Aitareya Upanishad: Difference between revisions

Aitareya
Aitareya
	The Aitareya Upanishad, is found embedded inside the Rigveda. Above: a manuscript page (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)
Devanagari	ऐतरेय
IAST	Aitareya
Date	1st millennium BCE
Author(s)	Aitareya Mahidasa
Type	Mukhya Upanishad
Linked Veda	Rigveda
Linked Brahmana	Aitareya Brahmana
Linked Aranyaka	Aitareya Aranyaka
Chapters	3
Verses	33
Philosophy	Ātman, Brahman
Commented by	Adi Shankara, Madhvacharya
Popular verse	"Prajñānam Brahma"

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The Aitareya Upanishad (Sanskrit: ऐतरेयोपनिषद्, IAST: Aitareyopaniṣad) is a Mukhya Upanishad, associated with the Rigveda. It comprises the fourth, fifth and sixth chapters of the second book of Aitareya Aranyaka, which is one of the four layers of Rig vedic text.^[1]

Aitareya Upanishad discusses three philosophical themes: first, that the world and man is the creation of the Atman (Universal Self); second, the theory that the Atman undergoes threefold birth; third, that Consciousness is the essence of Atman.^[2]

Chronology

According to a 1998 review by Patrick Olivelle and other scholars, the Aitareya Upanishad was likely composed in a pre-Buddhist period, possibly 6th to 5th century BCE.^[3]^[4]

Discussion

Aitareya Upanishad is a primary ancient Upanishad, and is listed as number 8 in the Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads. Considered one of the middle Upanishads, the date of composition is not known but has been estimated by scholars to be sometime around 6th or 5th century BCE.^[5]

The Aitareya Upanishad is a short prose text, divided into three chapters, containing 33 verses.^[6]

First chapter

In the first chapter of the Aitareya Upanishad, Atman is asserted to have existed alone prior to the creation of the universe. It is this Atman, the Self or the Inner Self, that is then portrayed as the creator of everything from itself and nothing, through heat. The text states that the Atman created the universe in stages. First came four entities: space, maram (earth, stars), maricih (light-atom) and apas (ur-water, cosmic fluid).^[2] After these came into existence, came the cosmic self and eight psyches and principles (speech, in-breathing, sight, hearing, skin/hair, mind, out-breathing, reproductivity). Atman then created eight guardians corresponding to these psyches and principles.^[2] Then, asserts Aitareya Upanishad, came the connective principles of hunger and thirst, where everything became interdependent on everything else through the principle of apana (digestion). Thereafter came man, who could not exist without a sense of Self and Atman. But this sense then began cogitating on itself, saying that "I am more than my sensory organs, I am more than my mind, I am more than my reproductive ability", and then asked (abridged),

कोऽहमिति
Who am I?

— Aitareya Upanishad, Chapter 1, Hymn 11^[2]^[7]

Paul Deussen summarizes the first chapter of Aitareya Upanishad as follows,

The world as a creation, the Man as the highest manifestation of the Atman who is also named as the Brahman - this is the basic idea of this section.

— Paul Deussen, Aitareya Upanishad, Chapter 1^[8]

Second chapter

In the second chapter, Aitareya Upanishad asserts that the Atman in any man is born thrice: first, when a child is born (procreation); second, when the child has been cared for and loved to Selfhood where the child equals the parent; third, when the parent dies and the Atman transmigrates.^[2] The overall idea of chapter 2 of Aitareya Upanishad is that it is procreation and nurturing of children that makes a man immortal, and the theory of rebirth, which are the means by which Atman sustainably persists in this universe.^[2]

Third Chapter

The third chapter of Aitareya Upanishad discusses the nature of Atman. It declares that consciousness is what defines man, the source of all intellectual and moral theories, all gods, all living beings (man, animals, plants), all that there is. Then the Upanishad asserts that the key to the riddle of the Universe is one's own inner self.^[2] To know the universe, know thyself. Become immortal, suggests the Aitareya Upanishad, by being you.^[2]

Max Muller translates parts of the chapter as follows (abridged),^[9]

Who is he whom we meditate on as the Self? Which is the Self?
(...)
Everything are various names only of Knowledge (the true Self)
Everything is led (produced) by knowledge.
It rests on Knowledge. The world is led by Knowledge. Knowledge is its cause.
Knowledge is Brahman.

— Aitareya Upanishad, Chapter 3^[9]

Aitareya Upanishad, like other Upanishads of Hinduism, asserts the existence of Consciousness as Atman, the Self or Brahman. It contains one of the most famous expressions of the Vedanta, "Prajnanam Brahma" (Knowledge is Brahman/god/divine/holy),^[10] which is one of the Mahāvākyas.

Sanskrit commentaries

Aitareya Upanishad is one of the older Upanishads reviewed and commented upon in their respective Bhasyas by various ancient scholars such as Adi Shankara and Madhvacharya. Adi Shankara, for example, commented on Aitereya Upanishad, clarifying that some of his peer scholars have interpreted the hymns in a way that must be refuted. The first meaning, as follows, is incomplete and incorrect, states Shankara

This is the true Brahman called Prana (Life force), this is the only God. All the Devas (Gods) are only the various manifestations of this Prana. He who attains Oneness with this Prana attains the Devas.

— Adi Shankara, Aitareya Upanishad Bhasya^[11]

Adi Shankara then reminds the reader that the Aitereya Upanishad must be studied in its context, which starts with and states Atma va idam in hymn 1. It doesn't start with, nor does the text's context, mean that "I am alive, thus God". Rather, states Shankara, the context is abundantly clear that one must know, "Atman exists, I am consciousness, and that self-realization of one's Atman, its Oneness with Universal Self is the path to liberation and freedom. Know yourself. Worship yourself."^[11] Adi Shankara then explains that rituals, sacrifices, merit-karma (worship) does not lead to liberation, the wise do not perform these and rituals such as Agnihotra, they seek Atman and understanding of their own Being and their own Inner Self, and when one has achieved "Self-knowledge, full awareness of one's consciousness" does one achieve moksha.^[11]

Translations

The first^{[citation needed]} English translation was published in 1805 by Colebrooke.^[12] Other translators include Max Muller, Paul Deussen, Charles Johnston, Nikhilānanda, Gambhirananda, Sarvananda, Patrick Olivelle^[13] and Bhānu Swami (with commentary of Śrī Raṅgarāmānujācārya).

Authorship

The author of the Aitareya Aranyaka and the Aitareya Upanishad has been historically credited to rishi Aitareya Mahidasa.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1468-4, pages 7–14
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1468-4, pages 13–20
^ Patrick Olivelle (1998). The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-19-512435-4.
^ Stephen Phillips (2009). Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy. Columbia University Press. pp. 28–30. ISBN 978-0-231-14485-8.
^ Patrick Olivelle (1998), Upaniṣads, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-282292-6, pages 12–15
^ Max Muller, The Aitareya Upanishad, The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, pages xcv-xcviii and 236–246
^ Max Muller translates this as "What am I?", see: Aitareya Upanishad II.4.3.6, The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, pages 240–241;
The complete hymn is: स ईक्षत कथं न्विदं मदृते स्यादिति स ईक्षत कतरेण प्रपद्या इति । स ईक्षत यदि वाचाऽभिव्याहृतं यदि प्राणेनाभिप्राणितं यदि चक्षुषा दृष्टं यदि श्रोत्रेण श्रुतं यदि त्वचा स्पृष्टं यदि मनसा ध्यातं यद्यपानेनाभ्यपानितं यदि शिश्नेन विसृष्टमथ कोऽहमिति ॥ ११ ॥ (Wikisource
^ Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1468-4, page 14
^ ^a ^b Max Muller, Aitareya Upanishad II.4.3.6, The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, pages 245–246
^ Commentary on Aitareya Upanishad Adi Shankara, pages 3–4
^ ^a ^b ^c Commentary on Aitareya Upanishad Adi Shankara, pages 1–55
^ See Henry Thomas Colebrooke (1858), Essays on the religion and philosophy of the Hindus. London: Williams and Norgate. In this volume, see chapter 1 (pp. 1–69), On the Vedas, or Sacred Writings of the Hindus, reprinted from Colebrooke's Asiatic Researches, Calcutta: 1805, Vol 8, pp. 369–476. A translation of the Aitareya Upanishad appears in pages 26–30 of this chapter.
^ Patrick Olivelle (1998), Upaniṣads, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-282292-6

External links

Multiple translations (Johnston, Nikhilānanda, Gambhirananda)
Aitareya Aranyaka with Aitareya Upanishad embedded inside Max Muller. The Sacred Books of the East, Oxford University Press
Aitareya Upanishad Another archive of Nikhilānanda translation
Aitareya. Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry. 1972.

[1] Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1468-4, pages 7–14

[pauldeussen-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1468-4, pages 13–20

[Olivelle1998p12-3] Patrick Olivelle (1998). The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-19-512435-4.

[4] Stephen Phillips (2009). Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy. Columbia University Press. pp. 28–30. ISBN 978-0-231-14485-8.

[5] Patrick Olivelle (1998), Upaniṣads, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-282292-6, pages 12–15

[6] Max Muller, The Aitareya Upanishad, The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, pages xcv-xcviii and 236–246

[7] Max Muller translates this as "What am I?", see: Aitareya Upanishad II.4.3.6, The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, pages 240–241;
The complete hymn is: स ईक्षत कथं न्विदं मदृते स्यादिति स ईक्षत कतरेण प्रपद्या इति । स ईक्षत यदि वाचाऽभिव्याहृतं यदि प्राणेनाभिप्राणितं यदि चक्षुषा दृष्टं यदि श्रोत्रेण श्रुतं यदि त्वचा स्पृष्टं यदि मनसा ध्यातं यद्यपानेनाभ्यपानितं यदि शिश्नेन विसृष्टमथ कोऽहमिति ॥ ११ ॥ (Wikisource

[8] Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1468-4, page 14

[maxmuller245-9] Max Muller, Aitareya Upanishad II.4.3.6, The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, pages 245–246

[10] Commentary on Aitareya Upanishad Adi Shankara, pages 3–4

[adishankara-11] Commentary on Aitareya Upanishad Adi Shankara, pages 1–55

[colebrook1858-12] See Henry Thomas Colebrooke (1858), Essays on the religion and philosophy of the Hindus. London: Williams and Norgate. In this volume, see chapter 1 (pp. 1–69), On the Vedas, or Sacred Writings of the Hindus, reprinted from Colebrooke's Asiatic Researches, Calcutta: 1805, Vol 8, pp. 369–476. A translation of the Aitareya Upanishad appears in pages 26–30 of this chapter.

[13] Patrick Olivelle (1998), Upaniṣads, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-282292-6

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|One of the ancient Sanskrit scriptures of Hinduism}}
 {{italics}}
 {{Infobox Upanishad
@@ Line 5: / Line 6: @@
 | name                     = Aitareya
 | Devanagari               = ऐतरेय
-| Sanskrit_transliteration = Aitareyopaniṣad
+| Sanskrit_transliteration = Aitareya
-| composition_date         = pre-Buddhist,<br> ~6th to 5th century BCE
+| composition_date         = 1st millennium BCE
-| authors                   = Aitareya Mahidasa
+| authors                  = Aitareya Mahidasa
 | type                     = [[Mukhya Upanishad]]
 | Veda                     = [[Rigveda]]
-| Brahmana         =part of [[Aitareya Brahmana]]
+| Brahmana                 = [[Aitareya Brahmana]]
 | Aranyaka = [[Aitareya Aranyaka]]
 | philosophy               = [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]], [[Brahman]]
-| chapters = three
+| chapters                 = 3
 | verses                   = 33
 | commentary               = [[Adi Shankara]], [[Madhvacharya]]
-| verse          =[[Mahāvākyas#Prajñānam Brahma|"Prajñānam brahma"]]
+| verse                    =[[Mahāvākyas#Prajñānam Brahma|"Prajñānam Brahma"]]
 }}
 {{Upanishads}}
-The '''Aitareya Upanishad''' ([[Sanskrit]]: ऐतरेय उपनिषद् [[IAST]] ''{{IAST|Aitareyopaniṣad}}'') is a [[Mukhya Upanishads|Mukhya]] Upanishad, associated with the [[Rigveda]].  It comprises the fourth, fifth and sixth chapters of the second book of [[Aranyaka#Aitareya Aranyaka|Aitareya Aranyaka]], which is one of the four layers of Rig vedic text.<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1468-4}}, pages 7–14</ref>
+The '''Aitareya Upanishad''' ({{lang-sa|ऐतरेयोपनिषद्}}, {{IAST3|Aitareyopaniṣad}}) is a [[Mukhya Upanishads|Mukhya]] Upanishad, associated with the [[Rigveda]].  It comprises the fourth, fifth and sixth chapters of the second book of [[Aranyaka#Aitareya Aranyaka|Aitareya Aranyaka]], which is one of the four layers of Rig vedic text.<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1468-4}}, pages 7–14</ref>
-Aitareya Upanishad discusses three philosophical themes: first, that the world and man is the creation of the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Soul, Universal Self); second, the theory that the ''Atman'' undergoes threefold birth; third, that Consciousness is the essence of ''Atman''.<ref name=pauldeussen>[[Paul Deussen]], Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1468-4}}, pages 13–20</ref>
+Aitareya Upanishad discusses three philosophical themes: first, that the world and man is the creation of the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Universal Self); second, the theory that the ''Atman'' undergoes threefold birth; third, that Consciousness is the essence of ''Atman''.<ref name=pauldeussen>[[Paul Deussen]], Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1468-4}}, pages 13–20</ref>
 ==Chronology==
-According to a 1998 review by [[Patrick Olivelle]] and other scholars, the Aitareya Upanishad was likely composed in a pre-Buddhist period, possibly 6th to 5th century BCE.<ref name="Olivelle1998p12">{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4IRDAAAQBAJ |year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-512435-4 |pages=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen Phillips|title=Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uLqrAgAAQBAJ |year=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14485-8|pages=28–30}}</ref>
+According to a 1998 review by [[Patrick Olivelle]] and other scholars, the Aitareya Upanishad was likely composed in a pre-[[Buddhist]] period, possibly 6th to 5th century BCE.<ref name="Olivelle1998p12">{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4IRDAAAQBAJ |year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-512435-4 |pages=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen Phillips|title=Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uLqrAgAAQBAJ |year=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14485-8|pages=28–30}}</ref>
 ==Discussion==
-Aitareya Upanishad is a primary ancient [[Upanishad]], and is listed as number 8 in the [[Muktikā|Muktika]] canon of 108 Upanishads. Considered one of the middle Upanishads, the date of composition is not known but has been estimated by scholars to be sometime around 6th or 5th century BCE.<ref>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1998), Upaniṣads, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-282292-6}}, pages 12–15</ref>
+Aitareya Upanishad is a primary ancient [[Upanishad]], and is listed as number 8 in the [[Muktikā|Muktika]] canon of 108 Upanishads. Considered one of the middle Upanishads, the date of composition is not known but has been estimated by scholars to be sometime around 6th or 5th century BCE.<ref>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1998), Upaniṣads, [[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|0-19-282292-6}}, pages 12–15</ref>
 The Aitareya Upanishad is a short prose text, divided into three chapters, containing 33 verses.<ref>[[Max Muller]], [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n97/mode/2up The Aitareya Upanishad], The [[Sacred Books of the East]], Volume 1, Oxford University Press, pages xcv-xcviii and 236–246</ref>
 ===First chapter===
-In the first chapter of the Aitareya Upanishad, [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] is asserted to have existed alone prior to the creation of the universe. It is this Atman, the Soul or the Inner Self, that is then portrayed as the creator of everything from itself and nothing, through heat. The text states that the Atman created the universe in stages. First came four entities: space, ''maram'' (earth, stars), ''maricih'' (light-atom) and ''apas'' (ur-water, cosmic fluid).<ref name=pauldeussen/> After these came into existence, came the cosmic self and eight psyches and principles (speech, in-breathing, sight, hearing, skin/hair, mind, out-breathing, reproductivity). Atman then created eight guardians corresponding to these psyches and principles.<ref name=pauldeussen/> Then, asserts Aitareya Upanishad, came the connective principles of hunger and thirst, where everything became interdependent on everything else through the principle of ''apana'' (digestion). Thereafter came man, who could not exist without a sense of Self and Soul (Atman). But this sense then began cogitating on itself, saying that "I am more than my sensory organs, I am more than my mind, I am more than my reproductive ability", and then asked (abridged),
+In the first chapter of the Aitareya Upanishad, [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] is asserted to have existed alone prior to the creation of the universe. It is this Atman, the Self or the Inner Self, that is then portrayed as the creator of everything from itself and nothing, through heat. The text states that the Atman created the universe in stages. First came four entities: space, ''maram'' (earth, stars), ''maricih'' (light-atom) and ''apas'' (ur-water, cosmic fluid).<ref name=pauldeussen/> After these came into existence, came the cosmic self and eight psyches and principles (speech, in-breathing, sight, hearing, skin/hair, mind, out-breathing, reproductivity). Atman then created eight guardians corresponding to these psyches and principles.<ref name=pauldeussen/> Then, asserts Aitareya Upanishad, came the connective principles of hunger and thirst, where everything became interdependent on everything else through the principle of ''apana'' (digestion). Thereafter came man, who could not exist without a sense of Self and Atman. But this sense then began cogitating on itself, saying that "I am more than my sensory organs, I am more than my mind, I am more than my reproductive ability", and then asked (abridged),
 {{Quote|
@@ Line 72: / Line 73: @@
 |Adi Shankara, Aitareya Upanishad Bhasya<ref name=adishankara>[https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n5/mode/2up Commentary on Aitareya Upanishad] Adi Shankara, pages 1–55</ref>}}
-Adi Shankara then reminds the reader that the Aitereya Upanishad must be studied in its context, which starts with and states ''Atma va idam'' in hymn 1. It doesn't start with, nor does the text's context, mean that "I am alive, thus God". Rather, states Shankara, the context is abundantly clear that one must know, "Atman exists, I am consciousness, and that self-realization of one's Atman, its Oneness with Universal Soul is the path to liberation and freedom. Know yourself. Worship yourself."<ref name=adishankara/> Adi Shankara then explains that rituals, sacrifices, merit-karma (worship) does not lead to liberation, the wise do not perform these and rituals such as ''Agnihotra'', they seek Atman and understanding of their own Being and their own Inner Self, and when one has achieved "Self-knowledge, full awareness of one's consciousness" does one achieve [[moksha]].<ref name=adishankara/>
+Adi Shankara then reminds the reader that the Aitereya Upanishad must be studied in its context, which starts with and states ''Atma va idam'' in hymn 1. It doesn't start with, nor does the text's context, mean that "I am alive, thus God". Rather, states Shankara, the context is abundantly clear that one must know, "Atman exists, I am consciousness, and that self-realization of one's Atman, its Oneness with Universal Self is the path to liberation and freedom. Know yourself. Worship yourself."<ref name=adishankara/> Adi Shankara then explains that rituals, sacrifices, merit-karma (worship) does not lead to liberation, the wise do not perform these and rituals such as ''Agnihotra'', they seek Atman and understanding of their own Being and their own Inner Self, and when one has achieved "Self-knowledge, full awareness of one's consciousness" does one achieve [[moksha]].<ref name=adishankara/>
 ==Translations==
-The first{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} English translation was published in 1805 by [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke|Colebrooke]].<ref name=colebrook1858>See Henry Thomas Colebrooke (1858), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=o4tc6WjwJrcC&pg=PA26&dq=colebrooke+philosophy+of+the+Hindus+upanishad+thus+he+created+these&hl=en&ei=eI1oTeaAFoqCsQOCt_mmBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Essays on the religion and philosophy of the Hindus]''. London: [[Williams and Norgate]]. In this volume, see chapter 1 (pp. 1–69), ''On the Vedas, or Sacred Writings of the Hindus'', reprinted from Colebrooke's ''Asiatic Researches'', Calcutta: 1805, Vol 8, pp. 369–476. A translation of the Aitareya Upanishad appears in pages 26–30 of this chapter.</ref> Other translators include Max Muller, Paul Deussen, Charles Johnston, Nikhilānanda, Gambhirananda, Sarvananda, Patrick Olivelle<ref>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1998), Upaniṣads, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-282292-6}}</ref> and Bhānu Swami (with commentary of Śrī Raṅgarāmānujācārya).
+The first{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} English translation was published in 1805 by [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke|Colebrooke]].<ref name=colebrook1858>See Henry Thomas Colebrooke (1858), ''[https://archive.org/details/essaysonreligio01colegoog/page/n38 <!-- pg=26 quote=colebrooke philosophy of the Hindus upanishad thus he created these. --> Essays on the religion and philosophy of the Hindus]''. London: [[Williams and Norgate]]. In this volume, see chapter 1 (pp. 1–69), ''On the Vedas, or Sacred Writings of the Hindus'', reprinted from Colebrooke's ''Asiatic Researches'', Calcutta: 1805, Vol 8, pp. 369–476. A translation of the Aitareya Upanishad appears in pages 26–30 of this chapter.</ref> Other translators include Max Muller, Paul Deussen, Charles Johnston, Nikhilānanda, Gambhirananda, Sarvananda, Patrick Olivelle<ref>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1998), Upaniṣads, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-282292-6}}</ref> and Bhānu Swami (with commentary of Śrī Raṅgarāmānujācārya).
-==Credits==
+==Authorship==
 The author of the ''Aitareya Aranyaka'' and the ''Aitareya Upanishad'' has been historically credited to [[rishi]] Aitareya Mahidasa.{{cn|date=August 2016}}
@@ Line 84: / Line 85: @@
 ==External links==
-*[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bmVh6TRR2cGB4rP_RnKTGERuC2uSz9tz/view?usp=sharing/Aitareya Upanishad Tamil Book]
 {{wikisource}}
 {{wikisourcelang|sa|ऐतरेयोपनिषद्|Original Sanskrit text in Devanagari}}
+{{wikiquote}}
 *[http://www.universaltheosophy.com/legacy/movements/ancient-east/vedic-india/aitareya-upanishad/ Multiple translations (Johnston, Nikhilānanda, Gambhirananda)]
 *[https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/156/mode/2up Aitareya Aranyaka with Aitareya Upanishad embedded inside] Max Muller. The Sacred Books of the East, Oxford University Press