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{{infobox ethnic group
{{infobox ethnic group
|group = Hedareb
| group = Hedareb
|image = File:The world's inhabitants; or, Mankind, animals, and plants; being a popular account of the races and nations of mankind, past and present, and the animals and plants inhabiting the great continents and (14598340307).jpg
| image = File:The world's inhabitants; or, Mankind, animals, and plants; being a popular account of the races and nations of mankind, past and present, and the animals and plants inhabiting the great continents and (14598340307).jpg
|caption = An illustration of "Beni Amer" men, from 1888
| caption = An illustration of "Beni Amer" men, from 1888
|poptime =
| poptime =
|popplace = {{flagcountry|Eritrea}}: 202,000 (<small>2009 Eritrean embassy estimate)</small>;<ref>{{cite web|last1=<!-- Staff writer -->|title=About Eritrea: People|url=http://eritreanconsulate-lb.com/root/AboutEritria/People.html|website=eritreanconsulate-lb.com|publisher=Honorary Consulate of The State of Eritrea in Lebanon|accessdate=28 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501062907/http://eritreanconsulate-lb.com/root/AboutEritria/People.html|archive-date=1 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> 100,000 <small>(2009 [[International Labour Organization|ILO]] estimate)</small>,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mehbratu|first1=S|last2=Habtezion|first2=Zerisenay|title=Eritrea: Constitutional, Legislative and Administrative Provisions Concerning Indigenous Peoples|date=2009|ssrn=1584657|publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]; [[African Commission]]’s Working Group on Indigenous Communities/Populations in Africa; Centre for Human Rights, [[University of Pretoria]]; with support from the [[European Commission]]}} Asserts Hedareb population is 2% of the total population of 4.8 million.</ref><br/> {{flagcountry|Sudan}}, {{flagcountry|Egypt}}
| popplace = '''{{flagcountry|Eritrea}}'''<br/>100,000<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mehbratu|first1=S|last2=Habtezion|first2=Zerisenay|title=Eritrea: Constitutional, Legislative and Administrative Provisions Concerning Indigenous Peoples|date=2009|ssrn=1584657|publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]; [[African Commission]]’s Working Group on Indigenous Communities/Populations in Africa; Centre for Human Rights, [[University of Pretoria]]; with support from the [[European Commission]]|doi=10.2139/ssrn.1584657}} Asserts Hedareb population is 2% of the total population of 4.8 million.</ref>–202,000<ref>{{cite web|last1=<!-- Staff writer -->|title=About Eritrea: People|url=http://eritreanconsulate-lb.com/root/AboutEritria/People.html|website=eritreanconsulate-lb.com|publisher=Honorary Consulate of The State of Eritrea in Lebanon|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501062907/http://eritreanconsulate-lb.com/root/AboutEritria/People.html|archive-date=1 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|langs = [[Beja language|Bedawi]]
| langs = [[Beja language|Beja]], [[Tigre language|Tigre]], [[Arabic]]
|rels = [[Sunni Islam]]
| rels = [[Sunni Islam]]
|related = other [[Beja people|Beja]] and other [[Cushitic|Cushitic peoples]].
| related = other [[Beja people|Beja]] and other [[Cushitic speaking peoples|Cushitic peoples]]
}}
}}
The '''Hedareb''' or '''T'bdawe'''<ref group=note>''Hedareb'', ''t'badwe'', ''to-bedawye'' and ''bedawi'' may refer to the people or their language. ''Beja'' is an Arabic name for the language; ''Hedareb'' may be a corruption of ''Hadarma'', "people of the [[Hadhramaut]]". See {{cite book|last1=Tesfagiorgis G.|first1=Mussie|title=Eritrea|year=2010|page=178 and 216|isbn=9781598842319|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pReFaFC3fQC&q=hedareb&pg=PA178}} and {{cite journal|last1=Paul|first1=A.|title=THE HADĀREB: A Study in Arab—Beja Relationships|journal=Sudan Notes and Records|date=1959|volume=40|pages=75–78|jstor=41719580|publisher=[[University of Khartoum]]}}</ref> are one of the nine ethnolinguistic groups in [[Eritrea]].<ref name="Embassy" /> They are a [[Beni-Amer]] division, a subgroup of the [[Beja people|Beja]]. They are more diverse than the other Eritrean ethics; one subgroup speaks the traditional [[Beja language]], which belongs to the [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]] branch of the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] family, while another is more closely related to Sudanese [[Hadendoa]]. They are among the least-researched groups in Eritrea.<ref name="Favali Pateman 2003"/>
The '''Hedareb''' or '''T'bdawe'''<ref group=note>''Hedareb'', ''t'badwe'', ''to-bedawye'' and ''bedawi'' may refer to the people or their language. ''Beja'' is an Arabic name for the language; ''Hedareb'' may be a corruption of ''Hadarma'', "people of the [[Hadhramaut]]". See {{cite book|last1=Tesfagiorgis G.|first1=Mussie|title=Eritrea|year=2010|page=178 and 216|isbn=9781598842319|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pReFaFC3fQC&q=hedareb&pg=PA178}} and {{cite journal|last1=Paul|first1=A.|title=THE HADĀREB: A Study in Arab—Beja Relationships|journal=Sudan Notes and Records|date=1959|volume=40|pages=75–78|jstor=41719580|publisher=[[University of Khartoum]]}}</ref> are a [[Cushitic peoples|Cushitic]] [[ethnic group]] native to northwestern [[Eritrea]].<ref name="Embassy" /> They are a subgroup of the [[Beja people|Beja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-15 |title=Beni Amir: The Hedareb in Eritrea |url=https://www.eristory.com/beni-amir-the-hedareb-in-eritrea/ |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=EriStory |language=en-US}}</ref> They are more diverse than the other Eritrean ethnicities; one subgroup speaks the traditional [[Beja language]], which belongs to the [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]] branch of the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] family, while another is more closely related to Sudanese [[Hadendoa]]. They are among the least-researched groups in Eritrea.<ref name="Favali Pateman 2003"/>


The Hedareb people live in northwestern [[Barka (Eritrea)|Barka]] in [[Eritrea]], [[Sudan]] and [[Egypt]].<ref name=Tesfagiorgis>{{cite book|last1=Tesfagiorgis G.|first1=Mussie|title=Eritrea|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1598842319|page=178|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pReFaFC3fQC&q=hedareb&pg=PA178}}</ref> Nomadic or semi-nomadic [[Pastoralism|pastoralists]], they typically migrate seasonally with their herds of [[camel]]s, [[goat]]s and [[sheep]].<ref name="Embassy">{{cite web|last1=<!-- Staff author -->|title=The People of Eritrea|url=http://www.eritrean-embassy.se/about-eritrea/people-and-languages/|website=www.eritrean-embassy.se|publisher=Eritrean Embassy in Sweden|accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref>
The Hedareb people live in northwestern [[Eritrea]] and extend as far as the borders with east [[Sudan]].<ref name="Tesfagiorgis">{{cite book|last1=Tesfagiorgis G.|first1=Mussie|title=Eritrea|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1598842319|page=178|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pReFaFC3fQC&q=hedareb&pg=PA178}}</ref> Nomadic or semi-nomadic [[Pastoralism|pastoralists]], they typically migrate seasonally with their herds of [[camel]]s, [[goat]]s and [[sheep]].<ref name="Embassy">{{cite web|last1=<!-- Staff author -->|title=The People of Eritrea|url=http://www.eritrean-embassy.se/about-eritrea/people-and-languages/|website=www.eritrean-embassy.se|publisher=Eritrean Embassy in Sweden|access-date=27 February 2015|archive-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028042800/http://eritrean-embassy.se/about-eritrea/people-and-languages/|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Language==
==Language==
The Hedareb speak the [[Beja language]] as a mother tongue. It belongs to the [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]] branch of the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] family. In addition to their variety of Beja, known as Hedareb or T’badwe, most Hedareb people also speak at least one other language, typically either [[Arabic language|Arabic]] or [[Tigre language|Tigre]].<ref>{{cite book| last=Killion | first=Tom | title=Historical Dictionary of Eritrea |isbn= 0-8108-3437-5 | publisher=The Scarecrow Press | year=1998 }}</ref>
The Hedareb speak the [[Beja language]] or [[Tigre language]] as a mother tongue.<ref name="Tesfagiorgis" /> In addition to their variety of Beja, known as Hedareb or T’badwe, most Hedareb people also speak at least one other language, typically for a larger group [[Tigre language|Tigre]], and for a small group [[Arabic]] as well.<ref>{{cite book| last=Killion | first=Tom | title=Historical Dictionary of Eritrea |isbn= 0-8108-3437-5 | publisher=The Scarecrow Press | year=1998 }}</ref>


==Society==
==Society==
Hedareb society is hierarchical, and is traditionally organized into clans and subclans.<ref name="Tesfagiorgis" /> Hedarebs are a [[Muslim]] group,<ref name="Favali Pateman 2003"/> and most are [[Sunni Muslim]]s.<ref name="Embassy" /> Marriages are typically [[arranged marriage|arranged]] to maximize alliances between extended families. It is customary for the groom's family to pay a [[bride price]] of five to twelve goats, and a varying amount of money,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tesfagiorgis G.|first1=Mussie|title=Eritrea|date=29 October 2010|pages=194–195|isbn=9781598842326|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0R7iHoaykoC&q=hedareb+marriage&pg=PA194}}</ref> or as much as 70 camels.<ref name="Gebremedhin 2002">{{cite book | last=Gebremedhin | first=T.G. | title=Women, Tradition and Development: A Case Study of Eritrea | publisher=Red Sea Press | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-56902-153-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-6aHSOI_ukC | access-date=Jul 30, 2017}}</ref>
Hedareb society is hierarchical, and is traditionally organized into clans and subclans.<ref name="Tesfagiorgis" /> Hedarebs are a [[Muslim]] group,<ref name="Favali Pateman 2003"/> and most are [[Sunni Muslim]]s.<ref name="Embassy" /> Marriages are typically [[arranged marriage|arranged]] to maximize alliances between extended families. It is customary for the groom's family to pay a [[bride price]] of five to twelve goats, and a varying amount of money,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tesfagiorgis G.|first1=Mussie|title=Eritrea|date=29 October 2010|pages=194–195|isbn=9781598842326|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0R7iHoaykoC&q=hedareb+marriage&pg=PA194}}</ref> or as much as 70 camels.<ref name="Gebremedhin 2002">{{cite book | last=Gebremedhin | first=T.G. | title=Women, Tradition and Development: A Case Study of Eritrea | publisher=Red Sea Press | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-56902-153-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-6aHSOI_ukC | access-date=Jul 30, 2017}}</ref>


Sociologist Abdulkader Saleh Mohammad writes that the Hedareb have been excluded from state conceptions of Eritrean nationhood, and have become a [[marginalized]] group with many members who do not feel connected to the Eritrean [[nation-state]].<ref>{{cite conference | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277917537 | title=Competing identities and the emergence of Eritrean Nationalism between 1941 and 1952 | publisher=Centro de Estudos Internacionais do Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL) | accessdate=18 February 2016 | author=Mohammad, Abdulkader Saleh | booktitle=“African Dynamics in Multipolar World” | year=2013 | conference=5th European Conference on African Studies | location=Lisbon | pages=1376–1408 | id=978-989-732-364-5}}</ref>
Sociologist Abdulkader Saleh Mohammad writes that the Hedareb have been excluded from state conceptions of Eritrean nationhood and have become a [[marginalized]] group with many members who do not feel connected to the Eritrean [[nation-state]].<ref>{{cite conference | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277917537 | title=Competing identities and the emergence of Eritrean Nationalism between 1941 and 1952 | publisher=Centro de Estudos Internacionais do Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL) | access-date=18 February 2016 | author=Mohammad, Abdulkader Saleh | book-title=“African Dynamics in Multipolar World” | year=2013 | conference=5th European Conference on African Studies | location=Lisbon | pages=1376–1408 | id=978-989-732-364-5}}</ref>


⚫
=== Laws ===
The status of [[woman|women]] in Hedareb society is generally lower than that of men: the birth of female children is celebrated with fewer gifts and [[ululation]]s than that of male children, and wives who consent to a [[divorce]] have no right to family property. Women generally inherit half as much property as men, and their testimony counts half as much in legal proceedings.<ref name="Gebremedhin 2002"/> An Eritrean survey in the early 2000s found that 100% of Hedareb women had undergone some form of [[female genital mutilation]].<ref name="Favali Pateman 2003"/> Most Hedareb women are married by the age of eighteen.<ref name="Gebremedhin 2002"/>
⚫
As Muslim people, the Hedareb follow [[Sharia law]] in most matters.<ref name="Favali Pateman 2003"/>

⚫
===Laws===
⚫
As a Muslim people, the Hedareb follow [[Sharia law]] in most matters.<ref name="Favali Pateman 2003"/>


In the nineteenth century, [[blood feud]]s marked by chains of [[revenge killing]]s existed among Hedareb groups; unlike those among neighboring groups, they were rarely resolved by the payment of [[Blood money (restitution)|blood money]], possibly because the Hedareb had fewer trading practices.<ref name="Favali Pateman 2003">{{cite book | last1=Favali | first1=L. | last2=Pateman | first2=R. | title=Blood, Land, and Sex: Legal and Political Pluralism in Eritrea | publisher=Indiana University Press | series=Blood, Land, and Sex | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-253-10984-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lqdy8_HBp3gC&pg=PA75 | access-date=Jul 30, 2017}}</ref> Also distinctively, [[Uxoricide|killing one's wife]] was traditionally punished by death, while [[filicide|killing one's children]] went unpunished.<ref name="Favali Pateman 2003"/> [[Rape]] of a noblewoman by a serf was punishable by death, while rape of serfs by nobles was tolerated.<ref name="Favali Pateman 2003"/>
In the nineteenth century, [[blood feud]]s marked by chains of [[revenge killing]]s existed among Hedareb groups; unlike those among neighboring groups, they were rarely resolved by the payment of [[Blood money (restitution)|blood money]], possibly because the Hedareb had fewer trading practices.<ref name="Favali Pateman 2003">{{cite book | last1=Favali | first1=L. | last2=Pateman | first2=R. | title=Blood, Land, and Sex: Legal and Political Pluralism in Eritrea | publisher=Indiana University Press | series=Blood, Land, and Sex | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-253-10984-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lqdy8_HBp3gC&pg=PA75 | access-date=Jul 30, 2017}}</ref> Also distinctively, [[Uxoricide|killing one's wife]] was traditionally punished by death, while [[filicide|killing one's children]] went unpunished.<ref name="Favali Pateman 2003"/> [[Rape]] of a noblewoman by a serf was punishable by death, while rape of serfs by nobles was tolerated.<ref name="Favali Pateman 2003"/>
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==External links==
==External links==
*YouTube videos of traditional Hedareb dance: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jF6_XPqa0-A], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9cfsMrae6s]
*YouTube videos of traditional Hedareb dance: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jF6_XPqa0-A], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9cfsMrae6s]
*Eritrean Ministry of Information: Traditional Wedding Ceremonies of the Hedareb [http://www.shabait.com/about-eritrea/art-a-sport/5472-traditional-wedding-ceremonies-of-the-hedareb-part-i- Part I] and [http://www.shabait.com/about-eritrea/art-a-sport/5551-traditional-wedding-of-the-hedareb-part-ii Part II]
*Eritrean Ministry of Information: Traditional Wedding Ceremonies of the Hedareb [http://www.shabait.com/about-eritrea/art-a-sport/5472-traditional-wedding-ceremonies-of-the-hedareb-part-i- Part I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101008/http://www.shabait.com/about-eritrea/art-a-sport/5472-traditional-wedding-ceremonies-of-the-hedareb-part-i- |date=2015-09-24 }} and [http://www.shabait.com/about-eritrea/art-a-sport/5551-traditional-wedding-of-the-hedareb-part-ii Part II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104126/http://www.shabait.com/about-eritrea/art-a-sport/5551-traditional-wedding-of-the-hedareb-part-ii |date=2016-03-04 }}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hedareb people}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hedareb people}}
[[Category:Beja people]]
[[Category:Beja people|Hadareb]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sudan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sudan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Eritrea]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Eritrea]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Egypt]]
[[Category:Muslim communities in Africa]]
[[Category:Muslim communities in Africa]]
[[Category:Sudanese people of Beja descent]]
[[Category:Sudanese people of Beja descent]]

Latest revision as of 22:59, 22 July 2024

Hedareb
An illustration of "Beni Amer" men, from 1888
Regions with significant populations
 Eritrea
100,000[1]–202,000[2]
Languages
Beja, Tigre, Arabic
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
other Beja and other Cushitic peoples

The Hedareb or T'bdawe[note 1] are a Cushitic ethnic group native to northwestern Eritrea.[3] They are a subgroup of the Beja.[4] They are more diverse than the other Eritrean ethnicities; one subgroup speaks the traditional Beja language, which belongs to the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family, while another is more closely related to Sudanese Hadendoa. They are among the least-researched groups in Eritrea.[5]

The Hedareb people live in northwestern Eritrea and extend as far as the borders with east Sudan.[6] Nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists, they typically migrate seasonally with their herds of camels, goats and sheep.[3]

Language

[edit]

The Hedareb speak the Beja language or Tigre language as a mother tongue.[6] In addition to their variety of Beja, known as Hedareb or T’badwe, most Hedareb people also speak at least one other language, typically for a larger group Tigre, and for a small group Arabic as well.[7]

Society

[edit]

Hedareb society is hierarchical, and is traditionally organized into clans and subclans.[6] Hedarebs are a Muslim group,[5] and most are Sunni Muslims.[3] Marriages are typically arranged to maximize alliances between extended families. It is customary for the groom's family to pay a bride price of five to twelve goats, and a varying amount of money,[8] or as much as 70 camels.[9]

Sociologist Abdulkader Saleh Mohammad writes that the Hedareb have been excluded from state conceptions of Eritrean nationhood and have become a marginalized group with many members who do not feel connected to the Eritrean nation-state.[10]

Laws

[edit]

As Muslim people, the Hedareb follow Sharia law in most matters.[5]

In the nineteenth century, blood feuds marked by chains of revenge killings existed among Hedareb groups; unlike those among neighboring groups, they were rarely resolved by the payment of blood money, possibly because the Hedareb had fewer trading practices.[5] Also distinctively, killing one's wife was traditionally punished by death, while killing one's children went unpunished.[5] Rape of a noblewoman by a serf was punishable by death, while rape of serfs by nobles was tolerated.[5]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Hedareb, t'badwe, to-bedawye and bedawi may refer to the people or their language. Beja is an Arabic name for the language; Hedareb may be a corruption of Hadarma, "people of the Hadhramaut". See Tesfagiorgis G., Mussie (2010). Eritrea. p. 178 and 216. ISBN 9781598842319. and Paul, A. (1959). "THE HADĀREB: A Study in Arab—Beja Relationships". Sudan Notes and Records. 40. University of Khartoum: 75–78. JSTOR 41719580.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Mehbratu, S; Habtezion, Zerisenay (2009). Eritrea: Constitutional, Legislative and Administrative Provisions Concerning Indigenous Peoples. International Labour Organization; African Commission’s Working Group on Indigenous Communities/Populations in Africa; Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria; with support from the European Commission. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1584657. SSRN 1584657. Asserts Hedareb population is 2% of the total population of 4.8 million.
  2. ^ "About Eritrea: People". eritreanconsulate-lb.com. Honorary Consulate of The State of Eritrea in Lebanon. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  3. ^ a b c "The People of Eritrea". www.eritrean-embassy.se. Eritrean Embassy in Sweden. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
  4. ^ "Beni Amir: The Hedareb in Eritrea". EriStory. 2017-06-15. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Favali, L.; Pateman, R. (2003). Blood, Land, and Sex: Legal and Political Pluralism in Eritrea. Blood, Land, and Sex. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-10984-2. Retrieved Jul 30, 2017.
  6. ^ a b c Tesfagiorgis G., Mussie (2010). Eritrea. ABC-CLIO. p. 178. ISBN 978-1598842319.
  7. ^ Killion, Tom (1998). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3437-5.
  8. ^ Tesfagiorgis G., Mussie (29 October 2010). Eritrea. pp. 194–195. ISBN 9781598842326.
  9. ^ Gebremedhin, T.G. (2002). Women, Tradition and Development: A Case Study of Eritrea. Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-1-56902-153-8. Retrieved Jul 30, 2017.
  10. ^ Mohammad, Abdulkader Saleh (2013). "Competing identities and the emergence of Eritrean Nationalism between 1941 and 1952". “African Dynamics in Multipolar World”. 5th European Conference on African Studies. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Internacionais do Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL). pp. 1376–1408. 978-989-732-364-5. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
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