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{{short description|Series of graphing calculators}}
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{{More footnotes|date=November 2014}}
{{Distinguish|hp 48gII}}
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{{More footnotes needed|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=December 2021}}
{{ Infobox Calculator
{{Infobox Calculator
| name = HP 48 series
| name = HP 48 series
| image = Hewlett-Packard 48GX Scientific Graphing Calculator.jpg
| image = HP48GX Calculator.jpg
| alt = Picture of a Hewlett-Packard 48GX Calcularor
| caption = HP 48GX
| caption = HP 48GX
| type = [[Programmable calculator|Programmable]]<br />[[Scientific calculator|Scientific]]<br />[[Graphing calculator|Graphing]]
| type = [[Programmable calculator|Programmable]]<br />[[Scientific calculator|Scientific]]<br />[[Graphing calculator|Graphing]]
| entry = [[RPN input mode|RPN]]
| entry = [[RPN input mode|RPN]]
| introduced = 1990
| introduced = 1990
| discontinued = 2003<ref name="Paiva-2004"/>
| discontinued = 2003<ref name="Paiva-2004" />
| predecessor = [[HP-28S]]
| predecessor = [[HP-28S]]
| successor = [[HP&nbsp;49G]]
| successor = [[HP&nbsp;49G]]
| cost = 350 USD
| cost = 350 USD
| manufacturer = [[Hewlett-Packard]]
| manufacturer = [[Hewlett-Packard]]
| processor = [[HP Clarke|Clarke]] [[HP 1LT8|1LT8]] ([[Saturn (microprocessor)|Saturn]] core for the HP48S series) and the [[HP Yorke|Yorke]] <!--[[HP 1LT8|1LT8]]--><!-- The Yorke Saturn does *not* use the *Clarke
| processor = [[HP Clarke|Clarke]] [[HP 1LT8|1LT8]] ([[Saturn (microprocessor)|Saturn]] core for the HP48S series)<br />[[HP Yorke|Yorke]] <!--[[HP 1LT8|1LT8]]--><!-- The Yorke Saturn does *not* use the *Clarke
* 1LT8 core. It *does* use a core that's based on it though and which has several improvements. --> [[HP 00048-80063]] ([[Saturn (microprocessor)|Saturn]] core for the HP48G series)
* 1LT8 core. It *does* use a core that's based on it though and which has several improvements. --> [[HP 00048-80063]] ([[Saturn (microprocessor)|Saturn]] core for the HP48G series)
| frequency = 2-4&nbsp;MHz
| frequency = 2–4&nbsp;MHz
| precision = 12 [[Binary-coded decimal|BCD]] digits, exp ±499
| precision = 12 [[Binary-coded decimal|BCD]] digits, exp ±499
| display_type = [[Twisted nematic field effect|TN LCD]]
| display_type = [[Twisted nematic field effect|TN LCD]]
| display_size = 131×64 [[pixel]]s
| display_size = 131×64 [[pixel]]s
| prog_lang = [[RPL (programming language)|RPL]] / [[Saturn (microprocessor)|Saturn]] [[Machine language]]
| prog_lang = [[RPL (programming language)|RPL]] / [[Saturn (microprocessor)|Saturn]] [[Machine language]]
| memory_rom = HP48S series : 256&nbsp;KB , HP48G series : 512&nbsp;KB
| memory_rom = HP&nbsp;48S series: 256&nbsp;KB<br />HP&nbsp;48G series: 512&nbsp;KB
| memory_user = HP48S series : 32&nbsp;KB , HP48G series : 32 to 128&nbsp;KB
| memory_user = HP&nbsp;48S series: 32&nbsp;KB<br />HP&nbsp;48G series: 32 to 128&nbsp;KB
| memory_extern= HP48SX : Ports 1 and 2 (merged), 256&nbsp;KB , HP48GX : Port 1 , 128&nbsp;KB<br />Port 2 , 4,096&nbsp;KB (4 MB)
| memory_extern= HP&nbsp;48SX: Ports 1 and 2 (merged): 256&nbsp;KB<br />HP&nbsp;48GX: Port 1: 128&nbsp;KB<br />Port 2: 4,096&nbsp;KB (4 MB)
| connection = 4-pin [[RS-232]], [[Infrared port|HP-IR]]
| connection = 4-pin [[RS-232]], [[Infrared port|HP-IR]]
| ports = [[Serial transmission|Serial]], [[Infrared]], [[Kermit (protocol)]], ([[Xmodem]] added on G series)
| ports = [[Serial transmission|Serial]], [[Infrared]], [[Kermit (protocol)]], ([[Xmodem]] added on G series)
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}}
}}


The '''HP&nbsp;48''' is a series of [[graphing calculator]]s using [[Reverse Polish Notation]] (RPN) and the [[RPL (programming language)|RPL]] programming language, designed and produced by [[Hewlett-Packard]] from 1990 until 2003.<ref name="Paiva-2004"/> The series includes the '''HP&nbsp;48S''', '''HP&nbsp;48SX''', '''HP&nbsp;48G''', '''HP&nbsp;48GX''', and '''HP&nbsp;48G+''', the G models being expanded and improved versions of the S models. The models with an X suffix are expandable via special [[random-access memory|RAM]] (memory expansion) and [[read-only memory|ROM]] (software application) cards. In particular, the GX models have more onboard memory than the G models. The G+ models have more onboard memory only. The SX and S models have the same amount of onboard memory.
The '''HP&nbsp;48''' is a series of [[graphing calculator]]s designed and produced by [[Hewlett-Packard]] from 1990 until 2003.<ref name="Paiva-2004" /> The series includes the '''HP&nbsp;48S''', '''HP&nbsp;48SX''', '''HP&nbsp;48G''', '''HP&nbsp;48GX''', and '''HP&nbsp;48G+''', the G models being expanded and improved versions of the S models. The models with an X suffix are expandable via special [[RAM]] (memory expansion) and [[ROM]] (software application) cards. In particular, the GX models have more onboard memory than the G models. The G+ models have more onboard memory only. The SX and S models have the same amount of onboard memory.


Note that the similarly named [[hp&nbsp;48gII]] (2004) is not really a member of the series, but rather much more closely related to the [[hp&nbsp;49g+]].
Note that the similarly named [[hp 48gII]] (2004) is not a member of the series but closely related to the [[HP 49/50 series|HP 49G+]].


The [[computer architecture|hardware architecture]] developed for the HP&nbsp;48 series became the basis for the [[HP&nbsp;38G]], with a simplified user interface and an infix input method, and the [[HP&nbsp;49G]] with various software enhancements. Likewise, the hardware and software design of the HP&nbsp;48 calculators are themselves strongly influenced by other calculators in the HP line, most of all by the [[HP-18C]] and the [[HP-28 series]].
The calculators use [[Reverse Polish Notation]] (RPN) and the [[RPL (programming language)|RPL]] programming language. The [[computer architecture|hardware architecture]] developed for the HP&nbsp;48 series became the basis for the [[HP&nbsp;38G]], with a simplified user interface and an [[infix notation|infix]] input method, and the [[HP&nbsp;49G]] with various software enhancements. Likewise, the hardware and software design of the HP&nbsp;48 calculators are themselves strongly influenced by other calculators in the HP line, most of all by the [[HP-18C]] and the [[HP-28 series]].


=={{anchor|F1630A|F1894A|F1895A|ASEE}}Models / Availability==
=={{anchor|F1630A|F1894A|F1895A|ASEE}}Models / Availability==
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* 48SX: 1990–1993
* 48SX: 1990–1993
* 48S: 1991–1993
* 48S: 1991–1993
* 48GX (F1895A): 1993–2003<ref name="Paiva-2004"/>
* 48GX (F1895A): 1993–2003<ref name="Paiva-2004" />
* 48GX ASEE: 1993 (special edition labelled "1893 [[ASEE]] 1993 Shaping our world - Century II")
* 48GX ASEE: 1993 (special edition labelled "1893 [[ASEE]] 1993 Shaping our world - Century II")
* 48G: 1993–2003<ref name="Paiva-2004"/>
* 48G: 1993–2003<ref name="Paiva-2004" />
* 48G+ (F1630A, F1894A): 1998–2003<ref name="Paiva-2004"/>
* 48G+ (F1630A, F1894A): 1998–2003<ref name="Paiva-2004" />


==Specifications==
==Specifications==
The HP&nbsp;48 series' [[Saturn (microprocessor)|Saturn]] [[microprocessor]] is a hybrid [[64-bit]] / [[20-bit]] [[central processing unit|CPU]] hardware-wise but acts like a [[4-bit]] processor in that it presents [[nibble]]-based data to programs and uses a nibble-based addressing system. The main registers A, B, C, D, along with temp registers R0, R1, R2, R3, and R4 are a full 64-bits wide, but the data registers D0 & D1 are only 20-bit. External logical data fetches are transparently converted to 8-bit physical fetches. The processor has a 20-bit [[address bus]] available to code but due to the presence of the high/low nibble selection bit, only 19 bits are available externally.
The HP&nbsp;48 series' [[Saturn (microprocessor)|Saturn]] [[microprocessor]] is a hybrid [[64-bit]] / 20-bit [[CPU]] hardware-wise but acts like a [[4-bit]] processor in that it presents [[nibble]]-based data to programs and uses a nibble-based addressing system. The main registers A, B, C, D, along with temp registers R0, R1, R2, R3, and R4 are a full 64-bits wide, but the data registers D0 & D1 are only 20-bit. External logical data fetches are transparently converted to 8-bit physical fetches. The processor has a 20-bit [[address bus]] available to code but due to the presence of the high/low nibble selection bit, only 19 bits are available externally.


In both the HP&nbsp;48S/SX and G/GX series, the ''Saturn'' CPU core is integrated as part of a more complex [[integrated circuit]] (IC) package. These packages have codenames inspired by the members of the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]]. The codename of the IC is ''Clarke'' in the S/SX, after [[William Clark (explorer)|William Clark]], and ''Yorke'' in the G/GX, after Clark's [[manservant]]. The previous series of Saturn-based ICs were codenamed ''Lewis'', after [[Meriwether Lewis]].
In both the HP&nbsp;48S/SX and G/GX series, the ''Saturn'' CPU core is integrated as part of a more complex [[integrated circuit]] (IC) package. These packages have codenames inspired by the members of the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]]. The codename of the IC is ''Clarke'' in the S/SX, after [[William Clark]], and ''Yorke'' in the G/GX, after Clark's [[manservant]]. The previous series of Saturn-based ICs were codenamed ''Lewis'', after [[Meriwether Lewis]].


===Common for all models===
===Common for all models===
* [[Central Processing Unit|CPU]] architecture: [[Saturn (microprocessor)|Saturn]]
* CPU architecture: [[Saturn (microprocessor)|Saturn]]
* Screen resolution: 131×64 [[pixel]]s. There were 3 versions of the LCD display used across the range with each improving visibility and contrast over the predecessor.<ref>{{Citation |title=HP 48 Calculator Display Versions |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4qZ0eSWoaI |language=en |access-date=2022-08-10}}</ref>
* Screen resolution: 131×64 [[pixel]]s
* Communication ports: 4-pin [[RS-232]] ([[Serial port]], standard UART at 1200 to 9600 bauds with option for parity (none/even/odd/mark/space)) and [[Infrared]] port (not [[IrDA]], similar to serial, zeroes are pulses with duration 1/8 of a full bit time)<ref name="hp48_io_technical_interfacing_guide"/>
* Communication ports: 4-pin [[RS-232]] ([[Serial port]], standard UART at 1200 to 9600 bauds with option for parity (none/even/odd/mark/space)) and [[Infrared]] port (not [[IrDA]], similar to serial, zeroes are pulses with duration 1/8 of a full bit time)<ref name="hp48_io_technical_interfacing_guide" />

* Data bus width: [[8-bit]] (external)
* Data bus width: [[8-bit]] (external)
* Maximum [[4-bit]]-cell address width: 20&nbsp;bits (leading to the address space shown next)
* Maximum [[4-bit]]-cell address width: 20&nbsp;bits (leading to the address space shown next)
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* CPU codename: [[HP Clarke|Clarke]] ([[Saturn (microprocessor)|Saturn]] [[HP 1LT8|1LT8]] core)
* CPU codename: [[HP Clarke|Clarke]] ([[Saturn (microprocessor)|Saturn]] [[HP 1LT8|1LT8]] core)
* Communication protocol(s): [[Kermit (protocol)]]
* Communication protocol(s): [[Kermit (protocol)]]
* On-board [[read-only memory|ROM]]: 256&nbsp;KB
* On-board [[ROM]]: 256&nbsp;KB
* On-board [[random-access memory|RAM]]: 32&nbsp;KB
* On-board [[RAM]]: 32&nbsp;KB
* Maximum additional memory per expansion card: 128&nbsp;KB (48SX only)
* Maximum additional memory per expansion card: 128&nbsp;KB (48SX only)
* ROM versions: A, B, C, D, E, (F,<ref name="FAQ48_3"/><ref name="Wickes_1991"/>) J
* ROM versions: A, B, C, D, E, (F,<ref name="FAQ48_3" /><ref name="Wickes_1991" />) J
* Orange and blue shift buttons


==={{anchor|48G|48GX|48G+}}HP&nbsp;48G/HP&nbsp;48GX/HP&nbsp;48G+ specific===
==={{anchor|48G|48GX|48G+}}HP&nbsp;48G/HP&nbsp;48GX/HP&nbsp;48G+ specific===
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* CPU clock frequency: 3.68 to 4&nbsp;MHz
* CPU clock frequency: 3.68 to 4&nbsp;MHz
** Some claim that the frequency varies according to temperature<ref name="HPedia"/>
** Some claim that the frequency varies according to temperature<ref name="HPedia" />
** According to one of the engineers on the design team of the HP&nbsp;48G series (Dave Arnett), the yields for 4&nbsp;MHz CPUs were essentially separated into two bins: the ones closest to spec, generally near 3.93-3.94&nbsp;MHz, were reserved for the expandable models (GX), and those just slightly under spec were used for the non-expandable units (G). Eventually the yields improved and the CPUs which clocked closer to 4&nbsp;MHz were installed in the non-expandable units as well. The effects of (non-extreme) temperatures are almost negligible.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}
** According to one of the engineers on the design team of the HP&nbsp;48G series (Dave Arnett), the yields for 4&nbsp;MHz CPUs were essentially separated into two bins: the ones closest to spec, generally near 3.93–3.94&nbsp;MHz, were reserved for the expandable models (GX), and those just slightly under spec were used for the non-expandable units (G). Eventually the yields improved and the CPUs which clocked closer to 4&nbsp;MHz were installed in the non-expandable units as well. The effects of (non-extreme) temperatures are almost negligible.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}
* Memory clock frequency: 2&nbsp;MHz
* Memory clock frequency: 2&nbsp;MHz
* CPU codename: [[HP Yorke|Yorke]] ([[Saturn (microprocessor)|Saturn]] <!--[[HP 1LT8|1LT8]]-->[[HP 00048-80063]]<!-- Again, the HP48G series Yorke SoC does not use the 1LT8 HP48S series Clarke SoC Saturn core. --> core)
* CPU codename: [[HP Yorke|Yorke]] ([[Saturn (microprocessor)|Saturn]] <!--[[HP 1LT8|1LT8]]-->[[HP 00048-80063]]<!-- Again, the HP48G series Yorke SoC does not use the 1LT8 HP48S series Clarke SoC Saturn core. --> core)
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* Maximum additional memory for expansion card port&nbsp;2: 4&nbsp;MB (128&nbsp;KB addressable at any given time via [[bank switching]])
* Maximum additional memory for expansion card port&nbsp;2: 4&nbsp;MB (128&nbsp;KB addressable at any given time via [[bank switching]])
* ROM versions: K, L, M, P, R
* ROM versions: K, L, M, P, R
* Purple and blue-green shift buttons. This is sort of a design error, since these colors may be indistinguishable for red-green color blind people


==Programming==
==Programming==
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RPL comes in two flavors: ''User RPL'' and ''System RPL''. ''User RPL'' is the language that a user can program directly on the calculator. ''System RPL'' requires an external compiler; this may be done on the calculator with a third-party utility, or on another machine. The two languages vary mainly in the number of low-level operations available to them. ''User RPL'' does not expose any commands that do not check their arguments. Consequently, ''User RPL'' programs cannot normally crash the calculator (and are therefore slower than ''System RPL'' programs), whereas a ''System RPL'' program that invokes a command with incorrect arguments will almost certainly leave the calculator in a state which requires a full memory reset.
RPL comes in two flavors: ''User RPL'' and ''System RPL''. ''User RPL'' is the language that a user can program directly on the calculator. ''System RPL'' requires an external compiler; this may be done on the calculator with a third-party utility, or on another machine. The two languages vary mainly in the number of low-level operations available to them. ''User RPL'' does not expose any commands that do not check their arguments. Consequently, ''User RPL'' programs cannot normally crash the calculator (and are therefore slower than ''System RPL'' programs), whereas a ''System RPL'' program that invokes a command with incorrect arguments will almost certainly leave the calculator in a state which requires a full memory reset.


It is also possible to program the HP&nbsp;48 directly in machine language.
It is also possible to program the HP&nbsp;48 directly in [[HP Saturn]] [[assembly language]]. This can be done either via user-supplied on-calculator tools (eg. Jazz), or on another machine using user-supplied tools or those published directly by Hewlett-Packard (eg. SASM et al.).


==Emulators==
==Emulators==
* [http://hp.giesselink.com/emu48.htm Emu48] for Windows
* [http://hp.giesselink.com/emu48.htm Emu48] for Windows
* [https://www.hpcalc.org/details/3674 Alcuin] for Commodore Amiga
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061113202408/http://x48.berlios.de/ X48] for Mac OS X, POSIX (Unix/Linux)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061113202408/http://x48.berlios.de/ X48] for Mac OS X, POSIX (Unix/Linux)
* [https://github.com/dparnell/i48 i48 - HP48GX emulator for iOS, based on X48]
* [https://github.com/dparnell/i48 i48 - HP48GX emulator for iOS, based on X48]
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== In popular culture ==
== In popular culture ==
* A HP48 can be seen in the 2012 movie ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)|The Amazing Spider-Man]]'' and in its sequel.<ref name="techpoweredmath"/>
* An HP&nbsp;48 can be seen in the 2012 movie ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)|The Amazing Spider-Man]]'' and its [[The Amazing Spider-Man 2|sequel]].<ref name="techpoweredmath" />
* In the 2015 movie the ''[[Fantastic Four (2005 film)|Fantastic Four]]'', an HP&nbsp;48 series calculator can be seen at about 28 minutes into the film.{{Citation needed|reason=Where and when in the film and under which circumstances/scene-sequence?|date=December 2015}}
* In the 2015 movie the ''[[Fantastic Four (2015 film)|Fantastic Four]]'', an HP&nbsp;48 series calculator can be seen at about 28 minutes into the film.{{Citation needed|reason=Where and when in the film and under which circumstances/scene-sequence?|date=December 2015}}


==See also==
==See also==
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* [[HP calculators]]
* [[HP calculators]]
* [[RPL character set]]
* [[RPL character set]]
* [[DB48X]]
* [[newRPL]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{reflist|refs=
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<ref name="Paiva-2004">{{cite web |title=The End of An Era - On the genesis, life and death of the HP 48 |author-first=Joseph V. |author-last=Paiva |date=2004-10-01 |website=Point of Beginning (PoB) |publisher=BNP Media |url=http://www.pobonline.com/articles/85345-the-end-of-an-era |access-date=2015-10-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820050249/http://www.pobonline.com/articles/85345-the-end-of-an-era |archive-date=2016-08-20}}</ref>
<ref name="FAQ48_3">{{cite web |title=HP48 FAQ Section 3: Questions about ROM versions |work=Official HP48 FAQ - Answers to Frequently Asked Questions about the HP48 |author-first1=André |author-last1=Schoorl |author-first2=Keith |author-last2=Maddock |author-first3=Darryl |author-last3=Okahata |date=2000-04-14 |version=4.62 |orig-year=1997<!-- possibly earlier --> |editor-first=Eric |editor-last=Rechlin |publisher=HP Calculator Archive |volume=3 |url=http://www.hpcalc.org/hp48/docs/faq/48faq-3.html |access-date=2015-09-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820050132/http://www.hpcalc.org/hp48/docs/faq/48faq-3.html |archive-date=2016-08-20}}</ref>
<ref name="FAQ48_3">{{cite web |title=HP48 FAQ Section 3: Questions about ROM versions |work=Official HP48 FAQ - Answers to Frequently Asked Questions about the HP48 |author-first1=André |author-last1=Schoorl |author-first2=Keith |author-last2=Maddock |author-first3=Darryl |author-last3=Okahata |date=2000-04-14 |version=4.62 |orig-year=1997<!-- possibly earlier --> |editor-first=Eric |editor-last=Rechlin |publisher=HP Calculator Archive |volume=3 |url=http://www.hpcalc.org/hp48/docs/faq/48faq-3.html |access-date=2015-09-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820050132/http://www.hpcalc.org/hp48/docs/faq/48faq-3.html |archive-date=2016-08-20}}</ref>
⚫
<ref name="hp48_io_technical_interfacing_guide">{{cite web |title=HP 48 I/O Technical Interfacing Guide|url=https://www.hpcalc.org/hp48/docs/misc/io2.txt |website=hpcalc.org |publisher=Hewlett-Packard |access-date=2020-09-12|date=1990-06-14}}</ref>
⚫
<ref name="HPedia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hpcalc.org/hp48/docs/hpedia/|title=HPedia: The HP Calculator Encyclopedia}}</ref>
⚫
<ref name="Paiva-2004">{{cite web |title=The End of An Era - On the genesis, life and death of the HP 48 |author-first=Joseph V. |author-last=Paiva |date=2004-10-01 |website=Point of Beginning (PoB) |publisher=BNP Media |url=http://www.pobonline.com/articles/85345-the-end-of-an-era |access-date=2015-10-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820050249/http://www.pobonline.com/articles/85345-the-end-of-an-era |archive-date=2016-08-20}}</ref>
⚫
<ref name="techpoweredmath">{{Cite web|url=https://www.techpoweredmath.com/spidermans-dad-hp-calculator-fan/|title = Spiderman's Dad an HP Calculator Fan?}}</ref>
<ref name="Wickes_1991">{{cite web |author-first=William C. |author-last=Wickes |title=HP 48 Version F: False Alarm |date=1991-03-12 |id=hpcvra.cv.hp.com item: 2404 |work=comp.sys.handhelds |url=http://www.hpcalc.org/hp48/docs/misc/revf.txt |access-date=2016-08-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428185955/http://www.hpcalc.org/hp48/docs/misc/revf.txt |archive-date=2016-04-28}}</ref>
<ref name="Wickes_1991">{{cite web |author-first=William C. |author-last=Wickes |title=HP 48 Version F: False Alarm |date=1991-03-12 |id=hpcvra.cv.hp.com item: 2404 |work=comp.sys.handhelds |url=http://www.hpcalc.org/hp48/docs/misc/revf.txt |access-date=2016-08-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428185955/http://www.hpcalc.org/hp48/docs/misc/revf.txt |archive-date=2016-04-28}}</ref>
⚫
<ref name="HPedia">http://www.hpcalc.org/hp48/docs/hpedia/</ref>
⚫
<ref name="techpoweredmath">https://www.techpoweredmath.com/spidermans-dad-hp-calculator-fan/</ref>
⚫
<ref name="hp48_io_technical_interfacing_guide">{{cite web |title=HP 48 I/O TECHNICAL INTERFACING GUIDE |url=https://www.hpcalc.org/hp48/docs/misc/io2.txt |website=hpcalc.org |publisher=Hewlett-Packard |accessdate=2020-09-12}}</ref>
}}
}}


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* {{cite journal |author-first1=William C. |author-last1=Wickes |author-first2=Charles M. |author-last2=Patton |title=The HP&nbsp;48SX Scientific Expandable Calculator: Innovation and Evolution |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard]] |journal=[[Hewlett-Packard Journal]] |volume=42 |issue=3 |year=1991 |pages=6&ndash;12 |url=http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1991-06.pdf |access-date=2015-09-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424213440/http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1991-06.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-24}}
* {{cite journal |author-first1=William C. |author-last1=Wickes |author-first2=Charles M. |author-last2=Patton |title=The HP&nbsp;48SX Scientific Expandable Calculator: Innovation and Evolution |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard]] |journal=[[Hewlett-Packard Journal]] |volume=42 |issue=3 |year=1991 |pages=6&ndash;12 |url=http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1991-06.pdf |access-date=2015-09-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424213440/http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1991-06.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-24}}
* {{cite book |title=HP48 Machine Language - A Journey to the Center of the HP 48s/sx |author-first1=Paul |author-last1=Courbis |author-link1=Paul Courbis |author-first2=Sébastien |author-last2=Lalande |translator-first=Douglas R. |translator-last=Cannon |publisher=Grapevine Publications, Inc. |publication-place=Corvallis, Oregon, USA |edition=2nd |date=2006-06-25 |orig-year=1993 |oclc=34148948 |url=http://www.courbis.fr/spip.php?article21 |access-date=2015-09-06}} [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_001_062.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160326063356/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_001_062.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_063_121.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160326065052/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_063_121.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_122_157.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160326062730/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_122_157.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_158_210.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160326064425/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_158_210.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_211_330.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160326062836/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_211_330.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_331_397.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160326060426/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_331_397.pdf -->] (First edition: [https://books.google.com/books?id=-pDqsUszxc4C])
* {{cite book |title=HP48 Machine Language - A Journey to the Center of the HP 48s/sx |author-first1=Paul |author-last1=Courbis |author-link1=Paul Courbis |author-first2=Sébastien |author-last2=Lalande |translator-first=Douglas R. |translator-last=Cannon |publisher=Grapevine Publications, Inc. |publication-place=Corvallis, Oregon, USA |edition=2nd |date=2006-06-25 |orig-year=1993 |oclc=34148948 |url=http://www.courbis.fr/spip.php?article21 |access-date=2015-09-06}} [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_001_062.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160326063356/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_001_062.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_063_121.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160326065052/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_063_121.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_122_157.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160326062730/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_122_157.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_158_210.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160326064425/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_158_210.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_211_330.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160326062836/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_211_330.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_331_397.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160326060426/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/hp48ml/hp48ml_72x72_331_397.pdf -->] (First edition: [https://books.google.com/books?id=-pDqsUszxc4C])
* {{cite book |title=Voyage au centre de la HP48 s/sx |author-first1=Paul |author-last1=Courbis |author-link1=Paul Courbis |author-first2=Sébastien |author-last2=Lalande |language=French |edition=3rd |version=3.02 |date=2006-06-25 |orig-year=1991 |publisher=Editions Angkor |publication-place=Paris, France |isbn=2-87892-003-1 |oclc=29640044 |url=http://www.courbis.fr/spip.php?article20 |access-date=2015-09-06}} [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/PDFS/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_001_060.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160330052750/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/PDFS/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_001_060.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_061_130.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160330052201/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_061_130.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_131_218.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160330052947/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_131_218.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_219_276.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160330052610/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_219_276.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_277_318.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160330052549/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_277_318.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_319_374.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160330052904/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_319_374.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_375_428.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160330051949/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_375_428.pdf -->]
* {{cite book |title=Voyage au centre de la HP48 s/sx |author-first1=Paul |author-last1=Courbis |author-link1=Paul Courbis |author-first2=Sébastien |author-last2=Lalande |language=fr |edition=3rd |version=3.02 |date=2006-06-25 |orig-year=1991 |publisher=Editions Angkor |publication-place=Paris, France |isbn=2-87892-003-1 |oclc=29640044 |url=http://www.courbis.fr/spip.php?article20 |access-date=2015-09-06}} [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/PDFS/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_001_060.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160330052750/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/PDFS/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_001_060.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_061_130.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160330052201/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_061_130.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_131_218.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160330052947/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_131_218.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_219_276.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160330052610/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_219_276.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_277_318.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160330052549/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_277_318.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_319_374.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160330052904/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_319_374.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_375_428.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160330051949/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48s/Voyage48s_72x72_375_428.pdf -->]
* {{cite book |title=Voyage au centre de la HP48 g/gx |author-first=Paul |author-last=Courbis |author-link1=Paul Courbis |language=French |edition=3rd |version=3.05 |date=2006-06-25 |orig-year=1993 |publisher=Editions Angkor |publication-place=Paris, France |isbn=2-87892-006-6 |oclc=29640044 |url=http://www.courbis.fr/spip.php?article18 |access-date=2015-09-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806140746/http://www.webring.org/l/rd?ring=hp48;id=100;url=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww%2Ecourbis%2Efr%2FVoyage%2Dau%2Dcentre%2Dde%2Dla%2DHP48%2Dg%2Dgx%2C18%2Ehtml |archive-date=2016-08-06}} [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_001_056.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328042616/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_001_056.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_057_106.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328043156/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_057_106.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_107_156.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328044320/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_107_156.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_157_206.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328043839/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_157_206.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_207_256.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328042446/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_207_256.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_257_306.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328043107/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_257_306.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_307_356.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328043922/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_307_356.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_357_406.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328042735/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_357_406.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_407_456.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328043129/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_407_456.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_457_506.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328042519/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_457_506.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_507_556.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328043547/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_507_556.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_557_608.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328043842/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_557_608.pdf -->]
* {{cite book |title=Voyage au centre de la HP48 g/gx |author-first=Paul |author-last=Courbis |author-link1=Paul Courbis |language=fr |edition=3rd |version=3.05 |date=2006-06-25 |orig-year=1993 |publisher=Editions Angkor |publication-place=Paris, France |isbn=2-87892-006-6 |oclc=29640044 |url=http://www.courbis.fr/spip.php?article18 |access-date=2015-09-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806140746/http://www.webring.org/l/rd?ring=hp48;id=100;url=https%3A%2F%2Frp.liu233w.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww%2Ecourbis%2Efr%2FVoyage%2Dau%2Dcentre%2Dde%2Dla%2DHP48%2Dg%2Dgx%2C18%2Ehtml |archive-date=2016-08-06}} [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_001_056.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328042616/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_001_056.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_057_106.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328043156/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_057_106.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_107_156.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328044320/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_107_156.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_157_206.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328043839/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_157_206.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_207_256.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328042446/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_207_256.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_257_306.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328043107/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_257_306.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_307_356.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328043922/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_307_356.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_357_406.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328042735/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_357_406.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_407_456.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328043129/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_407_456.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_457_506.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328042519/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_457_506.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_507_556.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328043547/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_507_556.pdf -->] [http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_557_608.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160328043842/http://www.courbis.fr/Data/Books/Pdfs_72/Voyage48g/Voyage48g_72x72_557_608.pdf -->]
* {{cite book |title=Le compagnon de Voyage de la HP48 G/GX |author-first1=Paul |author-last1=Courbis |author-link1=Paul Courbis |author-first2=Cyrille |author-last2=de Brébisson |author-link2=Cyrille de Brébisson |language=French |date=March 1994 |publisher=Editions Angkor |publication-place=Paris, France |isbn=2-87892-007-4 |url=http://www.courbis.fr/spip.php?article19 |access-date=2015-09-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806135932/http://www.courbis.fr/Le-compagnon-de-voyage-de-la-HP48.html |archive-date=2016-08-06 }} [http://www.lmet.fr/GSWeb/lmet.gswa/9/dr/CSHOPDirectAccess/search?baseListID=searchModel&searchType=searchByAll&resultsPageName=&resultsDisplayTemplateID=&searchedText=2-87892-007-4<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160806140445/http://www.lmet.fr/GSWeb/lmet.gswa/9/dr/CSHOPDirectAccess/search?baseListID=searchModel&searchType=searchByAll&resultsPageName=&resultsDisplayTemplateID=&searchedText=2-87892-007-4 -->]
* {{cite book |title=Le compagnon de Voyage de la HP48 G/GX |author-first1=Paul |author-last1=Courbis |author-link1=Paul Courbis |author-first2=Cyrille |author-last2=de Brébisson |author-link2=Cyrille de Brébisson |language=fr |date=March 1994 |publisher=Editions Angkor |publication-place=Paris, France |isbn=2-87892-007-4 |url=http://www.courbis.fr/spip.php?article19 |access-date=2015-09-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806135932/http://www.courbis.fr/Le-compagnon-de-voyage-de-la-HP48.html |archive-date=2016-08-06 }} [http://www.lmet.fr/GSWeb/lmet.gswa/9/dr/CSHOPDirectAccess/search?baseListID=searchModel&searchType=searchByAll&resultsPageName=&resultsDisplayTemplateID=&searchedText=2-87892-007-4<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20160806140445/http://www.lmet.fr/GSWeb/lmet.gswa/9/dr/CSHOPDirectAccess/search?baseListID=searchModel&searchType=searchByAll&resultsPageName=&resultsDisplayTemplateID=&searchedText=2-87892-007-4 -->]
* {{cite journal |author-first=Diana K. |author-last=Byrne |title=An Advanced Scientific Graphing Calculator: A concise treatment of design objectives, major engineering decisions, and the hardware/software of the HP&nbsp;48G/GX, compared to the S/SX |date=1994 |publisher=[[Hewlett Packard]] |journal=[[Hewlett-Packard Journal]] |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=6–22 |url=http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/94aug/aug94.htm |access-date=2015-09-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806144834/http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/94aug/aug94.htm |archive-date=2016-08-06}}
* {{cite journal |author-first=Diana K. |author-last=Byrne |title=An Advanced Scientific Graphing Calculator: A concise treatment of design objectives, major engineering decisions, and the hardware/software of the HP&nbsp;48G/GX, compared to the S/SX |date=1994 |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard]] |journal=[[Hewlett-Packard Journal]] |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=6–22 |url=http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/94aug/aug94.htm |access-date=2015-09-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806144834/http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/94aug/aug94.htm |archive-date=2016-08-06}}
* {{cite web |title=Guide to the Saturn Processor (With HP48 Applications) |author-first=Matthew |author-last=Mastracci |date=1998 |orig-year=1995 |version=1.0b |url=http://www.grack.com/downloads/hp48/saturnguide/saturn.txt |access-date=2006-05-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806130017/https://grack.com/writing/saturn/ |archive-date=2016-08-06 }}
* {{cite web |title=Guide to the Saturn Processor (With HP48 Applications) |author-first=Matthew |author-last=Mastracci |date=1998 |orig-year=1995 |version=1.0b |url=http://www.grack.com/downloads/hp48/saturnguide/saturn.txt |access-date=2006-05-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806130017/https://grack.com/writing/saturn/ |archive-date=2016-08-06 }}


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{{HP calculators}}
{{HP calculators}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hp 48 Series}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hp 48 Series}}

Revision as of 22:23, 20 July 2024

Not to be confused with hp 48gII.

HP 48 series
Picture of a Hewlett-Packard 48GX Calcularor
HP 48GX
TypeProgrammable
Scientific
Graphing
ManufacturerHewlett-Packard
Introduced1990
Discontinued2003[1]
PredecessorHP-28S
SuccessorHP 49G
Cost350 USD
Calculator
Entry modeRPN
Precision12 BCD digits, exp ±499
Display typeTN LCD
Display size131×64 pixels
CPU
ProcessorClarke 1LT8 (Saturn core for the HP48S series)
Yorke HP 00048-80063 (Saturn core for the HP48G series)
Frequency2–4 MHz
Programming
Programming language(s)RPL / Saturn Machine language
User memoryHP 48S series: 32 KB
HP 48G series: 32 to 128 KB
Firmware memoryHP 48S series: 256 KB
HP 48G series: 512 KB
External memoryHP 48SX: Ports 1 and 2 (merged): 256 KB
HP 48GX: Port 1: 128 KB
Port 2: 4,096 KB (4 MB)
Interfaces
Connection4-pin RS-232, HP-IR
PortsSerial, Infrared, Kermit (protocol), (Xmodem added on G series)
Other
Power supply4.5 V (3× AAA battery)
Weight0.25 kg (0.55 lb)
Dimensions17.9×7.9×2.8 cm (7.05×3.11×1.1 inch)

The HP 48 is a series of graphing calculators designed and produced by Hewlett-Packard from 1990 until 2003.[1] The series includes the HP 48S, HP 48SX, HP 48G, HP 48GX, and HP 48G+, the G models being expanded and improved versions of the S models. The models with an X suffix are expandable via special RAM (memory expansion) and ROM (software application) cards. In particular, the GX models have more onboard memory than the G models. The G+ models have more onboard memory only. The SX and S models have the same amount of onboard memory.

Note that the similarly named hp 48gII (2004) is not a member of the series but closely related to the HP 49G+.

The calculators use Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) and the RPL programming language. The hardware architecture developed for the HP 48 series became the basis for the HP 38G, with a simplified user interface and an infix input method, and the HP 49G with various software enhancements. Likewise, the hardware and software design of the HP 48 calculators are themselves strongly influenced by other calculators in the HP line, most of all by the HP-18C and the HP-28 series.

Models / Availability

The HP 48SX was introduced on 1990-03-06.

Availability:

  • 48SX: 1990–1993
  • 48S: 1991–1993
  • 48GX (F1895A): 1993–2003[1]
  • 48GX ASEE: 1993 (special edition labelled "1893 ASEE 1993 Shaping our world - Century II")
  • 48G: 1993–2003[1]
  • 48G+ (F1630A, F1894A): 1998–2003[1]

Specifications

The HP 48 series' Saturn microprocessor is a hybrid 64-bit / 20-bit CPU hardware-wise but acts like a 4-bit processor in that it presents nibble-based data to programs and uses a nibble-based addressing system. The main registers A, B, C, D, along with temp registers R0, R1, R2, R3, and R4 are a full 64-bits wide, but the data registers D0 & D1 are only 20-bit. External logical data fetches are transparently converted to 8-bit physical fetches. The processor has a 20-bit address bus available to code but due to the presence of the high/low nibble selection bit, only 19 bits are available externally.

In both the HP 48S/SX and G/GX series, the Saturn CPU core is integrated as part of a more complex integrated circuit (IC) package. These packages have codenames inspired by the members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The codename of the IC is Clarke in the S/SX, after William Clark, and Yorke in the G/GX, after Clark's manservant. The previous series of Saturn-based ICs were codenamed Lewis, after Meriwether Lewis.

Common for all models

  • CPU architecture: Saturn
  • Screen resolution: 131×64 pixels. There were 3 versions of the LCD display used across the range with each improving visibility and contrast over the predecessor.[2]
  • Communication ports: 4-pin RS-232 (Serial port, standard UART at 1200 to 9600 bauds with option for parity (none/even/odd/mark/space)) and Infrared port (not IrDA, similar to serial, zeroes are pulses with duration 1/8 of a full bit time)[3]
  • Data bus width: 8-bit (external)
  • Maximum 4-bit-cell address width: 20 bits (leading to the address space shown next)
  • Logical address space: 512 KB
  • Maximum register size: 64 bit (both working and scratch registers)
  • Available expansion card ports on X models: 2
  • Expansion card pins: 40

HP 48S/HP 48SX specific

  • CPU clock frequency: 2 MHz
  • Memory clock frequency: 2 MHz
  • CPU codename: Clarke (Saturn 1LT8 core)
  • Communication protocol(s): Kermit (protocol)
  • On-board ROM: 256 KB
  • On-board RAM: 32 KB
  • Maximum additional memory per expansion card: 128 KB (48SX only)
  • ROM versions: A, B, C, D, E, (F,[4][5]) J
  • Orange and blue shift buttons

HP 48G/HP 48GX/HP 48G+ specific

Hewlett-Packard 48GX Scientific Graphing Calculator
  • CPU clock frequency: 3.68 to 4 MHz
    • Some claim that the frequency varies according to temperature[6]
    • According to one of the engineers on the design team of the HP 48G series (Dave Arnett), the yields for 4 MHz CPUs were essentially separated into two bins: the ones closest to spec, generally near 3.93–3.94 MHz, were reserved for the expandable models (GX), and those just slightly under spec were used for the non-expandable units (G). Eventually the yields improved and the CPUs which clocked closer to 4 MHz were installed in the non-expandable units as well. The effects of (non-extreme) temperatures are almost negligible.[citation needed]
  • Memory clock frequency: 2 MHz
  • CPU codename: Yorke (Saturn HP 00048-80063 core)
  • Communication protocol(s): Kermit (protocol), Xmodem
  • On-board ROM: 512 KB
  • On-board RAM: 32 KB (48G) or 128 KB (48G+/48GX)
  • Maximum additional memory for expansion card port 1: 128 KB
  • Maximum additional memory for expansion card port 2: 4 MB (128 KB addressable at any given time via bank switching)
  • ROM versions: K, L, M, P, R
  • Purple and blue-green shift buttons. This is sort of a design error, since these colors may be indistinguishable for red-green color blind people

Programming

The HP 48 series of calculators support a stack-based programming language named RPL, a supposed combination of Reverse Polish notation (RPN) and Lisp. RPL adds the concepts of lists and functions to stack-based programming, allowing the programmer to pass unevaluated code as arguments to functions, or return unevaluated code from a function by leaving it on the stack.

RPL comes in two flavors: User RPL and System RPL. User RPL is the language that a user can program directly on the calculator. System RPL requires an external compiler; this may be done on the calculator with a third-party utility, or on another machine. The two languages vary mainly in the number of low-level operations available to them. User RPL does not expose any commands that do not check their arguments. Consequently, User RPL programs cannot normally crash the calculator (and are therefore slower than System RPL programs), whereas a System RPL program that invokes a command with incorrect arguments will almost certainly leave the calculator in a state which requires a full memory reset.

It is also possible to program the HP 48 directly in HP Saturn assembly language. This can be done either via user-supplied on-calculator tools (eg. Jazz), or on another machine using user-supplied tools or those published directly by Hewlett-Packard (eg. SASM et al.).

Emulators

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Paiva, Joseph V. (2004-10-01). "The End of An Era - On the genesis, life and death of the HP 48". Point of Beginning (PoB). BNP Media. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
  2. ^ HP 48 Calculator Display Versions, retrieved 2022-08-10
  3. ^ "HP 48 I/O Technical Interfacing Guide". hpcalc.org. Hewlett-Packard. 1990-06-14. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
  4. ^ Schoorl, André; Maddock, Keith; Okahata, Darryl (2000-04-14) [1997]. Rechlin, Eric (ed.). "HP48 FAQ Section 3: Questions about ROM versions". Official HP48 FAQ - Answers to Frequently Asked Questions about the HP48. 4.62. HP Calculator Archive. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
  5. ^ Wickes, William C. (1991-03-12). "HP 48 Version F: False Alarm". comp.sys.handhelds. hpcvra.cv.hp.com item: 2404. Archived from the original on 2016-04-28. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
  6. ^ "HPedia: The HP Calculator Encyclopedia".
  7. ^ "Spiderman's Dad an HP Calculator Fan?".

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to HP 48.
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