Palman: Difference between revisions

Palman
Palman
	Detail of Krunisanje Cara Dušana (Coronation of Tsar Dušan) by Paja Jovanović (1900).
Born	~1290; Duchy of Styria, Holy Roman Empire; (modern Austria)
Died	1363+
Allegiance	Serbian Empire
Years of service	1331-1355+
Rank	Vitez (Knight)
Unit	Alemannic Guard (mercenaries), 300 Germans

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Palman (Serbian Cyrillic: Палман, Latin: Palmanus^[a]; fl. 1310-1363) was a German noble (dominus^[2]), knight, and mercenary commander of the Alemannic Guard in the Serbian Imperial army of one of the most prolific European rulers of its time, Dušan the Mighty (r.1331–1355).

Life

Origin and early life

Palman was born in ca. 1290, in Styria (present Austria), into a noble, Roman Catholic family. He had the facial condition of cleft lip and palate. Palman was brought up at the court of his father, and at 13 years he became a courts man. At 16 he became a squire (armiger) at the service of Henry III of Gorizia until 1310 when his father died and he returned to Styria and inherited all of the family holdings. He then served the House of Habsburg; one of the Dukes made Palman a knight during the marriage of his daughter. At 27 years, he operated his harelip in Venice, as he thought it would help him in getting his love, a countess back home who did not feel the same, however, it did not help. Broken hearted, he joined knight tournaments all over the Holy Roman Empire where he fought for several years, losing a finger. After returning, and still not having his love answered, he decided to leave for the Holy Land.

Palman and his entourage crossed into Zeta, a maritime province of the Serbian Kingdom, in hands of Young King (heir) Stephen Uroš IV Dušan, and decided to join his service as mercenaries.

Service in the Serbian Empire

Palman became the "captain of the Alemannic Guard", a mercenary unit under the direct hand of Dušan, consisting of him and his entourage (300 Germans). By January or February 1331, Dušan was quarreling with his father, King Stephen Uroš III,^[3] perhaps pressured by the nobility.^[4] According to contemporary pro-Dušan sources, evil advisors turned Uroš III against his son; he decided to seize and exclude Dušan of his inheritance. Uroš III sent an army into Zeta against his son, the army ravaged Skadar, but Dušan had crossed the Bojana. A brief period of anarchy in parts of Serbia took place before the father and son concluded peace in April 1331.^[3] Three months later, Uroš III ordered Dušan to meet him. Dušan feared for his life and his advisors persuaded him to resist, so Dušan, including Palman's army, marched from Skadar to Nerodimlje, where they besieged his father.^[3] Uroš III fled, and Dušan captured the treasury and family. Dušan then pursued his father, catching up with him at Petrić. On 21 August 1331, Uroš III surrendered, and on the advice or insistence of Dušan's advisors, he was imprisoned.^[3] Dušan is crowned King of All Serbian and Maritime lands in the first week of September.^[4] Palman too, had his title elevated.

Next he suppressed revolts in Zeta, by Bogoje, and in Serbian holdings of northern Albania, where he sent his nephew through his sister, Đorđe (Georg) with a band of the mercenaries.

In ca. 1336, it was decided that Dušan would divorce Jelena, his wife, as she had not yet given birth to an heir. At the same time, talks began with Austrian Duke Otto V, that his niece, German King Frederick the Fair's daughter Elizabeth be married to Dušan. Austrian delegates arrived at Kotor, in maritime Serbia, in the spring. The mediator of the matter was Palman. Elizabeth, whom they did not ask for consent, was appalled by the thought that she was pushed into the unknown world, to marry a King of a different faith, who already was married. She became acute anxious and died. When Queen Jelena heard of the potential divorce, she hurried to conceive, and promised a son, as to calm Dušan. Indeed, in the winter, Jelena became pregnant with a son.^[5]

When Dušan forged an alliance with the Byzantine fugitive John Cantacuzene and when it was agreed that both of them conquer Byzantine territory, Dušan took Veria, an important city in Thrace. As a security measure, Palman's army was sent to hold the town. However, Cantacuzene later that year deceived Dušan and recovered Veria, he allowed Palman's troops to leave the city safe while he kept the city's Serbs as hostages.

In March 1355, a papal delegate led by bishop Peter Thomas arrived in Serbia in a mission to convert Serbs into Catholicism (the Serbs hoped to get help from the Papal state to organize a Crusade against Ottoman Turks), and Dušan, who was angry with Louis I of Hungary, prohibited the Catholics in his army to join the sermon of the papal bishop. Upon hearing that German mercenaries joined a sermon, Dušan became enraged, but regained his composure soon thereafter, when their commander, Palman, said that they would defend their faith, not only by accepting punishment but even by clashing against Dušan's Imperial Army, if need be. The papal bishop, irritated with the failure of his mission, turned home and on the way visited Louis I, asking him to furiously continue the war on Serbia.^[6]

In 1355 his unit was sent by Dušan to garrison the town of Klis (in the realm of Jelena, his sister) due to Croatian vassals to Hungary were advancing to Klis and Skradin.^[7] After the death of Dušan in 1355, he worked for Teodora.^[7] In 1363 he was a beneficiary of a will in Dubrovnik.^[7]

Legacy

He is enumerated in Serbian epic poetry, alongside his brother Kijaran (Chiarane), and nephew Đorđe (Georg).^[8]

Annotations

^
Name: He is mentioned as "Palman(us) Teutonicus Capitanus gentis armigens".^[8] His name has been given as Palman Bracht (Палман Брахт).

Notes

^ Fine 1994, p. 313
^ [1]^{[page needed]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Fine 1994, p. 273
^ ^a ^b Fine 1994, p. 274
^ Corovic, "Istorija srpskog naroda", Third period, ch. "VII. Stvaranje srpskog carstva"
^ Corovic, "Istorija srpskog naroda", Third period, ch. "VIII. Delo cara Dušana"
^ ^a ^b ^c Fine 1994, p. 341
^ ^a ^b Istorija Srba^{[page needed]}

References

Secondary sources

John V.A. Fine. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4
https://archive.today/20130416225525/http://www.politikin-zabavnik.rs/2008/2951/04.php
http://www.novosti.rs/dodatni_sadrzaj/clanci.119.html:277309-Verni-vitez-Palman

Military offices
Preceded by Unknown	Voivode of the Allemannic Guard of Dušan the Mighty 1331 – 1355+	Succeeded by Unknown

[cnote_a] 
Name: He is mentioned as "Palman(us) Teutonicus Capitanus gentis armigens".^[8] His name has been given as Palman Bracht (Палман Брахт).

[Fine313-1] Fine 1994, p. 313

[2] [1]^{[page needed]}

[LB273-3] Fine 1994, p. 273

[LB274-4] Fine 1994, p. 274

[5] Corovic, "Istorija srpskog naroda", Third period, ch. "VII. Stvaranje srpskog carstva"

[6] Corovic, "Istorija srpskog naroda", Third period, ch. "VIII. Delo cara Dušana"

[Fine341-7] Fine 1994, p. 341

[IS-8] Istorija Srba^{[page needed]}

[1]

[a]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|German nobleman and knight (c. 1290–1363)}}
 {{Infobox military person
 |name=Palman
@@ Line 19: / Line 20: @@
 ===Origin and early life===
-Palman was born in ca. 1290, in [[Styria]] (present [[Austria]]), into a noble, Roman Catholic family. He had the facial condition of [[Cleft lip and palate]]. Palman was brought up at the court of his father, and at 13 years he became a courtsman. At 16 he became a [[squire]] (''armiger'') at the service of [[Henry III of Gorizia]] until 1310, when his father died and he returned to Styria and inherited all of the family holdings. He then served the [[House of Habsburg]]; one of the Dukes crowned Palman a [[knight]] during the marriage of his daughter. At 27 years, he operated his harelip in [[Venice]], as he thought it would help him in getting his love, a countess back home who did not feel the same, however it did not help. [[Broken heart]]ed, he joined knight [[tournament]]s all over the [[Holy Roman Empire]] where he fought for several years, losing a finger. After returning, and still not having his love answered, he decided to leave for the [[Holy land]].
+Palman was born in ca. 1290, in [[Styria]] (present [[Austria]]), into a noble, Roman Catholic family. He had the facial condition of [[cleft lip and palate]]. Palman was brought up at the court of his father, and at 13 years he became a courts man. At 16 he became a [[squire]] (''armiger'') at the service of [[Henry III, Count of Gorizia|Henry III of Gorizia]] until 1310 when his father died and he returned to Styria and inherited all of the family holdings. He then served the [[House of Habsburg]]; one of the Dukes made Palman a [[knight]] during the marriage of his daughter. At 27 years, he operated his harelip in [[Venice]], as he thought it would help him in getting his love, a countess back home who did not feel the same, however, it did not help. [[Broken heart]]ed, he joined knight [[tournament]]s all over the [[Holy Roman Empire]] where he fought for several years, losing a finger. After returning, and still not having his love answered, he decided to leave for the [[Holy Land]].
 Palman and his entourage crossed into [[Lordship of Zeta|Zeta]], a maritime province of the [[Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)|Serbian Kingdom]], in hands of ''Young King'' (heir) [[Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia|Stephen Uroš IV Dušan]], and decided to join his service as mercenaries.
@@ Line 25: / Line 26: @@
 ===Service in the Serbian Empire===
-Palman became the "captain of the Alemannic Guard", a mercenary unit under the direct hand of Dušan, consisting of him and his entourage (300 Germans). By January or February 1331, Dušan was quarreling with his father, King [[Stephen Uroš III Dečanski of Serbia|Stephen Uroš III]],<ref name=LB273/> perhaps pressured by the nobility.<ref name=LB274/> According to contemporary pro-Dušan sources, evil advisors turned Uroš III against his son; he decided to seize and exclude Dušan of his inheritance. Uroš III sent an army into Zeta against his son, the army ravaged [[Skadar]], but Dušan had crossed the [[Bojana (river)|Bojana]]. A brief period of anarchy in parts of Serbia took place, before the father and son concluded peace in April 1331.<ref name=LB273>{{harvnb|Fine|1994|p=273}}</ref> Three months later, Uroš III ordered Dušan to meet him. Dušan feared for his life and his advisors persuaded him to resist, so Dušan, including Palman's army, marched from Skadar to [[Nerodimlje]], where they [[Battle of Nerodimlje|besieged his father]].<ref name=LB273/> Uroš III fled, and Dušan captured the treasury and family. Dušan then pursuited his father, catching up with him at [[Petrić]]. On 21 August 1331, Uroš III surrendered, and on the advice or insistence of Dušan's advisors, he was imprisoned.<ref name=LB273/> Dušan is crowned ''King of All Serbian and Maritime lands'' in the first week of September.<ref name=LB274>{{harvnb|Fine|1994|p=274}}</ref> Palman too, had his title elevated.
+Palman became the "captain of the Alemannic Guard", a mercenary unit under the direct hand of Dušan, consisting of him and his entourage (300 Germans). By January or February 1331, Dušan was quarreling with his father, King [[Stephen Uroš III Dečanski of Serbia|Stephen Uroš III]],<ref name=LB273/> perhaps pressured by the nobility.<ref name=LB274/> According to contemporary pro-Dušan sources, evil advisors turned Uroš III against his son; he decided to seize and exclude Dušan of his inheritance. Uroš III sent an army into Zeta against his son, the army ravaged [[Skadar]], but Dušan had crossed the [[Buna (Adriatic Sea)|Bojana]]. A brief period of anarchy in parts of Serbia took place before the father and son concluded peace in April 1331.<ref name=LB273>{{harvnb|Fine|1994|p=273}}</ref> Three months later, Uroš III ordered Dušan to meet him. Dušan feared for his life and his advisors persuaded him to resist, so Dušan, including Palman's army, marched from Skadar to [[Nerodimlje]], where they [[Battle of Nerodimlje|besieged his father]].<ref name=LB273/> Uroš III fled, and Dušan captured the treasury and family. Dušan then pursued his father, catching up with him at [[Petrić]]. On 21 August 1331, Uroš III surrendered, and on the advice or insistence of Dušan's advisors, he was imprisoned.<ref name=LB273/> Dušan is crowned ''King of All Serbian and Maritime lands'' in the first week of September.<ref name=LB274>{{harvnb|Fine|1994|p=274}}</ref> Palman too, had his title elevated.
 Next he suppressed revolts in [[Zeta]], by [[Bogoje]], and in Serbian holdings of northern [[Albania]], where he sent his nephew through his sister, Đorđe (Georg) with a band of the mercenaries.
-In ca. 1336, it was decided that Dušan would divorce [[Helena of Bulgaria|Jelena]], his wife, as she had not yet given birth to an heir. At the same time, talks began with Austrian Duke [[Otto V, Duke of Bavaria|Otto V]], that his niece, German King [[Frederick the Fair]]'s daughter Elizabeth be married to Dušan. Austrian delegates arrived at [[Kotor]], in maritime Serbia, in the spring. The mediator of the matter was Palman. Elizabeth, whom they did not ask for consent, was appalled by the thought that she was pushed into the unknown world, in a barbarous land in the East, to marry a King of a different faith, who already was married. She became acute [[Anxiety|anxious]] and died. When Queen Jelena heard of the potential divorce, she hurried to conceive, and promised a son, as to calm Dušan. Indeed, in the winter, Jelena became pregnant with a son.<ref>Corovic, "Istorija srpskog naroda", Third period, ch. "VII. Stvaranje srpskog carstva"</ref>
+In ca. 1336, it was decided that Dušan would divorce [[Helena of Bulgaria|Jelena]], his wife, as she had not yet given birth to an heir. At the same time, talks began with Austrian Duke [[Otto V, Duke of Bavaria|Otto V]], that his niece, German King [[Frederick the Fair]]'s daughter Elizabeth be married to Dušan. Austrian delegates arrived at [[Kotor]], in maritime Serbia, in the spring. The mediator of the matter was Palman. Elizabeth, whom they did not ask for consent, was appalled by the thought that she was pushed into the unknown world, to marry a King of a different faith, who already was married. She became acute [[Anxiety|anxious]] and died. When Queen Jelena heard of the potential divorce, she hurried to conceive, and promised a son, as to calm Dušan. Indeed, in the winter, Jelena became pregnant with a son.<ref>Corovic, "Istorija srpskog naroda", Third period, ch. "VII. Stvaranje srpskog carstva"</ref>
-When Dušan forged an alliance with the Byzantine fugitive John Cantacuzene and when it was agreed that both of them conquer Byzantine territory, Dušan took [[Veria]], an important city in [[Thrace]]. As a security measure, Palman's army was sent to hold the town. However, Cantacuzene later that year deceived Dušan and recovered Veria, he allowed Palman's troops to leave the city safely while he kept the city's Serbs as hostages.
+When Dušan forged an alliance with the Byzantine fugitive John Cantacuzene and when it was agreed that both of them conquer Byzantine territory, Dušan took [[Veria]], an important city in [[Thrace]]. As a security measure, Palman's army was sent to hold the town. However, Cantacuzene later that year deceived Dušan and recovered Veria, he allowed Palman's troops to leave the city safe while he kept the city's Serbs as hostages.
-In March 1355, a papal delegate led by bishop Peter Thomas arrived in Serbia in a mission to convert Serbs into Catholicism (the Serbs hoped to get help from Papal state to organize a Crusade against Ottoman Turks), and Dušan, who was angry with [[Louis I of Hungary]], prohibited the Catholics in his army to join the sermon of the papal bishop. Upon hearing that German mercenaries joined a sermon, Dušan became enraged, but regained his composure soon thereafter, when their commander, Palman, said that they would defend their faith, not only by accepting punishment, but even by clashing against Dušan's Imperial Army, if need be. The papal bishop, irritated with the failure of his mission, turned home and on the way visited Louis I, asking him to furiously continue the war on Serbia.<ref>Corovic, "Istorija srpskog naroda", Third period, ch. "VIII. Delo cara Dušana"</ref>
+In March 1355, a papal delegate led by bishop Peter Thomas arrived in Serbia in a mission to convert Serbs into Catholicism (the Serbs hoped to get help from the Papal state to organize a Crusade against Ottoman Turks), and Dušan, who was angry with [[Louis I of Hungary]], prohibited the Catholics in his army to join the sermon of the papal bishop. Upon hearing that German mercenaries joined a sermon, Dušan became enraged, but regained his composure soon thereafter, when their commander, Palman, said that they would defend their faith, not only by accepting punishment but even by clashing against Dušan's Imperial Army, if need be. The papal bishop, irritated with the failure of his mission, turned home and on the way visited Louis I, asking him to furiously continue the war on Serbia.<ref>Corovic, "Istorija srpskog naroda", Third period, ch. "VIII. Delo cara Dušana"</ref>
 In 1355 his unit was sent by Dušan to garrison the town of [[Klis]] (in the realm of [[Jelena Šubić (Nemanjić)|Jelena]], his sister) due to Croatian vassals to Hungary were advancing to Klis and [[Skradin]].<ref name=Fine341>{{harvnb|Fine|1994|p=341}}</ref> After the death of Dušan in 1355, he worked for [[Teodora Lazarević|Teodora]].<ref name=Fine341/> In 1363 he was a beneficiary of a will in [[Dubrovnik]].<ref name=Fine341/>
 ==Legacy==
-He is enumerated in [[Serb epic poetry]], alongside his brother [[Kijaran]] (Chiarane), and nephew Đorđe (Georg).<ref name=IS>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vcwJAQAAIAAJ&q=Palmanus Istorija Srba]{{page needed|date=January 2012}}</ref>
+He is enumerated in [[Serbian epic poetry]], alongside his brother [[Kijaran]] (Chiarane), and nephew Đorđe (Georg).<ref name=IS>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vcwJAQAAIAAJ&q=Palmanus Istorija Srba]{{page needed|date=January 2012}}</ref>
 ==Annotations==
@@ Line 46: / Line 47: @@
 ==Notes==
-{{refbegin|4}}
 {{Reflist}}
-{{Refend}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 55: / Line 54: @@
 {{Refbegin|2}}
 * John V.A. Fine. (1994). ''The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest''. The University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-08260-4}}
-*http://www.politikin-zabavnik.rs/2008/2951/04.php
+*https://archive.today/20130416225525/http://www.politikin-zabavnik.rs/2008/2951/04.php
 *http://www.novosti.rs/dodatni_sadrzaj/clanci.119.html:277309-Verni-vitez-Palman
 {{refend}}
@@ Line 68: / Line 67: @@
 }}
 {{s-end}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:14th-century Serbian nobility]]
-[[Category:14th-century German people]]
+[[Category:14th-century German nobility]]
 [[Category:Generals of Stefan Dušan]]
 [[Category:Serbian knights]]
-[[Category:People of the Serbian Empire]]
+[[Category:People from the Serbian Empire]]
 [[Category:Medieval Serbian military leaders]]
 [[Category:Serbian people of German descent]]

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	Germany United States