-Report-7-3-14-W-2.pdf|title=U.S. Solar Market Trends 2013|author=Sherwood, Larry|publisher=Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC)|date=July 2014|access-date=2014-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Solar-Report-Final-July-2013-1.pdf |format= PDF |title= U.S. Solar Market Trends 2012 |last= Sherwood |first= Larry |publisher= Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC) |date=July 2013 |page= 16 |access-date= 2013-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/IRECSolarMarketTrends-2012-web.pdf|title=U.S. Solar Market Trends 2011|author=Sherwood, Larry|publisher=Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC)|date=August 2012|access-date=2012-08-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906231846/http://www.irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/IRECSolarMarketTrends-2012-web.pdf|archive-date=2012-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/IREC-Solar-Market-Trends-Report-June-2011-web.pdf|title=U.S. Solar Market Trends 2010|author=Sherwood, Larry|publisher=Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC)|date=June 2011|access-date=2011-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/IREC-Solar-Market-Trends-Report-2010_7-27-10_web1.pdf|title=U.S. Solar Market Trends 2009|author=Sherwood, Larry|publisher=Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC)|date=July 2010|access-date=2010-07-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925184512/http://irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/IREC-Solar-Market-Trends-Report-2010_7-27-10_web1.pdf|archive-date=2010-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://irecusa.org/fileadmin/user_upload/NationalOutreachDocs/SolarTrendsReports/IREC_Solar_Market_Trends_Report_2008.pdf |title=U.S. Solar Market Trends 2008 |last=Sherwood |first=Larry |publisher=Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC) |date=July 2009 |access-date=2010-07-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123030109/http://www.irecusa.org/fileadmin/user_upload/NationalOutreachDocs/SolarTrendsReports/IREC_Solar_Market_Trends_Report_2008.pdf |archive-date=2009-11-23 }}</ref><ref name="SEIA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.seia.org/state-solar-policy/hawaii-solar|title=Hawaii Solar|website=SEIA}}</ref>
Line 66: Line 68:
| 2020 || 1,413.2 || 101.5 || 7.7%
| 2020 || 1,413.2 || 101.5 || 7.7%
|- align=right
|- align=right
| 2021 || 1,468.2 || 55 || %
| 2021 || 1,468.2 || 55 || 3.8%
|- align=right
| 2022 || 1,560 || 91.8 || 6.3%
|- align=right
| 2023 || 1,808 || 248 || 15.9%
|-
|}
|}


This was 0.07% of the state's total electricity generation for 2007, 0.13% for 2008, 0.33% for 2009, 0.51% for 2010,<ref>[http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/databook/2009-individual/17/170709.pdf 2009]</ref><ref>[http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/databook/2010-individual/17/170710.pdf 2010]</ref> and 1% in 2011. In 2015 solar provided 6% of Hawaii's electricity,<ref name=State>[http://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/EnergyFactsFigures_Jan2013.pdf Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures January 2013], State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism
This was only 0.07% of the state's total electricity generation in 2007 but had risen to 19.5% by 2024.<ref name="SEIA" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/EnergyFactFigures_Nov2013.pdf|title=Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/HSEO_FF_Nov2014.pdf|title=Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/HSEO_FF_Nov2015.pdf|title=Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures November 2015}}</ref>
Hawaii State Energy Office, January 2013, accessed October 11, 2013</ref> and in 2020 15.83%.<ref name="SEIA" /><ref>[http://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/EnergyFactFigures_Nov2013.pdf Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures November 2013]</ref><ref>[http://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/HSEO_FF_Nov2014.pdf Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures November 2014]</ref><ref>[http://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/HSEO_FF_Nov2015.pdf Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures November 2015]</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
<timeline>
|+Utility Scale Solar Generation in Hawaii (GWh)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Electricity Data Browser |url=https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/0?agg=2,0,1&fuel=vtvv&geo=0000000000008&sec=g&linechart=~&columnchart=ELEC.GEN.ALL-HI-99.M&map=ELEC.GEN.ALL-HI-99.M&freq=M&start=200101&end=202205&ctype=linechart&ltype=pin&rtype=s&pin=ELEC.GEN.SUN-HI-99.M&rse=0&maptype=0 |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref>
ImageSize = width:360 height:240
!Year
PlotArea = width:290 height:150 left:40 bottom:40
!Total
AlignBars = late
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
|-
|2015
|55
|2
|3
|4
|5
|5
|5
|5
|7
|6
|5
|4
|4
|-
|2016
|88
|3
|7
|6
|6
|8
|8
|10
|10
|9
|8
|7
|6
|-
|2017
|174
|8
|9
|15
|14
|19
|19
|18
|18
|16
|15
|12
|11
|-
|2018
|185
|13
|12
|14
|15
|18
|20
|18
|18
|16
|16
|13
|12
|-
|2019
|267
|13
|14
|18
|22
|22
|22
|23
|23
|26
|29
|30
|25
|-
|2020
|483
|24
|30
|34
|43
|49
|47
|46
|49
|50
|40
|35
|36
|-
|2021
|520
|34
|32
|39
|48
|53
|54
|50
|50
|48
|43
|39
|30
|-
|2022
|556
|38
|41
|45
|43
|39
|48
|48
|62
|54
|54
|47
|37
|-
|2023
|643
|42
|35
|47
|49
|59
|66
|68
|70
|64
|59
|44
|40
|-
|}


{| class="wikitable"
DateFormat = x.y
|+Small Scale Solar Generation in Hawaii (GWh)<ref name=":0" />
Period = from:0 till:6
!Year
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
!Total
ScaleMajor = unit:month increment:1 start:0
!Jan

!Feb
TextData =
!Mar
pos:(15,220) textcolor:black fontsize:M
!Apr
text:percent
!May
pos:(175,25) textcolor:black fontsize:S
!Jun
text:Year
!Jul
pos:(90,230) textcolor:black fontsize:M
!Aug
text:Hawaii percentage electricity from solar
!Sep

!Oct
Colors =
!Nov
id:yellow value:yellow
!Dec

|-
PlotData=
|2015
width:30 textcolor:black
|633
bar:2007 color:yellow from:0 till:0.07
|42
bar:2008 color:yellow from:0 till:0.13
|43
bar:2009 color:yellow from:0 till:0.33
|51
bar:2010 color:yellow from:0 till:0.51
|55
bar:2011 color:yellow from:0 till:1
|59
bar:2012 color:yellow from:0 till:2.5
|59
bar:2013 color:yellow from:0 till:4.3
|61
bar:2014 color:yellow from:0 till:6
|60
</timeline>
|56
|53
|46
|48
|-
|2016
|760
|52
|54
|62
|66
|71
|71
|72
|73
|67
|63
|54
|55
|-
|2017
|971
|69
|67
|81
|85
|92
|91
|94
|92
|85
|78
|68
|69
|-
|2018
|1,029
|74
|71
|86
|90
|96
|98
|99
|96
|89
|83
|73
|74
|-
|2019
|1,111
|78
|76
|92
|98
|104
|100
|109
|106
|97
|92
|79
|80
|-
|2020
|1,210
|84
|87
|99
|107
|114
|113
|115
|115
|106
|97
|86
|87
|-
|2021
|1,273
|92
|90
|107
|115
|122
|122
|123
|120
|109
|100
|91
|82
|-
|2022
|1,329
|97
|95
|112
|117
|125
|125
|127
|125
|114
|106
|93
|93
|-
|2023
|1,408
|98
|95
|115
|120
|132
|131
|132
|136
|124
|118
|104
|103
|-
|}
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


Line 113: Line 394:
* 2009: La Ola Solar Farm on [[Lanai]] was dedicated in January, with a design capacity of 1.5&nbsp;MW (1.2&nbsp;MW<sub>AC</sub>).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themolokaidispatch.com/lanai-solar-farm-generating-1-5-mw/|title=Lanai Solar Farm Generating 1.5 MW &#124; The Molokai Dispatch|date=April 27, 2012|website=themolokaidispatch.com}}</ref> After operating at 600KW due to variable cloud cover, in September 2010 Xtreme Power announced plans to incorporate their battery storage technology to bring the system up to design capacity.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://pacific.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2010/09/13/daily11.html | title=Castle & Cooke's Lanai solar farm getting battery boost | date=14 September 2010}}</ref> It is the first [[photovoltaic power plant]] in the world to include battery storage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mauinow.com/2012/04/20/la-ola-solar-farm-now-operating-at-full-capacity/|title=Maui Now: La Ola Solar Farm Now Operating at Full Capacity|website=Maui Now &#124; Hawaii News &#124; La Ola Solar Farm Now Operating at Full Capacity}}</ref>
* 2009: La Ola Solar Farm on [[Lanai]] was dedicated in January, with a design capacity of 1.5&nbsp;MW (1.2&nbsp;MW<sub>AC</sub>).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themolokaidispatch.com/lanai-solar-farm-generating-1-5-mw/|title=Lanai Solar Farm Generating 1.5 MW &#124; The Molokai Dispatch|date=April 27, 2012|website=themolokaidispatch.com}}</ref> After operating at 600KW due to variable cloud cover, in September 2010 Xtreme Power announced plans to incorporate their battery storage technology to bring the system up to design capacity.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://pacific.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2010/09/13/daily11.html | title=Castle & Cooke's Lanai solar farm getting battery boost | date=14 September 2010}}</ref> It is the first [[photovoltaic power plant]] in the world to include battery storage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mauinow.com/2012/04/20/la-ola-solar-farm-now-operating-at-full-capacity/|title=Maui Now: La Ola Solar Farm Now Operating at Full Capacity|website=Maui Now &#124; Hawaii News &#124; La Ola Solar Farm Now Operating at Full Capacity}}</ref>
* 2011: The Kapaa Solar Farm was completed, a 1.21&nbsp;MW photovoltaic array, the largest in Hawaii, and the first on the island of Kauai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.recsolar.com/sites/default/files/Kapaa%20Solar_FINAL.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531131918/http://recsolar.com/sites/default/files/Kapaa%20Solar_FINAL.pdf|url-status=dead|title=REC Solar & KIUC Break Ground on 12 MW Anahola Solar Array &#124; Commercial Solar Company|archive-date=May 31, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/business/20110212_new_kauai_solar_farm_could_power_300_homes.html|title=New Kauai solar farm could power 300 homes}}</ref><ref>[http://news.enf.cn/en/news/news_18441.html Large Solar Farm in Hawaii Opens on Kaua'i Island] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224055103/http://news.enf.cn/en/news/news_18441.html |date=2013-02-24 }}</ref>
* 2011: The Kapaa Solar Farm was completed, a 1.21&nbsp;MW photovoltaic array, the largest in Hawaii, and the first on the island of Kauai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.recsolar.com/sites/default/files/Kapaa%20Solar_FINAL.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531131918/http://recsolar.com/sites/default/files/Kapaa%20Solar_FINAL.pdf|url-status=dead|title=REC Solar & KIUC Break Ground on 12 MW Anahola Solar Array &#124; Commercial Solar Company|archive-date=May 31, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/business/20110212_new_kauai_solar_farm_could_power_300_homes.html|title=New Kauai solar farm could power 300 homes}}</ref><ref>[http://news.enf.cn/en/news/news_18441.html Large Solar Farm in Hawaii Opens on Kaua'i Island] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224055103/http://news.enf.cn/en/news/news_18441.html |date=2013-02-24 }}</ref>
* 2011: Kapolei Sustainable Energy Park on Oahu, 1.18 MW <ref name=State />
* 2011: Kapolei Sustainable Energy Park on Oahu, 1.18 MW <ref name=State>[http://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/EnergyFactsFigures_Jan2013.pdf Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures January 2013], State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism
Hawaii State Energy Office, January 2013, accessed October 11, 2013</ref>
* 2012: Port Allen Solar Facility on Kauai, 6 MW photovoltaic array with 3 MW battery storage.<ref name=State /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pv-tech.org/news/alexander_baldwin_completes_6mw_pv_plant_on_kauai_island|title=Alexander &amp; Baldwin completes 6MW PV plant on Kauai island|website=PV Tech}}</ref>
* 2012: Port Allen Solar Facility on Kauai, 6 MW photovoltaic array with 3 MW battery storage.<ref name=State /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pv-tech.org/news/alexander_baldwin_completes_6mw_pv_plant_on_kauai_island|title=Alexander &amp; Baldwin completes 6MW PV plant on Kauai island|website=PV Tech}}</ref>
* 2012: Pearl City Peninsula Solar, Pearl Harbor Navy Base, 1.23&nbsp;MW
* 2012: Pearl City Peninsula Solar, Pearl Harbor Navy Base, 1.23&nbsp;MW
* 2012: Kalaeloa Solar Power II, 5 MW, a photovoltaic array on Oahu.<ref>[https://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/FF_Nov2016.pdf Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures], Hawaii State Energy Office, November 2016</ref>
* 2012: Kalaeloa Solar Power II, 5 MW, a photovoltaic array on Oahu.<ref>[https://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/FF_Nov2016.pdf Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures], Hawaii State Energy Office, November 2016</ref>
* 2013: Kalaeloa Renewable Energy Park, 5 MW, a photovoltaic array on Oahu.<ref>[http://dhhl.hawaii.gov/2013/03/08/five-megawatt-kalaeloa-solar-farm-now-generating-power-on-oahu/ Five-Megawatt Kalaeloa Solar Farm Now Generating Power on Oahu]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huntcompanies.com/files/html/files/Kalaeloa_Renewable_Energy_Research_Park_12.28.14.pdf|title=Kalaeloa Renewable Energy Park}}</ref>
* 2013: Kalaeloa Renewable Energy Park, 5 MW, a photovoltaic array on Oahu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dhhl.hawaii.gov/2013/03/08/five-megawatt-kalaeloa-solar-farm-now-generating-power-on-oahu/|title=Five-Megawatt Kalaeloa Solar Farm Now Generating Power on Oahu|date=March 9, 2013|website=Department of Hawaiian Home Lands}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huntcompanies.com/files/html/files/Kalaeloa_Renewable_Energy_Research_Park_12.28.14.pdf|title=Kalaeloa Renewable Energy Park}}</ref>
* 2014: Koloa (Grove Farm) 12 MW photovoltaic array, opened in July 2014 on Kauai.<ref name="Hawaii Solar"/><ref name="KIUC">[http://www.recsolar.com/press-release/rec-solar-and-kiuc-connect-hawaiis-largest-solar-project REC Solar and KIUC Connect Hawaii's Largest Solar Project]</ref><ref>[http://khon2.com/2014/09/25/kauai-dedicates-its-koloa-solar-project/ Kauai dedicates its Koloa solar project], KHON2, September 25, 2014</ref>
* 2014: Koloa (Grove Farm) 12 MW photovoltaic array, opened in July 2014 on Kauai.<ref name="Hawaii Solar"/><ref name="KIUC">[http://www.recsolar.com/press-release/rec-solar-and-kiuc-connect-hawaiis-largest-solar-project REC Solar and KIUC Connect Hawaii's Largest Solar Project]</ref><ref>[http://khon2.com/2014/09/25/kauai-dedicates-its-koloa-solar-project/ Kauai dedicates its Koloa solar project], KHON2, September 25, 2014</ref>
* 2015: Anahola, 12 MW photovoltaic array with 6 MW battery storage on Kauai, can produce 20% of Kauai's power during peak production.<ref name="KIUC"/>
* 2015: Anahola, 12 MW photovoltaic array with 6 MW battery storage on Kauai, can produce 20% of Kauai's power during peak production.<ref name="KIUC"/>
* 2016: Waihonu Solar Farm North, 5MW and Waihonu Solar Farm South, 1.5&nbsp;MW, Oahu<ref>[http://solarindustrymag.com/hawaii-gas-dedicates-oahus-biggest-active-solar-farm Hawaii Gas Dedicates Oahu’s Biggest Active Solar Farm], ''Solar Industry'', Joseph Bebon, August 26, 2016</ref>
* 2016: Waihonu Solar Farm North, 5MW and Waihonu Solar Farm South, 1.5&nbsp;MW, Oahu<ref>[http://solarindustrymag.com/hawaii-gas-dedicates-oahus-biggest-active-solar-farm Hawaii Gas Dedicates Oahu's Biggest Active Solar Farm], ''Solar Industry'', Joseph Bebon, August 26, 2016</ref>
* 2017: Waianae Solar, 40 MW<sub>DC</sub> (27.6&nbsp;MW<sub>AC</sub>), Oahu<ref name="oahu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/hawaiian-electric-sends-six-more-oahu-solar-contracts-to-public-utilities-commission-for-approval|title=Hawaiian Electric sends six more Oahu solar contracts to Public Utilities Commission for approval}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>
* 2017: Waianae Solar, 40 MW<sub>DC</sub> (27.6&nbsp;MW<sub>AC</sub>), Oahu<ref name="oahu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/hawaiian-electric-sends-six-more-oahu-solar-contracts-to-public-utilities-commission-for-approval|title=Hawaiian Electric sends six more Oahu solar contracts to Public Utilities Commission for approval}}</ref><ref name="auto">[http://www.staradvertiser.com/2017/01/25/breaking-news/hawaiis-largest-solar-farm-goes-online-in-waianae/ Hawaii's largest solar farm goes online in Waianae], ''Honolulu Star-Advertiser'', Kathryn Mykleseth, January 25, 2017</ref>
* 2017: Kapaia solar project, 13 MW, with 52 MWh [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] battery, on Kauai, to provide electricity only during the evenings<ref name="auto1"/><ref>[http://www.utilitydive.com/news/teslas-dispatchable-solarstorage-project-in-hawaii-brought-online/437858/ Tesla's dispatchable solar+storage project in Hawaii brought online ], UtilityDive, March 13, 2017</ref>
* 2017: Kapaia solar project, 13 MW, with 52 MWh [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] battery, on Kauai, to provide electricity only during the evenings<ref name="auto1"/><ref>[http://www.utilitydive.com/news/teslas-dispatchable-solarstorage-project-in-hawaii-brought-online/437858/ Tesla's dispatchable solar+storage project in Hawaii brought online ], UtilityDive, March 13, 2017</ref>
* 2017: Waipio Solar, Pearl Harbor Navy Base, 13.3 MW<sub>DC</sub> (11&nbsp;MW<sub>(AC)</sub>)<ref>[http://www.hookelenews.com/navy-celebrates-completion-of-waipio-solar-facility/ Navy celebrates completion of Waipio solar facility], ''Ho'okele'', May 05, 2017</ref><ref>[https://eponline.com/articles/2016/07/25/hawaii-solar-farm.aspx?admgarea=ht.energyclimatechange Navy, Hawaiian Electric Agree to Build Solar Farm], July 25, 2016</ref>
* 2017: Waipio Solar, Pearl Harbor Navy Base, 13.3 MW<sub>DC</sub> (11&nbsp;MW<sub>(AC)</sub>)<ref>[http://www.hookelenews.com/navy-celebrates-completion-of-waipio-solar-facility/ Navy celebrates completion of Waipio solar facility], ''Ho'okele'', May 05, 2017</ref><ref>[https://eponline.com/articles/2016/07/25/hawaii-solar-farm.aspx?admgarea=ht.energyclimatechange Navy, Hawaiian Electric Agree to Build Solar Farm], July 25, 2016</ref>
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* 2018: Kihei Solar Farm, 2.9 MW, Maui<ref>[https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_6_03 Table 6.3. New Utility Scale Generating Units by Operating Company, Plant, and Month, 2018], Electric Power Monthly, U.S. Energy Information Administration</ref>
* 2018: Kihei Solar Farm, 2.9 MW, Maui<ref>[https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_6_03 Table 6.3. New Utility Scale Generating Units by Operating Company, Plant, and Month, 2018], Electric Power Monthly, U.S. Energy Information Administration</ref>
* 2018: Ku'ia Solar, 2.8 MW, Maui <ref name="Maui">[http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2016/02/23/hawaii-regulators-approve-large-maui-solar-farm.html Hawaii regulators approve large Maui solar farm], Duane Shimogawa, Pacific Business News, Feb 23, 2016,</ref><ref>[http://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/10/2-more-large-scale-solar-projects-for-maui-in-contract-talks/ 2 more large-scale solar projects for Maui in contract talks], ''The Maui News'', Oct 10, 2018</ref>
* 2018: Ku'ia Solar, 2.8 MW, Maui <ref name="Maui">[http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2016/02/23/hawaii-regulators-approve-large-maui-solar-farm.html Hawaii regulators approve large Maui solar farm], Duane Shimogawa, Pacific Business News, Feb 23, 2016,</ref><ref>[http://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2018/10/2-more-large-scale-solar-projects-for-maui-in-contract-talks/ 2 more large-scale solar projects for Maui in contract talks], ''The Maui News'', Oct 10, 2018</ref>
*2019: Lāwa’i Solar (AES), 28 MW with 100 MWh storage, Kauai<ref>[http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2019/01/09/land-that-once-grew-sugar-cane-now-provides-renewable-energy-kauai/ Land that once grew sugar cane now provides renewable energy for Kauai], ''Hawaii News Now'', Dillon Ancheta, January 8, 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.pv-tech.org/news/aes-and-kiuc-break-ground-on-hawaiis-largest-solar-plus-storage-system AES and KIUC break ground on Hawaii’s largest solar-plus-storage system], pv-tech, Tom Kenning, Feb 23, 2018</ref>
*2019: Lāwa’i Solar (AES), 28 MW with 100 MWh storage, Kauai<ref>[http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2019/01/09/land-that-once-grew-sugar-cane-now-provides-renewable-energy-kauai/ Land that once grew sugar cane now provides renewable energy for Kauai], ''Hawaii News Now'', Dillon Ancheta, January 8, 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.pv-tech.org/news/aes-and-kiuc-break-ground-on-hawaiis-largest-solar-plus-storage-system AES and KIUC break ground on Hawaii's largest solar-plus-storage system], pv-tech, Tom Kenning, Feb 23, 2018</ref>
* 2019: Mililani II Solar, 14.7 MW, Oahu<ref name=3HSP>[https://www.power-eng.com/2019/09/11/three-hawaiian-solar-projects-totaling/#gref Three Hawaiian solar projects push state closer to renewable goals], Power Engineering, September 11, 2019</ref>
* 2019: Waipio Solar project, 45.9 MW, Oahu<ref name=3HSP /><ref name="oahu" /><ref name="maui" />
* 2019: Waipio Solar project, 45.9 MW, Oahu<ref name=3HSP /><ref name="oahu" /><ref name="maui" />
* 2019: West Loch Solar, 20 MW, Oahu<ref>[https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/documents/about_us/news/2019/20191125_west_loch_solar_project_news_release.pdf Hawaiian Electric, U.S. Navy dedicate West Loch Solar Project], Hawaii Electric, November 25, 2019</ref>
* 2019: Kawailoa Solar project, 49 MW, Oahu<ref name=3HSP /><ref name="oahu" /><ref name="maui" />
* 2019: Kawailoa Solar project, 49 MW, Oahu<ref name=3HSP /><ref name="oahu" /><ref name="maui" />
* 2019: Lanikuhana Solar, 15 MW, Oahu, with 150 sheep in an [[agrivoltaic]] project<ref>[https://www.clearwayhawaii.com/operational-projects-2/lanikuhana-solar Lanikuhana Solar], Clearway Hawaii Region, accessed May 14, 2024</ref><ref name="oahu" /><ref name="maui">[https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/nrg-and-hawaiian-electric-reach-new-power-purchase-agreements-to-revive-major-solar-projects-on-oahu RG and Hawaiian Electric Reach New Power Purchase Agreements to Revive Major Solar Projects on Oahu], Maui Electric, January 1, 2017</ref><ref name=3HSP>[https://www.power-eng.com/2019/09/11/three-hawaiian-solar-projects-totaling/#gref Three Hawaiian solar projects push state closer to renewable goals], Power Engineering, September 11, 2019</ref>
* 2020: Mililani Tech Solar I, 0.27MW, Oahu, first [[community solar]] project in Hawaii<ref>[https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2019/09/17/first-community-solar-project-planned-mililani-area/ First community solar project planned for Mililani area], Hawaii News Now, September 16, 2019</ref>
* 2021: Kekaha Solar + Storage project, Kauai, 19 MW, with 70 MWh battery storage, on U.S. Navy Missile Range facility, can operate as a separate [[microgrid]]<ref>[http://www.utilitydive.com/news/navy-developing-44-mw-solarstorage-facility-on-kauai/435984/ Navy developing 44 MW solar+storage facility on Kauai], UtilityDive, February 13, 2017</ref><ref>[https://www.nrel.gov/news/features/2021/us-navy-kiuc-aes-and-nrel-innovate-and-collaborate-for-resilience-and-cost-effective-clean-energy-project-on-kauai.html U.S. Navy, KIUC, AES, and NREL Innovate and Collaborate for Resilience and Cost-Effective Clean Energy Project on Kauai], National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, November 16, 2021</ref>
* 2022 - Mililani I Solar, 39MW with 156MWhr storage<ref name=Low /><ref>[https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2022/08/clearway-completes-39-mw-solar-156-mwh-storage-project-on-oahu/ Clearway completes 39-MW solar, 156-MWh storage project on O’ahu], Solar Power World, Kelly Pickerel, August 11, 2022</ref>
* 2023: Waiawa Solar, 36 MW, Oahu with 36 MW battery
* 2023: [[Waikoloa Village, Hawaii|Waikoloa]] Solar, 30MW with 120MWhr storage, Hawaii<ref name="Low" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Colthorpe |first1=Andy |date=4 January 2023 |title=Hawaii Island’s biggest solar-plus-storage plant will soon deliver power at 9 cents/kWh |url=https://www.energy-storage.news/hawaii-islands-biggest-solar-plus-storage-plant-will-soon-deliver-power-at-9-cents-kwh/ |website=Energy Storage News}}</ref>
* 2024: West O‘ahu Solar, 12.5 MW solar and 12.5MW (50 MWh) battery <ref name= "HE24" />
* 2024: Kūpono Solar, 42 MW + 168 MWh storage, Oahu<ref name= "HE24">[https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/documents/about_us/company_facts/power_facts.pdf Power Facts], Hawaii Electric, March 2024</ref>
* 2024: Kuihelani Solar, Maui , 60MW with 240MWhr storage,<ref name=Low /> the largest solar farm in the state, provides 15% of Maui's electricity<ref>[https://www.staradvertiser.com/2024/06/10/breaking-news/aes-hawaii-begins-operations-of-mauis-largest-solar-facility/ AES Hawai‘i begins operations of the state’s largest solar facility], ''Honolulu Star Advertiser'', June 10, 2024</ref>
[[File:Sheep living under La Ola Solar Farm on Lanai Hawaii.jpg|thumb|Sheep used for weed control at La Ola solar farm on Lanai. An example of [[agrivoltaics]]]]
===Projects under development===


* Molokai – Pālā‘au Solar, 2.2 MW with a 10.1 MWhr battery<ref>[https://spectrumlocalnews.com/hi/hawaii/environment/2023/01/13/two-new-community-owned-solar-projects-coming-to-molokai Two new community-owned solar projects coming to Molokai], Spectrum News, Michelle Broder Van Dyke, January 13, 2023</ref>
==Projects under development==
* Molokai – Kualapu‘u Solar, 0.250 MW with a 1 MWh battery
* Kauai – Pacific Missile Range Facility, U.S. Navy, 19 MW, with 70 MWh battery storage, expected completion end of 2019<ref>[http://www.utilitydive.com/news/navy-developing-44-mw-solarstorage-facility-on-kauai/435984/ Navy developing 44 MW solar+storage facility on Kauai], UtilityDive, February 13, 2017</ref>
* Oahu - Ho'ohana Solar 1, 52MW with 208MWhr storage<ref name=Low />
* Molokai – Molokai New Energy Partners, 2.7 MW with 3 MWh battery, to be completed in 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/37441560/new-solar-project-could-mean-lower-electric-bills-for-molokai-residents|title=New solar project could mean lower electric bills for Molokai residents|first=Olivia|last=Peterkin|website=hawaiinewsnow.com}}</ref>
* Oahu – Lanikuhana Solar, 15 MW, to be completed 2019, Sun Edison project revived by NRG<ref name="oahu" /><ref name="maui">[https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/nrg-and-hawaiian-electric-reach-new-power-purchase-agreements-to-revive-major-solar-projects-on-oahu RG and Hawaiian Electric Reach New Power Purchase Agreements to Revive Major Solar Projects on Oahu], Maui Electric, January 1, 2017</ref>
* Oahu - Mahi Solar and Storage, 120 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2027<ref name= "RPSB">[https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/clean-energy-hawaii/our-clean-energy-portfolio/renewable-project-status-board Renewable Project Status Board], Hawaii Electric, June 7, 2024, accessed June 11, 2024</ref>
* Oahu - Makana La Oahu, 80 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2027<ref name= "RPSB" />
* Oahu – Pearl Harbor West Loch Annex, 20 MW, began construction April 2018<ref>[https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2018/04/12/hawaiian-electric-to-break-ground-on-new-solar.html Hawaiian Electric to break ground on new solar farm next week], ''Pacific Business News'', April 12, 2018</ref>
* Oahu - Hoohana Solar 1, 52MW with 208MWhr storage<ref name=Low />
* Oahu - Waiawa Phase 2 Solar, 30 MW + 240 MWh storage<ref name= "HE24" />
* Oahu - Mililani I Solar, 39MW with 156MWhr storage<ref name=Low />
* Oahu - Mountain View Solar, 7 MW + 35 MWh storage<ref name= "HE24" />
* Oahu - Puuloa Solar 6MW solar + battery, expected completion 2026<ref name= "RPSB" />
* Oahu - Mililani Tech Solar project, 0.27MW, proposed as first [[community solar]] project in Hawaii<ref>[https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2019/09/17/first-community-solar-project-planned-mililani-area/ First community solar project planned for Mililani area], Hawaii News Now, September 16, 2019</ref>
* Oahu - Waiawa Solar, 36MW with 144MWhr storage<ref name=Low />
* Hawaii - Waikoloa Solar, 30MW with 120MWhr storage<ref name=Low />
* Hawaii - Hale Kuawehi, 30MW with 120MWhr storage<ref name=Low />
* Hawaii - Hale Kuawehi, 30MW with 120MWhr storage<ref name=Low />
* Maui - Kuihelani Solar, 60MW with 240MWhr storage<ref name=Low />
* Hawaii - Keamuku Solar, 86 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2030<ref name= "RPSB" />
* Hawaii - Puako Solar, 60 MW, solar + battery, expected completion 2028<ref name= "RPSB" />
* Hawaii - Kaiwiki Solar, 55 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2028<ref name= "RPSB" />
* Maui - Kuihelani Phase 2 Solar, 40 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2027<ref name= "RPSB" />
* Maui - Pulehu Solar & Storage, 20 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2027<ref name= "RPSB" />


==Canceled projects==
===Canceled projects===
* Lanai - Lānaʻi Solar, 17.6 megawatts of solar energy with 3 MW reserved for the [[community solar|shared solar]] program, paired with a 73 megawatt-hour battery<ref>[https://www.power-grid.com/renewable-energy/off-again-on-again-microgrid-puts-a-hawaiian-solar-project-on-hold-again/#gref Off-again, on-again microgrid puts a Hawaiian solar project on hold… again], Power Grid International, October 3, 2022</ref>
* Molokai - Molokai New Energy Partners, 2.7 MW with 3 MWh battery, to be completed in 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/37441560/new-solar-project-could-mean-lower-electric-bills-for-molokai-residents|title=New solar project could mean lower electric bills for Molokai residents|first=Olivia|last=Peterkin|website=hawaiinewsnow.com}}</ref>
* Oahu – Ka La Nui Solar Farm, 15 MW<ref>[http://www.civilbeat.com/2015/02/mapping-oahus-solar-farms/ Eight Industrial-Sized Solar Farms in the Works], ''Honolulu Civil Beat'', Sophie Cocke, February 18, 2015</ref>
* Oahu – Ka La Nui Solar Farm, 15 MW<ref>[http://www.civilbeat.com/2015/02/mapping-oahus-solar-farms/ Eight Industrial-Sized Solar Farms in the Works], ''Honolulu Civil Beat'', Sophie Cocke, February 18, 2015</ref>
* Oahu – Waiawa Solar, 50 MW<ref name="oahu" />
* Oahu – Waiawa Solar, 50 MW<ref name="oahu" />
Line 152: Line 449:
* Oahu – Hoohana Solar, 20 MW<ref name="oahu"/>
* Oahu – Hoohana Solar, 20 MW<ref name="oahu"/>


Source:<ref>[http://energy.hawaii.gov/programs/renewable-energy-projects-in-hawaii Renewable Energy Projects in Hawaii]</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Vital-Stats-on-the-Biggest-Solar-Project-in-Hawaii| title = Vital Stats on the Biggest Solar Project in Hawaii {{!}} Greentech Media}} </ref>
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://energy.hawaii.gov/programs/renewable-energy-projects-in-hawaii|title=Renewable Energy Projects in Hawaii}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Vital-Stats-on-the-Biggest-Solar-Project-in-Hawaii| title = Vital Stats on the Biggest Solar Project in Hawaii {{!}} Greentech Media}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 176: Line 473:


{{Solar power in the United States}}
{{Solar power in the United States}}
{{United States topic|prefix= Solar power in}}
{{Oceania topic|Solar power in}}
{{Oceania topic|Solar power in}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Solar Power In Hawaii}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Solar Power In Hawaii}}
[[Category:Solar power in the United States by state|Hawaii]]
[[Category:Solar power in the United States by state or territory|Hawaii]]
[[Category:Energy in Hawaii]]
[[Category:Energy in Hawaii]]
[[Category:Solar power in Hawaii]]
[[Category:Solar power in Hawaii]]

Revision as of 02:10, 27 July 2024

MicroCSP collectors on the Big Island of Hawaii

The energy sector in Hawaii has rapidly adopted solar power due to the high costs of electricity, and good solar resources, and has one of the highest per capita rates of solar power in the United States.[1] Hawaii's imported energy costs, mostly for imported petroleum and coal, are three to four times higher[2] than the mainland, so Hawaii has motivation to become one of the highest users of solar energy. Hawaii was the first state in the United States to reach grid parity for photovoltaics. Its tropical location provides abundant ambient energy.

Much of Hawaii's solar capacity is distributed solar panels on individual homes and businesses. Hawaii's grid has had to deal with this unique situation by developing new technology for balancing the energy flows in areas with large amounts of solar power. In 2023, distributed solar produced 1,408 GWh while utility-scale solar produced 643 GWh.[3] Hawaii had 1,808 MW of installed solar capacity in 2023.[4] The largest utility-scale solar farm in Hawaii is the 60 MW Kuihelani Solar on Maui, which open in 2024 and includes 240 MWhr of battery storage[5] As of 2024, solar power produced 19.5% of Hawaii's electricity.[6]

History

Commercial rooftop solar installation in Honolulu

Hawaii has a renewable portfolio standard of 40% renewable energy by 2030 and 100% by 2045.[7] Hawaii had almost 200 MW of grid-connected photovoltaics in 2012. 16 MW of PV were installed in 2010, 40 MW in 2011, and 109 MW in 2012.[8][9]

The electrical grids of the Hawaiian islands are each separate and relatively small. "Overbuilding" distributed solar in some areas has led to issues such as partial duck curve, although time-of-use pricing has reduced disadvantages.[10] Such overbuilding led the Hawaiian Electrical Company (HECO) to stop its net metering program, which reimbursed solar consumers generously for the excess electricity they exported back to the grid, in 2015.[11] As a result, residential solar installations fell as homeowners could no longer justify the costs because the payback time of the rooftop solar system made it cost-prohibitive.[12] Two successor programs - customer grid supply (CGS) and customer self-supply - have proved less successful than net-metering did in promoting the growth of the industry.[13] HECO has made connecting to the grid more difficult, leading to layoffs among the solar installation industry.[14] In 2014, there were over 40,000 rooftop systems, over 10 percent of customers.[15] A proposed grid interconnection between Oahu and Maui would have allowed more renewable energy but was rejected as too costly.[16] By 2022, nearly a third of single family homes have solar panels.[1]

HECO has limited homeowners' ability to install solar and connect to the grid. As of 2022, the only program available for private systems to supply power to the grid, Customer Grid Supply Plus, has limited capacity and requires inverters that meet HECO specifications. Approved inverters must allow the company to remotely turn off power transmission to the grid as needed.[17] The utility has gone full steam ahead with its own plans to build utility-scale solar, approving 110 MW on July 27, 2017.[18]

Cyanotech has a 0.5 MW solar array on its algae farm at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii.[19]

In October, 2018, Hawaii Electric Companies announced they were negotiating contracts on 7 new solar farms to total 260 MW, each incorporating 4 hours of battery storage:[20] These would be three projects on Oahu, two projects on Maui and two projects on Hawaii. In March 2019, six projects (totalling 247 MW and almost 1 GWh of battery storage) were approved, priced at 8-10c/kWh.[21]

Sunrun is establishing a virtual power plant on Oahu which would use the energy stored in 1000 batteries located in individual houses with rooftop solar panels to deliver power in times of high energy demand on the grid. This system is expected to be online in 2020.[22] These types of services provide not only additional power to the power grid but also add grid stability.

Kauai

Kauai has rapidly adopted solar. In 2009, oil provided 91% of the island's electricity. In 2015, solar provided 15% with other renewables providing another 22% with oil providing 63%.[23] Diesel usage was expected to be reduced by 10 million U.S. gallons (38 thousand cubic meters) in 2016 compared to 2008. On some days in 2016, solar power provided 77% of the electricity generation on Kauai.[24]

When it opened on November 2, 2015 on Kauai, the 12MW Anahola project was the largest solar project in Hawaii. It has 59,000 panels on 60 acres (24 hectares) of land and is expected to supply up to 20% of the island's momentary electricity demand and up to 5% of the annual demand.[25] The Anahola project also incorporates a 6MW lithium-ion battery.[26][4] The 12 MW Kapaia solar plant is connected to a 13 MW / 52 MWh battery,[27][28] and the power is priced at 13.9 c/kWh.[29] A 2018 project for 28 MW solar with 20 MW / 100 MWh batteries is priced at 11 c/kWh.[30] A 44MW solar farm with batteries to be completed in 2019 will bring the island to 70% renewable electricity while a pumped-storage hydro facility is under consideration which could bring the island to 90% renewable by 2023.

Statistics

Hawaii electricity production by type

In 2012 a typical solar system in Hawaii paid for itself in only 4 years, and returned a profit of over 4 times the cost over its life.[31] Hawaii's 35% ($5000.00 Maximum) state tax credit is the second highest in the country, behind Louisiana.[32] Hawaii offers a feed-in tariff, but it does not meet the normal definition of a feed-in tariff, as it is less than the retail cost of electricity, and is therefore simply a Power Purchase Agreement. The Oahu Wind Integration Study[33] released a report detailing the impact on the Oahu grid and found that 500 MW of wind and 100 MW of solar power could provide Oahu up to 25% of its electricity while eliminating the need to burn approximately 2.8 million barrels of low sulfur fuel oil and 132,000 tons of coal each year.[34]

In 2010 Hawaii generated 56 GWh of energy by photovoltaics; this had risen to 2051 GWh in 2023.[3][35]

Grid-Connected PV Capacity (MW)[36][37][38][39][40][41][6]
Year Capacity Installed % Change
2007 4.5 2.9 181%
2008 13.5 8.6 200%
2009 26.2 12.7 94%
2010 44.7 18.5 71%
2011 85.2 40.5 91%
2012 200 114 134%
2013 358 159 80%
2014 447 151 25%
2015 564 117 26%
2016 674 110 20%
2017 819 145 21.5%
2018 944 125 15.2%
2019 1,311.7 367.7 38.8%
2020 1,413.2 101.5 7.7%
2021 1,468.2 55 3.8%
2022 1,560 91.8 6.3%
2023 1,808 248 15.9%

This was only 0.07% of the state's total electricity generation in 2007 but had risen to 19.5% by 2024.[6][42][43][44]

Utility Scale Solar Generation in Hawaii (GWh)[3]
Year Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2015 55 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 7 6 5 4 4
2016 88 3 7 6 6 8 8 10 10 9 8 7 6
2017 174 8 9 15 14 19 19 18 18 16 15 12 11
2018 185 13 12 14 15 18 20 18 18 16 16 13 12
2019 267 13 14 18 22 22 22 23 23 26 29 30 25
2020 483 24 30 34 43 49 47 46 49 50 40 35 36
2021 520 34 32 39 48 53 54 50 50 48 43 39 30
2022 556 38 41 45 43 39 48 48 62 54 54 47 37
2023 643 42 35 47 49 59 66 68 70 64 59 44 40
Small Scale Solar Generation in Hawaii (GWh)[3]
Year Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2015 633 42 43 51 55 59 59 61 60 56 53 46 48
2016 760 52 54 62 66 71 71 72 73 67 63 54 55
2017 971 69 67 81 85 92 91 94 92 85 78 68 69
2018 1,029 74 71 86 90 96 98 99 96 89 83 73 74
2019 1,111 78 76 92 98 104 100 109 106 97 92 79 80
2020 1,210 84 87 99 107 114 113 115 115 106 97 86 87
2021 1,273 92 90 107 115 122 122 123 120 109 100 91 82
2022 1,329 97 95 112 117 125 125 127 125 114 106 93 93
2023 1,408 98 95 115 120 132 131 132 136 124 118 104 103

Major solar installations in Hawaii

See also: List of power stations in Hawaii § Solar photovoltaic
  • December 2008: DuPont completed a solar power installation on Kauai that was expected to average 80 kW.[45]
  • December 2008: Sunetric, the largest solar installation company in the state,[46] completed the largest roof-mount solar power installation in Hawaii at Kona Commons shopping mall.[47]
  • 2009: Sopogy completed construction on Hawaii's first concentrating solar power project. The project located at the Natural Energy Laboratories of Hawaii is a 2 MW solar thermal project interconnected into the Hawaiian Electric Industries grid under a Power Purchase Agreement.
  • 2009: La Ola Solar Farm on Lanai was dedicated in January, with a design capacity of 1.5 MW (1.2 MWAC).[48] After operating at 600KW due to variable cloud cover, in September 2010 Xtreme Power announced plans to incorporate their battery storage technology to bring the system up to design capacity.[49] It is the first photovoltaic power plant in the world to include battery storage.[50]
  • 2011: The Kapaa Solar Farm was completed, a 1.21 MW photovoltaic array, the largest in Hawaii, and the first on the island of Kauai.[51][52][53]
  • 2011: Kapolei Sustainable Energy Park on Oahu, 1.18 MW [54]
  • 2012: Port Allen Solar Facility on Kauai, 6 MW photovoltaic array with 3 MW battery storage.[54][55]
  • 2012: Pearl City Peninsula Solar, Pearl Harbor Navy Base, 1.23 MW
  • 2012: Kalaeloa Solar Power II, 5 MW, a photovoltaic array on Oahu.[56]
  • 2013: Kalaeloa Renewable Energy Park, 5 MW, a photovoltaic array on Oahu.[57][58]
  • 2014: Koloa (Grove Farm) 12 MW photovoltaic array, opened in July 2014 on Kauai.[4][59][60]
  • 2015: Anahola, 12 MW photovoltaic array with 6 MW battery storage on Kauai, can produce 20% of Kauai's power during peak production.[59]
  • 2016: Waihonu Solar Farm North, 5MW and Waihonu Solar Farm South, 1.5 MW, Oahu[61]
  • 2017: Waianae Solar, 40 MWDC (27.6 MWAC), Oahu[62][63]
  • 2017: Kapaia solar project, 13 MW, with 52 MWh Tesla battery, on Kauai, to provide electricity only during the evenings[23][64]
  • 2017: Waipio Solar, Pearl Harbor Navy Base, 13.3 MWDC (11 MW(AC))[65][66]
  • 2017: Aloha Solar, 5 MWAC, at Nanakuli, Oahu[67]
  • 2018: Kihei Solar Farm, 2.9 MW, Maui[68]
  • 2018: Ku'ia Solar, 2.8 MW, Maui [69][70]
  • 2019: Lāwa’i Solar (AES), 28 MW with 100 MWh storage, Kauai[71][72]
  • 2019: Waipio Solar project, 45.9 MW, Oahu[73][62][74]
  • 2019: West Loch Solar, 20 MW, Oahu[75]
  • 2019: Kawailoa Solar project, 49 MW, Oahu[73][62][74]
  • 2019: Lanikuhana Solar, 15 MW, Oahu, with 150 sheep in an agrivoltaic project[76][62][74][73]
  • 2020: Mililani Tech Solar I, 0.27MW, Oahu, first community solar project in Hawaii[77]
  • 2021: Kekaha Solar + Storage project, Kauai, 19 MW, with 70 MWh battery storage, on U.S. Navy Missile Range facility, can operate as a separate microgrid[78][79]
  • 2022 - Mililani I Solar, 39MW with 156MWhr storage[21][80]
  • 2023: Waiawa Solar, 36 MW, Oahu with 36 MW battery
  • 2023: Waikoloa Solar, 30MW with 120MWhr storage, Hawaii[21][81]
  • 2024: West O‘ahu Solar, 12.5 MW solar and 12.5MW (50 MWh) battery [82]
  • 2024: Kūpono Solar, 42 MW + 168 MWh storage, Oahu[82]
  • 2024: Kuihelani Solar, Maui , 60MW with 240MWhr storage,[21] the largest solar farm in the state, provides 15% of Maui's electricity[83]
Sheep used for weed control at La Ola solar farm on Lanai. An example of agrivoltaics

Projects under development

  • Molokai – Pālā‘au Solar, 2.2 MW with a 10.1 MWhr battery[84]
  • Molokai – Kualapu‘u Solar, 0.250 MW with a 1 MWh battery
  • Oahu - Ho'ohana Solar 1, 52MW with 208MWhr storage[21]
  • Oahu - Mahi Solar and Storage, 120 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2027[85]
  • Oahu - Makana La Oahu, 80 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2027[85]
  • Oahu - Waiawa Phase 2 Solar, 30 MW + 240 MWh storage[82]
  • Oahu - Mountain View Solar, 7 MW + 35 MWh storage[82]
  • Oahu - Puuloa Solar 6MW solar + battery, expected completion 2026[85]
  • Hawaii - Hale Kuawehi, 30MW with 120MWhr storage[21]
  • Hawaii - Keamuku Solar, 86 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2030[85]
  • Hawaii - Puako Solar, 60 MW, solar + battery, expected completion 2028[85]
  • Hawaii - Kaiwiki Solar, 55 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2028[85]
  • Maui - Kuihelani Phase 2 Solar, 40 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2027[85]
  • Maui - Pulehu Solar & Storage, 20 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2027[85]

Canceled projects

  • Lanai - Lānaʻi Solar, 17.6 megawatts of solar energy with 3 MW reserved for the shared solar program, paired with a 73 megawatt-hour battery[86]
  • Molokai - Molokai New Energy Partners, 2.7 MW with 3 MWh battery, to be completed in 2019[87]
  • Oahu – Ka La Nui Solar Farm, 15 MW[88]
  • Oahu – Waiawa Solar, 50 MW[62]
  • Oahu – Mililani South Solar Park, 20 MW[89][90][91][92]
  • Oahu – IC Sunshine, 5 MW[93]
  • Oahu – Hoohana Solar, 20 MW[62]

Source:[94][95]

See also

References

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