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Romantic orientation, also called affectional orientation, is the classification of the sex or gender which a person experiences romantic attraction towards or is likely to have a romantic relationship with. The term is used alongside the term "sexual orientation", as well as being used alternatively to it, based upon the perspective that sexual attraction is only a single component of a larger concept.^[1]

For example, although a pansexual person may feel sexually attracted to people regardless of gender, the person may experience romantic attraction and intimacy with women only.

For asexual people, romantic orientation is often considered a more useful measure of attraction than sexual orientation.^[2]^[3]

The relationship between sexual attraction and romantic attraction is still under debate.^[4]^[5] Sexual and romantic attractions are often studied in conjunction. Even though studies of sexual and romantic spectrums are shedding light onto this under-researched subject, much is still not fully understood.^[6]

Romantic identities

People may or may not engage in purely emotional romantic relationships. The main identities relating to this are:^[2]^[3]^[7]^[8]

Aromantic, meaning someone who experiences little to no romantic attraction (aromanticism).
- For identities within the aromantic spectrum, see Aromantic spectrum.
Alloromantic or zedromantic:^[9]^[10] Not aromantic (alloromanticism or zedromanticism).^[11]^[12]^[13]
- Monoromantic: Romantic attraction towards person(s) of only one gender (monoromanticism).^[14]^[15]^[10]
  - Androromantic: Romantic attraction towards men or masculinity (androromanticism).^[16]^[17]^[18]
  - Gyneromantic or gynoromantic: Romantic attraction towards women or femininity (gyneromanticism or gynoromanticism).^[19]^[20]^[21]
  - Heteroromantic: Romantic attraction towards person(s) of the opposite gender (heteroromanticism).^[22]
  - Homoromantic: Romantic attraction towards person(s) of the same gender (homoromanticism).
- Multiromantic or pluriromantic: Romantic attraction towards person(s) of multiple genders (multiromanticism or pluriromanticism).^[23]^[24]^[25]
  - Biromantic or ambiromantic: Romantic attraction towards two genders, or person(s) of the same and other genders (biromanticism or ambiromanticism).^[16]^[26] Sometimes used the same way as panromantic or multiromantic.^[27]^[8]^[28]^[29]
  - Panromantic or omniromantic:^[28] Romantic attraction towards person(s) regardless of gender or of any, every, and all genders (panromanticism or omniromanticism).^[28]^[30]^[31]
  - Polyromantic: Romantic attraction towards person(s) of various, but not all, genders (polyromanticism).^[32]
- Skolioromantic or ceteroromantic: Romantic attraction towards genderqueer or non-binary person(s) (skolioromanticism or ceteroromanticism).^[26]^[33]^[10]
Abroromantic: Fluid between romantic identities or in romantic attraction (abroromanticism).^[34]^[35] Not to be confused with aroflux.^[36]
Pomoromantic: Rejecting preexisting romantic labels (pomoromanticism).^[26]^[16]

Relationship with sexual orientation and asexuality

The implications of the distinction between romantic and sexual orientations have not been fully recognized, nor have they been studied extensively.^[37] It is common for sources to describe sexual orientation as including components of both sexual and romantic (or romantic equivalent) attractions.^[5]^[37] Publications investigating the relationship between sexual orientation and romantic orientation are limited. Challenges in collecting information result from survey participants having difficulty identifying or distinguishing between sexual and romantic attractions.^[5]^[38]^[39] Asexual individuals experience little to no sexual attraction (see gray asexuality); however, they may still experience romantic attraction.^[40]^[41] Lisa M. Diamond states that a person's romantic orientation can differ from whom the person is sexually attracted to.^[4] While there is limited research on the discordance between sexual attraction and romantic attraction in individuals, the possibility of fluidity and diversity in attractions have been progressively recognized.^[42]^[43] Researchers Bulmer and Izuma found that people who identify as aromantic often have more negative attitudes in relation to romance. While roughly 1% of the population identifies as asexual, 74% of those people reported having some form of romantic attraction.^[29]

A concept commonly used by people that experience discordant romantic and sexual attraction is the split attraction model, which tries to explain that romantic and sexual attractions are not exclusively tied together and is often used by people of the asexual and aromantic community to explain their differing romantic versus sexual orientations.

Aromanticism

Aromanticism is a romantic orientation characterized by experiencing little to no romantic attraction.^[44]^[45]^[46] The term "aromantic", colloquially shortened to "aro", refers to a person who identifies their romantic orientation as aromanticism.^[47]^[48]

As a romantic minority, it is included in the initialism LGBTQIA+ as the A, standing for aromanticism, along with asexual and agender.^[49]

References

^ Crethar, H. C. & Vargas, L. A. (2007). Multicultural intricacies in professional counseling. In J. Gregoire & C. Jungers (Eds.), The counselor’s companion: What every beginning counselor needs to know. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. ISBN 0-8058-5684-6. p.61.
^ ^a ^b Richards, Christina; Barker, Meg (2013). Sexuality and Gender for Mental Health Professionals: A Practical Guide. SAGE. pp. 124–127. ISBN 978-1-4462-9313-3. Archived from the original on July 6, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
^ ^a ^b Cerankowski, Karli June; Milks, Megan (2014). Asexualities: Feminist and Queer Perspectives. Routledge. pp. 89–93. ISBN 978-1-134-69253-8. Archived from the original on July 6, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
^ ^a ^b Diamond, Lisa M. (January 2003). "What does sexual orientation orient? A biobehavioral model distinguishing romantic love and sexual desire". Psychological Review. 110 (1): 173–192. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.173. PMID 12529061.
^ ^a ^b ^c Van Houdenhove, Ellen; Gijs, Luk; T'Sjoen, Guy; Enzlin, Paul (July 24, 2015). "Asexuality: A Multidimensional Approach". The Journal of Sex Research. 52 (6): 669–678. doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.898015. PMID 24750031. S2CID 35875780.
^ Hammack, Phillip L.; Frost, David M.; Hughes, Sam D. (June 13, 2019). "Queer Intimacies: A New Paradigm for the Study of Relationship Diversity". The Journal of Sex Research. 56 (4–5): 556–592. doi:10.1080/00224499.2018.1531281. PMID 30362833. S2CID 53102365.
^ "LGBTQIA Resource Center Glossary | LGBTQIA Resource Center". lgbtqia.ucdavis.edu. May 5, 2015. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Asexuality, Attraction, and Romantic Orientation". LGBTQ Center. July 1, 2021. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
^ Zimmer, Benjamin; Wright, Kelly E.; Hughes, Brianne; Zhang, Lynn; McLean, Jaidan; Carson, Charles E. (2023). "Among the New Words". American Speech. 98: 104–119. doi:10.1215/00031283-10579494. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dyer, Harriet (May 10, 2018). From Ace to Ze: The Little Book of LGBT Terms. Summersdale. ISBN 978-1-78685-696-8.
^ Barron, Victoria (February 21, 2023). Perfectly Queer: An Illustrated Introduction. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-83997-409-0.
^ Tessler, Hannah (August 23, 2023). "Aromanticism, asexuality, and relationship (non-)formation: How a-spec singles challenge romantic norms and reimagine family life". Sexualities. doi:10.1177/13634607231197061.
^ Niemira, Jan C.; Jacobson, Gary J.; Violeta, Karalyn J. (September 19, 2019). Sex, Sexuality, and Trans Identities: Clinical Guidance for Psychotherapists and Counselors. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78592-618-1.
^ Sharmat, Madeline (June 8, 2023). "All Bi Myself: The Relationship Between Bisexuality and Self-Essentialism". College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations.
^ Matheson, Lauren P.; Blair, Karen L. (September 2023). "From continua to kaleidoscopes: How plurisexuality challenges traditional conceptualizations of sexual orientation". The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality. 32 (2): 151–163. doi:10.3138/cjhs.2023-0022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Decker, Julie Sondra (2015). The Invisible Orientation: An Introduction to Asexuality. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5107-0064-2.^{[page needed]}
^ Steelman, Sarah M.; Hertlein, Katherine M. (April 2, 2016). "Underexplored Identities: Attending to Asexuality in Therapeutic Contexts". Journal of Family Psychotherapy. 27 (2): 85–98. doi:10.1080/08975353.2016.1169014.
^ Thurer, Shari (2023). "Beyond the Binary : Essays on Gender". Phoenix Publishing House: 1–124.
^ Woodruff, Elisa (2019). Wellness in asexual-Identified individuals: The Impact of Social Support and Microaggressions (Thesis).
^ Zamani-Gallaher, Eboni M.; Choudhuri, Devika Dibya; Taylor, Jason L. (September 20, 2019). Rethinking LGBTQIA Students and Collegiate Contexts: Identity, Policies, and Campus Climate. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-82426-5.
^ Zosky, Diane L.; Alberts, Robert (November 16, 2016). "What's in a name? Exploring use of the word queer as a term of identification within the college-aged LGBT community". Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. 26 (7–8): 597–607. doi:10.1080/10911359.2016.1238803.
^ Steelman, Sarah M.; Hertlein, Katherine M. (April 2, 2016). "Underexplored Identities: Attending to Asexuality in Therapeutic Contexts". Journal of Family Psychotherapy. 27 (2): 85–98. doi:10.1080/08975353.2016.1169014.
^ Gatewood, Hunter (2023). Differentiating Sexual Orientation and Romantic Orientation: Exploring Two Inventories of Sexual and Romantic Attraction (Thesis).
^ Rucco, Daniele; Toffoli, Greta; Anzani, Annalisa; Prunas, Antonio (March 2024). "A Networked Model of Ecological Systems Theory to Discuss Concerns in Italian Bisexual+ and Transgender People After the Block of the 'Zan Bill' by Senate". Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 21 (1): 313–338. doi:10.1007/s13178-023-00906-z.
^ Zhang, Yang Bo; Mishra, Shraddha; Liang, Emily; Wekerle, Christine (September 2023). "Adverse Childhood Experiences, Mental Health, and Resilience in 2SLGBTQIA + Persons: a Scoping Review". Adversity and Resilience Science. 4 (3): 211–233. doi:10.1007/s42844-023-00095-z.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ghosh Lisbin, Maya Katyajini (2023). A-Spec: Conceptualizing Asexual Identity, Experience, and Phenomenological Form (Thesis). doi:10.48617/etd.1077.
^ "What Does Biromantic Mean?". WebMD. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hayfield, Nikki; Křížová, Karolína (April 3, 2021). "It's Like Bisexuality, but It Isn't: Pansexual and Panromantic People's Understandings of Their Identities and Experiences of Becoming Educated about Gender and Sexuality". Journal of Bisexuality. 21 (2): 167–193. doi:10.1080/15299716.2021.1911015.
^ ^a ^b Antonsen, Amy N.; Zdaniuk, Bozena; Yule, Morag; Brotto, Lori A. (July 2020). "Ace and Aro: Understanding Differences in Romantic Attractions Among Persons Identifying as Asexual". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 49 (5): 1615–1630. doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01600-1. PMID 32095971.
^ Hille, Jessica J.; Simmons, Megan K.; Sanders, Stephanie A. (September 2020). "'Sex' and the Ace Spectrum: Definitions of Sex, Behavioral Histories, and Future Interest for Individuals Who Identify as Asexual, Graysexual, or Demisexual". The Journal of Sex Research. 57 (7): 813–823. doi:10.1080/00224499.2019.1689378. PMID 31799860. S2CID 208623207.
^ "Panromantic Asexuality: What Is It?". WebMD. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
^ Carrigan, Mark; Gupta, Kristina; Morrison, Todd G. (May 2013). "Asexuality special theme issue editorial". Psychology and Sexuality. 4 (2): 111–120. doi:10.1080/19419899.2013.774160.
^ Chessin, Krista Ellise (2019). The sexual and romantic orientation scale: a measure of sexual and romantic orientation as separate dimensions (Thesis). hdl:10211.3/213654.
^ "The experiences of UK LGBT+ communities during the COVID-19 pandemic". National Centre for Social Research. February 22, 2024. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
^ Rasheed, Ali (2020). Exploring the Experiences of South Asian Students in Undergraduate Programmes: A Case Study in a New Zealand University (Thesis). Auckland University of Technology. hdl:10292/13228.
^ Rendle, Samantha (July 21, 2023). Hopeless Aromantic: An Affirmative Guide to Aromanticism. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-83997-368-0.
^ ^a ^b Bogaert, Anthony F. (2012). Understanding Asexuality. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4422-0101-9.
^ Savin-Williams, Ritch C.; Vrangalova, Zhana (2013). "Mostly heterosexual as a distinct sexual orientation group: A systematic review of the empirical evidence". Developmental Review. 33 (1): 58–88. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2013.01.001.
^ Priebe, Gisela; Svedin, Carl Göran (2013). "Operationalization of Three Dimensions of Sexual Orientation in a National Survey of Late Adolescents". The Journal of Sex Research. 50 (8): 727–738. doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.713147. PMID 23136981. S2CID 27288714.
^ Helm KM (2015). Hooking Up: The Psychology of Sex and Dating. ABC-CLIO. p. 32. ISBN 978-1610699518.
^ Fischer NL, Seidman S (2016). Introducing the New Sexuality Studies. Routledge. p. 183. ISBN 978-1317449188. Archived from the original on July 6, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
^ Lund, Emily M.; Thomas, Katie B.; Sias, Christina M.; Bradley, April R. (October 2016). "Examining Concordant and Discordant Sexual and Romantic Attraction in American Adults: Implications for Counselors". Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling. 10 (4): 211–226. doi:10.1080/15538605.2016.1233840.
^ Weinrich, James D.; Klein, Fritz; McCutchan, J. Allen; Grant, Igor (July 3, 2014). "Cluster Analysis of the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid in Clinical and Nonclinical Samples: When Bisexuality Is Not Bisexuality". Journal of Bisexuality. 14 (3–4): 349–372. doi:10.1080/15299716.2014.938398. PMC 4267693. PMID 25530727.
^ Bougie, C. (May 2021). Composing aromanticism (Thesis). doi:10.32469/10355/85832.
^ "5 things you should know about aromantic people". Stonewall. February 18, 2022. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
^ "Never Been Interested in Romance? You Could Be Aromantic". Psych Central. October 29, 2021. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
^ Josh Salisbury. "Meet the aromantics: 'I'm not cold – I just don't have any romantic feelings' | Life and style". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 7, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
^ Przybylo, Ela; Gupta, Kristina (2020). "Editorial Introduction: The Erotics of Asexualities and Nonsexualities: Intersectional Approaches". Feminist Formations. 32 (3): vii–xxi. doi:10.1353/ff.2020.0034. S2CID 235009367. Project MUSE 777127.
^ "GLAAD - A is for Asexual, Agender, Aromantic". February 11, 2015. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2023.

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{use American English|date=April 2020}}
 {{Sexual orientation}}
-'''Romantic orientation''', also called '''affectional orientation''', is the classification of the [[sex]] or [[gender]] which a person experiences [[romantic attraction]] towards or is likely to have a [[Interpersonal relationship#Romance|romantic relationship]] with. The term is used alongside the term "[[sexual orientation]]", as well as being used alternatively to it, based upon the perspective that [[sexual attraction]] is only a single component of [[Interpersonal relationship|a larger concept]].<ref>Crethar, H. C. & Vargas, L. A. (2007). ''Multicultural intricacies in professional counseling.'' In J. Gregoire & C. Jungers (Eds.), The counselor’s companion: What every beginning counselor needs to know. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. {{ISBN|0-8058-5684-6}}. p.61.</ref>
+{{Distinguish|Romantic friendship}}
+'''Romantic orientation''', also called '''affectional orientation''', is the classification of the [[sex]] or [[gender]] which a person experiences [[romantic attraction]] towards or is likely to have a [[romantic relationship]] with. The term is used alongside the term "[[sexual orientation]]", as well as being used alternatively to it, based upon the perspective that [[sexual attraction]] is only a single component of [[Interpersonal attraction|a larger concept]].<ref>Crethar, H. C. & Vargas, L. A. (2007). ''Multicultural intricacies in professional counseling.'' In J. Gregoire & C. Jungers (Eds.), The counselor’s companion: What every beginning counselor needs to know. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. {{ISBN|0-8058-5684-6}}. p.61.</ref>
 For example, although a [[pansexuality|pansexual]] person may feel sexually attracted to people regardless of gender, the person may experience romantic attraction and intimacy with women only.
@@ Line 12: / Line 14: @@
 ==Romantic identities==
-{{Redirect-several|dab=off|heterosexuality|homosexuality|bisexuality|pansexuality|polysexuality|plurisexuality|ambisexuality|allosexuality|monosexuality}}
+{{Redirect-several|dab=off|heterosexuality|homosexuality|bisexuality|pansexuality|polysexuality|plurisexuality|allosexuality|monosexuality}}
 People may or may not engage in purely emotional [[Romance (love)|romantic]] relationships. The main identities relating to this are:<ref name="Richards and Barker" /><ref name="Cerankowski and Milks" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lgbtqia.ucdavis.edu/educated/glossary|title=LGBTQIA Resource Center Glossary {{!}} LGBTQIA Resource Center|website=lgbtqia.ucdavis.edu|date=May 5, 2015|access-date=2019-08-04|archive-date=August 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803144259/https://lgbtqia.ucdavis.edu/educated/glossary|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-01 |title=Asexuality, Attraction, and Romantic Orientation |url=https://lgbtq.unc.edu/resources/exploring-identities/asexuality-attraction-and-romantic-orientation/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=LGBTQ Center |language=en-US |archive-date=December 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203043814/https://lgbtq.unc.edu/resources/exploring-identities/asexuality-attraction-and-romantic-orientation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 * '''[[Aromantic]]''', meaning someone who experiences little to no romantic attraction (aromanticism).
-** ''For identities within the aromantic spectrum, see [[Aromanticism#Sub-identities on the aromantic spectrum|Aromanticism § Sub-identities on the aromantic spectrum]]''.
+** ''For identities within the aromantic spectrum, see [[Aromantic spectrum]]''.
-* '''[[Alloromantic]]''': Not aromantic (alloromanticism).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barron |first=Victoria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDSdEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22omniromantic%22&pg=PT4 |title=Perfectly Queer: An Illustrated Introduction |date=2023-02-21 |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |isbn=978-1-83997-409-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tessler |first1=Hannah |title=Aromanticism, asexuality, and relationship (non-)formation: How a-spec singles challenge romantic norms and reimagine family life |journal=Sexualities |date=23 August 2023 |doi=10.1177/13634607231197061 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Niemira |first1=Jan C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DcqPDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22alloromantic%22&pg=PA133 |title=Sex, Sexuality, and Trans Identities: Clinical Guidance for Psychotherapists and Counselors |last2=Jacobson |first2=Gary J. |last3=Violeta |first3=Karalyn J. |date=2019-09-19 |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |isbn=978-1-78592-618-1 |language=en}}</ref>
+* '''[[Alloromantic]]''' or '''zedromantic''':<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/american-speech/article/98/1/104/360022/Among-the-New-Words |access-date=2024-04-17 |journal=American Speech |doi=10.1215/00031283-10579494 |title=Among the New Words |date=2023 |last1=Zimmer |first1=Benjamin |last2=Wright |first2=Kelly E. |last3=Hughes |first3=Brianne |last4=Zhang |first4=Lynn |last5=McLean |first5=Jaidan |last6=Carson |first6=Charles E. |volume=98 |pages=104–119 }}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Not aromantic (alloromanticism or zedromanticism).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barron |first=Victoria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDSdEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22omniromantic%22&pg=PT4 |title=Perfectly Queer: An Illustrated Introduction |date=2023-02-21 |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |isbn=978-1-83997-409-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tessler |first1=Hannah |title=Aromanticism, asexuality, and relationship (non-)formation: How a-spec singles challenge romantic norms and reimagine family life |journal=Sexualities |date=23 August 2023 |doi=10.1177/13634607231197061 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Niemira |first1=Jan C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DcqPDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22alloromantic%22&pg=PA133 |title=Sex, Sexuality, and Trans Identities: Clinical Guidance for Psychotherapists and Counselors |last2=Jacobson |first2=Gary J. |last3=Violeta |first3=Karalyn J. |date=2019-09-19 |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |isbn=978-1-78592-618-1 |language=en}}</ref>
 ** '''Monoromantic''': Romantic attraction towards person(s) of only one gender (monoromanticism).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharmat |first=Madeline |date=2023-06-08 |title=All Bi Myself: The Relationship Between Bisexuality and Self-Essentialism |url=https://via.library.depaul.edu/csh_etd/474 |journal=College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matheson |first1=Lauren P. |last2=Blair |first2=Karen L. |title=From continua to kaleidoscopes: How plurisexuality challenges traditional conceptualizations of sexual orientation |journal=The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality |date=September 2023 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.3138/cjhs.2023-0022 }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Dyer |first=Harriet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVmuEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22skolioromantic%22&pg=PT6 |title=From Ace to Ze: The Little Book of LGBT Terms |date=2018-05-10 |publisher=Summersdale |isbn=978-1-78685-696-8 |language=en}}</ref>
 *** '''[[Androromantic]]''': Romantic attraction towards men or masculinity (androromanticism).<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steelman |first1=Sarah M. |last2=Hertlein |first2=Katherine M. |title=Underexplored Identities: Attending to Asexuality in Therapeutic Contexts |journal=Journal of Family Psychotherapy |date=2 April 2016 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=85–98 |doi=10.1080/08975353.2016.1169014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thurer |first=Shari |date=2023 |title=Beyond the Binary : Essays on Gender |url=https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/5624597 |journal=Phoenix Publishing House |language=en |pages=1–124}}</ref>
@@ Line 23: / Line 25: @@
 *** {{Visible anchor|Heteroromantic|Heteroromanticism|Heteromantic|Heteromanticism|text='''Heteroromantic'''}}: Romantic attraction towards person(s) of the opposite gender (heteroromanticism).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steelman |first1=Sarah M. |last2=Hertlein |first2=Katherine M. |title=Underexplored Identities: Attending to Asexuality in Therapeutic Contexts |journal=Journal of Family Psychotherapy |date=2 April 2016 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=85–98 |doi=10.1080/08975353.2016.1169014 }}</ref>
 *** {{Visible anchor|Homoromantic|Homoromanticism|text='''Homoromantic'''}}: Romantic attraction towards person(s) of the same gender (homoromanticism).
-** '''Multiromantic''' or '''pluriromantic''': Romantic attraction towards person(s) of multiple genders (multiromanticism or pluriromanticism).<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Gatewood |first1=Hunter |date=2023 |title=Differentiating Sexual Orientation and Romantic Orientation: Exploring Two Inventories of Sexual and Romantic Attraction |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/f4e961c22ffc82729b76400866486ce1/1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rucco |first1=Daniele |last2=Toffoli |first2=Greta |last3=Anzani |first3=Annalisa |last4=Prunas |first4=Antonio |title=A Networked Model of Ecological Systems Theory to Discuss Concerns in Italian Bisexual+ and Transgender People After the Block of the 'Zan Bill' by Senate |journal=Sexuality Research and Social Policy |date=March 2024 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=313–338 |doi=10.1007/s13178-023-00906-z }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Yang Bo |last2=Mishra |first2=Shraddha |last3=Liang |first3=Emily |last4=Wekerle |first4=Christine |title=Adverse Childhood Experiences, Mental Health, and Resilience in 2SLGBTQIA + Persons: a Scoping Review |journal=Adversity and Resilience Science |date=September 2023 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=211–233 |doi=10.1007/s42844-023-00095-z }}</ref>
+** {{Anchor|Multiromantic|Pluriromantic}}'''Multiromantic''' or '''pluriromantic''': Romantic attraction towards person(s) of multiple genders (multiromanticism or pluriromanticism).<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Gatewood |first1=Hunter |date=2023 |title=Differentiating Sexual Orientation and Romantic Orientation: Exploring Two Inventories of Sexual and Romantic Attraction |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/f4e961c22ffc82729b76400866486ce1/1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rucco |first1=Daniele |last2=Toffoli |first2=Greta |last3=Anzani |first3=Annalisa |last4=Prunas |first4=Antonio |title=A Networked Model of Ecological Systems Theory to Discuss Concerns in Italian Bisexual+ and Transgender People After the Block of the 'Zan Bill' by Senate |journal=Sexuality Research and Social Policy |date=March 2024 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=313–338 |doi=10.1007/s13178-023-00906-z }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Yang Bo |last2=Mishra |first2=Shraddha |last3=Liang |first3=Emily |last4=Wekerle |first4=Christine |title=Adverse Childhood Experiences, Mental Health, and Resilience in 2SLGBTQIA + Persons: a Scoping Review |journal=Adversity and Resilience Science |date=September 2023 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=211–233 |doi=10.1007/s42844-023-00095-z }}</ref>
-*** {{Visible anchor|Biromantic|Biromanticism|text='''Biromantic'''}} or '''ambiromantic''': Romantic attraction towards two genders, or person(s) of the same and other genders (biromanticism or ambiromanticism).<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last1=Decker |first1=Julie Sondra |title=The Invisible Orientation: An Introduction to Asexuality |date=2015 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-5107-0064-2 }}{{pn}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite thesis |last1=Ghosh Lisbin |first1=Maya Katyajini |title=A-Spec: Conceptualizing Asexual Identity, Experience, and Phenomenological Form |date=2023 |doi=10.48617/etd.1077 }}</ref> Sometimes used the same way as panromantic or multiromantic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Does Biromantic Mean? |url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-does-biromantic-mean |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=WebMD |language=en |archive-date=December 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203193041/https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-does-biromantic-mean |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":03">{{cite journal |last1=Hayfield |first1=Nikki |last2=Křížová |first2=Karolína |title=It's Like Bisexuality, but It Isn't: Pansexual and Panromantic People's Understandings of Their Identities and Experiences of Becoming Educated about Gender and Sexuality |journal=Journal of Bisexuality |date=3 April 2021 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=167–193 |doi=10.1080/15299716.2021.1911015 }}</ref><ref name=":5"/>
+*** {{Visible anchor|Biromantic|Biromanticism|text='''Biromantic'''}} or '''ambiromantic''': Romantic attraction towards two genders, or person(s) of the same and other genders (biromanticism or ambiromanticism).<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last1=Decker |first1=Julie Sondra |title=The Invisible Orientation: An Introduction to Asexuality |date=2015 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-5107-0064-2 }}{{pn|date=April 2024}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite thesis |last1=Ghosh Lisbin |first1=Maya Katyajini |title=A-Spec: Conceptualizing Asexual Identity, Experience, and Phenomenological Form |date=2023 |doi=10.48617/etd.1077 }}</ref> Sometimes used the same way as panromantic or multiromantic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Does Biromantic Mean? |url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-does-biromantic-mean |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=WebMD |language=en |archive-date=December 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203193041/https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-does-biromantic-mean |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":03">{{cite journal |last1=Hayfield |first1=Nikki |last2=Křížová |first2=Karolína |title=It's Like Bisexuality, but It Isn't: Pansexual and Panromantic People's Understandings of Their Identities and Experiences of Becoming Educated about Gender and Sexuality |journal=Journal of Bisexuality |date=3 April 2021 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=167–193 |doi=10.1080/15299716.2021.1911015 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":5"/>
 *** {{Visible anchor|Panromantic|Panromanticism|text='''Panromantic'''}} or '''omniromantic''':<ref name=":03"/> Romantic attraction towards person(s) regardless of gender or of any, every, and all genders (panromanticism or omniromanticism).<ref name=":03" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hille |first1=Jessica J. |last2=Simmons |first2=Megan K. |last3=Sanders |first3=Stephanie A. |title='Sex' and the Ace Spectrum: Definitions of Sex, Behavioral Histories, and Future Interest for Individuals Who Identify as Asexual, Graysexual, or Demisexual |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |date=September 2020 |volume=57 |issue=7 |pages=813–823 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2019.1689378 |pmid=31799860 |s2cid=208623207 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Panromantic Asexuality: What Is It? |url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-is-panromantic-asexuality |access-date=2021-12-01 |website=[[WebMD]] |language=en |archive-date=December 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201235737/https://www.webmd.com/sex/what-is-panromantic-asexuality |url-status=live }}</ref>
 *** {{Vanchor|Polyromantic|text='''Polyromantic'''|Polyromanticism}}: Romantic attraction towards person(s) of various, but not all, genders (polyromanticism).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carrigan |first1=Mark |last2=Gupta |first2=Kristina |last3=Morrison |first3=Todd G. |title=Asexuality special theme issue editorial |journal=Psychology and Sexuality |date=May 2013 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=111–120 |doi=10.1080/19419899.2013.774160 }}</ref>
-** '''[[Skolioromantic]]''' or '''ceteroromantic''': Romantic attraction towards [[genderqueer]] or [[non-binary]] person(s) (skolioromanticism or ceteroromanticism).<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Chessin |first1=Krista Ellise |title=The sexual and romantic orientation scale: a measure of sexual and romantic orientation as separate dimensions |date=2019 |hdl=10211.3/213654 }}</ref><ref name=":6" />
+**{{Anchor|Ceteroromantic|Skolioromantic}} '''[[Skolioromantic]]''' or '''ceteroromantic''': Romantic attraction towards [[genderqueer]] or [[non-binary]] person(s) (skolioromanticism or ceteroromanticism).<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Chessin |first1=Krista Ellise |title=The sexual and romantic orientation scale: a measure of sexual and romantic orientation as separate dimensions |date=2019 |hdl=10211.3/213654 }}</ref><ref name=":6" />
+*'''[[Abroromantic]]''': Fluid between romantic identities or in romantic attraction (abroromanticism).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-22 |title=The experiences of UK LGBT+ communities during the COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356109851 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=National Centre for Social Research |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Exploring the Experiences of South Asian Students in Undergraduate Programmes: A Case Study in a New Zealand University |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10292/13228 |publisher=Auckland University of Technology |date=2020 |language=en |first=Ali |last=Rasheed|hdl=10292/13228 }}</ref> Not to be confused with [[aroflux]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rendle |first=Samantha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yv6oEAAAQBAJ&dq=aroflux+aromantic&pg=PP1 |title=Hopeless Aromantic: An Affirmative Guide to Aromanticism |date=2023-07-21 |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |isbn=978-1-83997-368-0 |language=en}}</ref>
 * '''[[Pomoromantic]]''': Rejecting preexisting romantic labels (pomoromanticism).<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />
 ==Relationship with sexual orientation and asexuality==
 {{Main|Split attraction model}}
+{{see also|Romantic attraction|Sexual orientation|Sexual attraction}}
-The implications of the distinction between romantic and sexual orientations have not been fully recognized, nor have they been studied extensively.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last1=Bogaert |first1=Anthony F. |title=Understanding Asexuality |date=2012 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-4422-0101-9 |page=14 }}</ref> It is common for sources to describe sexual orientation as including components of both sexual and romantic (or romantic equivalent) attractions.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> Publications investigating the relationship between sexual orientation and romantic orientation are limited. Challenges in collecting information result from survey participants having difficulty identifying or distinguishing between sexual and romantic attractions.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Savin-Williams|first1=Ritch C.|last2=Vrangalova|first2=Zhana|date=2013|title=Mostly heterosexual as a distinct sexual orientation group: A systematic review of the empirical evidence|journal=Developmental Review|volume=33|issue=1|pages=58–88|doi=10.1016/j.dr.2013.01.001 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Priebe|first1=Gisela|last2=Svedin|first2=Carl Göran|date=2013|title=Operationalization of Three Dimensions of Sexual Orientation in a National Survey of Late Adolescents|journal=The Journal of Sex Research|volume=50|issue=8|pages=727–738|doi=10.1080/00224499.2012.713147 |pmid=23136981|s2cid=27288714}}</ref> Asexual individuals experience little to no sexual attraction (see [[gray asexuality]]); however, they may still experience romantic attraction.<ref name="Helm">{{cite book|vauthors=Helm KM|title=Hooking Up: The Psychology of Sex and Dating|isbn=978-1610699518|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2015|page=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3K9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32}}</ref><ref name="Fischer">{{cite book|vauthors=Fischer NL, Seidman S|title=Introducing the New Sexuality Studies|isbn=978-1317449188|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2016|page=183|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEmTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|access-date=November 27, 2019|archive-date=July 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706223114/https://books.google.com/books?id=SEmTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lisa M. Diamond]] states that a person's romantic orientation can differ from whom the person is sexually attracted to.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Diamond |first1=Lisa M. |title=What does sexual orientation orient? A biobehavioral model distinguishing romantic love and sexual desire |journal=Psychological Review |date=January 2003 |volume=110 |issue=1 |pages=173–192 |doi=10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.173 |pmid=12529061 }}</ref> While there is limited research on the discordance between sexual attraction and romantic attraction in individuals, the possibility of [[sexual fluidity|fluidity]] and diversity in attractions have been progressively recognized.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lund |first1=Emily M. |last2=Thomas |first2=Katie B. |last3=Sias |first3=Christina M. |last4=Bradley |first4=April R. |title=Examining Concordant and Discordant Sexual and Romantic Attraction in American Adults: Implications for Counselors |journal=Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling |date=October 2016 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=211–226 |doi=10.1080/15538605.2016.1233840 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weinrich |first1=James D. |last2=Klein |first2=Fritz |last3=McCutchan |first3=J. Allen |last4=Grant |first4=Igor |title=Cluster Analysis of the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid in Clinical and Nonclinical Samples: When Bisexuality Is Not Bisexuality |journal=Journal of Bisexuality |date=3 July 2014 |volume=14 |issue=3–4 |pages=349–372 |doi=10.1080/15299716.2014.938398 |pmc=4267693 |pmid=25530727}}</ref> Researchers Bulmer and Izuma found that people who identify as aromantic often have more negative attitudes in relation to romance. While roughly 1% of the population identifies as asexual, 74% of those people reported having some form of romantic attraction.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal |last1=Antonsen |first1=Amy N. |last2=Zdaniuk |first2=Bozena |last3=Yule |first3=Morag |last4=Brotto |first4=Lori A. |title=Ace and Aro: Understanding Differences in Romantic Attractions Among Persons Identifying as Asexual |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |date=July 2020 |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=1615–1630 |doi=10.1007/s10508-019-01600-1 |pmid=32095971 }}</ref>
+The implications of the distinction between romantic and [[sexual orientation]]s have not been fully recognized, nor have they been studied extensively.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |last1=Bogaert |first1=Anthony F. |title=Understanding Asexuality |date=2012 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-4422-0101-9 |page=14 }}</ref> It is common for sources to describe sexual orientation as including components of both sexual and romantic (or romantic equivalent) attractions.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> Publications investigating the relationship between sexual orientation and romantic orientation are limited. Challenges in collecting information result from survey participants having difficulty identifying or distinguishing between sexual and romantic attractions.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Savin-Williams|first1=Ritch C.|last2=Vrangalova|first2=Zhana|date=2013|title=Mostly heterosexual as a distinct sexual orientation group: A systematic review of the empirical evidence|journal=Developmental Review|volume=33|issue=1|pages=58–88|doi=10.1016/j.dr.2013.01.001 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Priebe|first1=Gisela|last2=Svedin|first2=Carl Göran|date=2013|title=Operationalization of Three Dimensions of Sexual Orientation in a National Survey of Late Adolescents|journal=The Journal of Sex Research|volume=50|issue=8|pages=727–738|doi=10.1080/00224499.2012.713147 |pmid=23136981|s2cid=27288714}}</ref> Asexual individuals experience little to no [[sexual attraction]] (see [[gray asexuality]]); however, they may still experience romantic attraction.<ref name="Helm">{{cite book|vauthors=Helm KM|title=Hooking Up: The Psychology of Sex and Dating|isbn=978-1610699518|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2015|page=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3K9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32}}</ref><ref name="Fischer">{{cite book|vauthors=Fischer NL, Seidman S|title=Introducing the New Sexuality Studies|isbn=978-1317449188|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2016|page=183|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEmTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|access-date=November 27, 2019|archive-date=July 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706223114/https://books.google.com/books?id=SEmTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lisa M. Diamond]] states that a person's romantic orientation can differ from whom the person is sexually attracted to.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Diamond |first1=Lisa M. |title=What does sexual orientation orient? A biobehavioral model distinguishing romantic love and sexual desire |journal=Psychological Review |date=January 2003 |volume=110 |issue=1 |pages=173–192 |doi=10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.173 |pmid=12529061 }}</ref> While there is limited research on the discordance between sexual attraction and romantic attraction in individuals, the possibility of [[sexual fluidity|fluidity]] and diversity in attractions have been progressively recognized.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lund |first1=Emily M. |last2=Thomas |first2=Katie B. |last3=Sias |first3=Christina M. |last4=Bradley |first4=April R. |title=Examining Concordant and Discordant Sexual and Romantic Attraction in American Adults: Implications for Counselors |journal=Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling |date=October 2016 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=211–226 |doi=10.1080/15538605.2016.1233840 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weinrich |first1=James D. |last2=Klein |first2=Fritz |last3=McCutchan |first3=J. Allen |last4=Grant |first4=Igor |title=Cluster Analysis of the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid in Clinical and Nonclinical Samples: When Bisexuality Is Not Bisexuality |journal=Journal of Bisexuality |date=3 July 2014 |volume=14 |issue=3–4 |pages=349–372 |doi=10.1080/15299716.2014.938398 |pmc=4267693 |pmid=25530727}}</ref> Researchers Bulmer and Izuma found that people who identify as aromantic often have more negative attitudes in relation to romance. While roughly 1% of the population identifies as asexual, 74% of those people reported having some form of romantic attraction.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal |last1=Antonsen |first1=Amy N. |last2=Zdaniuk |first2=Bozena |last3=Yule |first3=Morag |last4=Brotto |first4=Lori A. |title=Ace and Aro: Understanding Differences in Romantic Attractions Among Persons Identifying as Asexual |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |date=July 2020 |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=1615–1630 |doi=10.1007/s10508-019-01600-1 |pmid=32095971 }}</ref>
 A concept commonly used by people that experience discordant romantic and sexual attraction is the [[split attraction model]], which tries to explain that romantic and sexual attractions are not exclusively tied together and is often used by people of the asexual and aromantic community to explain their differing romantic versus sexual orientations.