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{{Short description|6th-12th century East Slavic tribal confederation}}
{{Short description|6th-12th century East Slavic tribal confederation}}
{{redirect|Krivichi}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2017}}
[[File:Rus-10c-ethn.png|thumb|A tentative map of the peoples of the Eastern Europe in the 9-10th centuries. Krivichs are marked right in the center.]]
[[File:Kryvičy. Крывічы (XV).jpg|right|thumb|A miniature from ''[[Radziwiłł Chronicle|Radzivill Chronicle]]'' showing ancient tribe of Krivichs]]
[[File:Kryvičy. Крывічы (XV).jpg|right|thumb|A miniature from ''[[Radziwiłł Chronicle|Radzivill Chronicle]]'' showing ancient tribe of Krivichs]]
The '''Krivichs (Kryvichs)''' ({{lang-be|крывічы, kryvičý}}, {{IPA-be|kɾɨviˈt͡ʃɨ:|IPA}}; {{lang-rus|кри́вичи|p='krʲivʲɪtɕɪ|kríviči}}) were a tribal union of [[Early East Slavs]] between the 6th and the 12th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC&q=krivichis&pg=PA88|title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires|last1=Olson|first1=James Stuart|last2=Pappas|first2=Lee Brigance|last3=Pappas|first3=Nicholas Charles|date=1994|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313274978|pages=88|language=en}}</ref> It is suggested that originally the Krivichi were native to the area around [[Pskov]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/stanovlenie-kultury-pskovskih-dlinnyh-kurganov/viewer | title=Становление культуры псковских длинных курганов }}</ref> They migrated to the mostly [[Volga Finns|Finnic]] areas in the upper reaches of the [[Volga]], [[Dnieper]], [[Western Dvina|Dvina]], areas south of the lower reaches of river [[Velikaya River|Velikaya]] and parts of the [[Neman River|Neman]] [[drainage basin|basin]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pLJCCwAAQBAJ&q=krivichi&pg=PA327|title=The World of the Slavs : Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries AD)|last1=Živković|first1=Tibor|last2=Crnčević|first2=Dejan|last3=Bulić|first3=Dejan|last4=Petrović|first4=Vladeta|last5=Cvijanović|first5=Irena|last6=Radovanović|first6=Bojana|date=2013-07-01|publisher=Istorijski institut|isbn=9788677431044|pages=327|language=en}}</ref>
The '''Krivichs''' or '''Kryvichs''' ({{lang-rus|кри́вичи|p=ˈkrʲivʲɪtɕɪ|krivichi|links=y}}; {{lang-be|крывічы́|kryvičý}}, {{IPA-be|krɨvʲiˈt͡ʂɨ|IPA}}) were a tribal union of [[Early East Slavs]] between the 6th and the 12th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC&q=krivichis&pg=PA88|title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires|last1=Olson|first1=James Stuart|last2=Pappas|first2=Lee Brigance|last3=Pappas|first3=Nicholas Charles|date=1994|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313274978|pages=88|language=en}}</ref> It is suggested that originally the Krivichi were native to the area around [[Pskov]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/stanovlenie-kultury-pskovskih-dlinnyh-kurganov/viewer | title=Становление культуры псковских длинных курганов }}</ref> They migrated to the mostly [[Volga Finns|Finnic]] areas in the upper reaches of the [[Volga]], [[Dnieper]], [[Western Dvina|Dvina]], areas south of the lower reaches of river [[Velikaya River|Velikaya]] and parts of the [[Neman River|Neman]] [[drainage basin|basin]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pLJCCwAAQBAJ&q=krivichi&pg=PA327|title=The World of the Slavs : Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries AD)|last1=Živković|first1=Tibor|last2=Crnčević|first2=Dejan|last3=Bulić|first3=Dejan|last4=Petrović|first4=Vladeta|last5=Cvijanović|first5=Irena|last6=Radovanović|first6=Bojana|date=2013-07-01|publisher=Istorijski institut|isbn=9788677431044|pages=327|language=en}}</ref>


In some variants of Belarusiphile [[Anti-Normanism|anti-normanist]] history, the city, and later principality of [[Polotsk]] is linked to Krivichians, much like Kyiv is linked to [[Polianians]], however, based on most modern evidence, these were all likely linked to [[Rus' people]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37755070 |title=Nation-building in the post-Soviet borderlands : the politics of national identities |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Graham Smith |isbn=0-521-59045-0 |page=32 |location=Cambridge [England] |oclc=37755070}}</ref>
In some variants of Belarusiphile [[Anti-Normanism|anti-normanist]] history, the city, and later principality of [[Polotsk]] is linked to Krivichians, much like Kyiv is linked to [[Polianians]], however, based on most modern evidence, these were all likely linked to [[Rus' people]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37755070 |title=Nation-building in the post-Soviet borderlands : the politics of national identities |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Graham Smith |isbn=0-521-59045-0 |page=32 |location=Cambridge [England] |oclc=37755070}}</ref>
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==Etymology==
==Etymology==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
Many historians suggest that the name of the tribe probably stems from that of their legendary forefather Kriv, possibly a [[kniaz]] or a [[voivode]]. According to [[Max Vasmer]], this [[sobriquet]] was derived from the Slavic adjective ''krivoy'' ("crooked/twisted") due to some possible birth defect. [[Jan Stankievič]] believed it was derived from the adjective "kroŭ", "kryvi" ("blood"), hence, "kryvič" would mean "blood relationship".
Many historians suggest that the name of the tribe probably stems from that of their legendary forefather Kriv, possibly a [[kniaz]] or a [[voivode]]. According to [[Max Vasmer]], this [[sobriquet]] was derived from the Slavic adjective ''krivoy'' ("crooked/twisted") due to some possible birth defect. [[Jan Stankievič]] believed it was derived from the adjective ''kroŭ''/''kryvi'' ("blood"), hence, ''kryvič'' would mean "blood relationship".


==History==
==History==
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The Krivichs left many archaeological monuments, such as the remnants of agricultural settlements with traces of ironworks, jeweler's art, blacksmith's work and other handicrafts; long burial mounds of the 6th to 9th centuries with cremated bodies; burial mounds of rich warriors with weapons; sets of distinctive jewelry (bracelet-like temporal rings and glass beads made out of stretched wire). By the end of the first millennium, the Krivichs had already had well-developed farming and cattle-breeding. Having settled around the [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks]], the Krivichs traded with the [[Varangians]]. Their chief tribal centres were [[Gnezdovo]], [[Izborsk]], and [[Polotsk]].
The Krivichs left many archaeological monuments, such as the remnants of agricultural settlements with traces of ironworks, jeweler's art, blacksmith's work and other handicrafts; long burial mounds of the 6th to 9th centuries with cremated bodies; burial mounds of rich warriors with weapons; sets of distinctive jewelry (bracelet-like temporal rings and glass beads made out of stretched wire). By the end of the first millennium, the Krivichs had already had well-developed farming and cattle-breeding. Having settled around the [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks]], the Krivichs traded with the [[Varangians]]. Their chief tribal centres were [[Gnezdovo]], [[Izborsk]], and [[Polotsk]].


The Krivichs as a tribe took part in [[Oleg of Novgorod|Oleg]]'s and [[Igor of Kiev|Igor]]'s military campaigns against the Byzantine Empire. They are also mentioned in ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' as ''Krivitzoi'' (Κριβιτζοί).
The Krivichs as a tribe took part in [[Oleg of Novgorod|Oleg]]'s and [[Igor of Kiev|Igor]]'s military campaigns against the Byzantine Empire. They are also mentioned in ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' as {{transliteration|grc|Krivitzoí}} ({{lang|grc|Κριβιτζοί}}).


==Modern uses of the name==
==Modern uses of the name==
* Today, in [[Latvian language|Latvian]], "Krievs" means "Russian" and "Krievija" is "Russia". Through Baltic territories, the word became known in Central Europe. For example, a German chronicler from [[Duisburg]] wrote in 1314: “Frater Henricus Marschalcus... venit ad terram ''Crivitae'', et civitatem illam, quae parva Nogardia dicitur cepit”. And in a Polish publication "Kazanie na Pogrzeb Maryanny Korsakywnej" ([[Lublin]], 1687. Б. II, 49) the [[Polotsk]] saint Paraxedis was called ''“Regina Krivitae”'' (the queen of the Kryvians).
* Today, in [[Latvian language|Latvian]], {{lang|lv|Krievs}} means "Russian" and {{lang|lv|Krievija}} is "Russia". Through Baltic territories, the word became known in Central Europe. For example, a German chronicler from [[Duisburg]] wrote in 1314: "{{lang|la|Frater Henricus Marschalcus... venit ad terram ''Crivitae'', et civitatem illam, quae parva Nogardia dicitur cepit|italic=unset}}". And in a Polish publication {{lang|pl|Kazanie na Pogrzeb Maryanny Korsakywnej}} ([[Lublin]], 1687. Б. II, 49) the [[Polotsk]] saint Paraxedis was called {{lang|la|Regina Krivitae}} (the queen of the Kryvians).
* Also in Latvian, the Belarusians is known as "Baltkrievs", and Belarus is named "Baltkrievija". The prefix balt- is from the Latvian word "balts" which means "white", thus "Baltkrievija" is cognate to [[White Ruthenia|White Russia]].
* Also in Latvian, a Belarusian is known as {{lang|lv|Baltkrievs}}, and Belarus is named {{lang|lv|Baltkrievija}}. The prefix ''balt-'' is from the Latvian word {{lang|lv|balts}} which means "white", thus {{lang|lv|Baltkrievija}} is cognate to "[[White Ruthenia|White Russia]]" and "Belarus" itself.
* "Kryvich" ("Крывіч") was the name of a magazine that the Belarusian historian [[Vaclau Lastouski]] published in [[Kaunas]] from 1923 to 1927.
* {{lang|be-Latn|Kryvich}} ({{lang|be|Крывіч}}) was the name of a magazine that the Belarusian historian [[Vaclau Lastouski]] published in [[Kaunas]] from 1923 to 1927.
* [[Kriwi (band)|Kriwi]] is the name of a Belarusian folk-rock band.
* [[Kriwi (band)|Kriwi]] is the name of a Belarusian folk-rock band.
* Places named [[Kryvičy]] in modern Belarus are possibly named after the tribe, however this is contested basing on the suggested areal of Krivichs.<ref>Ежы Ахманскі. Літоўская этнічная мяжа на ўсходзе ад племянной эпохі да XVI стагоддзя // ARCHE 2 2016. С. 13—96.</ref>
* Towns of [[Kreva]] and [[Kryvičy]] in modern Belarus are named after the tribe.


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 19:08, 24 July 2024

"Krivichi" redirects here. For other uses, see Krivichi (disambiguation).
A tentative map of the peoples of the Eastern Europe in the 9-10th centuries. Krivichs are marked right in the center.
A miniature from Radzivill Chronicle showing ancient tribe of Krivichs

The Krivichs or Kryvichs (Russian: кри́вичи, romanized: krivichi, IPA: [ˈkrʲivʲɪtɕɪ]; Belarusian: крывічы́, romanized: kryvičý, IPA: [krɨvʲiˈt͡ʂɨ]) were a tribal union of Early East Slavs between the 6th and the 12th centuries.[1] It is suggested that originally the Krivichi were native to the area around Pskov.[2] They migrated to the mostly Finnic areas in the upper reaches of the Volga, Dnieper, Dvina, areas south of the lower reaches of river Velikaya and parts of the Neman basin.[3]

In some variants of Belarusiphile anti-normanist history, the city, and later principality of Polotsk is linked to Krivichians, much like Kyiv is linked to Polianians, however, based on most modern evidence, these were all likely linked to Rus' people.[4]

Etymology

Many historians suggest that the name of the tribe probably stems from that of their legendary forefather Kriv, possibly a kniaz or a voivode. According to Max Vasmer, this sobriquet was derived from the Slavic adjective krivoy ("crooked/twisted") due to some possible birth defect. Jan Stankievič believed it was derived from the adjective kroŭ/kryvi ("blood"), hence, kryvič would mean "blood relationship".

History

The Krivichs left many archaeological monuments, such as the remnants of agricultural settlements with traces of ironworks, jeweler's art, blacksmith's work and other handicrafts; long burial mounds of the 6th to 9th centuries with cremated bodies; burial mounds of rich warriors with weapons; sets of distinctive jewelry (bracelet-like temporal rings and glass beads made out of stretched wire). By the end of the first millennium, the Krivichs had already had well-developed farming and cattle-breeding. Having settled around the Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, the Krivichs traded with the Varangians. Their chief tribal centres were Gnezdovo, Izborsk, and Polotsk.

The Krivichs as a tribe took part in Oleg's and Igor's military campaigns against the Byzantine Empire. They are also mentioned in De Administrando Imperio as Krivitzoí (Κριβιτζοί).

Modern uses of the name

  • Today, in Latvian, Krievs means "Russian" and Krievija is "Russia". Through Baltic territories, the word became known in Central Europe. For example, a German chronicler from Duisburg wrote in 1314: "Frater Henricus Marschalcus... venit ad terram Crivitae, et civitatem illam, quae parva Nogardia dicitur cepit". And in a Polish publication Kazanie na Pogrzeb Maryanny Korsakywnej (Lublin, 1687. Б. II, 49) the Polotsk saint Paraxedis was called Regina Krivitae (the queen of the Kryvians).
  • Also in Latvian, a Belarusian is known as Baltkrievs, and Belarus is named Baltkrievija. The prefix balt- is from the Latvian word balts which means "white", thus Baltkrievija is cognate to "White Russia" and "Belarus" itself.
  • Kryvich (Крывіч) was the name of a magazine that the Belarusian historian Vaclau Lastouski published in Kaunas from 1923 to 1927.
  • Kriwi is the name of a Belarusian folk-rock band.
  • Places named Kryvičy in modern Belarus are possibly named after the tribe, however this is contested basing on the suggested areal of Krivichs.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 88. ISBN 9780313274978.
  2. ^ "Становление культуры псковских длинных курганов".
  3. ^ Živković, Tibor; Crnčević, Dejan; Bulić, Dejan; Petrović, Vladeta; Cvijanović, Irena; Radovanović, Bojana (2013-07-01). The World of the Slavs : Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries AD). Istorijski institut. p. 327. ISBN 9788677431044.
  4. ^ Nation-building in the post-Soviet borderlands : the politics of national identities. Graham Smith. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. 1998. p. 32. ISBN 0-521-59045-0. OCLC 37755070.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ^ Ежы Ахманскі. Літоўская этнічная мяжа на ўсходзе ад племянной эпохі да XVI стагоддзя // ARCHE 2 2016. С. 13—96.
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