Tronador (rocket): Difference between revisions

Tronador II
Function	Orbital launch vehicle
Manufacturer	CONAE
Country of origin	Argentina
Size
Height	27 m (89 ft)
Diameter	2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)
Mass	72,000 kg (159,000 lb) (including propellant)
Stages	2
Capacity
Payload to Polar
Mass	600 kg (1,300 lb)
Launch history
Status	Under development
Launch sites	Manuel Belgrano Space Center
First flight	2030
First stage
Powered by	3 T30
Maximum thrust	3 × 30,000 kg
Propellant	LOX / RP-1
Second stage
Powered by	1 other or T4R
Maximum thrust	1400 to 4000 kg
Propellant	Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) / N2O4
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Tronador (Spanish for Thunderer) is a series of Argentine rockets, including the Tronador I and Tronador II vehicles, to develop a liquid-propellant rocket expendable launch system called ISCUL^[1] (Inyector Satelital de Cargas Utiles Ligeras, Light-Payload Satellite Launcher).

The Tronador I is an unguided liquid-fueled rocket^[2] used for sub-orbital test flights. Its development led to the larger VEx test rocket, testing technologies needed for the Tronador II, which has a guidance system and would be capable of reaching low Earth orbit.^[2] Development of the satellite launch vehicle has cost more than 600 million dollars over several years.

Tronador I

The Tronador I is an unguided liquid-fueled rocket^[2] used for sub-orbital test flights.

Tronador I (T1)

The Tronador I (T1) vehicle was flown successfully on June 6, 2007^[3]^[4] from Puerto Belgrano Naval Base near Bahía Blanca,^[3]^[5] in the south east of the Buenos Aires Province. This was the first flight of a technology demonstrator vehicle for the program.

Characteristics

Length: 3,400 mm
Stages: 1
Total takeoff mass: 60 kg
Payload mass: 4 kg
Thrust (x 10 s): 500 kgf

Tronador Ib (T2)

The Tronador Ib (T2) vehicle was flown successfully on August 5, 2008^[3]^[4] from Puerto Belgrano Naval Base.^[5] This was the second technology demonstrator vehicle flown for the program.

Characteristics

Length: 3,400 mm
Stages: 1
Total takeoff mass: 60 kg
Payload mass: 4 kg
Apogee: 15–20 km
Thrust (10 s): 1,500 kgf

VS-30

This was the first cooperative test flight between Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales and Brazilian Space Agency; it was successfully flown in December 2007 (Operacion Angicos).^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] The payload built by CONAE, carried several experiments to validate subsystems for the program such as: IMU (Inertial Measurements Unit, that used IFOG's), GPS receptor (for navigation), all integrated into the on-board computer, and an attitude control system via cold-gas thrusters. The payload unit completed a suborbital flight carried by an AEB-built VS-30 solid-propellant rocket booster, and was then recovered from the sea after landing with parachutes.

Characteristics

Length: 3,288 mm (Payload module)
Stages: 1 (VS-30 booster)
Total takeoff mass: 1,500 kg
Payload mass: 242.1 kg
Apogee: 120–160 km
Specific Impulse: 266 s (VS-30 booster)

Tronador II

As of 2020, Tronador II's maiden orbital launch is expected to fly in "the next 4 years", according to the National Commission for Space Activities.^[10]

Early proposals

The initial proposal was for a 3-stage rocket. In early 2015, an evolved configuration^[11] was presented at the 52nd Committee on Peaceful Uses of Ultra-Terrestrial Space meeting^[12] and at the Punta Indio (35°31′25″S 57°11′05″W / 35.523496°S 57.1846139°W / -35.523496; -57.1846139) test launch pad:

First Stage: 90 t total thrust (3 x 30 t engines)
Second Stage: 30 t thrust
Third stage: 4 t thrust

Characteristics

As of June 2016, the proposed Tronador II configuration was:^[13]

Length: 27 m
Stages: 2
Diameter: 2.5 m
Total weight: 72,000 kg
Payload mass: 600 kg^[14]
Apogee: 600 km
Lower Stage: 90 t total thrust (3x30 t engines) at sea level. Fuel: RP-1 / LOX
Upper stage: 1.4 t to 4 t thrust (single pressurized engine) at sea level (2 t to 5.5 t in vacuum). Fuel: Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) / N₂O₄

Tronador II dimensions
Tronador II mockup
First stage tank of the Tronador rocket

TII-250

In late 2022 Tronador II was named TII-250, with the launch site being indicated as Centro Espacial Manuel Belgrano (CEMB), in Bahía Blanca.^[15]^[16]

Tronador II prototypes

T4000

The T4000 (Tronador T4000 pathfinder rocket) test rocket is related to the project, as it is the basis of the 3rd stage of the Tronador II.^[3] Specifically, it was intended to house the attitude control system (“Thrust Vector Control” - TVS).^[17] The first launch attempt in 2011 failed.^[18]

Characteristics

Diameter: 4.38 m ^[19]
Thrust: 4,000 kg (40 kN)
Burn time: 10 seconds^[20]

VEx

The recent strategy was to fly separately several suborbital experimental subsystems, called "VEx", before they are incorporated in the prototype of the Tronador II rocket.^[2]^[17]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23] After a few launches, it was decided in 2017 to stop the experimental VEx series as enough data was obtained to go ahead with a prototype rocket.^[24] However, in November 2021, it was announced that the program were reactivated again.

VEx-1A

In March 2014, a suborbital prototype named VEx-1A failed during launch from Pipinas, Punta Indio Partido.^[2]^[23]^[25]^[26] It had only one stage, weigh 2.8 tonnes, thrust of 4 ton, with an expectation of 60 seconds mission duration and expected apogee of 2 km. VEx-1A first launch attempt was postponed in December 2013 due to ground support equipment fail. The second attempt failed on February 26, 2014.^[27]^[28] It was discovered that the failure was caused by interferences between the launch pad and the rocket, which prevented the vehicle from elevating more than 2m off the ground. The engine control mechanism shut off the fuel valve, preventing an explosion, and the rocket fell down next to the pad.

VEx-1B

The first flight of this suborbital vehicle was on 15 August 2014 from Pipinas, Punta Indio Partido.^[14] It successfully tested propulsion, control, and navigation subsystems. The mission concluded with 2,200 m apogee altitude and 27 seconds flight time. It landed in the sea assisted by the recovery parachutes. The vehicle was recovered and examined to determine whether further VEx-1 test rockets are required or if a VEx-2 flight should proceed.

VEx-5A

VEx-5A was a two-stage suborbital rocket that was destroyed upon launch. The T-10 first stage is capable of producing 11t of thrust, while the T-4 second stage is capable of 4t of thrust. The rocket was 18 meters long and 1.5 meters diameter, with a total launch weight (including fuel) of 8500 kg.^[29]^[11] The rocket would have separated from the first stage (the propellants are liquid oxygen / RP-1) at 15 km altitude and the second stage would have continued, reaching up to 30 km altitude using hydrazine / nitric acid.^[30] The vehicle would have tested several technologies, new fuels, and for the first time, the interstage separation (mechanical and automatic aspects), and the ignition of the second stage. The rocket was completed in mid 2015 and scheduled to launch in October 2015, but postponed to November 2016, before postponed again.^[31] The test flight finally occurred on 21 April 2017, 18:00 local time from Pipinas, Punta Indio Partido. The rocket climbed up from its pad, but eight seconds later the first stage rocket engine shut down due to abrupt flow in its fuel lines. Several seconds later, the rocket fell and impacted the launch pad, causing a fiery explosion. The ill-fated launch was announced officially by CONAE several hours after the launch and footage from several angles were made available.^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]

VEx-5B

Test flight - single stage 30t thrust engine rocket - it was projected for a 2018 launch from Pipinas, Punta Indio Partido. The mission was cancelled in 2017,^[24] before were announced in November 2021 that the mission were reactivated again.

VEx-5C

Test flight - two stage test rocket. First stage 30t thrust engine, second stage VEx-1 engine - it was projected for a 2019 launch from Puerto Belgrano Naval Base.^[36]^[37]^[38]^[39] The mission was cancelled in 2017,^[24] before were announced in November 2021 that the mission were reactivated again.

VEx-6

Test flight of the rocket. Investment of approximately $45 million in the Tronador SLV program was announced in 2022, including associated experimental rockets VEx-5 and VEx-6.^[40]

TII-70 and TII-150

In late 2022, two Tronador II prototypes, with the goal of engine testing were announced:^[15]

TII-70 (150 km apogee, 11 m length, 2.2 ton weight, launched from Punta Indio Space Center - CEPI)
TII-150 (400 km apogee, 20 m length, 23 ton weight, launched from Centro Espacial Manuel Belgrano - CEMB)

Tronador III

The proposed Tronador III would have the same diameter as Tronador II, but would have a length of 34 metres (112 ft). The fueled rocket would weight 90 metric tons, and capable of delivering satellites with up to 750 kg to a 600 km orbit, or up to a ton if upper stages are used.^[41]^[42]^[43]^[44]

Characteristics

Proposed Tronador III configuration:^[45]^[46]

Length: 35 m
Stages: 2
Diameter: 2.5 m
Empty mass: 6,600 kg
Total weight: 90,000 kg
Payload mass: 1000 kg
Apogee: 600 km
Lower Stage: 120t total thrust (4 × 30t engines) at sea level. Fuel: RP-1/LOX
Upper stage: 3t thrust (single engine). Fuel: MMH/NTO

VLE (Vehículo Lanzador Espacial)

Tronador III will be preceded by the VLE (Vehículo Lanzador Espacial for Space Launch Vehicle) capable of placing a 80 kg payload on a 300 km orbit.^[46]^[47]^[43]^[44] This would be a two stage rocket, with the first stage using 5 or more Karut engines with 2.5 t of thrust and burning RP-1/LOX.^[46]^[47]

References

^ "La Facultad de Ingeniería participará en el desarrollo del" (PDF). Proyectarse. 15 (71): 20–22. December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-21. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales - Tronador II". Conae.gov.ar. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales - Tronador". Conae.gov.ar. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ ^a ^b "Tronador". Argentina.gob.ar (in Spanish). 2018-04-04. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
^ ^a ^b "free forum : grandprix". Grandprix.forochile.org. Retrieved 2015-12-20.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ "Argentina y Brasil lanzan cohete con experimentos GPS". MundoGEO. 21 December 2007.
^ "CELPA 1 Chamical on Facebook". Facebook. Archived from the original on 2022-04-30.^{[user-generated source]}^{[self-published]}
^ Aicke. "Desarrollo Argentino de instrumental aeroespacial" (PDF). AviaciónArgentina.net.
^ De Dicco, Ricardo (2008). "Acceso al Espacio". 1library.co.
^ "Argentina Aspires to Have its Own Pitcher in Four Years". infoespecial.com. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
^ ^a ^b Brügge, Norbert. "Tronador LSA". Space Launch Vehicles. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
^ Alvarez, Pablo (8 February 2015). "¿Nuevo diseño para el Tronador II?". Argentina en el Espacio. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ "Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales - Tronador II". Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2014-08-12.
^ ^a ^b "Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales - 2014". Conae.gov.ar. Archived from the original on 2015-09-07. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ ^a ^b "Argentina desarrolla el primer prototipo de lanzador de satélites". Argentina.gob.ar (in Spanish). 2022-10-03. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
^ "Facilidades auxiliares". Argentina.gob.ar (in Spanish). 2018-04-04. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
^ ^a ^b "Escalera al cielo, peldaño a peldaño (Serie Tronador II)". Portinos.com. 2015-03-18. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ Falcão, Duda (December 11, 2011). "Informação Extraoficial Confirma Falha do Foguete T-4000". BRAZILIAN SPACE. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ Brügge, Norbert. "T-4000, Gallery". Space Launch Vehicles. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ ^a ^b "Argentina's SLV development". Forum.nasaspaceflight.com. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ "Proyecto de Inversión Pública. Secretaría de Política Económica". Mecon.gov.ar. 2015-11-30. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ "Argentina's SLV development". Forum.nasaspaceflight.com. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ ^a ^b Rey, Patricia (2013-10-14). "Argentina To Put First Satellite In Space Using Own Launch Technology By 2015". Ibtimes.com. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bruno Massare. "Varotto: "A fines del año que viene deberíamos tener un lanzador satelital"" (in Spanish). TSS. Retrieved 2018-01-31. Decidimos interrumpir el desarrollo de los vehículos experimentales (la serie VEX) porque consideramos que con lo ya hecho no íbamos a aportar mucho más con otro experimental que lo que aportaría el modelo tecnológico.
^ "Cohete Tronador II: más que un monumento de Tecnópolis". Colonbuenosaires.com.ar. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ "Argentina lanzará un cohete de diseño nacional que pondrá en órbita satélites de observación". Infobae.com. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ "El cohete despegó y explotó". Punta Indio Web. 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ "Un despegue fallido - 07.03.2014 - LA NACION". La Nación. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ Farre, Cecilia (March 14, 2016). "Planean más pruebas para el lanzador de satélites argentino". Perfil. Archived from the original on 2016-06-02.
^ Clarín.com (2016-11-22). "Vex 5-A: lanzan el tercer cohete experimental argentino". Clarín (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-10-02.
^ "Página/12 :: Economía :: Una foto junto al cohete heredado". www.pagina12.com.ar. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
^ Clarín.com (2017-04-22). "Video: un cohete lanzado en Punta Indio tuvo problemas y se estrelló". Clarín (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-10-02.
^ Digital, Redacción (2017-04-29). "Un vehículo experimental argentino se estrella nada más despegar". Ultima Hora (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-10-02.
^ "Exclusivo: el Gobierno ocultó la explosión de un cohete lanzado por CONAE". www.politicargentina.com. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
^ "Видео взрыва ракеты VEX-5 при запуске в Аргентине появилось в Сети". РЕН ТВ (in Russian). 2017-04-29. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
^ "El INVAP de Bariloche ya prepara el Arsat 2 y 3 para 2015 y 2017". Energypress.com.ar. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ "VEX1 - Machtres Aeronautica y Espacio". Machtres.com. 2014-09-25. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ Krebs, Gunter D. "VEx-5". Gunter's Space Page.
^ "Argentina's SLV development". Forum.nasaspaceflight.com. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
^ "Space Programs - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
^ Conrado Varotto (27 August 2015). "Plan Espacial Nacional - 27 de Agosto de 2015 - Seminario DAR" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
^ Abel (2020-09-17). ""Es fundamental que se materialice el Proyecto Tronador III"". AgendAR (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-11-24.
^ ^a ^b Pugliese, Pablo (2020-10-12). "El Plan de Acceso al Espacio y la importancia de que Argentina cuente con un lanzador". Escenario Mundial (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-08.
^ ^a ^b "Reactivación espacial – Agencia TSS" (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-08.
^ García, Javier (2 September 2015). "CONAE proyecta el Tronador III". Argentina en el Espacio.
^ ^a ^b ^c "VLE, Nuevo Enfoque de CONAE". VLE, Nuevo Enfoque de CONAE. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
^ ^a ^b "VLE, nuevo enfoque de CONAE". Latam Satelital (in Spanish). 2020-07-19. Retrieved 2023-12-08.

External links

Rocket.com.br
"Free forum : grandprix". Grandprix.forochile.org. Retrieved 2015-12-20.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
"Tronador-2". Gunter's Space Page. 2015-11-14. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
"Agencia CTyS". Ctys.com.ar. 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[1] "La Facultad de Ingeniería participará en el desarrollo del" (PDF). Proyectarse. 15 (71): 20–22. December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-21. Retrieved 2014-08-20.

[conae-2] "Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales - Tronador II". Conae.gov.ar. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[conae.gov.ar-3] "Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales - Tronador". Conae.gov.ar. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[:2-4] "Tronador". Argentina.gob.ar (in Spanish). 2018-04-04. Retrieved 2023-12-08.

[forochile-5] "free forum : grandprix". Grandprix.forochile.org. Retrieved 2015-12-20.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[6] "Argentina y Brasil lanzan cohete con experimentos GPS". MundoGEO. 21 December 2007.

[7] "CELPA 1 Chamical on Facebook". Facebook. Archived from the original on 2022-04-30.^{[user-generated source]}^{[self-published]}

[8] Aicke. "Desarrollo Argentino de instrumental aeroespacial" (PDF). AviaciónArgentina.net.

[9] De Dicco, Ricardo (2008). "Acceso al Espacio". 1library.co.

[10] "Argentina Aspires to Have its Own Pitcher in Four Years". infoespecial.com. Retrieved 2021-04-28.

[:0-11] Brügge, Norbert. "Tronador LSA". Space Launch Vehicles. Retrieved 2017-10-04.

[12] Alvarez, Pablo (8 February 2015). "¿Nuevo diseño para el Tronador II?". Argentina en el Espacio. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[13] "Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales - Tronador II". Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2014-08-12.

[Vex1B-14] "Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales - 2014". Conae.gov.ar. Archived from the original on 2015-09-07. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[:1-15] "Argentina desarrolla el primer prototipo de lanzador de satélites". Argentina.gob.ar (in Spanish). 2022-10-03. Retrieved 2023-12-08.

[16] "Facilidades auxiliares". Argentina.gob.ar (in Spanish). 2018-04-04. Retrieved 2023-12-08.

[portinos-17] "Escalera al cielo, peldaño a peldaño (Serie Tronador II)". Portinos.com. 2015-03-18. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[18] Falcão, Duda (December 11, 2011). "Informação Extraoficial Confirma Falha do Foguete T-4000". BRAZILIAN SPACE. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[19] Brügge, Norbert. "T-4000, Gallery". Space Launch Vehicles. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[nasaspaceflight-20] "Argentina's SLV development". Forum.nasaspaceflight.com. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[21] "Proyecto de Inversión Pública. Secretaría de Política Económica". Mecon.gov.ar. 2015-11-30. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[22] "Argentina's SLV development". Forum.nasaspaceflight.com. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[ibtimes-23] Rey, Patricia (2013-10-14). "Argentina To Put First Satellite In Space Using Own Launch Technology By 2015". Ibtimes.com. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[varottotss-24] Bruno Massare. "Varotto: "A fines del año que viene deberíamos tener un lanzador satelital"" (in Spanish). TSS. Retrieved 2018-01-31. Decidimos interrumpir el desarrollo de los vehículos experimentales (la serie VEX) porque consideramos que con lo ya hecho no íbamos a aportar mucho más con otro experimental que lo que aportaría el modelo tecnológico.

[colonbuenosaires-25] "Cohete Tronador II: más que un monumento de Tecnópolis". Colonbuenosaires.com.ar. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[26] "Argentina lanzará un cohete de diseño nacional que pondrá en órbita satélites de observación". Infobae.com. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[27] "El cohete despegó y explotó". Punta Indio Web. 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[28] "Un despegue fallido - 07.03.2014 - LA NACION". La Nación. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[29] Farre, Cecilia (March 14, 2016). "Planean más pruebas para el lanzador de satélites argentino". Perfil. Archived from the original on 2016-06-02.

[30] Clarín.com (2016-11-22). "Vex 5-A: lanzan el tercer cohete experimental argentino". Clarín (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-10-02.

[31] "Página/12 :: Economía :: Una foto junto al cohete heredado". www.pagina12.com.ar. Retrieved 2016-09-30.

[32] Clarín.com (2017-04-22). "Video: un cohete lanzado en Punta Indio tuvo problemas y se estrelló". Clarín (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-10-02.

[33] Digital, Redacción (2017-04-29). "Un vehículo experimental argentino se estrella nada más despegar". Ultima Hora (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-10-02.

[34] "Exclusivo: el Gobierno ocultó la explosión de un cohete lanzado por CONAE". www.politicargentina.com. Retrieved 2023-10-02.

[35] "Видео взрыва ракеты VEX-5 при запуске в Аргентине появилось в Сети". РЕН ТВ (in Russian). 2017-04-29. Retrieved 2023-10-02.

[energypress.com.ar-36] "El INVAP de Bariloche ya prepara el Arsat 2 y 3 para 2015 y 2017". Energypress.com.ar. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[machtres.com-37] "VEX1 - Machtres Aeronautica y Espacio". Machtres.com. 2014-09-25. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[space.skyrocket.de-38] Krebs, Gunter D. "VEx-5". Gunter's Space Page.

[39] "Argentina's SLV development". Forum.nasaspaceflight.com. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[40] "Space Programs - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-02.

[exposicionvarottohotelt3-41] Conrado Varotto (27 August 2015). "Plan Espacial Nacional - 27 de Agosto de 2015 - Seminario DAR" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-02-01.

[42] Abel (2020-09-17). ""Es fundamental que se materialice el Proyecto Tronador III"". AgendAR (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-11-24.

[:3-43] Pugliese, Pablo (2020-10-12). "El Plan de Acceso al Espacio y la importancia de que Argentina cuente con un lanzador". Escenario Mundial (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-08.

[:4-44] "Reactivación espacial – Agencia TSS" (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-08.

[45] García, Javier (2 September 2015). "CONAE proyecta el Tronador III". Argentina en el Espacio.

[:5-46] "VLE, Nuevo Enfoque de CONAE". VLE, Nuevo Enfoque de CONAE. Retrieved 2020-11-24.

[:6-47] "VLE, nuevo enfoque de CONAE". Latam Satelital (in Spanish). 2020-07-19. Retrieved 2023-12-08.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Argentine proposed expendable launch system}}
-{{Infobox rocket
-|name = Tronador II
-|function = [[launch vehicle|Orbital launch vehicle]]
-|manufacturer = [[Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales|CONAE]]
-|country-origin = [[Argentina]]
-|height = {{cvt|27|m}}
-|diameter = {{cvt|2.5|m}}
-|mass = {{cvt|72000|kg}} (including propellant)
-|stages = 2
-|capacities =
-  {{Infobox rocket/payload
-  |location =  [[Polar orbit|Polar]]
-  |kilos    =  {{cvt|600|kg}}
-  }}
-|status = Under development
-|sites = [[Puerto Belgrano Naval Base|Manuel Belgrano Space Center]]
-|launches =
-|fail =
-|first = 2030
-|stagedata    =
-  {{Infobox rocket/stage
-  |type       =  stage
-  |stageno    =  First
-  |thrust     =  3 × 30,000 kg
-  |engines    =  3 T30
-  |fuel       =  [[LOX]] / [[RP-1]]
-  }}
-  {{Infobox rocket/stage
-  |type       =  stage
-  |stageno    =  Second
-  |thrust     =  1400 to 4000 kg
-  |engines    =  1 other or T4R
-  |fuel       =   [[Monomethylhydrazine]] (MMH) / {{N2O4}}
-  }}
-}}
 '''Tronador''' (Spanish for '''Thunderer''') is a series of Argentine [[rocket]]s, including the Tronador I and [[Tronador II]] vehicles, to develop a [[liquid-propellant rocket]] [[expendable launch system]] called ISCUL<ref>{{cite journal |title=La Facultad de Ingeniería participará en el desarrollo del |journal=Proyectarse |date=December 2008 |volume=15 |issue=71 |pages=20–22 |url=http://www.ing.unlp.edu.ar/institucional/difusion/publicaciones/archivos/proyectarse71.pdf |access-date=2014-08-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821215900/http://www.ing.unlp.edu.ar/institucional/difusion/publicaciones/archivos/proyectarse71.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-21 }}</ref> (''Inyector Satelital de Cargas Utiles Ligeras'', Light-Payload Satellite Launcher).
@@ Line 41: / Line 5: @@
 ==Tronador I==
+[[File:Tronador I.jpg|thumb|Tronador I]]
-The Tronador I is an unguided liquid-fueled rocket<ref name="conae"/> used for [[sub-orbital spaceflight|sub-orbital]] test flights.
+The Tronador I is an unguided liquid-fueled rocket<ref name="conae"/> used for sub-orbital test flights.
 ===Tronador I (T1)===
-The Tronador I (T1) vehicle was flown successfully on June 6, 2007<ref name="conae.gov.ar">{{cite web |url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/acceso-al-espacio/tronador |title=Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales - Tronador |website=Conae.gov.ar |access-date=2015-12-20 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210140/http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/acceso-al-espacio/tronador |url-status=dead }}</ref> from [[Puerto Belgrano Naval Base]] near [[Bahía Blanca]],<ref name="conae.gov.ar"/><ref name="forochile">{{cite web |url=http://grandprix.forochile.org/t80p15-primeras-imagenes-del-lanzador-tronador-ii |title=free forum : grandprix |website=Grandprix.forochile.org |access-date=2015-12-20 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in the south east of the [[Buenos Aires Province]]. This was the first flight of a technology demonstrator vehicle for the program.
+The Tronador I (T1) vehicle was flown successfully on June 6, 2007<ref name="conae.gov.ar">{{cite web |url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/acceso-al-espacio/tronador |title=Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales - Tronador |website=Conae.gov.ar |access-date=2015-12-20 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210140/http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/acceso-al-espacio/tronador |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-04 |title=Tronador |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/ciencia/conae/acceso-al-espacio/tronador |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Argentina.gob.ar |language=es}}</ref> from [[Port Belgrano Naval Base#Centro Espacial Manuel Belgrano (CEMB)|Puerto Belgrano Naval Base]] near [[Bahía Blanca]],<ref name="conae.gov.ar"/><ref name="forochile">{{cite web |url=http://grandprix.forochile.org/t80p15-primeras-imagenes-del-lanzador-tronador-ii |title=free forum : grandprix |website=Grandprix.forochile.org |access-date=2015-12-20 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in the south east of the [[Buenos Aires Province]]. This was the first flight of a technology demonstrator vehicle for the program.
 ====Characteristics====
@@ Line 54: / Line 19: @@
 ===Tronador Ib (T2)===
-The Tronador Ib (T2) vehicle was flown successfully on August 5, 2008<ref name="conae.gov.ar"/> from Puerto Belgrano Naval Base.<ref name="forochile"/> This was the second technology demonstrator vehicle flown for the program.
+The Tronador Ib (T2) vehicle was flown successfully on August 5, 2008<ref name="conae.gov.ar"/><ref name=":2" /> from Puerto Belgrano Naval Base.<ref name="forochile"/> This was the second technology demonstrator vehicle flown for the program.
 ====Characteristics====
@@ Line 65: / Line 30: @@
 ===VS-30===
-This was the first cooperative test flight between [[Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales]] and [[Brazilian Space Agency]]; it was successfully flown in December 2007 (Operacion Angicos).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mundogeo.com/es/2007/12/21/argentina-y-brasil-lanzan-cohete-con-experimentos-gps/ | title=Argentina y Brasil lanzan cohete con experimentos GPS | date=21 December 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url-access=limited  |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/1475950919289977/2027975354087528 |archive-date = 2022-04-30| url = https://www.facebook.com/1475950919289977/posts/d41d8cd9/2027975354087528/ |title = CELPA 1 Chamical on Facebook  |website=[[Facebook]]}}{{cbignore}}{{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}[[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]</ref><ref>http://tux.iar.unlp.edu.ar/boletin/bol-mar10/2010-01-26aviacion.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://1library.co/document/zk6xpepy-ricardo-de-dicco-acceso-al-espacio-acceso-al-espacio-por-ricardo-de-dicco-buenos-aires-agosto-de-2008.html|title=Ricardo De Dicco Acceso al Espacio. Acceso al Espacio. Por Ricardo De Dicco. Buenos Aires, Agosto de 2008|website=1library.co}}</ref> The payload built by [[CONAE]], carried several experiments to validate subsystems for the program such as: IMU (Inertial Measurements Unit, that used I[[Fibre optic gyroscope|FOG]]'s), GPS receptor (for navigation), all integrated into the on-board computer, and an attitude control system via cold-gas thrusters. The payload unit completed a suborbital flight carried by an AEB-built VS-30 solid-propellant rocket booster, and was then recovered from the sea after landing with parachutes.
+This was the first cooperative test flight between [[Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales]] and [[Brazilian Space Agency]]; it was successfully flown in December 2007 (Operacion Angicos).<ref>{{cite web |date=21 December 2007 |title=Argentina y Brasil lanzan cohete con experimentos GPS |url=https://mundogeo.com/es/2007/12/21/argentina-y-brasil-lanzan-cohete-con-experimentos-gps/ |website=MundoGEO}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url-access=limited  |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/1475950919289977/2027975354087528 |archive-date = 2022-04-30| url = https://www.facebook.com/1475950919289977/posts/d41d8cd9/2027975354087528/ |title = CELPA 1 Chamical on Facebook  |website=[[Facebook]]}}{{cbignore}}{{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}[[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aicke |title=Desarrollo Argentino de instrumental aeroespacial |url=http://tux.iar.unlp.edu.ar/boletin/bol-mar10/2010-01-26aviacion.pdf |website=AviaciónArgentina.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=De Dicco |first=Ricardo |date=2008 |title=Acceso al Espacio |url=https://1library.co/document/zk6xpepy-ricardo-de-dicco-acceso-al-espacio-acceso-al-espacio-por-ricardo-de-dicco-buenos-aires-agosto-de-2008.html |website=1library.co}}</ref> The payload built by [[CONAE]], carried several experiments to validate subsystems for the program such as: IMU (Inertial Measurements Unit, that used I[[Fibre optic gyroscope|FOG]]'s), [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] receptor (for navigation), all integrated into the on-board computer, and an attitude control system via cold-gas thrusters. The payload unit completed a suborbital flight carried by an [[Brazilian Space Agency|AEB]]-built [[VS-30]] solid-propellant rocket booster, and was then recovered from the sea after landing with parachutes.
 ====Characteristics====
@@ Line 76: / Line 41: @@
 ==Tronador II==
+{{Infobox rocket
-Tronador II's maiden orbital launch is expected to fly in "the next 4 years", according to the National Commission for Space Activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infoespacial.com/latam/2020/11/10/noticia-argentina-aspira-contar-propio-lanzador-cuatro.html|title=Argentina Aspires to Have its Own Pitcher in Four Years|website=infoespecial.com|access-date=2021-04-28}}</ref>
+|name = Tronador II
+|function = [[launch vehicle|Orbital launch vehicle]]
+|manufacturer = [[Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales|CONAE]]
+|country-origin = [[Argentina]]
+|height = {{cvt|27|m}}
+|diameter = {{cvt|2.5|m}}
+|mass = {{cvt|72000|kg}} (including propellant)
+|stages = 2
+|capacities =
+  {{Infobox rocket/payload
+  |location =  [[Polar orbit|Polar]]
+  |kilos    =  {{cvt|600|kg}}
+  }}
+|status = Under development
+|sites = [[Port Belgrano Naval Base#Centro Espacial Manuel Belgrano (CEMB)|Manuel Belgrano Space Center]]
+|launches =
+|fail =
+|first = 2030
+|stagedata    =
+  {{Infobox rocket/stage
+  |type       =  stage
+  |stageno    =  First
+  |thrust     =  3 × 30,000 kg
+  |engines    =  3 T30
+  |fuel       =  [[LOX]] / [[RP-1]]
+  }}
+  {{Infobox rocket/stage
+  |type       =  stage
+  |stageno    =  Second
+  |thrust     =  1400 to 4000 kg
+  |engines    =  1 other or T4R
+  |fuel       =   [[Monomethylhydrazine]] (MMH) / {{N2O4}}
+  }}
+|image=Tronador TII-250.jpg}}
+As of 2020, Tronador II's maiden orbital launch is expected to fly in "the next 4 years", according to the National Commission for Space Activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infoespacial.com/latam/2020/11/10/noticia-argentina-aspira-contar-propio-lanzador-cuatro.html|title=Argentina Aspires to Have its Own Pitcher in Four Years|website=infoespecial.com|access-date=2021-04-28}}</ref>
 ===Early proposals===
-The initial proposal was for a 3-stage rocket. In early 2015, an evolved configuration<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/Rest_World/Tronador-LSA/Description/Frame.htm |title=Tronador LSA |website=B14643.de |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref> was presented at the 52nd Committee on Peaceful Uses of Ultra-Terrestrial Space meeting<ref>{{cite web| url=http://argentinaenelespacio.blogspot.com.ar/2015/02/nuevo-diseno-para-el-tronador-ii.html#more |title=Argentina en el Espacio: ¿Nuevo diseño para el Tronador II? |website=Argentinaenelespacio.blogspot.com.ar |date= 8 February 2015|access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref> and at the [[Punta Indio Partido|Punta Indio]] test launch pad:
+The initial proposal was for a 3-stage rocket. In early 2015, an evolved configuration<ref name=":0" /> was presented at the 52nd Committee on Peaceful Uses of Ultra-Terrestrial Space meeting<ref>{{cite web |last=Alvarez |first=Pablo |date=8 February 2015 |title=¿Nuevo diseño para el Tronador II? |url=http://argentinaenelespacio.blogspot.com.ar/2015/02/nuevo-diseno-para-el-tronador-ii.html#more |access-date=2015-12-20 |website=Argentina en el Espacio}}</ref> and at the [[Punta Indio Partido|Punta Indio]] ({{Coord|-35.523496|-57.1846139|name=Centro Espacial Punta Indio - Sector L}}) test launch pad:
-* First Stage: 90t total thrust (3x30t engines)
+* First Stage: 90&nbsp;t total thrust (3&nbsp;x&nbsp;30&nbsp;t engines)
-* Second Stage: 30t thrust
+* Second Stage: 30&nbsp;t thrust
-* Third stage: 4t thrust
+* Third stage: 4&nbsp;t thrust
-<gallery mode="packed">
+<gallery mode="nolines">
 File:Cohete Tronador II.JPG
 File:Maqueta del Tronador II en el Puerto espacial de Punta Indio.jpg
@@ Line 104: / Line 105: @@
 * Payload mass: 600&nbsp;kg<ref name="Vex1B" />
 * Apogee: 600&nbsp;km
-* Lower Stage: 90t total thrust (3x30t engines) at sea level. Fuel: RP-1 / LOX
+* Lower Stage: 90&nbsp;t total thrust (3x30&nbsp;t engines) at sea level. Fuel: [[RP-1]] / [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]]
-* Upper stage: 1.4t to 4t thrust (single pressurized engine) at sea level (2t to 5.5t in vacuum). Fuel: Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) / {{N2O4}}
+* Upper stage: 1.4&nbsp;t to 4&nbsp;t thrust (single pressurized engine) at sea level (2&nbsp;t to 5.5&nbsp;t in vacuum). Fuel: [[Monomethylhydrazine]] (MMH) / [[N2O4|{{N2O4}}]]
-<gallery mode="packed">
+<gallery mode="nolines">
 File:Newmockup.png|Tronador II dimensions
 File:Stand Soberanía Espacial en Técnopolis Octubre 2022 02.jpg|Tronador II mockup
 File:Visita Alberto Fernández a CEPI 05.jpg|First stage tank of the Tronador rocket
 </gallery>
+=== TII-250 ===
+[[File:Infografía Tronador II-250.png|thumb|Infographic of the Tronador II-250 rocket]]
+In late 2022 Tronador II was named '''TII-250''', with the launch site being indicated as [[Port Belgrano Naval Base#Centro Espacial Manuel Belgrano (CEMB)|Centro Espacial Manuel Belgrano (CEMB)]], in [[Comandante Espora Airport|Bahía Blanca]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Argentina desarrolla el primer prototipo de lanzador de satélites |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/argentina-desarrolla-el-primer-prototipo-de-lanzador-de-satelites |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Argentina.gob.ar |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-04 |title=Facilidades auxiliares |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/ciencia/conae/acceso-al-espacio/facilidades-auxiliares |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Argentina.gob.ar |language=es}}</ref>
 === Tronador II prototypes ===
 ====T4000====
-The T4000 (Tronador T4000 pathfinder rocket) test rocket is related to the project, as it is the basis of the 3rd stage of the Tronador II.<ref name="conae.gov.ar"/> Specifically, it was intended to house the [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude control]] system (“Thrust Vector Control” - TVS).<ref name="portinos"/> The first launch attempt in 2011 failed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Brazilian Space |url=http://brazilianspace.blogspot.pt/2011/12/informacao-extraoficial-confirma-falha.html |title=BRAZILIAN SPACE: Informação Extraoficial Confirma Falha do Foguete T-4000 |website=Brazilianspace.blogspot.pt |date=2013-05-03 |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref>
+The T4000 (Tronador T4000 pathfinder rocket) test rocket is related to the project, as it is the basis of the 3rd stage of the Tronador II.<ref name="conae.gov.ar"/> Specifically, it was intended to house the [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude control]] system (“Thrust Vector Control” - TVS).<ref name="portinos"/> The first launch attempt in 2011 failed.<ref>{{cite web |author=Falcão |first=Duda |date=December 11, 2011 |title=Informação Extraoficial Confirma Falha do Foguete T-4000 |url=http://brazilianspace.blogspot.pt/2011/12/informacao-extraoficial-confirma-falha.html |access-date=2015-12-20 |website=BRAZILIAN SPACE}}</ref>
 ;Characteristics
@@ Line 124: / Line 130: @@
 ====VEx====
-The recent strategy was to fly separately several suborbital experimental subsystems, called "VEx", before they are incorporated in the prototype of the Tronador II rocket.<ref name="conae"/><ref name="portinos">{{cite web|url=http://www.portinos.com/14577/escalera-al-cielo-peldano-a-peldano-serie-tronador-ii |title=Escalera al cielo, peldaño a peldaño (Serie Tronador II) |website=Portinos.com |date=2015-03-18 |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref name="nasaspaceflight">{{cite web|url=http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=26645.15 |title=Argentina's SLV development |website=Forum.nasaspaceflight.com |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.mecon.gov.ar/pnip/basehome/invpub_res.php?pagina=290&jur=35&saf=106&loc=todas&estado=todas&finfun=todas&proc=todas&plan=todas |title=Proyecto de Inversión Pública. Secretaría de Política Económica |website=Mecon.gov.ar |date=2015-11-30 |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=26645.30 |title=Argentina's SLV development |website=Forum.nasaspaceflight.com |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref name="ibtimes">{{cite web|last=Rey |first=Patricia |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/argentina-put-first-satellite-space-using-own-launch-technology-2015-1471090 |title=Argentina To Put First Satellite In Space Using Own Launch Technology By 2015 |website=Ibtimes.com |date=2013-10-14 |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref> After a few launches, it was decided in 2017 to stop the experimental Vex series as enough data was obtained to go ahead with a prototype rocket.<ref name="varottotss">{{cite news|author1=Bruno Massare|title=Varotto: "A fines del año que viene deberíamos tener un lanzador satelital"|url=http://www.unsam.edu.ar/tss/varotto-a-fines-del-ano-que-viene-deberiamos-tener-un-lanzador-satelital/|access-date=2018-01-31|agency=TSS|language=es|quote=Decidimos interrumpir el desarrollo de los vehículos experimentales (la serie VEX) porque consideramos que con lo ya hecho no íbamos a aportar mucho más con otro experimental que lo que aportaría el modelo tecnológico.}}</ref> However, in November 2021, it was announced that the program were reactivated again.
+The recent strategy was to fly separately several suborbital experimental subsystems, called "VEx", before they are incorporated in the prototype of the Tronador II rocket.<ref name="conae"/><ref name="portinos">{{cite web|url=http://www.portinos.com/14577/escalera-al-cielo-peldano-a-peldano-serie-tronador-ii |title=Escalera al cielo, peldaño a peldaño (Serie Tronador II) |website=Portinos.com |date=2015-03-18 |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref name="nasaspaceflight">{{cite web|url=http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=26645.15 |title=Argentina's SLV development |website=Forum.nasaspaceflight.com |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.mecon.gov.ar/pnip/basehome/invpub_res.php?pagina=290&jur=35&saf=106&loc=todas&estado=todas&finfun=todas&proc=todas&plan=todas |title=Proyecto de Inversión Pública. Secretaría de Política Económica |website=Mecon.gov.ar |date=2015-11-30 |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=26645.30 |title=Argentina's SLV development |website=Forum.nasaspaceflight.com |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref name="ibtimes">{{cite web|last=Rey |first=Patricia |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/argentina-put-first-satellite-space-using-own-launch-technology-2015-1471090 |title=Argentina To Put First Satellite In Space Using Own Launch Technology By 2015 |website=Ibtimes.com |date=2013-10-14 |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref> After a few launches, it was decided in 2017 to stop the experimental VEx series as enough data was obtained to go ahead with a prototype rocket.<ref name="varottotss">{{cite news|author1=Bruno Massare|title=Varotto: "A fines del año que viene deberíamos tener un lanzador satelital"|url=http://www.unsam.edu.ar/tss/varotto-a-fines-del-ano-que-viene-deberiamos-tener-un-lanzador-satelital/|access-date=2018-01-31|agency=TSS|language=es|quote=Decidimos interrumpir el desarrollo de los vehículos experimentales (la serie VEX) porque consideramos que con lo ya hecho no íbamos a aportar mucho más con otro experimental que lo que aportaría el modelo tecnológico.}}</ref> However, in November 2021, it was announced that the program were reactivated again.
 =====VEx-1A=====
 [[File:VEx-1A en el Puerto Espacial de Punta Indio.jpg|thumb|VEx-1A at its launch pad, Punta Indio Spaceport]]
-In March 2014, a suborbital prototype named VEx-1A failed during launch from [[Pipinas]], [[Punta Indio Partido]] ({{Coord|-35.523496|-57.1846139|name=Centro Espacial Punta Indio - Sector L}}).<ref name="conae"/><ref name="ibtimes"/><ref name="colonbuenosaires">{{cite web|url=http://www.colonbuenosaires.com.ar/semanariocolondoce/cgi-bin/hoy/archivo/2012a/00000663.html |title=Cohete Tronador II: más que un monumento de Tecnópolis |website=Colonbuenosaires.com.ar |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2013/11/09/1522422-argentina-lanzara-un-cohete-diseno-nacional-que-pondra-orbita-satelites-observacion |title=Argentina lanzará un cohete de diseño nacional que pondrá en órbita satélites de observación |website=Infobae.com |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref> It had only one stage, weigh 2.8 tonnes, thrust of 4 ton, with an expectation of 60 seconds mission duration and expected apogee of 2&nbsp;km. VEx-1A first launch attempt was postponed in December 2013 due to ground support equipment fail. The second attempt failed on February 26, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://puntaindioweb.com/el-cohete-despego-y-exploto.htm |title=El cohete despegó y explotó |publisher=Punta Indio Web |date=2014-02-26 |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1669921-un-despegue-fallido |title=Un despegue fallido - 07.03.2014 - LA NACION |newspaper=La Nación |date= 7 March 2014|access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref> It was discovered that the failure was caused by interferences between the launch pad and the rocket, which prevented the vehicle from elevating more than 2m off the ground. The engine control mechanism shut off the fuel valve, preventing an explosion, and the rocket fell down next to the pad.
+In March 2014, a suborbital prototype named VEx-1A failed during launch from [[Pipinas]], Punta Indio Partido.<ref name="conae"/><ref name="ibtimes"/><ref name="colonbuenosaires">{{cite web|url=http://www.colonbuenosaires.com.ar/semanariocolondoce/cgi-bin/hoy/archivo/2012a/00000663.html |title=Cohete Tronador II: más que un monumento de Tecnópolis |website=Colonbuenosaires.com.ar |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infobae.com/2013/11/09/1522422-argentina-lanzara-un-cohete-diseno-nacional-que-pondra-orbita-satelites-observacion |title=Argentina lanzará un cohete de diseño nacional que pondrá en órbita satélites de observación |website=Infobae.com |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref> It had only one stage, weigh 2.8 tonnes, thrust of 4 ton, with an expectation of 60 seconds mission duration and expected apogee of 2&nbsp;km. VEx-1A first launch attempt was postponed in December 2013 due to ground support equipment fail. The second attempt failed on February 26, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://puntaindioweb.com/el-cohete-despego-y-exploto.htm |title=El cohete despegó y explotó |publisher=Punta Indio Web |date=2014-02-26 |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1669921-un-despegue-fallido |title=Un despegue fallido - 07.03.2014 - LA NACION |newspaper=La Nación |date= 7 March 2014|access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref> It was discovered that the failure was caused by interferences between the launch pad and the rocket, which prevented the vehicle from elevating more than 2m off the ground. The engine control mechanism shut off the fuel valve, preventing an explosion, and the rocket fell down next to the pad.
 =====VEx-1B=====
 [[File:VEx-1B rolling to the launch pad.jpg|thumb|VEx-1b being rolled to its launch pad at the Punta Indio Space Center.]]
-The first flight of this suborbital vehicle was on 15 August 2014 from [[Pipinas]], [[Punta Indio Partido]].<ref name=Vex1B>{{cite web |url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2014 |title=Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales - 2014 |website=Conae.gov.ar |access-date=2015-12-20 |archive-date=2015-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907025127/http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It successfully tested propulsion, control, and navigation subsystems. The mission concluded with 2,200&nbsp;m apogee altitude and 27 seconds flight time. It landed in the sea assisted by the recovery parachutes. The vehicle was recovered and examined to determine whether further VEx-1 test rockets are required or if a VEx-2 flight should proceed.
+The first flight of this suborbital vehicle was on 15 August 2014 from Pipinas, Punta Indio Partido.<ref name=Vex1B>{{cite web |url=http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2014 |title=Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales - 2014 |website=Conae.gov.ar |access-date=2015-12-20 |archive-date=2015-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907025127/http://www.conae.gov.ar/index.php/espanol/2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It successfully tested propulsion, control, and navigation subsystems. The mission concluded with 2,200&nbsp;m apogee altitude and 27 seconds flight time. It landed in the sea assisted by the recovery parachutes. The vehicle was recovered and examined to determine whether further VEx-1 test rockets are required or if a VEx-2 flight should proceed.
 =====VEx-5A=====
 [[File:Vex 5a durante la visita de Macri.jpg|thumb|The prototype of the Tronador II rocket, VEX-5A in its launch complex.]]
-VEx-5A was a two-stage suborbital rocket that was destroyed upon launch. The T-10 first stage is capable of producing 11t of thrust, while the T-4 second stage is capable of 4t of thrust. The rocket was 18 meters long and 1.5 meters diameter, with a total launch weight (including fuel) of 8500&nbsp;kg.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farre |first=Cecilia |date=14/03/2016 |title=Planean más pruebas para el lanzador de satélites argentino |work=Perfil |url=http://www.perfil.com/ciencia/Planean-mas-pruebas-para-el-lanzador-de-satelites-argentino--20160312-0062.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602141247/http://www.perfil.com/ciencia/Planean-mas-pruebas-para-el-lanzador-de-satelites-argentino--20160312-0062.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brügge |first=Norbert |title=Tronador LSA |url=http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/Rest_World/Tronador-LSA/Description/Frame.htm |access-date=2017-10-04 |website=Space Launch Vehicles}}</ref> The rocket would have separated from the first stage (the propellants are [[liquid oxygen]] / [[RP-1]]) at 15&nbsp;km altitude and the second stage would have continued, reaching up to 30&nbsp;km altitude using [[hydrazine]] / [[nitric acid]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarín.com |date=2016-11-22 |title=Vex 5-A: lanzan el tercer cohete experimental argentino |url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/vex-lanzan-tercer-experimental-argentino_0_rJ76_s-zl.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> The vehicle would have tested several technologies, new fuels, and for the first time, the interstage separation (mechanical and automatic aspects), and the ignition of the second stage. The rocket was completed in mid 2015 and scheduled to launch in October 2015, but postponed to November 2016, before postponed again.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-309070-2016-09-10.html|title=Página/12 :: Economía :: Una foto junto al cohete heredado|website=www.pagina12.com.ar|access-date=2016-09-30}}</ref> The test flight finally occurred on 21 April 2017, 18:00 local time from [[Pipinas]], [[Punta Indio Partido]]. The rocket climbed up from its pad, but eight seconds later the first stage rocket engine shut down due to abrupt flow in its fuel lines. Several seconds later, the rocket fell and impacted the launch pad, causing a fiery explosion. The ill-fated launch was announced officially by CONAE several hours after the launch and footage from several angles were made available.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarín.com |date=2017-04-22 |title=Video: un cohete lanzado en Punta Indio tuvo problemas y se estrelló |url=https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/video-cohete-lanzado-punta-indio-problemas-estrello_0_BkO1ZgYRl.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Redacción |date=2017-04-29 |title=Un vehículo experimental argentino se estrella nada más despegar |url=https://www.ultimahora.es/noticias/internacional/2017/04/29/264322/vehiculo-experimental-argentino-estrella-nada-mas-despegar.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Ultima Hora |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusivo: el Gobierno ocultó la explosión de un cohete lanzado por CONAE |url=http://www.politicargentina.com/notas/201704/20575-exclusivo-el-gobierno-oculto-la-explosion-de-un-cohete-lanzado-por-conae.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.politicargentina.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-29 |title=Видео взрыва ракеты VEX-5 при запуске в Аргентине появилось в Сети |url=https://ren.tv/news/v-mire/188148-video-vzryva-rakety-vex-5-pri-zapuske-v-argentine-poiavilos-v-seti |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=РЕН ТВ |language=ru}}</ref>
+VEx-5A was a two-stage suborbital rocket that was destroyed upon launch. The T-10 first stage is capable of producing 11t of thrust, while the T-4 second stage is capable of 4t of thrust. The rocket was 18 meters long and 1.5 meters diameter, with a total launch weight (including fuel) of 8500&nbsp;kg.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farre |first=Cecilia |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Planean más pruebas para el lanzador de satélites argentino |work=Perfil |url=http://www.perfil.com/ciencia/Planean-mas-pruebas-para-el-lanzador-de-satelites-argentino--20160312-0062.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602141247/http://www.perfil.com/ciencia/Planean-mas-pruebas-para-el-lanzador-de-satelites-argentino--20160312-0062.html |archive-date=2016-06-02}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Brügge |first=Norbert |title=Tronador LSA |url=http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/Rest_World/Tronador-LSA/Description/Frame.htm |access-date=2017-10-04 |website=Space Launch Vehicles}}</ref> The rocket would have separated from the first stage (the propellants are liquid oxygen / RP-1) at 15&nbsp;km altitude and the second stage would have continued, reaching up to 30&nbsp;km altitude using [[hydrazine]] / [[nitric acid]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarín.com |date=2016-11-22 |title=Vex 5-A: lanzan el tercer cohete experimental argentino |url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/vex-lanzan-tercer-experimental-argentino_0_rJ76_s-zl.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref> The vehicle would have tested several technologies, new fuels, and for the first time, the interstage separation (mechanical and automatic aspects), and the ignition of the second stage. The rocket was completed in mid 2015 and scheduled to launch in October 2015, but postponed to November 2016, before postponed again.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/economia/2-309070-2016-09-10.html|title=Página/12 :: Economía :: Una foto junto al cohete heredado|website=www.pagina12.com.ar|access-date=2016-09-30}}</ref> The test flight finally occurred on 21 April 2017, 18:00 local time from Pipinas, Punta Indio Partido. The rocket climbed up from its pad, but eight seconds later the first stage rocket engine shut down due to abrupt flow in its fuel lines. Several seconds later, the rocket fell and impacted the launch pad, causing a fiery explosion. The ill-fated launch was announced officially by CONAE several hours after the launch and footage from several angles were made available.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarín.com |date=2017-04-22 |title=Video: un cohete lanzado en Punta Indio tuvo problemas y se estrelló |url=https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/video-cohete-lanzado-punta-indio-problemas-estrello_0_BkO1ZgYRl.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Redacción |date=2017-04-29 |title=Un vehículo experimental argentino se estrella nada más despegar |url=https://www.ultimahora.es/noticias/internacional/2017/04/29/264322/vehiculo-experimental-argentino-estrella-nada-mas-despegar.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Ultima Hora |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusivo: el Gobierno ocultó la explosión de un cohete lanzado por CONAE |url=http://www.politicargentina.com/notas/201704/20575-exclusivo-el-gobierno-oculto-la-explosion-de-un-cohete-lanzado-por-conae.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.politicargentina.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-29 |title=Видео взрыва ракеты VEX-5 при запуске в Аргентине появилось в Сети |url=https://ren.tv/news/v-mire/188148-video-vzryva-rakety-vex-5-pri-zapuske-v-argentine-poiavilos-v-seti |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=РЕН ТВ |language=ru}}</ref>
 =====VEx-5B=====
-Test flight - single stage 30t thrust engine rocket - it was projected for a 2018 launch from [[Pipinas]], [[Punta Indio Partido]]. The mission was cancelled in 2017,<ref name="varottotss"/> before were announced in November 2021 that the mission were reactivated again.
+Test flight - single stage 30t thrust engine rocket - it was projected for a 2018 launch from Pipinas, Punta Indio Partido. The mission was cancelled in 2017,<ref name="varottotss"/> before were announced in November 2021 that the mission were reactivated again.
 =====VEx-5C=====
-Test flight - two stage test rocket. First stage 30t thrust engine, second stage VEx-1 engine - it was projected for a 2019 launch from [[Puerto Belgrano Naval Base]].<ref name="energypress.com.ar">{{cite web|url=http://www.energypress.com.ar/index.php?r=noticias/verNoticia&q=76271|title=El INVAP de Bariloche ya prepara el Arsat 2 y 3 para 2015 y 2017|website=Energypress.com.ar|access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref name="machtres.com">{{cite web|url=http://machtres.com/vex1.html|title=VEX1 - Machtres Aeronautica y Espacio|date=2014-09-25|website=Machtres.com|access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref name="space.skyrocket.de">{{Cite web |last=Krebs |first=Gunter D |title=VEx-5 |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/vex-5.htm |website=Gunter's Space Page}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=26645.60 |title=Argentina's SLV development |website=Forum.nasaspaceflight.com |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref> The mission was cancelled in 2017,<ref name="varottotss"/> before were announced in November 2021 that the mission were reactivated again.
+Test flight - two stage test rocket. First stage 30t thrust engine, second stage VEx-1 engine - it was projected for a 2019 launch from Puerto Belgrano Naval Base.<ref name="energypress.com.ar">{{cite web|url=http://www.energypress.com.ar/index.php?r=noticias/verNoticia&q=76271|title=El INVAP de Bariloche ya prepara el Arsat 2 y 3 para 2015 y 2017|website=Energypress.com.ar|access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref name="machtres.com">{{cite web|url=http://machtres.com/vex1.html|title=VEX1 - Machtres Aeronautica y Espacio|date=2014-09-25|website=Machtres.com|access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref><ref name="space.skyrocket.de">{{Cite web |last=Krebs |first=Gunter D |title=VEx-5 |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/vex-5.htm |website=Gunter's Space Page}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=26645.60 |title=Argentina's SLV development |website=Forum.nasaspaceflight.com |access-date=2015-12-20}}</ref> The mission was cancelled in 2017,<ref name="varottotss"/> before were announced in November 2021 that the mission were reactivated again.
 =====VEx-6=====
 Test flight of the rocket. Investment of approximately $45 million in the Tronador SLV program was announced in 2022, including associated experimental rockets VEx-5 and VEx-6.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Programs - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/references/space-programs/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref>
+==== TII-70 and TII-150 ====
+[[File:Desarrollo lanzador Tronador II a 2022.jpg|thumb|Tronador II family with TII-70 and TII-150 prototypes]]
+In late 2022, two Tronador II prototypes, with the goal of engine testing were announced:<ref name=":1" />
+* '''TII-70''' (150 km apogee, 11 m length,  2.2 ton weight, launched from Punta Indio Space Center - CEPI)
+* '''TII-150''' (400 km apogee,  20 m length,  23 ton weight, launched from Centro Espacial Manuel Belgrano - CEMB)
 ==Tronador III==
-The proposed Tronador III would have the same diameter as Tronador II, but would have a length of {{convert|34|m}}. The fueled rocket would weight 89 metric tons, and capable of delivering a ton of payload into polar orbit.<ref name="exposicionvarottohotelt3">{{cite web|author1=Conrado Varotto|title=Plan Espacial Nacional - 27 de Agosto de 2015 - Seminario DAR|url=http://www.desarrolloargentino.org/sites/default/files/download/dr._conrado_varotto.pdf|access-date=2018-02-01|date=27 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102510/http://www.desarrolloargentino.org/sites/default/files/download/dr._conrado_varotto.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Abel|date=2020-09-17|title="Es fundamental que se materialice el Proyecto Tronador III"|url=https://agendarweb.com.ar/2020/09/17/es-fundamental-que-se-materialice-el-proyecto-tronador-iii/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=AgendAR|language=es}}</ref>
+The proposed Tronador III would have the same diameter as Tronador II, but would have a length of {{convert|34|m}}. The fueled rocket would weight 90 metric tons, and capable of delivering satellites with up to 750 kg to a 600 km orbit, or up to a ton if upper stages are used.<ref name="exposicionvarottohotelt3">{{cite web|author1=Conrado Varotto|title=Plan Espacial Nacional - 27 de Agosto de 2015 - Seminario DAR|url=http://www.desarrolloargentino.org/sites/default/files/download/dr._conrado_varotto.pdf|access-date=2018-02-01|date=27 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102510/http://www.desarrolloargentino.org/sites/default/files/download/dr._conrado_varotto.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Abel|date=2020-09-17|title="Es fundamental que se materialice el Proyecto Tronador III"|url=https://agendarweb.com.ar/2020/09/17/es-fundamental-que-se-materialice-el-proyecto-tronador-iii/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=AgendAR|language=es}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pugliese |first=Pablo |date=2020-10-12 |title=El Plan de Acceso al Espacio y la importancia de que Argentina cuente con un lanzador |url=https://www.escenariomundial.com/2020/10/12/el-plan-de-acceso-al-espacio-y-la-importancia-de-que-argentina-cuente-con-un-lanzador/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Escenario Mundial |language=es-AR}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Reactivación espacial – Agencia TSS |url=https://www.agenciatss.com.ar/reactivacion-espacial/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |language=es-ES}}</ref>
 ===Characteristics===
-Proposed Tronador III configuration:<ref>{{Cite web |last=García |first=Javier |date=2 September 2015 |title=CONAE proyecta el Tronador III |url=http://argentinaenelespacio.blogspot.com/2015/09/conae-proyecta-el-tronador-iii.html#more |website=Argentina en el Espacio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=VLE, Nuevo Enfoque de CONAE|url=https://brazilianspace.blogspot.com/2020/07/vle-nuevo-enfoque-de-conae.html|access-date=2020-11-24|website=VLE, Nuevo Enfoque de CONAE}}</ref>
+Proposed Tronador III configuration:<ref>{{Cite web |last=García |first=Javier |date=2 September 2015 |title=CONAE proyecta el Tronador III |url=http://argentinaenelespacio.blogspot.com/2015/09/conae-proyecta-el-tronador-iii.html#more |website=Argentina en el Espacio}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=VLE, Nuevo Enfoque de CONAE|url=https://brazilianspace.blogspot.com/2020/07/vle-nuevo-enfoque-de-conae.html|access-date=2020-11-24|website=VLE, Nuevo Enfoque de CONAE}}</ref>
-* Length: 34&nbsp;m
+* Length: 35&nbsp;m
 * Stages: 2
 * Diameter: 2.5&nbsp;m
 * Empty mass: 6,600&nbsp;kg
-* Total weight: 89,000&nbsp;kg
+* Total weight: 90,000&nbsp;kg
 * Payload mass: 1000&nbsp;kg
 * Apogee: 600&nbsp;km
 * Lower Stage: 120t total thrust (4 × 30t engines) at sea level. Fuel: RP-1/LOX
 * Upper stage: 3t thrust (single engine). Fuel: MMH/NTO
+=== VLE (''Vehículo Lanzador Espacial)'' ===
+Tronador III will be preceded by the VLE (''Vehículo Lanzador Espacial'' for Space Launch Vehicle) capable of placing a 80 kg payload on a 300 km orbit.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-19 |title=VLE, nuevo enfoque de CONAE |url=https://latamsatelital.com/vle-nuevo-enfoque-de-conae/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Latam Satelital |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> This would be a two stage rocket, with the first stage using 5 or more ''Karut'' engines with 2.5 t of thrust and burning RP-1/LOX.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
 ==See also==

v t e Orbital launch systems
List of orbital launch systems Comparison of orbital launch systems
Current	Angara 1.2 A5 Ariane 6 Atlas V Ceres 1 1S Chollima-1 Electron Falcon 9 Block 5 Falcon Heavy Firefly Alpha Gravity-1 GSLV H-IIA H3 Hyperbola-1 Jielong 1 3 KAIROS^† Kaituozhe 2 Kinetica 1 Kuaizhou 1 1A 11 Long March 2C 2D 2F 3A 3B/E 3C 4B 4C 5 5B 6 6A 7 7A 8 11 11H 12 LVM3 Minotaur I IV V C Nuri OS-M1^† Pegasus XL Proton-M PSLV Qaem 100 Qased Shavit 2 Simorgh SLS Block 1 Soyuz-2 2.1a / STA 2.1b / STB 2-1v SSLV Starship Tianlong-2 Unha Vega C Vulcan Centaur Zhuque 2
In development	Antares 330 Bloostar Cyclone-4M Deca Epsilon S Eris Gravity-2 Hyperbola-2 Irtysh Kuaizhou 21 31 Long March 9 10 Miura 5 MLV Neutron New Glenn New Line 1 NGLV Nova OS-M 2 4 Orbex Prime Pallas-1 Red Dwarf SLS Block 1B Block 2 Soyuz-7 Terran R Tianlong-3 VLM Vega E Zero Zhuque 3 Zuljanah
Retired	Antares 110 120 130^† 230 230+ Ariane 1 2 3 4 5 ASLV Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III LV-3B SLV-3 Able^† Agena Centaur Black Arrow Conestoga^† Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 II III IV IV Heavy Diamant Dnepr Energia Epsilon Europa I^† II^† Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 v1.2 "Full Thrust" Feng Bao 1 GSLV Mk I H-I H-II H-IIB Juno I Juno II Kaituozhe-1 Kosmos original 1 2/2I 3 3M Lambda 4S LauncherOne Long March 1 1D^† 2A 2E 3 3B 4A Mu 4S 3C 3H 3S 3SII V N1^† N-I N-II Naro-1 Paektusan^† Pilot-2^† R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original FG L M U U2 Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna^† Rocket 3 RS1^† Safir 1 1A 1B Saturn I IB V Scout X-1 Blue Scout II^† X-2^† X-2M X-3 X-3M X-4 X-2B^† B A B-1 D-1 A-1 E-1 F-1 G-1 Shavit original 1 SLV Space Shuttle SPARK^† Sparta SS-520 Start-1 Terran 1^† Thor Able Ablestar 1 2 Agena A B D Burner 1 2 Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena SLV-2G SLV-2H Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Tsyklon R-36-O original 2 3 Universal Rocket UR-500 Proton Proton-K Rokot Strela Vanguard Vega original VLS-1^† Zenit 2 2M 2FG 3SL 3SLB 3F Zhuque 1^†
Classes	Sounding rocket Small-lift launch vehicle Medium-lift launch vehicle Heavy-lift launch vehicle Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
This template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future Symbol ^† indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)